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fruitful : and another thing fhould be obferved in
planting of the fucceeding crops, which is, to make
choice of moift ftrong land for the later crops ; for if
they are planted on dry ground, they rarely produce
a crop.
Thefe after-crops fhould be planted at about a fort-
night diftance from each other, from the middle of
February to the middle of May ; after which time
It is generally too late to plant, unlefs the land is
very ftrong and moift ; tor in warm dry light land
all the late crops of Beans are generally attacked by
the black infe&s, which cover all the upper part of
their ftems, and foon caufe them to decay.
Where the feeds of thefe Beans are defigned to be
faved, a fufficient number of rows Ihould be fet apart
for that purpofe, according to the quantity defired •,
thefe fhould be managed in the fame way as thofe
which are defigned for the table •, but none of the
Beans fhould be gathered, though there are fome
covetous perfons, who will gather all the firft ripe
for the table, and are contented to fave the after-crop
for feed, but thefe are never fo large and fair as the
firft ; fo that if thefe are for fale, they will not bring
near the price as the other •, therefore, what is gained
to the table is loft in the value of the feed ; but thofe
who are defirous to preferve the fcveral varieties as
pure as poftible, fhould never fuffer two of the va-
rieties to grow for feeds in the fame place ; for by
their farina mixing with each other they will not con-
tinue fo pure, but be apt to vary ; and in order to
keep the early kinds perfebt, thofe which come the
earlieft fhould be laved for feeds ; but this is what
few people chufe to do, becaufe they are then the
moft valuable.
When the feed is ripe, the ftalks fhould be pulled up,
and fet upright againft a hedge to dry, obferving
to turn them every third day, that they may dry
equally ; then they may be threfhed out, and cleaned
for ufe, or otherwife ftacked up in a barn, till there
is more leifure for threfhing them out ; and after-
ward the feed fhould be drawn over to take out
all thofe that are not fair, preferring the beft for ufe
or fale.
It is a very good method to change the feeds of all
forts of Beans, and not to few and fave the feeds
long in the fame ground, for they do not fucceed fo
well ; therefore, if the land is ftrong where they are
to be planted, it will be the beft way to procure
the feeds from a lighter ground, and fo vice verfa ;
and by this method the crops will be larger, and the
Beans fairer, and not fo liable to degenerate.
Having given directions for the culture of the Gar-
den Beans, I fhall next proceed to that of the Horfe
Bean, which is cultivated in the fields : there are two
or three varieties of thefe Beans, which differ in their
fize and colour ; but that which is now in the greateft
efteem, is called the Tick Bean ; this doth not grow
fo high as the other, is a more plentiful bearer, and
lucceeds better on light land than the common Horfe
Bean, fo preferred to it.
The Horfe Bean delights in a ftrong moift foil, and
an open expofure, for they never thrive well on dry
warm land, or in fmall inclofures, where they are very
fubject to blight, and are frequently attacked by a
black inferi, which the farmers call the black dol-
phin •, thefe inherits are often in fuch quantities as to
cover the ftems of the Beans entirely, efpecially all
the upper part of them ; and whenever this happens,
the Beans feldom come to good •, but in the open
fields, where the foil is ftrong, this rarely happens.
Thefe Beans are ufually fown on land which is frefh
broken up, becaufe they are of ufe to break and pul-
verize the ground, as alfo to deftroy weeds *, fo that
the land is rendered much better for corn, after a
crop of Beans, th.ani twould have been before, efpe-
cially if they are fown and managed according to the
new hufbandry, with a drill plough, and the horfe
hoe, ufed to ft ir the ground between the rows of
Beans, which will prevent the growth of weeds, and
pulverize the ground, whereby a much greater crop
FAB
_ ■- . ' 7 ..TV
of Beatts may, with more certainty, be expe&ed, Slid
the land will be better prepared for whatever crop it
is defigned for after.
The feafon for fowino- of thefe Beans is from the told-
O
die of February to the end of March, according to
the nature of the foil ; tlie ftrongeft and wet land
fhould always be laft fown • the ufual quantity of
Beans fov/n on an acre of land is about three bufhels ;
but this is double the quantity which need be fown,
efpecially according to the new hufbandry -• but I
Fhall firft fet down the practice according to the old
hufbandry, and then give directions Tor their ma-
nagement according to the new. The method of
lowing is after the plough, in the bottom of the fur-
rows ; but then the furrows fhould not be more than
five, or at moft fix inches deep. If the land is new
broken up, it is ufual to plough it early in autumn,
and let it lie in ridges till after Chriftmas 5 then plough
it in fmall furrows, and lay the ground ftnooth ; thefe
two ploughings will break the ground fine enough
for Beans, and t he third ploughing is to few the Beans,
when the furrows fhould be made fhallow, as was be-
fore mentioned.
Moft people fet their Beans too clofe ; for, as fome
lay the Beans in the furrows after the plough, and
others lay them before the plough, and plough them
in ; fo, by both methods the Beans are fet as clofe as
the furrows are made, which is much too near •, for
when they are on ftrong good land, they generally
are drawn up to a very great height, and are not fo
apt to pod as when they have more room, and are of
lower growth ; therefore I am convinced by many
late trials, that the better way is to make the furrows
two feet and a half afunder, or more ; which will caufe
them to branch out into many ftalks, and bear in
greater plenty than when they are clofer ; by this me-
thod, half the quantity of Beans will be fufficient for
an acre of land ; and by the fun and air being ad-
mitted between the rows, the Beans will ripen much
earlier and more equally than in the common way.
What has been mentioned muft be underftood as re-
lating to the old hufbandry ; but where Beans are
planted according to the new, the groufid fhould be
four times ploughed before the Beans are fet, which
will break the clods, and render it much better for
planting ; then with a drill plough, to which a hop-
per is fixed for fetting of the Beans, the drills fhould
be made at three feet afunder, and the fpring of the
hopper fet fo as to fcatter the Beans at three inches
diftance in the drills. By this method lefs than one
bufhel of feed will plant an acre of land. When
the Beans are up, if the ground is ftirred between the
rows with a horfe plough, it will deftroy all the young
weeds ; and when the Beans are advanced about three
or four inches high, the ground fhould be again
ploughed between the rows, and the earth laid up to
the Beans ; and if a third ploughing, at about five or
fix weeks after is given, the ground will be kept
clean from weeds, and the Beans will ftalk out,
and produce a much greater crop than in the com-
mon way.
When the Beans are ripe, they are reaped with a
hook, as is ufually praftifed for Peas ; and after hav-
ing lain a few days on the ground they are turned,
and this muft be repeated feveral times, until they are
dry enough to ftack ; but the beft method is to tie
them in fmall bundles, and fet them upright ; for
then they will not be in fo much danger to fuffer by
wet, as when they lie on the ground ; and they will
be more handy to carry and ftack, than if they are
loofe.' The « common produce is from twenty to
twenty-five bufhels on an acre of land ; but I have
known thirty-fix on an acre.
The Beans fhould lie in the mow to fweat, before
they are threfhed out ; for as the haulm is very large
and fucculent, fo it is very apt to give and grow moift;
but there is no danger of the Beans receiving damage,
if they are ftacked tolerably dry, becaufe the pods will
preferve the Beans from injury.; and they will be
much eafier to threfli after they have fweat in the
5 M mow
m
FAG FAG
mow than before ; and after they have once fweated
and are dry again, they never after give.
By the new hufbandry, the produce has exceeded
the old by more than ten bufhels on an acre ; and if
the Beans which are cultivated in the common me-
thod are obferved, it will be found that more than
half their items have no Beans on them •, for by Hand-
ing clofe, they are drawn up very tall ; fo the tops
of the ftalks only produce, and all the lower part is
naked ; whereas in the new method, they bear almoft
to the ground; and as the joints of the Hems arefhorter,
fo the Beans grow clofer together on the Italics.
In the year 1745 I made the following experiment,
in planting a piece of eleven acres of Beans in Berk-
fhire, viz. the gentleman’s bailiff, who was weddec
to the old pradice of hufbandry, was very unwil-
ling to depart from it ; and having been an old fer-
vant in the family, his mafter was inclinable to hear
all he could fay in favour of his opinion : however,
at laft I prevailed on the gentleman to let his bailiff
plant one half of the land in his way, giving him
the choice which half he would have : accordingly
the land was divided and planted; but the fummer
proving wet, the Beans on that part of the field he
had chofen grew fo tall and rank, that they produced
no pods but on the upper part of the ftalks ; and
when they were threfhed out, there was no more than
twenty-two bufhels on an acre, whereas the other
half produced near forty.
FABA iEGYPTIACA, is the Arum fEgyptiacum.
F A B A CRASS A, is Anacampferos.
FAB AGO. See Zygophyllum.
FA GAR A. Brown. Hi ft. Jam. tab. 5. f. 1. Ironwood.
The Characters are.
It hath "male and hermaphrodite fiowers upon different
plants ; the male flowers have a flmall empalernent , Jlightly
cut into flour flegments , hut have no petals , and fix fta-
mina , terminated by roundijh fummits : thefle are barren.
The female flowers have a larger concave permanent
empalernent with flour flpr ending petals , and four flamina ,
crowned with oval fummits , and an oval germen , flup-
porting a fender ftyle , terminated by an obtufle ftigma ;
the germen afterward becomes a globular capflule with
two lobes , inclojing two feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Mono-
gynia ; whereas it fhould be put into hisfixth fedion
of the twenty-third clafs, as the flowers are male and
hermaphrodite on different plants, and the flowers
have fix ftamina : but this miftake he was led into by
Jacquin, who had feen and defcribed the hermaphro-
dite flowers only.
The Species are,
1. Fagara ( Pterota ) foliolis emarginatis. Amoen. Acad.
5. p. 393. Fagara , whofle lobes {or flmall leaves) are in-
dented at the top. Lauro afflnis jafmini alato folio,
cofta media membranulis utrinque extantibus alata,
ligno duritie ferro vix cedens. Sloan. Hift. Jam. 2.
p. 25. Ironwood.
2. Fagara ( Tragodes ) articulis pinnarum fubtus acu-
leatus. Jacq. Amer. 13. Fagara with flpines under the
leaves at the joints. Schinoides petiolis fubtus aculea-
tis. Hort. Cliff. 489.
The firft fort grows naturally in the warmeft parts of
America. The late Dr. Houftoun found it growing
at Campeachy, from whence he lent me dried fpeci-
mens of the plants in flower, by which I am con-
vinced there are male trees which are barren. It
rifes with a woody ftem upwards of twenty feet high,
fending out branches great part of its length, gar-
nifhed with fmall winged leaves, having three or five
lobes to each. The flowers come from the fide of
the branches, Handing four or five together upon
fhort foot- ftalks.
The fecond fort I have placed here after Linn^us,
but am not fare it fhould be ranged with it ; for al-
though I have pretty ftrong plants of it growing in
the Chelfea garden, they have not yet flowered ; but
■ by the external face of the plant, it feems to agree
with the firft.
6
Thefe are both tender plants, fo muft be kept in the
bark-ftove conftantly, and are propagated by feeds,
and alfo by cuttings, if properly managed.
FAGON I A. Tourn. Lift. R. FI. 265. tab. 141. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 475. This plant was fo named by Dn
Tournefort, in honour of Dr. Fagon, who was fuper-
intendant of the royal garden at Paris. *
The Characters are,
The flower hath a flpreading empalernent , compofled of five
flmall leaves ; it hath five hear t-fh aped petals , which
Jpread open , aud are narrow at their bafle , where they are
inferted in the empalernent. It hath ten ftamina which
are erehl , terminated by roundijh fummits. In the center
is Jituated a five-cornered germen , fupporting an a-wl-
ftoaped ftyle , crowned by a Jingle ftigma. The germen
afterward becomes a roundijh capfule having five lobes ,
ending^ in a point , and Jive cells , each having a Jingle
roundijh feed.
Linnaeus ranges this plant in the firft fedion of his
tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia, from the
flower having ten ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Fagonia (. Ere Ha ) fpinofa, foliolis lanceolatis planis
laevibus. Hort. Upfal. 103. Prickly Fagonia , whofle
leaves are flp ear- (leaped , plain, and flmooth. Fagonia
Cretica fpinofa. Tourn. Thorny Trefoil of Candia.
2. Fagonia ( Iliflpanica ) inermis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 386.
Fagonia without flpines. Fagonia Hifpanica non fpi-
nofa. Tourn. Spanijh Fagonia without thorns.
3. Fagonia (. Arabica ) fpinofa, foliolis linearibus con-
vexis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 386. Prickly Fagonia with nar-
row convex leaves. Fagonia Arabica, longiflimis acu-
leis armato. Shaw. PI. Afr. 229. Arabian Fagonia ,
armed with very long flpines.
The firft fort is a native of the ifland of Candia :
this has been defcribed by fome botanifts under the
title cf Trifolium fpinofum Creticum, which occa-
fioned my giving it the Englifh name of Thorny Tre-
foil of Crete ; though there is no other affinity be-
tween this and the Trefoil, than that of this having
three leaves or lobes on the fame foot-ftalk.
This is a low plant, which fpreads its branches
clofe to the ground, which are extended to the
length of a foot or more every way, garniffied
with fmall trifoliate oval leaves, placed oppofite ;
and at each joint, immediately below the leaves,
come out two pair of fpines, one on each fide
the ftalk ; and at the fame places come out a
Angle blue flower, Handing upon a fhort foot-
ftalk, compofed of five fpear-ffiaped petals, which
are narrow at their bafe, where they are inferted
into the empalernent ; after thefe fall away, the ger-
men turns to a roundifli five-lobed capfule, ending
in an acute point, having five cells, each containing
one roundiffi feed. It fiowers in July and Auguft,
but unlefs the leafon proves warm, the feeds do not
ripen in England.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain; this dif-
fers from the firft in being l'mooth, the branches of this
having no thorns ; and the plant will live two years,
whereas the firft is annual.
The third fort was difcot ered by the late Dr. Shaw
in Arabia ; this is a low plant with a fhrubby ftalk,
from which come out feveral weak branches armed
with long thorns; the leaves of this are thick, nar-
row, and convex on their lower fide ; the flowers
come out in the fame manner as in the firft fort.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown upon a border of freffi light earth, where the
plants are defigned to remain, for they do not bear
tranfplanting well ; when the plants come up, they
may be thinned out to the diftance of ten inches or a
foot; and if they are kept clean from weeds, they
wfill require no other care.
The firft fort is an annual p’ant, which feldom per-
feds its feeds in England, unlefs the feafons prove
very warm ; therefore the belt way is to low the
feeds upon a warm border in the autumn, and in
frofty weather flicker the plants with mats, or fome
covering to fecure them ; or if they are iown in
pots
FAG
pots and placed under a frame in the winter, and the
following fpring fhaken out of the pots, and planted
in a warm border, they will come early to flower,
and thereby ripe feeds may be more certainly ob-
tained.
The other tv/o forts may be treated in the fame way;
for as thefe feldom flower the Aril year from feeds, fo
the plants fnould be either kept in pots, and fheltered
under a frame in winter, or placed in a warm border,
where they may be fheltered with mats, or fome other
covering, to preferve them from the froft ; and the
following fummer the fecond fort will flower and pro-
duce ripe feeds, but the third has not perfected any
feeds as yet in England.
FAGOPYRUM. See Helxine.
FA-GUS. Tourn. Infh R. H. 584. tab. 351. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 951. [fo called from Gr. be-
caufe fuppofed to be the food of the firft race of man-
kind.] The Beech- tree ; in French, Hetre.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers on the fame tree ; the
male flowers are colleffied into globular heads ; thefe have
no petals , but have fever al ftamina included in an em-
pakment of one leaf. \ which are terminated by oblong fum-
mits. The female flowers have a one-leaved empalement
cut into four parts , but have no petals ; the germen is
fixed to the empalement , fupporting three ftyles , crowned
by reflexed ftigmas. 'The germen afterward becomes a
roundifh capfule , armed with foft fpines , opening in
three cells , each containing a triangular nut.
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth fec-
tion of Linnmus’s twenty-firft clafs, which in-
cludes thofe plants that have male and female
flowers on the lame plant, and the male flowers have
many ftamina. To this genus he has joined the
Chefnut ; but as the male flowers of the Chefnut
are collected in long katkins, and thofe of the Beech
are globular, and the fruit of the latter being trian-
gular, there is fufficient reafon for keeping them fe-
parate.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Facets ( Sylvatica ) foliis ovatis obfolete ferratis. Hort.
Cliff. 447. Fagus. Dod. Pempt. 832. The Beech-tree
with oval fazved leaves.
There are fome planters, who fuppofe there are two
diftinbt fpecies of this tree ; one they call the Moun-
tain Beech, which they fay is a whiter wood than the
other, which they diftinguifh by the title of Wild
Beech ; but it is certain, that this difference in the
colour of the wood arifes from the difference of the
foils in which they grew, for I have not feen any fpe-
cific difference in the trees. There have been feeds
of a Beech-tree brought from North- America, by the
title of Broad-leaved Beech, but the plants which
were raifed from them proved to be the common fort ;
fo that we know of no other variety, excepting thofe
with ftriped leaves, which is accidental ; and when
the trees are in vigour, the leaves become plain again.
This tree is propagated by fowing the mail ; the
feafon for which is any time fromO&ober to February,
only obferving to fecure the feeds from vermin when
early lowed ; which, if carefully done, the fooner they
are fown the better, after they are full ripe : a fmall
fpot of ground will be fufficient for raifmg a great
number of thefe trees from feed, but you mull be
very careful to keep them clear from weeds ; and if
the plants come up very thick, you Ihould not fail to
draw out the ftrongeft of them the autumn following,
that thofe left may have room to grow ; fo that if you
hufband a feed-bed carefully, it will afford a three
years draught of young plants, which Ihould be
planted in a nurfery ; and, if defigned for timber
trees, at three feet diftance row from row, and
eighteen inches aftinder in the rows. ’
But if they are defigned for hedges (to which the
tree is very well adapted) the diftance need not be fo
great ; two feet row from row, and one foot in the
rows will be fufficient. In this nurfery they may re-
main two or three years, obferving to clear them from
F E N
weeds, as alfo to dig up the ground between the row%
at ieaft once a year, that their tender roots may the
better extend themfelves each way : but be careful not
to cut or bruife their roots, which is injurious to all
young trees ; and never dig the ground in fummer,
v/hen the earth is hot and dry ; which, by letting in
the rays of the fun to the roots, is often the deftruc-
tion of young trees.
This tree will grow to a confiderable ftature, though
the foil be ftony and barren as alfo upon'the declivi-
ties of hills, and chalky mountains, where they will
refill the winds better than moll other trees ; but then
the nurferies for the young plants ought to be upon
the fame foil ; for if they are raifed in good foil and
a warm expofure, and afterwards tranfplanted into a
bleak barren fituation, they feldom thrive, which holds
true in molt other trees ; therefore I would advife the
nurfery to be made upon the fame foil where the plan-
tation is intended, but of this I fhall fay more under
the article of Nursery.
The tree is very proper to form large hedges to
furround plantations, or large wildernefs quarters.;
and may be kept in a regular figure, if Iheared twice
a year, efpecially if they fhoot ftrong ; in which cafe,
if they are neglebled but a feafon or two, it will be dif-
ficult to reduce them again. The fihade of this tree
is very injurious to molt forts of plants which grow
near it, but is generally believed to be very falubrious
to human bodies.
The timber is of great ufe to turners for making
trenchers, difhes, trays, buckets ; and likewife to
the joiner for ftools, bedfteads, coffins, &c. The
mail is very good to fat fwine and deer ; it alfo af-
fords a fweet oil, and the nuts have in fcarce times
fupported fome families with bread.
This tree delights in a chalky or ftony ground, where
it generally grows very faft ; and the bark of the
trees in fuch land is dear and fmooth ; and although
the timber is not fo valuable as that of many other
trees, yet as it will thrive on fuch foils and in fuch
fituations where few better trees will fcarce grow, the
planting of them fhould be encouraged ; efpecially as
the trees afford an agreeable fhade, and the leaves make
a fine appearance in fummer, and continue green as
long in autumn as any of the deciduous trees : there-
fore in parks, and other plantations for pleafure, this
tree deferves to be cultivated among thofe of the firft
clafs, efpecially where the foil is adapted to it.
The two forts with variegated leaves may be pro-
pagated by budding or grafting them upon the com-
mon Beech, obferving not to plant them in a good
earth ; which will caufe the buds or cyons to fhoot
vigorouflv, whereby the leaves will become plain,
which often happens to moft variegated plants.
FARINA FCECUND ANS is the impregnating
meal or duft on the apices or fummits of flowers ;
which, being conveyed into the uterus or vafculum
feminale of plants, fecundates the rudiments of the
feeds in the ovary, which otherwife would decay and
come to nothing. See Generation of Plants.
FEA T H E R F E W, or F E A V E R F E W. See
Matricaria.
FENCES. In hotter climates than England, where
they have not occafion for walls to ripen their fruit,
their gardens lie open, where they can have water
fence and profpefts ; or elfe they bound their gardens
with groves, in which are fountains, walks, &c.
which are much more pleafing to the fight than a
dead wall : but in colder countries, and in England,
we are obliged to have walls to flicker and ripen our
fruit, although they take away much from the plea-
fant profpebl of the garden.
Since therefore we are under a neceffity to have walls
to fecure our gardens from the injury of winds,
as well as for the conveniencv of partitions or inclo-
fures, and alfo to ripen our fruit, brick walls are ac-
counted thewarmeft and beft for this purpofe : and thefe
walls being built pannel-ways, with pillars at equal
diftances, will fave a great deal of charge, in that
the ■
\
FEN
the walls may be btfilt thinner,, thari if they were built
plain without thefe pannels, for then it would be ne~
cefiary to build them thicker every where : and be-
fides, thefe pannels make the walls look the hand-
fomer.
Stone walls are by fome preferred to thofe of brick,
efpecially thofe of fquare hewn ftones ; but where they
are defigned for fruit, they fhould be faced with brick.
Thofe that are made of rough ftones, though they are
very dry and warm, yet, by reafon of their uneven-
nefs, are inconvenient to nail up trees to, except pieces
of timber be laid in them here and there for to
fatten a trellis to them.
But in large gardens it is better to have the prolpett
open to the pleafure-garden, which fhould be fur-
rounded with a foffe, that from the garden the adja-
cent country may be viewed, but this mutt depend on
the fituation of the place •, for if the profped from the
garden is not good, it had better be fhut out from the
fight by a wall, or any other fence, than to be open.
As alfo, where a garden lies near a populous town,
and the adjoining grounds are open to the inhabitants,
if the garden is open, there will be no walking there
in good weather, v/ithout being expofed to the view
of all pafiengers, which is very difagreeable.
Where thefe fofies are made round a garden which
is fituated in a park, they are extremely proper ; be-
caufe hereby the profped of the park will be obtained
in the garden, which renders thefe gardens much
more agreeable than thofe which are confined.
In the making thefe fofies there have been many in-
ventions ; but, upon the whole, I have not feen any
which are in all refpeds preferable to thofe which have
an upright wall next the garden ; which (where the
foil will admit of a deep trench) fhould be fix or feven
feet high, fo as to be above the reach of boys ; and
from the foot of this wall, the ground on the outfide
fhould rife with a gradual eafy fiope to the diftance of
eighteen or twenty feet ; and where it can be allowed,
if it flopes much farther, it will be eafier and lefs
perceptible as a ditch to the eye, when viewed at a
diftance. But if the ground is naturally wet, fo as
not to admit of a deep fofle, then, in order to make
a fence againft cattle, if the wall be four feet high,
and flight pofts of three feet and a half high are placed
juft behind the wall, with a fmall chain carried on
from poll: to poft, no cattle or deer will ever attempt
to jump againft it, therefore it will be a fecure fence
againft them ; and if thefe are painted of a dark lead
colour, they will not be difcerned at a diftance ; and
at the fame time the chain will fecure perfons walking
in the garden from tumbling over : and if another
chain is carried through the pofts at one foot from the
ground, it will more effeftually prevent cattle from
creeping under.
In fuch places where there are no good profpefts to
be obtained from a garden, it is common to make the
inclofure of park-paiing •, which, if well performed,
will laft many years, and has a much better appear-
ance than a wall : and this pale may be hid from the
fight within, by plantations of lhrubs and Ever-
greens •, or there may be a quick hedge planted within
the pale, which may be trained up, fo as to be an
excellent fence by the time the pales begin to decay.
There are fome perfons who make ftuckade fences
round their gardens to keep out cattle, &c. which,
when well made, will anfwer the purpofe of a fence ;
but this being very expenfive in the making, and not
of very long duration, has occafioned their not being
more commonly in ufe.
As to fences round parks, they are generally of pa-
ling •, which, if well made of winter-fallen Oak, will
laft many years •, but a principal thing to be obferved
in making thefe pales, is not to make them too heavy ;
- for when they are fo, their own weight will caufe
them to decay ■, therefore the pale fhould be cleft thin,
and the rails fhould be cut triangular, to prevent the
wet lodging upon them ; and the pofts fhould be good,
and not placed too far afunder, burning that part of
them as goes into the ground. If thefe things are ob-
3
ferved, one of thefe pales will laft, with a little care,
upward of forty years very well. The common way
of making thefe fences is, to have every other pale
nine or ten inches above the intermediate ones ; fo
that the fence may be fix feet and a half high, which
is enough for fallow-deer • but where there are red
deer, the fence fhould be one foot higher, otherwife
they will leap over.
Some inelofe their parks with brick walls ; and in
countries where ftone is cheap, the walls are built
with this material ; fome with, and others without
mortar.
A kitchen-garden, if rightly contrived, will contain
walling enough to afford a fupply of fuch fruits as
require the affiftance of a wall for any family ; arid
this garderi being fituated on one fide, and quite out
of fight of the ho ufe, may be furrounded with walls,
which will lcreen the kitchen- garden from the fight
of perfons in the pleafure-garden ; and being locked
up, the fruit will be much better preferred than it
can be in the public garden : and the having too o-reat
a quantity of walling is often the occafion that fo
many fcandalous trees are frequently to be feen in
large gardens, where there is not due care obferved
in their management.
And befides, the borders of pleafure-gardens are ge-
nerally too narrow for the roots of fruit-trees, as will
be fhewn in its proper place, therefore it is in vain
to plant them there.
The height of garden-walls fhould be from ten to
twelve feet, which is a moderate proportion ; and if
the foil be good, it may in time be well furni filed
with bearing wood in every part, efpecially thofe
parts planted with Pears, notwithftanding the branches
being trained horizontally from the bottom of the
walls.
I would recommend the White Thorn, the Holly,
the Black Thorn and Crab, for outward fences to a
good ground, but I do not approve of the intermixing
them.
The White Thorn is the beft quick to plant, becaufe
it is the moft common, and may be clipped fo as to
render it the clofeft and hardieft fence of any other
tree ; and being very durable, is preferred to all others
for outward fences, or for the divifion of fields, where
they are expofed to cattle, &c.
The Black Thorn and Crab make very good fences,
and are to be raifed as the White Thorn ; but if the
kernels of Apples or Crabs be fown, it is beft to fow
the pommace with them, and they will come up the
fooner, i. e. the firft year, if fown in the autumn, foon
after the fruit is ripe.
If Crab-ftocks be planted while young, in the fame
manner as quick, they make excellent hedges foon,
and fo will fome forts of Plumbs, I mean fuch as
have thorns.
The Black Thorn is not accounted fo good for fences
as the White Thorn, becaufe it is apt to run more
into the ground, and is not certain as to the growing,
efpecially if the plants are not fet very young •, but
then on the other hand, the bulhes are by much the
better, and are alfo more lafting than the White
Thorn, or any other, for dead hedges, or to mend
gaps ; nor are they fubjetft to be crept by cattle, as
the others are. The richer the mould is, the better
they will profper, but yet they will grow on the fame
fort of foil that the White Thorn does.
The Holly will make an excellent fence, and is pre-
ferable to all the reft, but is a flow grower; but
when once it does grow, it makes amends by its
height, ftrength, and thicknefs.
It is raifed of young feedling plants or berries, as the
White Thorn is, and the berries will lie as long in
the ground before they come up. It delights moft
in ftrong grounds, but will grow upon the drieft
gravel, amongft rocks and ftones.
The berries lie till the fecond fpring before they come
up, therefore they fhould be prepared before they are
fown (for this fee the article Aquifoi.ium.) It will
be beft to fow them in the place where you defign
they
they fhould grow, but they fhould be wall weeded i
both before they come up and afterwards.
French Furz will alfo do well upon dry land y banks,
where few other plants will grow; but they muft be
kept very clean at the bottom, and cut thin, and
never buffered to grow too high : nor fhould they be
cut in dry weather, or late in autumn, nor early in
the fpring ; the doing either of which is fubjed: to
make it die in patches., which is irrecoverable ; nor
will it ever break out again from old wood, if cut
clofe in, after it has been buffered long to grow out.
Fences may likewife be made of Elder: if the foil
be any thing good, you may put flicks of Elder,, or
truncheons ten or twelve feet long, flopeways in your
banks, fo as to make a chequer- work ; and they will
make a fence for a garden the quickefl of any thing,
and be a good fhelter. But thefe fences are improper
for a fine garden, becaufe they fhocrt very irregular,
an d are ungovernahle ; as likewife the roots of thefe
trees fpread very far, and draw away all the heart of
the ground, fo as to flarve whatever plants grow near
them : and add to this the feathering of the berries,
which will fill the ground near them with young
plants ; which, if not timely weeded out, will get the
better of whatever grows near them ; therefore this
fort of fence is feldom planted, where a hedge of
■White Thorn can be had.
Elder planted on a, bank, the fide of which is wafhed
with a river or flream, will make an extraordinary
fence, and will preferve the bank from being under-
mined by the water, becaufe it is continually fending
fuckers from the roots and lower branches, which is of
great ad vantage where the ftream wafhes away the bank.
For middle fences in a garden, the Yew is the moft
tonfile, governable, and durable plant.
For furrounding wildemefs quarters, Elm, Lime,
Hornbeam and Beech, are very proper.
FEN N E L. See Foeniculum.
FENNEL-FLOWER. See Nigella.
FERRUM E QU I N U M. See JTippocr.ep.is.
FERULA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 305. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 321. tab. 170. [takes its name of Ferendo, Lat.
becaufe the ftalks of this plant are made ufe of in
fupporting the branches of trees ; or of Feriendo, be-
caufe in old time flicks were made of them, with
which fchool-mafters ufed to cor red then* fcholars.]
Fennel Giant ; in French, Ferule.
The Characters are.
It hath an umbellate! flower ; the -principal umbel is glo-
bular, and is compofed of feveral fmallcr called rays , of
tlse fame form-, the involucrum is compofed of feveral nar-
row leaves which fall off ; the principal umbel is uniform.
The flowers have five oblong erect petals which are equal ,
and five fiamina of the fame length , terminated by Jingle
fummits ; under the flower is fituated a turbinated ger-
men , fupporting two reflexed fiyles, crowned by obtufe
jtigmas. ‘The germen afterward becomes an elliptical, com-
preffed., plain fruit, dividing in two parts , each having a
large elliptical plain feed, marked with three lines on each
fide .
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnaeus’s fil th clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
which contains thofe plants whofe flowers have five
fiamina and two fiyles.
The Species are,
1. Ferula ( Communis ) foliolis linearibus longiffimis fim-
plicibus. Hort. Cliff. 9 5. Ferula with the fmallcr leaves ,
very narrow , long , and Jingle. Ferula major, feu fae-
mina Plinii. M. Umb. Pliny's Female Fennel Giant.
2. Ferula ( Galbanifera ) foliolis multipartitis, laciniis li-
nearibus planis. Hort. Cliff. 95. Ferula whofe fmallcr
leaves are divided into many narrow parts which are plain.
Ferula galbanifera. Lob. Obf. G alb anum-b earing Fennel
Giant.
3. Ferula ( Fingitana ) foliolis laciniatis, lacinulis trk
dentatis inaequalibus. Hort. Cliff. 95. Ferula whofe
fmaller leaves are cut, and fegments ending in three un-
equal parts. Ferula Tingitana, folio latiffimo lucido.
H. Edin. Broad-leaved fhining Fennel Giant from
Fanner.
&
4. Ferula (. Femlago ) foliis pinnatifidis, pinnis .linearibus
' planis trifidis. Hort. Cliff. 95. Ferula with wing-pointed
leaves, whofe pinnis are narrow, plain, and trifid. Fe-
rula latiore folio. Mor. Hilt. 3. p. 309. Fennel Giant
with a broader leaf.
5. Ferula {Ormpalis ,) foliorum pinnis bafi nudis, .fo-
liolis fetaoeis. Hort. Cliff. 95. Ferula with the wings
of the leaves naked at the bafe, and the fmaller leaves
bniftly. Ferula Orientalis, Cachyros folio & facie.
Tourn. Cor. 22. Faftern Fennel Giant with the leaf .and
■appearance <cf Cu&hrys.
6. Ferula ( Meoides ) foliorum pinnis utrinque bafiacu-
tis, foliolis fetaceis. Hort. Cliff 95. Ferula with the
wings of the leaves pointed at their bafe on every fide,
Laierpitium Orientate mei folio, ftore luteo. Tourn.
Cor. 23. Eafiern Lafsrwwt with a Spignel leaf and
yellow flower.
7. Ferula {Modifier a) foliolis appendiculatis, umbellis
fubfeffilibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 247. Ferula with ap-
pendages to the fmaller leaves, and umbels fitting clofe to
the ftalks. Libanotis feral® folio & femine. G. JB. P.
t 5 8 . .Libanotis with a Fennel Giant leaf and feed.
8. Ferula ( Glauca :} foliis fupradecompofitis, foliolis
lanceolato-linearibus planis. Hort. Cliff 95. Fennel
Giant with linear, fpear-Jhaped, decompounded haves.
Ferula folio glauco, femine lato oblongo. J. B. 3.
P- 45-
The firft of thefe plants is pretty common in the
Englifh gardens : this, if planted in a good foil, will
grow to a great height, and divide into many branches :
the lower leaves of this fort fpread more than two
feet every way, and branch out into many divifions,
which are again fubdivided into many fmaller, gar-
nilhed with very long, narrow, fmall leaves that are
fingle ; they are of a lucid green, and fpread near
the ground. From the center of the plant comes out
the flower-ftalk, which, when the plants are ilrong,
will be near as large as a common broomftick, and
will rife ten or twelve feet high, -having many joints ;
if the ftalks are cut, there iffues from the veffels a
foetid yellowifli liquor, which will concrete on the
furface of the wound. The ftalks are terminated by
large umbels of yellow flowers, which come out the
latter end of June, or in the beginning of July; thefe
are fucceeded by oval compreffed feeds, which have
three lines running longitudinally on each fide. Thefe
ripen in September, and the ftalks decay foon after.
When the ftalks are dry, they are full of a light dry
pith, which will foon take fire.
Mr. Ray fays, that the people of Sicily ufe the pith
of this plant for tinder to light their fires. And if
this was pradlifed by the ancients, we may eafily guefs
why the poets 'feigned, that Prometheus ftole fire
from heaven, and carried it to the earth in a hollow
Ferula.
The leaves of thefe plants decay foon after the feeds
are formed, fo that before they are ripe, there are
feldom any leaves remaining, and the ftalks afterward
dry and become very tough ; fo it is not unlikely
thefe may have been ufed for correction in the fchools,
as they are very light, and cannot do much injury.
The roots of this fort will continue feveral years, ef-
pecially on a dry foil, and will annually produce
flowers and feeds.
The fecond fort doth not grow quite fo large as the
firft, but the ftalks of this will rife feven or eight feet
high; the lower leaves are large, and greatly divided;
the fmall leaves are flat, and not fo long as thofe of
the former, and are of a lucid green colour; the um-
bels of flowers are fmaller, and the feeds are lefs.
This flowers and ripens its feeds about the fame time
as the former fort.
The third fort hath large fpreading leaves near the
root, which are divided and fubdivided into many
parts ; the final! leaves of this are much broader than
in any of the other forts, and thefe are divided at
their end into three unequal fegments ; the leaves- are
of a very lucid green. The ftalks are ft rang, and
rife to the height of eight or ten feet, and are ter-
minated by large umbels of yellow flowers, which are
5 N fucceeded
FER
fucceeded by large, oval, comprefied feeds, like thofe
of the firft: fort. This fiowers and ripens its feeds
about the fame time as the former fort ; it grows na-
turally m Spain and Barbary.
The fourth fort grows to much the fame height as the
fecond •, the leaves of this branch out on every fide
pretty wide, and the fmaller leaves on the divifions
of the leaves, are broader than thofe of the others
(excepting the third) but they are longer than thofe,
and are of a darker green colour, ending in three
points. The umbels of flowers are large, the flowers
are yellow, and are fucceeded by oval comprefied
feeds, like thofe of the other fpecies. This grows
naturally in Sicily.
The fifth fort is of much humbler growth than either
of the former-, the ftalks of this feldom rife much
more than three feet high ; the lower leaves branch
into many divifions, which are clofely garnifhed with
very fine briftly leaves ; the umbel of fiowers is but
fmall, when compared with the others, and the feeds
are fmaller. It grows naturally in the Levant.
The fixth fort hath very branching leaves, the foot-
ftalks are angular and channelled ; this fends out at
every joint two fide branches oppofite ; thofe toward,
the bottom are nine or ten inches long, and the others
are dimimfhed gradually to the top; thefe fide
branches fend out fmaller at each joint in the fame
infanner, which are garnifhed with very fine leaves
like thofe of Spignel, which Hand quite round the
ftalks in fhape of whorls ; the fiower-ftalks grow three
feet high, having a pretty large umbel of yellow
flowers at the top ; thefe are fucceeded by oval fiat
feeds, which ripen in the autumn. It grows naturally
in the Levant.
The feventh fort rifes about three feet high; the
leaves of this fort are much divided, and the fmall
leaves on the divifions are very narrow and entire ;
the umbels of flowers are fmall, and are fituated clofe
to the ftalks between the leaves at the joints; thefe
are like thofe of the other forts. It grows naturally
in Iftria and Carniola.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Italy and Sicily.
The leaves of this are compofed of many narrow flat
fegments, of a gray colour, and are divided into
many parts : the ftalk rifes from three to four feet
high, and is terminated by an umbel of yellow flow-
ers in July, which are fucceeded by oval comprefied
feeds which ripen in autumn.
All thefe forts have perennial roots, which will con-
tinue feverai years ; thele have thick ftrong fibres,
which run deep in the ground, and divide into many
fmaller, fpreading to a confiderable diftance every
way: the ftalks are annual, and decay foon after
they have perfected their feeds. As thefe plants fpread
very wide, fo they fhould have each four or five feet
room ; nor fhould they ftand near to other plants, for
their roots will rob whatever plants grow near them of
their nourifhment.
They are ail propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown in the autumn ; for if they are kept out of the
ground till the fpring, they frequently fail, and thofe
which fucceed remain a year in the ground, fo that
much time is loft. The feeds may be fown in drills,
by which method the ground may be eafier kept
clean ; they muft not be nearer than a foot row from
row, and the feeds may be fcattered two or three
inches afunder in the drills ; when the plants come up,
they muft be kept clean from weeds; and where they
are too clofe together, they fhould be thinned, to allow
them room to grow, for they will not be ftrong enough
to remove till they have had two years growth ; then
in the autumn fo loon as their leaves decay, the roots
fhould be taken up with great care, fo as not to cut or
injure the tap or downright root, and then planted in
the places where they are defigned to remain, for after
this tranfplahting they fhould not be removed. They
delight in a foft, gentle, loamy foil, not too wet, and
are very rarely injured by the hardeft froft.
F E R RA R I A. Burmanl Lin. Gen. ioi 8.
F I C
The Character are,
It hath two keel- f aped fpatha '(or-Jheaths) which alter-
nately inclofe the flowers, which have fix oblong pointed
petals curled at their borders , revolving , and are alter-
nately larger ; and three ftamina fitting on the flyle, ter-
minated by twin roundijh fummits ; and a roundijh three-
cornered germen under the flower , jupporting a Jirxple
erebl ftigma , crowned by three bifid , hooded , curled ftig-
ma ; the germen afterward becomes an oblong three-cor-
nered capfuls, having three cells, filled with roundijh
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fectibn
of Linnaeus’s twentieth clals, intitled Gynandria tri-
andria, the flower having three ftamina which fit
upon the ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Ferraria .(JJndulata). foliis lanfCeolatis. Burin. Icon.
Ferr aria with fpear-Jhaped leaves. Iris ftellata, Cycla-
minis radice, pulio flore. Barrel. Icon. 1216. Starry
Iris with a root like the Sowbread.
2. Ferraria ( Enfiformi ) foliis enfiformibus. Burns. Icon.
Ferraria with jword-jhaped leaves.
Thefe plants grow naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope ; the roots of the firft fort were fent me by
Dr. Job Bafter, of Zirkzee, who received them from
the Cape. The root of this is fhaped like that of
the Bizantine Cornfiag ; it has a bright brown fkin
or cover ; on the upper fide is a hollow like a navel,
from whence the fiowef-ftalk arifes. The ftalk rifes
a foot and a half high, and is about the fize of a
man’s middle finger, garnifhed with leaves the whole
length ; thefe are keel-fhaped, embracing the ftalks
with their bafe. The upper part of the ftalk divides
into two or three branches, which are garnifhed
with the fame fhaped leaves, but they are fmaller ;
each of the branches are terminated by a large fpa-
tha; or (heath of the fame colour with the leaves,
but this afterward withers and decays ; thefe (heaths
are double, and fplit at the top, where the flower
peeps out its petals ; thefe fix petals are three alter-
nately larger than the other, and are curioufly fringed
on their borders ; they are of a pale greenifh colour
on their outfide, but of a tawney purple within, anci
are of a fhort duration ; in the centre of the flower
is fituated the ftyle, having the three ftamina fixed
on the fide, and is terminated by twin ftigmas ; the
germen is fituated under the flower, which after-
ward becomes an oblong fmooth capfule with three
cells, filled with roundifh feeds.
The fecond fort is rare in England ; this differs from
the former in having fmaller roots, and longer fword-
fhaped leaves, which have deeper veins ; the ftalk
alfo does not divide fo much, and the fiowers are
fmaller, and lefs fringed on their borders.
They are both progagated by offsets fent out from
the roots, in the fame way as the Ixia, and fhould
be cultivated in the lame manner as is directed for
thofe and the African Gladiolus, being too tender
to thrive in the open air in England, nor do they fuc-
ceed well in a green-houfe ; therefore the beft me-
thod is, to make a border four feet wide, either in
the front of the green-houfe or ftoves, covering it
with a proper frame and glafles, fo that the plants
may enjoy the free air in mild weather, but be pro-
tected from froft. In fuch a frame, moft of the Afri-
can bulbous and tuberous rooted plants may be
brought to great perfection.
There is a great Angularity in the root of the firft:
fpecies, which is in its vegetating only every other
year, and the intermediate years it remains at reft.
FICOIDES. See Mesembryanthemum.
FICUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1032. Toum. Inft. R. H.
662. tab. 420. The Fig-tree ; in French, Figuier.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers , which are included
within the covering , or Jkin of the fruit , fo do not appear
unlefs the covering is opened ; the male fiowers are but few
in number, and are fituated in the upper part of the fruit ;
the female flowers are numerous , and fituated in the lower
part'.
2
F I C
■part, The male flowers fit each upon a feparate foot-
flalk , and have an empalement divided into three parts -,
they have no petals , hut three hriftly ftamind as long as
the empalement , terminated by twin fummits the female
flowers fit upon diftinbi foot-fialks , • their empalement s
are divided into five parts \ they have no petals , but a
germen as the empalement , fupporting an infiexed ftyle ,
crowned by two reflexed pointed ftigmas. T he germen
afterward becomes a large feed , fitting in the empale-
ment.
'This genus of plants is ranged in the third feflion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-third clafs, intitled Polygamia
Polycecia ; the male and hermaphrodite dowers being
fituated in the fame common covering, but in the
wild Fig they are in diftinft plants.
The Species are,
1. Ficus (Carted) foliis palmatis. Hort. Cliff. 471. Fig-
tree with hand-floaped leaves. Ficus communis. C. B.
P. 457. The common Fig-tree.
2. Ficus ( Syc amorous ) foliis cordatis fubrotundis inte-
p-errimis. Hort. Cliff 471. Fig-tree with roundifio heart-
floaped leaves , which are entire. Ficus folio mori, fruc-
rum in caudice ferens. C. B. P. 459. Fig-tree with a
Mulberry leaf \ bearing fruit on the body or fiem , com-
monly called Sycamore.
3. Ficus. (. Religiofa ) foliis cordatis oblongis integerrimis
acuminatis. Hort. Cliff 471. Fig-tree with entire
heart-floaped leaves, ending in acute points. Ficus Ma-
labarienfis, folio cufpidato, frudu rotundo parvo ge-
mino. Pluk. Aim. 144. Malabar Fig with a long
pointed leaf and fmall double round fruit.
4. Ficus ( Benghalenfis ) foliis ovatis integerrimis obtufis,
caule inferne radicato. Hort. Cliff. 471. Fig-tree with
oval , obtufe , entire leaves , and the lower part of the
flalk putting out roots. Ficus Benghalenfis, folio fub-
rotundo, frudu orbiculato. Hort. Amft. 1. p. 119.
Bengal Fig with a rcundifb leaf, and orbicular fruit.
5. Ficus (Indicod) foliis lanceolatis petiolatis, pedunculis
aggregatis, ramis radicantibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1060.
Fig-tree with fpear-fhaped leaves having petals , the foot-
fialks of the fruit growing in clufters , and branches fend-
ing out roots. Ficus Indica Theophrafti. Tabern.
Hift. 1370. Indian Fig of Theophraftus.
6 . Ficus ( Maximus ) foliis lanceolatis integerrimis.
Hort. Cliff 471. Fig-tree with entire fpear-fhaped
leaves. Ficus Indica maxima, folio oblongo, funi-
culis e film mis ramis dimiffis radices agentibus fe
propagans, frudu minori fphaerico languineo. Sloan.
- Cat. Jam. 189. The largeft Indian Fig with an oblong
leaf fending out roots from the tops of the branches , and
a fmall fpherical blood-coloured fruit.
7. Ficus ( Racemofa ) foliis ovatis acutis integerrimis,
caule arboreo, frudu racemofa. Lin. Sp. Plant.
1060. Amoen. Acad. 1. p. 30. Fig-tree with oval ,
entire , acute leaves , tree-like flalk , and branching fruit.
Alty-alu. Hort. Mai. 1. p. 43.
8. Ficus (Pumila) foliis ovatis acutis integerrimis, caule
repente. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1060. Amcen. Acad. 1. p.
30. Fig-tree with oval , acute , entire leaves , and a
creeping flalk. Ficus fylveftris procumbens, folio fim-
plici. Koempf. Amoen. 803. Trailing wild Fig-tree hav-
ing Jingle leaves.
0. Ficus (Nymphaafolia) foliis ovato-cordatis integer-
rimis glabris. Fig-tree with oval , heart-floaped , entire ,
fmooih leaves , vulgarly called Ficus nymphgese folio.
Fig-tree with a V/ at er Fily leaf.
10. Ficus (1 Citrifolia ) foliis obiongo-cordatis acuminatis,
petiolis longifiimis. Fig-tree with oblong , heart-floaped ,
pointed leaves , and very long foot-fialks. Ficus citrii
folio, frudu parvo purpureo. Catefb. Flift. Carol. 3.
p. 18. Fig-tree with a Citron-leaf , and fmall purple
fruit.
11. Ficus (Calyculata) foliis ovatis integerrimis obtufis,
oppofitis, frudu globofo calyculato. Fig-tree with
oval , obtufe, entire leaves placed oppofite , and a globular
fruit hawing a calyx. Ficus folio lato fubrotundo,
frudu globofo, magnitudine nuces mofehatae. Flouft.
MSS. Fig-tree^ with broad roundifh leaves, and a globu-
lar fruit about the bignefs of a nutmeg.
The firft fort, which is the Fig whofe fruit is va-
F I €
luable, is cultivated in mod parts of Europe ; of this
there are great varieties in the warm countries, which
have been obtained, from feeds, therefore may be in-
creafed annually, if the inhabitants were careful in pro-
pagating the trees from the feeds of their belt forts.
In England v/e had not more than four or five forts till
within a few years pad; ; for as the generality of the
Englifh were not lovers of this fruit, fo there were
few who troubled themfelves with the culture of it.
But fome years pail I had a large colledion of tKefe
trees fent me from Venice, by my honoured friend
the Chevalier Rathgeb, which I planted and p re-
fereed to t afire of their fruits, feveral of which proved
excellent ; thefe I Lave preferved and propagated,
and thofe whofe fruit were inferior have been ne~
gleded. And as the variety of them is very great,
fo I fihall here mention only fuch of them as are the
beft worth cultivating, placing them in the order of
their ripening.
1. The brown or Chefnut-coloured Ifchia Fig. This
is the largeft fruit of any I have yet feen, it is fhort,
globular, with a pretty large eye, pinched in near the
foot-ftalk, of a brown or Chefnut colour on the oj.it-
fide, and purple within ; the grains are large, and the
pulp fweet and high-fiavoured this fort very often
bur firs open when it ripens. It ripens the latter end
of July, or the beginning of Auguft. I have had
this fruit ripen well on ftandards, in a warm foil. If
this fort is planted againft hot walls, two plentiful
crops of fruit may be annually ripened.
2. The black Genoa Fig. This is a long fruit, which
fwells pretty large at the top where it is obtufe, but
the lower part is very flender toward the ftalk j the
fkin is of a dark purple colour, almoft black, and hath
a purple farina over it like that on fome Plumbs ^ the
infide is of a bright red, and the flefin is very high
flavoured. It ripens early in Auguft.
3. The fmall white early Fig. This hath a roundifh
fruit a little flatted at the crown, with a very fhort
foot-ftalk •, the fkin, when fully ripe, is of a pale yel-
lowifb white colour ; the fkin is thin, the infide white,
and the fiefh fweet, but not high-fiavoured. This
ripens in Auguft.
4. The large white Genoa Fig. This is a large glo-
bular fruit, a little lengthened toward the ftalk •, the
fkin is thin, of a yeliowifh colour when fully ripe,
and red within. This is a good fruit, but the trees
are not good bearers.
5. The black Ifchia Fig. This is a fhort fruit, of
a middling fize, a little flatted at the crown ; the fkin
is almoft black when ripe, and the infide is of a deep
red ; the flefli is very high flavoured, and the trees
produce a good crop of fruit, but the birds are great
devourers of them if they are not protected from
them. This ripens in Auguft.
6. The Malta Fig. This is a fmall brown fruit,
much comprefied at the top, and greatly pinched to-
ward the foot-ftalk •, the fkin is of a pale brown co-
lour, as is alfo the infide ; the fiefh is very fweet, and
well flavoured. If this fort is permitted to hang upon
the trees till the fruit is fhrivelled, it becomes a fine
fweetmeat.
7. The Murrey, or brown Naples Fig. This is a
pretty large globular fruit, of a light brown colour
on the outfide, with fome faint marks of a dirty
white, the infide is nearly of the fame colour ; the
grains are pretty large, and the fiefh is well flavoured.
It ripens the latter end of Auguft.
8. The green Ifchia Fig. This is an oblong fruit,
almoft globular at the crown ; the fkin is thin, of a
green colour, but when it is fully ripe, it is ftained
through by the pulp to a brownifh caft j the infide is
purple, and will ftain linen, or paper ; the flefli is
high flavoured, efpecially in warm feafons. It ripens
toward the end of Auguft.
9. The Madonna Fig, commonly called here the
Brunfwick, or Hanover Fig, is a long pyramidal fruit
of a large fize ^ the Akin is brown j the fiefh is of a
lighter brown colour, coarfe, and hath little flavour.
This ripens the end of Auguft and the beginning of
September j
September ; the leaves of this fort are much more di-
vided than of moft other.
10. The common blue, or purple Fig is fo well
known, as to need no defcription.
n. The long brown Naples Fig. The leaves of
this tree are deeply divided. The fruit is long, fome-
what compreffed at the crown. The foot-ftalks are
pretty long ; the fkin is of a dark brown when fully
ripe, the flefii inclining to red ; the grains are large,
and the flefh well favoured. It ripens in September.
12. The yellow Ifchia Fig. This is a large fruit,
of a pyramidal form ; the fkin is yellow when ripe,
and the fiefh is purple and well flavoured, but the
trees do not produce much fruit here •, they grow
very luxuriant in branches, the leaves are very large,
and not much divided. This ripens in September.
13. The fm all Brown Ifchia Fig. This is a fmall
pyramidal fruit with a very fhort foot-ffcalk ; the fkin
is of a light brown, the flefh inclining to purple, of
a very high flavour; it ripens late in September-, the
leaves of this tree are lels divided than any of the
other forts. This is not a good bearer.
14. The Gentile Fig. This is a middle ftzed globu-
lar fruit ; the fkin, when ripe, is yellow ; the flefh
alfo inclines to the fame colour ; the grains are large,
and the ilefn is well flavoured, but it ripens very late,
and the trees are bad bearers, fo that it is not propa-
gated much in England.
There are feveral other forts which have been lately
introduced from Italy, but all thofe which I have yet
tailed, are inferior to thofe above-mentioned ; fome of
them rarely ripen their fruit, and others are very ill
bearers, not worth propagating, therefore I have
omitted the mentioning of them here •, for as thofe
which are enumerated, continue in fucceffion during
the feafon forthefe fruits, and being preferable to the
other* few perfons will care to fill their gardens with
a greater variety of thefe trees than are of real ufe,
efpecially as they require good walls, and a very large
lhare of room.
The firft, fecond, third, ninth, and tenth forts will
ripen their fruits on ftandards, where they are in a
warm fituation ; but the others require the aflillance
of walls expofed to good afpedls, otherwife their fruit
will not ripen in England.
Fig-trees generally thrive in all foils, and in every
fituation but they produce a greater quantity of fruit
upon a ItrOng loamy foil, than on dry ground ; for if
the feafon proves dry in May and June, thofe trees
which grow upon very warm dry ground, are very fub-
je£t to call their fruit therefore, whenever this hap-
pens, fuch trees lliould be well watered and mulched,
which will prevent the fruit from dropping off; and the
fruit upon thefe trees are better flavoured, than any of
thofe which grow upon cold moift land. I have al-
ways oblerved thofe Fig-trees to bear the greateft quan-
tity of well-flavoured fruit, which were growing upon
chalky land, where there has been a foot or more of
a gentle loamy foil on the top. They alfo love a free
open air ; for although they will flioot and thrive very
will in clofe places, yet they feldom produce any
fruit in fuch fituations,-, and all thofe which are planted
in fmall gardens in London, will be well furnifhed
with leaves, but I have never feen any fruit upon
them which have grown to maturity.
Thefe trees are always planted as ftandards in all
warm countries, but in England they are generally
planted againft walls, there being but few ftandard
Fig-trees at prefent in the Englifh gardens; however,
fince fome of the forts are found to ripen their fruit
well upon the ftandards, and the crop of Figs is often
greater upon them, than upon thofe trees againft walls,
it is worthy of our care, to plant them either in ftan-
dards or efpaliers ; the latter, I think, will fucceed beft
inEngland,if they were managed as in Germany, where
they untie the Fig-trees from the efpalier, and lay
them down, covering them in winter with ftraw or
litter, which prevents their fhoots being injured by
the froft ; knd this covering is taken away gradually
in. the firing, and not wholly removed until all the
by which management they
danger of froft is over,
generally have a very great crop of Figs ; whereas in
England, where the trees grow againft warm walls, if
the fpring proves warm, the young Figs are puflied
out early, and the cold, which frequently returns in
April and May, caufes the greateft part of the fruit tb
drop off ; fo that our crop of Figs is generally more
uncertain than moll other forts of fruit; : and it fre-
quently happens, that trees which are planted againft
north and eaft-afpedled walls, produce a greater
quantity of fruit in England, than thofe which are
planted againft fouth and fouth-eaft afpe&s ; which
muft happen from the latter putting out their fruit fo
much earlier in the fpring than the former ; and if there
happen cold frofty nights after the Figs are come out
(which is frequently the cafe in this country) the for-
wardeft of the Figs are generally fo injured as to drop
off from the trees foon after. In Italy, and the other
warm countries, thisfirft crop of Figs is little regarded,
being few in number ; for it is the fecond crop of
Figs which are produced from the flioots of the fame
year, which is their principal crop, but thefe rarely
ripen in England ; nor are there above three or four
forts whichever ripen their fecond crop, let the fummer
prove ever fo good, therefore it is the firft crop which
we muft attend to in England ; fo that when thefe trees
art: growing againft the beft afpefted walls, it will be
a good method to ioofen them from the wall in au-
tumn ; and after having divefted the branches of all
the latter fruit, to lay the branches down from the
wall, fattening them together in fmall bundles, fo that
they may be tied to flakes, to keep them from lying
upon the ground ; the damp whereof, when covered
in frofty weather, might cauie them to grow mouldy',
and hereby they will be fecured from being broken by
the wind. When they are thus managed in autumn,
if the winter fhould prove very fevere, the branches
may be eafily covered with Peas-haulm, ftraw, or any
other light covering, which will guard the tender fruit-
bearing branches, from the injury of froft; and when
the weather is mild, the covering muft be removed,
otherwife the Figs will come out too early; for the in-
tention of this management is, to keep them as back-
ward as poflible : then in the fpring, when the Figs
are beginning to pufh out, the trees may be fattened
up to the wall again. By this management I have
feen very great crops of Figs produced in two or three
places.
I have alfo feen great crops of Figs in fome particu-
lar gardens, after very fharp winters, when they have,
in general, failed in other places, by covering up the
trees with Reeds made into pannels, and fixed up
againft the walls.
p
In the pruning of Fig-trees, the branches muft never
be fhortened, becaufe the fruit are all produced at
the upper part of the fhoots of the former year ; if
thefe are cut off, there can be no fruit expe&ed, befide
the branches are very apt to die after the knife ; fo that
when the branches are too clofe together, the beft way
is to cut out all the naked branches quite to the bot-
tom, leaving thofe which are beft furnifhed with lateral
branches at a proper diftance from each other, which
fhould not be nearer than a foot ; and when they are
well furnifhed with lateral branches, if they are laid
four or five inches farther afunder, it will be better.
The beft feafon for pruning of Fig-trees is in autumn,
becaufe at that time the branches are not fo full
of fap, and will not bleed fo much, as when they
are pruned in the fpring ; and at this feafon, the
branches fhould be divefted of all the autumnal Figs,
and the fooner this is done, when the leaves begin to
fail off, the better will the young flioots refill the cold
of the winter. There are fome feafons fo cold and
moift, that the young flioots of the Fig-trees will not
harden, but are foft, and full of juice ; when this hap-
pens, there is little hope of a crop of Figs the fucceed-
ing year, for the firft froft in autumn will kill the upper
part of thefe fhoots, for a confiderable length down-
ward -, whenever this liappens, it is the beft way to
cut off all the decayed part of the fhoots, which will
prevent
F I C
prevent the infection from deftroying all the lower part
of the branches ; and, by this method, I have ieen a
moderate crop of Figs put out from the lower part of
the fhoots ; where, if the (hoots had not been injured,
there would have been no fruit produced, becaufe it
is chiefly from the four or five uppermoft joints of the
(hoots that the fruit comes out ; and it is for this
reafon, that as many of the (hort lateral branches
fhould be preferved as poffible, thofe being the moft
pro du dive of fruit •, for where the long (trait fhoots
are fattened up, there will be no fruit, but at their ex-
tremities, fo that all the lower part of the trees will
be naked, if there is not a particular regard had to
fupply young fnoots in every part of the trees.
Thofe trees which are laid down from the efpaliers,
fhould not be fattened up again till the end of March,
for the reafons before given, and thofe againft walls
may remain fome time longer •, and when the large
fhoots of thefe are nailed up, if the fmall lateral branches
are thruft behind thefe, to keep then? clofe to the wall,
it will fecure the young Figsfrom being injured by the
morning frofts ; and when this danger is over, they
maybe brought forward to their natural pofition again:
during the fummer feafon thefe trees will require no
other pruning, but to ftop the (hoots in the fpring,
where lateral branches are wanting-, and as the branches
are often blown down by wind, therefore, whenever
this happens, they fhould be immediately fattened up
again, otherwife they will be in danger of breaking -,
for the leaves of thefe trees being very large and ftiff,
the wind has great power on them ; fo that where
the branches are not well fecured, they are frequently
torn down.
Thofe trees which are planted againft efpaliers may
be prote&ed from the injury of froft in the fpring, by
placing Reeds on each fide the efpalier, which may be
taken down every day, and put up again at nighty but
this need not be pradifed in warm weather, but only
at fuch times as there are cold winds and frofty
mornings ; and although there is fome trouble and
expence attending this management, yet the plentiful
crop of Figs which may this way be obtained, will
fufficiently recompenfe for both : the beft way of
making this covering is, to fallen the Reeds with
rope yarn in fuch a manner as that it may be
rolled up like a mat, that the whole may with
great facility be put up or taken down -, and if thefe
Reeds are carefully rolled up, after the feafon for ufing
them is over, and put up in a dry Ihed, they will laft
feveral years.
There are feveral perfons who of late have planted
Fig-trees in ftandards, which have fucceeded very
well ; this pradice was revived, by obferving fome old
ftandard Fig-trees in fome gardens, which had been
growing many years, and generally produced a much
greater plenty of fruit than any of thofe trees which
were growing againft warm walls ; indeed, thefe ftan-
dard Fig-trees are in much greater danger of having
their branches killed by fevere froft, but in mild win-
ters they generally do better than thofe againft walls ;
fo that where thefe trees can be covered in very hard
winters, there will always be plenty of fruit ; and
thefe may be covered by fattening as many of the
branches together as can be conveniently brought into
a bundle, and winding fome Hay-bands, Straw, Peas-
haulm, or any fuch light covering as can be readily
procured, which in the fpring may be gradually taken
off, fo as not to expofe the (hoots all at once to the
open air and if there is fome fuch light covering laid
round the items, and upon the furface of the ground
about their roots, it will more effectually fecure them
from the danger of froft but when this is praCtifed,
great care fhould be taken that no mice or rats har-
bour in this covering, for thefe will eat off the bark
from their fhoots, and kill them : and I have often
obferved thofe trees which were againft walls, have
fuffered greatly by thefe vermin, by having many
of their largeft branches difbarked near the ground,
which has abibfutely killed them and it is in
the winter that thefe vermin do this mifchief to
them, therefore they fhould be carefully watched
at that feafon.
The common blue and white Figs, which are the
forts which have been the moft generally cultivated in
England, are not.fo proper to plant for ftandards, as
fome other forts which have been lately introduced ;
for they are much tenderer, and are often killed almoft
to the root, when fome of the other forts, which have
been growing in the fame fituation, have received very
little injury from the froft-, indeed the white fort is
generally a great bearer, and the fruit is Very fweet j
but to thofe palates which are accuftomed to Figs, that
fort is not much in efteem, from its want of flavour :
thofe which have fucceeded beft with me, are the firft
and third forts. Their branches are rarely hurt by
froft in winter, and their fruit will always ripen well ?
for in favourable feafons, many of thefe forts, which,
were growing againft walls, have ripened their fecond
crop of fruit tolerably well. I have alfo planted ma-
ny of thefe forts of Fig-trees againft north-eaft and
north-weft afpefts ; fome of thofe which were firft
planted, have produced a good quantity of well tafted
fruit, but were ripe much later, which has encouraged
me to plant many more of thefe trees to the fame a ft
pedts, and alfo to increafe my number of ftandard trees.
I am aware, that what I have here advanced, in rela-
tion to the pruning and dreffing of Fig-trees, will be
condemned by great numbers of people, who will hot
give themfelves time to confider and examine the rea-
fons upon which I have founded this pmdtice, not to
make one Angle experiment to try the truth of it, as
being vaftly different from the general pradtice of moft
gardeners, who always imagine, that Fig-trees fhould
never have much pruning; or, at lead, that they (hould
always be fuffered to grow very rude from the wall,
to fome diftance. That by this management I have of-
ten feen great quantities of fruit I cannot deny, but
then this has been only after mild winters ; for it is
very certain, that in (harp froffs few of thefe outfide
fhoots efcape being greatly injured where they are not
covered ; whereas it rarely happens that thofe fhoots
which are clofely nailed to the wall in autumn, or laid
down and covered, fuffer the leaft damage ; and the
fruits are always produced a fortnight fooner upon
thefe branches, than, they are upon thofe which grow
from the wall : but although the trees which are fuf-
fered to grow rude from the walls may produce a good
quantity of fruit for a year or two, yet afterward the
trees will only bear at the ends of, the (hoots, which
will then be fo far from the wall, as to receive little
benefit from it ; nor can the trees be reduced again
to any regularity, without cutting away the greateft
number of their branches, by which a year or two
will be loft before they will come to bear again.
The feafon alfo for pruning, which I have laid down,
being vaftly different from the common pratftice and
opinion of moft gardeners, will alfo be objected againft;
but I am fure, if any one will but make trial of it, I
doubt not his experience will confirm what I have here
advanced ; for as one great injury to this tree proceeds
from the too great eftufion of lap at the wounded parts,
by this autumn pruning this is prevented ; for, at
that feafon, all the parts of European trees which
call their leaves, are lefs replete with moifture than at
any other time of the year ; for by the long continu-
ance of the fummer’s heat, the juices of plants having
been exhaufted in the nourifbment and augmentation
of wood, leaves, fruits, &c. and alfo great quantities
being evaporated by perfpiration, the root not being
able to fend up a fupply equivalent to this great con-
fumption, the branches muft contain a much lefs quan-
tity of fap than in the fpring, when it has had feveral
months fupply from the root ; which, though but
fmall in proportion to what is fent up when the heat
is greater, yet there being little or no wafte, either by
perfpiration or augmentation, there muft be a greater
quantity contained in the branches; which alfo is eafily
to be obferved, by breaking or cutting off a vigorous
branch of a Fig-tree at both feafons (the fap, being
milky, may be readily difcerned) when that cut in au-
5 O tumn
i
F I C
tumn ffiall be found to ftop its bleeding in one day’s
time, or lefs ; whereas that cut in the fpring will often
flow a week or more, and the wound will be propor-
tionably longer before it heals.
Of late years there has been fome of thefe trees
planted againft fire-walls, which have fucceeded very
well where they have been properly managed •, but
where they have been kept too clofe, and drawn by
glaffes, they have not produced much fruit •, therefore
whenever this is pradifed, the heat fhould not be too
great, nor the glaffes, or other covering, kept too
clofe, but at all times, when the weather is favourable,
a good fhare of free air fhould be admitted i and if
the trees are young, that their roots are not-extended
beyond the reach of the covering, they muft be fre-
quently watered when they begin to fhew fruit, other-
wife it will drop off-, but old trees, whofe roots are
extended to a great diftance, will only require to have
their branches now and then fprinkled over with wa-
ter. If thefe trees are properly managed, the firft crop
of fruit will be greater than upon thofe which are ex-
pofed to the open air, and will ripen fix weeks or two
months earlier, and a plentiful fecond crop may alfo
be obtained, which will ripen early in September, and
fometimes in Auguft, which is about the feafon of
their ripening in the warmer parts of Europe •, but the
fires fhould not be ufed to thefe trees till the begin-
ning of February •, becaufe when they are forced too
early, the weather is frequently too cold to admit
a fufficient quantity of frefh air to fet the fruit-,
but the covers fhould be put over the trees a month
before, to prevent the fhoots from being injured by
the froft.
It may not be improper in this place to mention the
great pains which the inhabitants of the Levant are at
in the culture of their Figs -, and without which (it is
generally faid by all the travellers who have written on
this fubjed, as alfo by Pliny, and other old naturalifts)
their fruit will fall off, and be good for nothing. I
fhall here fet it down, as I find it in the travels of
Monf. Tournefort, chief botanifl to the late king of
France.
“ Pliny, fays he, obferved. That in Zia they ufed
“ to drefs the Fig-trees with much care •, they ftill
« continue to do fo. To underftand aright this huf-
« bandry of Figs (called in Latin, Caprificatio) we
“ are to obferve, that in moft of the iflands of the
“ Archipelago, they have two forts of Fig-trees to
“ manage the firft is called Ornos, from the old
“ Greek, Erinos, a wild Fig-tree -, or Caprificus,
« in Latin ; the fecond is the domeftic, or garden
tc Fig-tree ; the wild fort bears three kinds of fruit,
« Fornites, Cratitires, and Orni, of abfolute necelfity
« towards ripening thofe of the garden Fig.
44 The Fornites appear in Auguft, and continue to
44 November, without ripening ; in thefe breed fmall
44 worms, which turn to a fort of gnats, no where to
44 be feen but about thefe trees. In Odober and No-
44 vember thefe gnats of themfelves make a pundure
44 into the fecond fruit, which is called Cratitires,
44 and do not fhew themfelves till towards the end
44 of September and the Fornites gradually fall away
44 after the gnats are gone ; the Cratitires, on the
44 contrary, remain on the tree till May, and inclofe
44 the eggs, depofited by the Fornites, when they
44 pricked them. In May the third fort of fruit be-
44 gins to put forth from the fame wild Fig-trees
44 which produced the other two this is much
44 bigger/ and is called Orni when it grows to a
44 certain fize, and its bud begins to open, it is pricked
44 in that part by the gnats of the Cratitires, which
«• are ftrong enough to go from one fruit to the
44 other, to difcharge their eggs.
44 It fometimes happens, that the gnats of the Crati-
44 tires are flow to come forth in certain parts, while
44 the Orni in thofe very parts are difpofed to receive
44 them ; in which cafe the hufbandman is obliged to
44 look for the Cratitires in another part, and fix them
« at the end of the branches of thofe Fig-trees, whofe
44 Orni are in fit difpofitiop to be pricked by the gnats j
F I C
44 if they mifs the opportunity the Orni fall, and the
“ gnats of the Cratitires fly away. None but thofe
44 that are well acquainted with this fort of culture,
44 know the critical minutes of doing this ; and in
44 order to it, their eye is perpetually fixed on the
44 bud of the Fig ; for that part not only indicates
44 the time that the prickers are to iffue forth, but
44 alfo when the Fig is to be fuccefsfully pricked j if
44 the bud be too hard, and too compad, the gnat
44 cannot lay its eggs, and the Fig drops when this
44 bud is too open.
44 Thefe three forts of fruit are not good to eat ;
44 their office is to help to ripen the fruit of the gar-
44 den Fig-trees, in manner following : during the
44 months of June and July, the peafants take the Orni
44 at a time that their gnats are ready to break out,
44 and carry them to the garden Fig-trees ; if they do
44 not nick the moment, the Orni fall, and the fruit
44 of the domeftic or garden Fig-tree not ripening,
44 will, in a very little time, fall in like manner. The
44 peafants are fo well acquainted with thefe precious
44 moments, that every morning, in making their
44 infpedion, they only transfer to their garden Fig-
44 trees fuch Orni as are well conditioned, otherwife
44 they lofe their crop. It is true, they have one re-
44 medy, though an indifferent one, which is, to
44 ftrew over the garden Fig-trees the Afcolimbros,
44 a very common plant there, and in whofe fruit
44 there is a fort of gnats proper for pricking ;
44 perhaps they are the gnats of the Orni, which are
44 ufed to hover about and plunder the flowers of this
44 plant.
44 To fum up all in one word. The peafants fo well
44 order the Orni, that their gnats caufe the fruit of
44 the garden Fig-tree to ripen in the compafs of forty
44 days. Thefe Figs are very good green ; when they
44 would dry them, they lay them in the fun for fome
44 time, then put them in an oven to keep them the
44 reft of the year. Barley bread and dried figs are
44 the principal fubfiftence of the boors and monks of
44 the Archipelago but thefe Figs are very far from
44 being fo good as thofe dried in Provence, Italy,
44 and Spain •, the heat of the oven deftroys all their
44 delicacy and good tafte ; but then, on the other
44 hand, this heat kills the eggs which the prickers
44 of the Orni difcharged therein, which eggs would
44 infallibly produce fmall worms that would preju*
44 judice thefe fruits.
44 What an expence of time and pains is here for a
44 Fig, and that but an indifferent one at laft ! I
44 could not fufficiently admire the patience of the
44 Greeks, bufied above two months in carrying thefe
44 prickers from one tree to another. I was foon told
44 the reafon, one of their Fig-trees ufually produces
44 between two and three hundred pounds of Figs,
44 and ours in Provence feldom above twenty-five.
44 The prickers contribute, perhaps, to the maturity of
44 the fruit of the garden Fig-tree, by caufing them to
44 extravafate the nutritious juice, whofe veffels they
44 tear afunder in depofiting their eggs ; perhaps too,
44 befides their eggs, they leave behind them fome
44 fort of liquor proper to ferment gently with the
44 milk of the Fig, and to make their fleffi tender.
44 Our Figs in Provence, and evenatParis, ripen much
44 fooner for having their buds pricked with a Straw
44 dipped in olive oil. Plumbs and Pears, pricked by
44 fome infeds likewife ripen much the falter for it ;
44 and the fleffi round fuch pundure is better tailed
44 than the reft, It is not to be difputed but that con-
44 fiderable change happens to the contexture of fruits
44 fo pricked, juft the fame as to parts of animals
44 pierced with any ffiarp inftrument.
44 It is fcarce poffible well to underftand the antient
44 authors who have treated of caprification (or huf-
44 banding and dreffing the wild Fig-tree) if one is
44 not well apprifed of the circumftances, the particu-
44 lars whereof were confirmed to us not only at Zia,
44 Tinos, Mycone, and Scio, but in moft of the other
44 iflands.”
Fig-
F I G
Fig-trees are propagated in England, either by the
fuckers, which are lent out from their roots, and by
layers made, by laying down of their branches, which
in one year will put out roots fufficient to be removed,
or by planting of cuttings, which, if properly managed,
will take root ; the firft of thefe is a bad method, be-
caufe all thofe trees which are raifed from fuckers, are
very fubject to fend out great quantities of fuckers
ao-ain from their roots ; and the branches of the fuckers
are not fo compadt, as thofe of the layers, but are fuller
of fap, fo in greater danger of being injured by the
froft •, thofe plants which are propagated by layers,
are the beft, provided the layers are made from the
branches of fruitful trees •, for thofe which are made
from the fuckers, or fhoots, produced from old ftools,
are very foft, and full of fap, fo are in danger of fuf-
fering by the froft, and thefe will Ihoot greatly into
wood, but will not be very fruitful ; for, when trees
have acquired a vicious habit while young, it is feldom
they are ever brought to be fruitful afterward ; there-
fore the {hoots which are laid down, fhould be fuch as
are woody, compad, and well ripened, not young
fhoots, full of fap, whofe veffels are large and open.
The beft time for laying down of the branches is in
autumn ; and if the winter fhould prove very fevere,
if they are covered with fome old tan, or any other
mulch, to keep the froft from penetrating the ground,
it will be of great fervice to them ; by the autumn
following, thefe will be fufficiently rooted for remov-
ing, when they fhould be cut off from the old
plants, becaufe at that feafon the branches are not fo
full of fap as in the fpring, fo will nr t bleed fo
much as when cut off in the fpring. If the place is
ready to receive them, the layers fhould be trank
planted in autumn, where they are to remain ; but if
it is not, then the layers may remain till the fpring,
provided they are feparated from the old plants in
autumn. As thefe plants do not bear tranfplanting
well when they are large, it is the better way to plant
them at firft in places where they are to remain •, and
after they are planted, the furface of the ground about
their roots ihould be covered with mulch to keep out
the froft ; and if the winter fhould prove very fevere,
it will be proper to cover the branches with Reeds,
Peas-haulm, Straw, or fome other light covering,
which will prevent their tender ends being killed by
the froft, which frequently happens where this care
is wanting.
The other method of propagating thefe trees, is by
cuttings, which fhould be taken from the trees in au-
tumn, for the reafon before given : thefe muft be cho-
fen from fuch branches as are compad:, whofe joints
are near each other •, and they fhould have a part of
the former year’s wood at their bottom, and the top of
each ftiould be left entire, not fhortened as is ufually
pradiifed with other cuttings ; then they fhould be
planted eight or nine inches deep, in a bed of
loamy earth, in a warm fituation, covering the fur-
face of the ground, three or four inches thick, with
old tanner’s bark, to keep out the froft ; and in fevere
froft their tops fhould be covered with Straw, Peas-
haulm, Fern, or other light covering, to prated them
from froft, which fhould be removed in the fpring ;
but the tan may remain, for that will prevent the
drying winds of the fpring, and the fun in fummer,
from penetrating the ground, and will be of great
ufe to fecure the cuttings from injury ; thefe cuttings
will be rooted fufficiently by the following autumn,
when they fhould be tranfplanted, and treated in the
fame manner as the layers.
If fruitful branches of thefe trees are cut off, and
planted in pots, or tubs, filled with good earth, and
thefe are plunged into a good hot-bed of tanners bark
in the ftove, they will put out fruit early in the fpring,
which will ripen in the middle of May.
We ffiall now return to the other forts of Figs, which
grow naturally in warm countries, but are preferved
in the gardens of thofe who are curious in colledting
r f are exotic plants, for thefe do not bear eatable fruit
ih their native foil ; but their leaves being large and
F I C
beautiful, the plants make a pleafing variety in the
ftove.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the Levant, where
it becomes a large tree, dividing into many branches*
which are garniftied with leaves fhaped like thole of
the Mulberry, and affords a friendly lhade in thofe hot
countries. The fruit is produced from the trunk and
larger branches of the tree, and not on the fmaller
fhoots, as in moft other trees the fhape is like the
common Fig, but is little efteemed. This is called the
Sycamore, or Pharaoh’s Fig-tree.
The third fort grows naturally in India, where it is,fa-
cred, fo that none dare deftroy them ; it is called by
fome the Indian God-tree * this rifes with a woody
Item to a great height, fending out many (lender
branches, which are garniftied with fmooth heart-
fhaped leaves, ending in a long tail, or point * they
are entire, fmooth, and of a light green, having pretty
long foot-ftalks •, they are between fix and feven inches
long, and three inches and a half broad toward their
bafe, diminiftiing gradually to the top, where they run
out in a narrow point, an inch and a half long. The
fruit comes out on the branches, which are fmall,
round, and of no value.
The fourth fort rifes with many ftalks, which grow
to the height of thirty or forty feet, dividing into a
great number of branches, which fend out roots from
their under branches, many of which reach to the
ground ; fo that in fuch places where the trees grow
naturally, their roots and branches are fo interwoven
with each other, as to render the places impaffable. In
India, the Banyans trail the branches of thefe trees
into regular archades, and fet up their pagods under
them, thefe being the places of their devotion. Ih
America, where thefe trees are equally plenty, they
form fuch thickets, as neither man nor beaft can pafs
through. The leaves of this fort are of a thick fub-
ftance, fmooth, and oval ; they are fix inches long,
and four inches broad, with obtufe ends. The fruit
is the fize of a marble, and round, but of no ufe.
The fifth fort grows naturally in both Indies; this
rifes with a woody ftalk to the height of thirty feet,
fending out many branches, which are garniftied with
oblong leaves Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks ;
they are about fix or eight inches long, and two inches
and a half broad, ending in an obtufe point, of a dark
green, and fmooth on their upper fide, but of a light
green, and veined on their under fide. The fruit is
fmall, and of no value. The branches of thefe trees
fend out roots from their lower fide, which fome-
times reach the ground.
The fixth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
where it rifes to the height of thirty or forty feet,
fending ont many (lender branches, which put out
roots in the fame manner as the former. The leaves
of this are eight or nine inches long, and two inches
broad, ending in points. The fruit is fmall, round,
and of a blood colour when ripe, but is not eatable.
The feventh fort grows naturally in India, where it
rifes to the height of twenty-five feet, and divides in-
to many branches, which are garniftied with oval-
pointed leaves, which are fmooth, and of a lucid green.
The fruit is fmall, and grows in clufters from the fide
of the branches ; thefe are not eatable.
The eighth fort grows naturally in India ; this is a
low trailing ffirub, whofe ftalks put out roots at their
joints, which ftrike into the ground, fo is propagated
plentifully where it naturally grows. The leaves are
two inches and a half long, and near two inches broad,
ending in points ; they are of a lucid green, and are
placed without order on the branches ; the fruit is
fmall, and not eatable.
The ninth fort rifes with a ftrong, upright, woody
ftalk twenty feet high, fending out feveral fide
branches, which are garniftied with large, oval, ftiff
leaves, about fourteen inches long, and near a foot
broad, and are rounded at the ends ; they have feveral
tranfverfe veins, which run from the midrib to the
Tides. The foot-ftalks are long, and frequently
turned next to the branches ; the upper fide of the
leaves
F I L
leaves are of a lucid green, and the under fide is of a
gray, or fea-green colour, they are of a thick fub-
ftance, and very fmooth ; this grows naturally in
India, from whence it was brought to the gardens in
Holland.
The tenth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
where it rifes twenty feet high, fending out many fide
branches, which are covered with a white bark, and
garnimed with oblong heart-fihaped leaves, ending
in acute points •, they are about three inches long, and
one inch and a half broad, near the bafe •, of a lucid
green on their upper fide, but of a pale green on
their under, Handing upon very long foot-ftalks. The
fruit comes out from the fide of the branches, toward
their ends ; they are about the ftze of large gray Peas,
and of a deep purple colour, fitting clofe to the
branches ; thefe are not eatable.
The eleventh fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz,
from whence it was fent me by the late Dr. Houftoun ;
this rifes with many fhrubby ftalks to the height of
twelve or fourteen feet, and divides into many fmaller
branches, which are garniflied with oval ftiff leaves,
which are obtufe •, they are four inches long, and three
broad, of a light green, and ftand upon very Ihort
foot-ftalks, which are joined to a cup, in which the
fruit fits ; this is globular, and the fize of a middling
nutmeg, of a deep yellow, when ripe, but is not eat-
able.
The fecond fort, I believe, is not in England at pre-
fent ; I raifed two or three of thefe plants from feeds
in the year 1 736, which were deftroyed by the fevere
froft in 1740, fince which time I have not been able
to procure any of the feeds. The other forts are pre-
ferved in feveral curious gardens ; they are eafily pro-
pagated by cuttings during the fummer feafon. When
the cuttings are taken from the plants, they fhould be
laid in a dry fhady place for two or three days, that
the wounds may be healed over, otherwife they are apt
to rot , for all thefe plants abound with a milky juice,
which flows out whenever they are wounded; for which
reafon, the cuttings fhould have their wounded part
healed over and hardened before they are planted ;
after Which they fhould oe planted in pots filled with
fandy light earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-
bed, where they fhould be fhaded from the fun, and
two or three times a week gently refreihed with wa-
ter, if the feafon is warm; but they muft not have too
much moifture, for that will infallibly deftroy them.
When the cuttings have taken root fufficient to tranf-
plant, they fhould be each planted into a feparate fmall
pot filled with light undunged earth, and plunged into
the hot-bed again, being careful to fnade them until
they have taken frefh root ; then they fhould have a
large fhare of free air admitted to them at all times
when the weather is favourable, to prevent their draw-
ing up weak, and to give them flrength before the
cold comes on. In autumn the pots fhould be re-
moved into the ftove, and plunged into the tan-bed,
where they fhould conftantly remain, and muft- be
treated in the fame manner as other tender plants from
the fame countries ; for although two or three of the
forts may be treated in a hardier manner, yet they will
not make much progrefs.
FICUS INDICA. See Opuntia.
F I L A G O. There are feveral fpecies of this genus,
fome of which grow naturally upon barren land in
moil parts of England. They are called byfomeCot-
tonweed, by others Cudweed, their leaves being white,
and, when broken, have cottony threads. Thefe
have been ranged under the genus of Gnaphalium by
moft botanifts, and one of the fpecies which is ufed in
medicine, ftands in the lift of fimples by that appel-
lation. As thefe plants are not cultivated in gardens,
I fliall not trouble the reader with a farther account
of them.
FILBERT. See Corylus.
F I LI P E N D U L A. See Spiraea.
FI LI US ANTE PAT REM [i. e. the fon be-
fore the father] an expreffion which botanifts apply
to plants, whofe flower comes out before their leaves ;
2
' ■ F I R
or thofe plants which fend forth fide branches of
flowers, which advance above the middle.
FILIX, Fern. There are great varieties of this
plant in the different parts of the world, but particu-
larly in America, as may be feen in the Natural Hif-
tory of Jamaica, publifhed by Sir Hans Sloane, Bart,
and in Plumier’s American Ferns : but as they are
plants which are feldorn propagated in gardens, I
fliall pafs them over in this place.
FILM, that woody fkin which feparates the feeds in
the pods of plants.
FIMBRIATED [of Fimbria, Lat. a fringe] a
term relating to the leaves of plants when they are
jagged on the edges, having, as it were, a fringe
about them ; thefe are often called furbelowed leaves.
FIRE. However foreign, at the firft view, this article
may feem to our prefent purpofe, yet I am of opinion,
that a tolerable acquaintance with its nature, as far
as it can be attained, and its effeds, will contribute
no fmall aftiftance in forwarding the work of vegeta-
tion. And though the theory of fire is indeed philo-
fophical, yet the,confideration of its effeds, and how
it operates on vegetables, will be of no fmall ufe in
the culture of them.
That which beft defines and diftinguiihes fire from
every thing elfe, is its heating ; and fo it may be de-
fined, Whatfoever warms or heats bodies.
Heat is fomething, the prefence of which is beft per-
ceived by the dilatation of the air or fpirit in the
thermometer. So then, fire is a body, and a body in
motion too. The motion of it is proved by its ex-
panding the air, and that it is a body by experiment.
Pure mercury, being inclofed in a phial with a long
neck, and kept in a gentle heat for the fpace of a
year, will be reduced into a folid, and the weight al-
io will be increafed confiderably ; which increafe can-
not proceed from any thing elfe but the acceffion of
fire.
The nature of fire is fo obfcure and wonderful, that
it was held by many of the ancients as a deity ; and
feveral authors of prime note have taken great pains
to difcover the myftery of it, without having been able
to explain many of the principal effeds thereof. The
learned Herman Boerhaave has ufed no lefs induftry
in making a new fet of experiments, in order to corhe
to a clearer knowledge of them ; and having laid
down a new dodrine of fire, in a courfe of public lec-
tures, I fhall briefly take notice of fuch of them as I
apprehend may be of ufe.
“ Fire (fays he) in effed, appears to be the general
“ inftrument of all the motion in the univerfe. The
“ conftant tenor of a great number of experiments
“ leaves no room to doubt, but that, if there were no
“ fire, all things would inftantly become fixed and
<c immoveable. Of this there are inftances every win-
“ ter ; for while froft prevails, the water, which be-
“ fore was fluid, by a mere privation of heat, becomes
cc folid, i. e. hardens into ice, and fo remains till dif-
“ folved again by fire. Thus, were a man entirely
“ deftitute of heat, he would immediately freeze into
“ a ftatue ; and thus the air itfelf, which is found in
“ continual motion, being always either expanding
“ or condenfing, would, upon the abfence of fire, con-
“ trad itfelf, and cohere into a firm rigid mafs ; fo
<c alfo animals and vegetables, all oils, falts, &c.
“ would, upon the like occafion, immediately con-
“ geal.”
Although this dodrine of fire, here laid down by
Boerhaave, feems new and extraordinary, at leaft to
thofe who have been ufed to confider fire in the light
that it has been fet in by the Lord Bacon, Mr. Boyle,
and Sir Ifaac Newton ; and though we ought to pay
great veneration to thofe illuftrious authors, yet, in
the judgment of themlelves, we fhould be in excu-
fable, if we fhould abfolutely acquiefce in what they
have done, and fhut the door againft fartherand bet-
ter information.
It may reafonably be fuppofed, that Dr. Boerhaave
has had an opportunity of going beyond them ; in that,
befides all the experiments and obfervations that they
have
/
F I R
have had to build upon, he has had the advantage of
a new fet, which they were unacquainted with.
As to the. nature of fire, the great and fundamental
difference is, whether it be originally fuch, formed
thus by the great Creator himfelf, at the beginning of
things ? or, whether it be mechanically producible
from other bodies, by inducing fome alteration in
the particles of it ?
Among the modern writers, Homberg, Boerhaave,
the younger Lemery, and Dr. Gravefande, maintain
the former, and the Englifh authors chiefly maintain
the latter.
Monf. Homberg holds, That the chymical principle
or element, fulphur, which is fuppofed one of the
Ample, primary, pre-exiftent ingredients of all natu-
ral bodies, is real fire ; and, of confequence, fire is
coeval with all bodies. Effai de Souffre Principe,
Mem. de l’Academie, anno 1705.
Dr. Gravefande proceeds much on the fame princi-
ple : according to him, fire enters the compofition of
all bodies, is contained in all bodies, and may be fe-
parated or procured from all bodies, by rubbing them
againft each other, and thus putting their fire in
motion : and he adds. That fire is by no means gene-
rated by fuch motion. Elem. Phyf. Tom. II. cap. 1.
Mr. Lemery the younger, afferts the abfolute and in-
generable nature of fire, and alfo extends it farther ;
not contented to confine it, as an element, to bodies,
he endeavours to fhew, that it is 44 Equably diffufed
44 through all fpace ; is prefent in all places ; in the
“ void fpace between bodies, as well as the infenfible
44 interfaces between their parts.” Mem. de l’Acad.
anno 1713.
This laft fentiment falls in with that of Boerhaave.
Of the contrary opinion is the Lord Bacon, who, in
his treatife de Forma Calidi, deduces from a great
number of particulars, that heat in bodies is no other
than motion, only a motion fo and fo circumftanti-
ated •, fo that to produce heat in a body, nothing is
required but to excite fuch motion in the parts of it.
His opinion is feconded by Mr. Boyle, in his treatife
of the Mechanical Origin of Heat and Cold ; where
he maintains the fame doCtrine, with new obferva-
tions and experiments, of which two are as follow:
He fays, “In the production of heat there appears
“ nothing on the part either of the agent or patient
“ but motion, and its natural effeCts. When a fmith
“ brifkly hammers a fmall piece of iron, the metal
“ thereby becomes exceedingly hot ; yet there is no-
“ thing to make it fo, except the forcible motion of
“ the hammer, imprefling a vehement and varioufly
“ determined agitation on the fmall parts of the iron *,
“ which, being a cold body before, becomes by that
“ fuperinduced commotion of its fmall parts hot ;
“ firft, in a more loofe acceptation of the word, with
44 regard to fome other bodies, compared with which
“ it was cold before ; then fenfibly hot, becaufe this
44 agitation fenfibly furpafles that of the parts of our
“ fingers. And in this inftance oftentimes the ham-
44 mer and anvil continue cold after the operation ;
44 which ffiews, that the heat acquired by the iron
44 was not communicated by either of thefe imple-
44 ments, as heat, but produced in it, by a motion
44 great enough ftrongly to agitate the parts of fo
44 fmall a body as the piece of iron, without being
44 able to have the like effeCt upon fo much greater
44 maflfes of metal as the hammer and anvil ; though
44 if the percufiions were often and brifkly renewed,
44 and the hammer were fmall, this alfo might be
44 heated •, whence it is not neceflary, that a body it-
44 felf lhould be hot to give heat.
44 If a large nail be driven by a hammer into a
44 plank of wood, it will receive feveral ftrokes on its
44 head, ere it grows hot ; but when it is once driven
44 to the head, a few 7 ftrokes fufiice to give it a con-
44 fiderable heat j for while at every blow with the
44 hammer the nail enters farther into the wood, the
44 motion produced is chiefly progreflive, and is of the
44 whole nail tending one way ; but, when the mo-
44 tion ceafes, the impulfe given by the ftroke being
F I R
44 unable to drive the nail farther on or break it, muft
44 be fpent in making a various, vehement, and m-
44 teftine commotion of the parts among thenafelves,
44 wherein the nature of heat confifts.”
That fire is the real caufe of all the changes in na-
ture, will appear from the following confideration.
All bodies are either folid or fluid j the foiid of them-
felves are either commonly fuppofed to be inactive or
motionlefs ; the fluid both move and are moved.
And all folids are found to be fo much the more firm
and contracted, as they have the lefs fire in them.
This is evident in iron, which, when heated, expands
itfelf into a much greater fpace than when it was cold j
fo that any folid and hard body, by being freed from
all fire, would fink into a much lefs bulk, and its
parts would cohere more nearly, and with greater
force than before.
As to fluids, they all harden, fo as to be vifible to
the eye upon the abfence of fire ; as water, by the
cold of a fevere winter, will form itfelf into a folid
globe, and yet even then contains a great deal of fire,
as appears evidently upon applying a thermometer to
it, which is capable of falling twenty divifions lower
before it arrive at the point of the moft intenfe cold :
and hence it is, that the fpirit of wine is kept from
freezing in the thermometer, which would undergo
the common fate of other things, were there not
abundantly more fire in it.
The air itfelf expands by a greater quantity of fire,
and condenfes by a lefs ; but it ftill contains a large
quantity of fire, where it is moft of all contracted;
this is evident from the ftriking of a flint againft a
fteel, which is followed by fparks of fire.
Likewife if this fire could be taken from the air, it
would become folid and perfectly at reft, and, by con-
fequence, uncapable of change.
44 Fire (fays Dr. Gravefande, in Element. Phyf.) na-
44 turally unites itfelf with bodies •, and hence it is,
44 that a body brought near to the fire grows hot,
“ in which cafe it alfo expands or fwells ; which ex-
44 panfion is not only obferved in very folid bodies,
44 but in thofe whofe parts do not cohere ; in which
44 cafe they likewife acquire a great degree of elaf-
44 ticity, as is obferved in air and vapours.”
Fire being thus acknowledged the inftrumental caufe
of all motion, it remains that itfelf be moved •, nay,
to move, muft be more natural and immediate to fire,
than to any other body ; and hence fome have ventured
to make motion effential to fire : but as this is incon-
fiftent with the notion of matter, which is defined to
be inert and paflive, and as fire is capable of being
proved material, we ought rather to agree, that the
motion of fire itfelf is derived from fome higher and
metaphyfical caufe. A property of perpetual mo-
bility may indeed be fuperadded to the other proper-
ties of fire, but it has no natural neceflary connexion
with them ; nor can it be maintained with them
otherwife than by fome extrinfic efficacy of a fuperior
caufe.
However, that it is by motion that fire produces its
effeCts, is evident ; and hence the aCtion of fire can-
not make any alteration in the elementary fubftance
of bodies •, for it is neceflary, that what aCts upon an
objeCt, be without that objeCt, i. e. the fire muft not
penetrate the elementary parts, but only enter the pores
and interftices of bodies ; fo that it does not feem ca-
pable of making thofe tranfmutations, which Sir Ifaac
Newton afcribes to it.
In effeCt, as to all our purpofes, it may perhaps be
faid, that fire is always in motion. For inftance,
take fix feveral forts of thermometers, and two vef-
fels of water with fal armoniac mixed therein, and ap-
ply the thermometers to it *, and the confequence will
be, that the air being condenfed in them, the fpirit
will defcend in all of them : remove the veffels of
water, and the air growing warmer, and rarefying,
the fpirit will afcend again ; fo that the aCtive force
in air, which produces fo many effeCts, does really all
arife from the fire contained in it,
5 P
Again :
Again : As all bodies placed In a very foiid air, do,
by degrees, grow cold, motionlefs, rigid, &c. i. e.
-though there be ftill feme remains of fire, and in
proportion*as that is diminifhed, the effect is accele-
rated ; it follows, that cold, a lefs degree of heat, is
the effed of a leffer adion of fire : and all adion rifes
apparently from the fame fource.
Then, as fire can render the moll foiid. bodies, as
done, metals, &c. (as appears very evident in large
burning-glades, in which gold itfelf immediately cal-
cines, and emits fumes, i. e. becomes fluid) fo the
want of fire would convert the moft fluid bodies, as
fpirits of -wine, &c. into folids.
Fire is diftinguifhed into two kinds, called elemen-
tary or pure fire, which is fuch as exifls in itfelf, and
alone is properly called fire ; or common or culinary
fire, which is raifed and kindled from the former, and
is that which agitates and affeds ignited, combuftible,
and moveable bodies, the particles of which, joining
with thofe of the pure fire, conftitute pure flame.
This latter is improperly called fire, in that not only
a fmall part of it is real or pure fire; and in ig-
nited bodies, that which flames, fmokes, &c. is not
Amply fire ; whereas pure fire, fuch as is colleded
in a burning-glafs, yields no flame, fmoke, afhes, or
the like.
Fire may be prefent in the greateft abundance, yet
without any heat : this is evident in the tops of the
higheft mountains, illuminated by the fun, where the
cold is always extremely pinching, and this even un-
der the equator, there being mountains there which
are perpetually covered with fnow, though there can
be no want of fire.
So a large burning-glafs has no effed : the fmalleft
warmth cannot be felt in its focus in a place where
the fun does not fhine, or when the fun is covered
with a cloud, but a piece of metal may be feen to
melt the very moment the fun emerges.
Fire may be in exceeding fmall quantity, and yet
burn with great violence : thus fpirit of wine when
fet on fire, does not burn the hands ; and though
poured on a piece of red-hot iron, does not take fire;
fo that the fire that is in, fliould not appear very
great : yet if it meet with fome harder body while it
is burning, the particles of which body it is capa-
ble to agitate by the attrition of its own, it will yield
a fierce flame, capable of burning a harder body than
the hand.
From this it appears, that the relation of heteroge-
neous particles, agitated by the fire, has more effed
in refped to heat than the adion of the fire Itfelf :
nor need we be far to feek for the mechanical reafon
of this, for the particles of fire, being all equal and
fpherical, mufl of themfelves be harmlefs ; but if
they carry certain fpicula, or any other bodies along
with them, then they become capable of doing much
harm.
Hence, though the flame of a piece of wood may
give a fenfe of heat, and burn fuch things as are ap-
plied to it, it does not therefore neceflarily follow,
that there is any pure fire in it, fo that the dif-
tindion of pure and common fire is abfolutely ne-
ceffary : though this diftindion has been overlooked
by moft or all the authors before Dr. Boerhaave, who
have written on fire ; which has led them into egre-
gious miftakes, infomuch that moft of them have held,
that the flame of & piece of wood is all fire, which ap-
pears to be falfe from what has been already faid, and
alfo what follows.
Elementary or pure fire is of itfelf imperceptible, and
only difcovers itfelf by certain effeds that it pro-
duces in bodies, and thefe effeds are only to be learnt
by the changes which arife in bodies. Thefe effeds
are three; ift, heat; 2dly, dilatation in all foiid
bodies, and rarefadion in all fluids ; 3dly, motion.
The firft effed of elementary fire on bodies is heat :
heat arifes wholly from fire, and in fuch a manner,
that the meafure of heat is always the meafure of
fire ; and that of fire, of heat ; fo the heat is infepa-
rable from the fire.
The fecond effed of elementary fire is dilatation in
all foiid bodies, and rarefadion i& all fluids.
Numerous experiments make it evident, that both
thefe are infeparable from heat. If you heat an iron
rod, it will increafe in all its dimenfions ; and the
more it is heated, the farther it will be increafed ; and
being again expofed to the cold, it will contrad, and
fucceflively return through all degrees of its dilatation,
till it arrive at its firft bulk, being never two minutes
fucceflively of the fame magnitude.
The like may be obferved in gold, the heavieft of all
bodies, which takes up more fpace when it is fufed
than it did before ; nay, even mercury, the heavieft
of all fluids, has been known to afcend above thirty
times its height, being placed over the fire in a
tube.
The laws of this expanfion are ;
i ft. That the fame degree of fire rarefies fluids
fooner, and in a greater degree than it does folids.
Without this, the thermometer would be of no ufe ;
fince, if it were otherwife, the cavity of the tube
would be dilated in the fame proportion as the fluid is
rarefied.
2dly, By how much the liquor is lighter, by fo much
the more it is dilated by fire : thus air, which is the
lighted: of all fluids, expands the moft, and fpirit of
wine the next after air.
The third effed of fire on bodies is motion ; for
fire, in warming and dilating bodies, muft neceflarily
move their parts. And in effed, all the motion of
nature arifes from fire alone ; and if this were taken
away, all things would become immoveable. AIL
oils, fats, waters, wines, ales, fpirits of wine, vege-
tables, animals, &c. become hard, rigid, and inert,
upon the abfence of only a certain degree of fire ; and
this induration will be both the fooner, and the more
violent, "the lefs the degree of fire is.
Hence, if the fire was abfolutely taken away, and
there were the greateft degree of cold, all nature
would grow into one concrete body, foiid as gold,
and hard as a diamond ; but, upon the application of
fire, it would recover its former mobility.
And, of confequence, every diminution of fire is at-
tended with a proportionable diminution of motion.
Pure fire is found in two different manners, either
as it exifts every where, and is diffufed equally in
all places ; or as it exifts in certain bodies, in which
it makes no great alteration.
That fire fhould exift in the fame quantity in all
places, will feem a ftrange paradox ; and yet that
it does fo, is demonftrable from innumerable expe-
riments.
This elementary fire is prefent every where, in all
bodies, all fpace, and at all times, and that in equal
quantities ; for let a perfon go where he will, to the
top of the higheft mountains, or defcend into the
loweft cavern, whether the fun fhine or not ; either in
the moft fcorching fummer, or the fharpeft winter ;
fire may be colleded by feveral methods, as attrition
or otherwife. In a word, there is no phyfical point
aflignable without fire, no place in nature where the
attrition of two flicks will not render it fenfible.
The Carteflans, as Marriotte, Perrault, &c. hold.
That there is a large flock of fire in a perfed vacuum,
i. e. a fpace out of which all the air has been exhaufted,
as fuppofing an abfolute vacuum impoflible : now,
the moft perfed vacuum that we can arrive at, is that
of Mr. Hugyens’s contrivance, which is as follows :
heat a quantity of the pureft mercury to the heat of
boiling water, and pour it into a hot tube of about
forty inches long ; and when the tube is filled, apply
a finger upon the orifice of it, and thus invert it into
a bafon full of mercury : the mercury will now be
fufpended in the tube to the whole height ; but then,
if you give it but a little fhake, it will fink down to
the height of about twenty-nine inches, and thus
leave a vacuity of eleven inches.
Yet here the philofophers above-mentioned deny there
is any vacuum, and urge, that now fo much the more
fire is entered into the fpace as there was of other
matter j
F I R
matter •, but this is contrary to experience ; at leaft, the
fire contained there is no hotter than the mercury itfelf;
for if a drop or two of water be in a frofty feafon
fprinkled both upon the upper part of the tube, fup-
pofed to be full of fire, and on the lower that is full of
mercury, they will in each place freeze alike ; fo that
there is no more pure fire in a perfect vacuum, than
in any other place.
But whereas it has been faid, that fire is found in all
bodies, to prove this, fet gold againft the vacuum be-
fore-mentioned, and this gold, though the moft pon-
derous of all bodies, will not contain more fire than
Huygens’s vacuum, as appears from the thermo-
meter.
But the fire in gold, when ready to fufe, is pure
fire ; for a mafs of this being once heated red hot,
will retain this fire perfedtly for three days ; nay, the
prince of Mirandola and others, have kept gold ig-
nited for two months, without any diminution of
weight.
Mr. Gravefande, Phyf. Element, fays. That bodies
of any kind, being violently moved againft one ano-
ther, will grow hot by fuch fridtion ; and this to a
confiderable degree, which fhews that all bodies have
fire in them ; for fire may be put in motion, and fe-
parated from a body by fuch rubbing, but can never
be generated that way.
Mr. Boyle, Mech. Prod, of Heat, fays. That although
quickfilver is allowed to be the coldeft of all fluids,
infomuch that many deny, that it will produce any
heat by its immediate adtion on any other body, and
particularly on gold ; yet feveral trials have allured
him, that a particular mercury may by preparation be
enabled fuddenly to infinuate itfelf into the body of
gold, whether calcined or crude, and become mani-
feftly hot with it in lefs than two or three minutes.
Mr. Gravefande fays. That quickfilver contains fire,
is evident hence, that if you lhake it about in an
exhaufted glafs, it will appear all luminous.
Elementary fire of itfelf always lies concealed ; nay,
it may be perfedly undifcoverable, where it is in the
greateft quantity * as is evident in the torrid zone,
where the fnow never melts, notwithftanding the great
abundance of fire.
This fire, in itfelf thus perfedly latent, may difco-
ver itfelf to be prefent by five effeds ; i ft, by rare-
fying bodies, and particularly air •, zdly, by light •,
3dly, by colour ; 4thly, by heat •, and 5thly, by
burning.
That there is a good quantity of fire even in the
coldeft places, and in the coldeft bodies, is confirmed
by the following experiment : if you take two large
iron plates, and rub them brifkly together in Iceland,
which is only twelve degrees fhort of the north pole,
in the moft frofty feafon, and at midnight, they will
grow warm, glow, ftfine, and heat to fuch a pitch as
not only to rarefy the fpirit in the thermometer, but
even to ignite, and at laft to fufe.
. Now the fire here found is either created de novo, or
it was there before, but nobody will affert its crea-
tion ; and accordingly, unlefs it be furnifhed with a
proper fuel, it will be foon diffipated again, but not
annihilated ; and of confequence it pre-exifted, and it
appears to be true fire by its rarefying the fpirit in
the thermometer.
From this, and many other experiments, it is evi-
dent, that fire is always found in all parts of fpace,
and in all bodies equally fpread on the utmoft top of
the higheft mountain, as in the fubjedt valley, or in
the deepeft cavern under ground, and in every cli-
mate,, and at every feafon.
The equable diftribu-tion of fire in all places being
proved, it fhould thence follow, that there is the fame
degree thereof every where ; which would really be
fo, were it not that fire happens by one means or other
to be more collected in one place than another.
But, notwithftanding the equable difference, &c. of
fire through all the mundane fpace does not hinder,
but that, to our fenfes, it appears very unequal in dif-
ferent places * and hence we have two vulgarly re-
puted fources or funds of fire, viz. in the fun, and
the center of the earth.
As for the firft, we have the concurrent opinions of
the philofophers of all ages, but one excepted, who
held the fun to be cold.
As to the fecond, the central fire, it is manifeft that
there is an ample proportion of fire under ground ;
and even, that fire appears much more abundant
there than on the furface ; fo that at leaft, a fubter-
raneous fire muft be granted.
Thus they who dig mines, wells, &c. conftantly ob-
ferve, that while they are but a little below the fur-
face, they find it a little cool ; and as they proceed
lower, it proves much colder, as being beyond the
reach of the fun’s heat, infomuch that water will
freeze almoft inftantaneoufiy, and hence is the ufe of
houfes.
But a little lower, about forty or fifty feet deep, it
begins to grow warmer, fo that no ice can bear it ;
and then the deeper they go, ftill the greater heat •,
till at length it endangers the ftoppage of refpiration,
and puts out their candles. If they venture yet farther
with a lighted candle, the place ihall be immediately
found full of flame, as once happened in the coal-pits
in Scotland, where a hardy digger, descending to an
unufual depth, with a light in his hand, the fumes,
which were there found very copious, caught fire
thereby, and burnt the whole mountain down.
Therefore it feems as if nature had lodged another
fun in the center of the earth, to contribute on its
part to the giving motion to bodies, and for the pro-
moting of generation, nutrition, vegetation, germi-
nation, &c. of animals, vegetables, and fo fills.
As to the origin of this fubterraneous fun, fome
doubt whether it were formed there in the beginning,
like the fun in the firmament, or gradually produced
by a fecondary colledtion of vague fire into this place.
What makes in favour of the former opinion, are
volcanos or burning mountains, which feem to have
exifted from the firft ages ; for the flames of mount
iEtna are mentioned as of great antiquity, and there
are likewife fuch mountains found in the coldeft re-
gions, viz. Nova Zembla and Iceland, as well as the
hottell, as Borneo, &c.
It cannot be reafonably pretended, fays Mr. Boyle,
that the fubterraneous heat proceeds from the rays of
the fun, fince they heat not the earth above fix or fe-
ven feet deep, even in the fouthern countries ; and if
the lower part of the earth were of its own nature
cold, and received the heat it affords only from the
fun and ftars, the deeper men defcend therein, the lefs
degree of heat and fleams they would meet with.
The fun contributes much in bringing fire to light,
by reafon of his rapid motion round his axis ; whereby
the fiery particles, every where diffufed, are directed
and determined in parallel lines toward certain places
where its effedts become apparent.
And from thence it is, that the fire is perceived by
us when the fun is above ; but that when he difap-
pears, his impuife or prefiion being then taken away,
the fire continues difperfed at large through the ethe-
real fpace.
There is not, in effedt, lefs fire in our hemifphere in
the night time, than there is in the day time ; only it
wants the proper determination to caufe it to be per-
ceived.
The effedts of elemental fire may be increafed divers
ways, viz. firft, by attrition, or a fwift rubbing or
agitating one body againft another. This is very ma-
nifeft in folids. The attrition of a flint againft a fteel
produces fparks of fire •, and likewife in fluids, the
violent agitation of cream, by churning, will produce
a fenfible warmth, and feparate it into butter ; and
this effedt is rendered ftill more difcernible by a ther-
mometer.
And the heat of animal bodies is owing to the agita-
tion and attrition of the parts of thefe juices againft
each other, and the ftdes of the veffels.
The fecond manner of increafing the effedt of ele-
mentary fire is, by throwing a quantity of moift or
green
F L O
green vegetables, cut down while full of fap, into a
large heap, and prefiing them clofe down •, by which
they grow warm, hot, fmoke, and break out into
flame,
A third way is by mixing certain cold bodies : thus
water, and fpirit of wine, being fir it warmed, grow
much hotter by being mixed ; alfo oil of cloves, cin-
namon, &c. being mixed with fpirit of wine, become
exceeding hot, and burft forth like volcanos.
The like effefts may be had from feveral hard and
dry bodies, as fulphur and fteel filings.
To conclude : on fire and the effefts thereof, depend
all fluidity of humours, juices, &c. all vegetation,
putrefaction, fermentation, animal heat, &c.
As all the four elements, water, air, earth, and fire,
are very conducive to the work of vegetation, and no
one of them more than this of fire ; I conclude, that
thefe few hints, which I have collected from the moll
approved authors, concerning the nature and proper-
ties of it, as they may be ufeful, would not be unac-
ceptable to the ingenious and ftudious pradtifers of
horticulture, which induced me to infertthem here.
F I R-T R E E. See Abies.
FISTULAR FLOWERS [Flores Fiftulares,
of Fiftula, Lat. a pipe] fuch as are compounded of
many long, hollow, fmall flowers, like pipes.
F L A M M U L A J O V I S. See Clematis.
FLESH, among botanifts, is all the fubftance of
any fruit that is between the outer rind and the ftone,
or that part of any root that is fit to be eaten.
FLO RIFE ROUS [florifer, Lat.] bearing flowers.
FLORIST, one who is converfant with, or (killed
in flowers.
FLO RULE NT, FLORULOUS [florentulus,
florulus, Lat.] Flowery, full of flowers j alfo blof-
foming.
FLOS AFRICANUS. See Tagetes.
FLOS PASSIONIS. See Passiflora.
FLOS SOLIS. See Helianthus.
FLOS TRINITATIS. See Viola.
FLOWER: a flower is a natural production which
precedes the fruit, which includes the grain or feed.
Though a flower is a thing fo well known, yet the
definition of this part of a plant is as various almoft as
the authors who define it. Jungius defines it to be the
more tender part of a plant, remarkable for its colour,
or form, or both, cohering with the fruit. Yet this
author himfelf confeffes, that this definition is too
narrow ; for fome of thofe bodies which he allows to
be flowers are remote from the fruit.
Mr. Ray fays, it coheres, for the moft part, with
the rudiments of the fruit. Thus the words, for the
moft part are hardly to be admitted into definitions.
Tournefort defines it to be a part of a plant very often
remarkable for its peculiar colours, for the moft part
adhering to the young fruit, to which it feems to af-
ford the firft nourifhment, in order to explicate its
moft tender parts. Which definition is dill more de-
ficient than the former, by this uncertain mode of
exprefiion.
Pontedera, the profeflbr of botany at Padua, defines
it to be a part of a plant unlike the reft in form
and nature •, if the flower has a tube, it always ad-
heres to the embryo, or is very near it, for whofe
ufe it is fubfervient ; but if it wants a tube, there
is no embryo adhering.
This dennkion is far from being clear, for it is fcarce
intelligible, and is liable to this objection, that it may
include fome parts of a plant which no perfon ever
called by that name ; for a root, a ftalk, or a leaf,
are parts of a plant unlike the reft in form and nature,
having no tube, and fo do not adhere to any embryo,
and thus by Pontedera’s definition are flowers.
Monf. Jufiieu, the Paris profeflbr, feems not to have
fucceeded much better in this affair : he fays, That
is properly called ’ a flower, which is compofed of
chives, and a piftillum, and is of ufe in generation.
But this is too defective j for there are many plants in
which the piftillium or ftyle is found a confiderable
diftance from the chives ; there are many flowers
FLO
that have no piftillum, whether that word be taken
to fignify the embryo of the fruit, or its appendix,
and many which have no chives.
But the late Monfieur Vaillant feems to be happier,
in forming a clearer idea of this part of a plant.
We find in the ledure he read in the Royal Garden
at Paris, that the flowers, ftriflly fpeaking, ought to
be reckoned the organs which conftitute the different
fexes in plants ; feeing they are fometimes found with-
out any covering, and that the coats or petals, which
immediately encompals them, are defigned only to
cover and defend them : but (fays he) as thefe coats
are the moft conlpicuous and moft beautiful part of
the compofition, which is called by the name of
flower ; to thele coats therefore I give the name of
flower, of whatfoever ftrudure or colour they be ;
whether they encompafs the organs of both fexes to-
gether, or contain only one of them, or only fome
parts depending on one of them, provided always
that they be not of the fame figure of the leaves of
the plant.
But, in my opinion, Dr. Martyn has been happier,
in his definition of a flower, than all thofe above-
mentioned : he defines a flower to be the organs of
generation of both fexes adhering to a common pla-
centa, together with their common coverings ; or of
either fex feparateiy, with its proper coverings, if it
have any.
The parts of a flower are, i. The germen or ovary ;
which is the rudiment of the fruit, and fo is properly
the female organ of generation.
2. The ftyle, which is a body accompanying the
ovary, either arifing from the top of it, or (landing
as an axis in the middle, with the embryos of the
feeds round it.
3. The fummits, or apices, which are thofe bodies
that contain the prolific powder, analogous to the
male fperm in animals ; and generally hang upon
(lender threads, which are called the chives or (la-
mina.
The petals are thofe tender fine coloured leaves,
which are generally the moft conlpicuous parts of a
flower.
The empalement, or calyx, is thofe tender leaves
which cover the other parts of a flower.
Flowers, according to the number of their petals,
are called monopetalous, dipetalous, tripetaious, te-
trapetalous, &c.
The ftrudlureof flowers is indeed very various •, but,
according to Dr. Grew, the generality have thefe three
parts in common, viz. the empalement, the foliation,
and the attire.
Mr. Ray reckons, that every perfect flower has the
petals, (lamina, apices, and (lylus or piftil ; and
luch as want any of thefe parts, he accounts imperfedt
flowers.
In moft plants there is a perianthum, calyx, or flower-
cup ; which is of a ftronger confidence than the flower
itfelf, and defigned to (Lengthen or preferve it.
Flowers are diftinguifhed into male, female, or her-
maphrodite.
The male flowers are thofe in which are the (lamina,
but have no germen or ftyle, the fame which botanifts
call ftamineous flowers •, thefe have no fruit.
The female flowers are fuch as contain the germen
and ftyle, or piftil, which is fucceeded with fruit,
and are called fruitful, or knitting flowers.
The hermaphrodite flowers are fuch in which the two
fexes are contained, i. e. the male and female parts
are found in the fame flower, which are the mod se-
neralkind ; fuch are the Daffodil, Lily, Tulip, Al-
thaea, Geranium, Rofemary, Sage, Thyme.
The ftructure of part£ is much the fame in thofe
where the fexes are divided ; the difference between
them confiding in this, that the (lamina and fummits
or apices, i. e. the male parts in thefe are feparate
from the ftyles or piftils ; being fometimes on the
fame plants, and fometimes on different ones.
Among the plants which bear both male and female
parts, but at a diftanee from each other are reckoned
the
/
F L Li
the Cucumber, Melon, Gourd, T urky-Yv teat, Wal-
nut, Oak, Beech, &c.
FLUIDITY. [Fluiditas, of fluere, Let. to flow.]
Having occaiion to mention fluids and fluidity, in
fpeaking of the properties of the elements air, water,
fire, &c. I thought it neceffary, in this place, to give
the following account of that property, which I have
extracted from the moft approved authors.
A fluid,- or fluid body, is by feme defined to be a
body, whofe particles are but weakly connected, their
mutual cohefion being, in a great meafure, prevented
from fome external caufe : in which fenfe, a fluid
Hands bppofed to a folid ; and is, by the excellent Sir
Ifaac Newton, defined to be one whole parts eafily give
place, or move out of the way, on any force impelled
upon them, and by that means do fo ealily move one
over another. Which definition is much better than
that of Defcartes, That a fluid is a body whofe parts
are in continual motion, becaufe it is neither apparent
that the parts of all fluids are fo, nor that the parts of
fome folid bodies are not fo.
Fluidity ,is the ftate or affection of bodies, which de-
nominates or renders them fluid, and Hands in dired
oppofltion to firmnefs and folidity.
It- is diHinguifhed from liquidity and humidity, in
that the idea of fluidity is abfolute, and the property
contained within the thing itfelf ; whereas that of hu-
midity is relative, and implies wetting, or adhering,
i. e. fomething that gives us the fenfation of wetnels
■or moiflure, and would have no exiflence, but for our
fenfes.
Thus melted metals, air, tether, and even fmoke,
and flame itfelf, are fluid bodies, and not liquid ones ;
the parts of them being actually dry, and not leaving
any fenfe of moiflure.
Fluidity feems to confifl in this, that the parts of
any body, being fine and fmall, are fo difpofed by
motion and figure, as that they can eafily Hide over
one another’s furfaces all manner of ways. Mr. Boyle
alfo obferves, That it is requifite they fhould be vari-
oufly and feparately agitated to and fro, and that
they fhould touch one another but in fome parts only
of their furfaces. And the fame gentleman fays, in
his Hiftory of Fluidity, That the conditions requifite
to conflitute a fluid body, are chiefly the three fol-
lowing.
ifl. The minutenefs or fmallnefs of its parts : thus
we fee the fire, by dividing metals into parts very fine
and fmall, will melt them, and make them fluid ; and
after the fame manner do acid menflruums difiolve
them, fufpend their liquor, and render them fluid ;
and that fire turns the hard body of common fait al-
mofl wholly into a liquor by diflillation : though it
is not improbable, but that the fhape and figure of
thefe fmall parts may conduce much towards produ-
cing this quality of fluidity ; for it is found in the
diflillation of Olive oil (which is a fluid made only
by preflure) that moft of the oil will, by the action
of the parts of the fire (if it be done in a retort) be
turned into a kind of confident fubftance like butter.
Likewife mercury, whofe parts are, without doubt,
much grofler than thofe of oil and water, is yet more
fluid than either of them.
2dly, It feems requifite to fluidity, that there be ftore
of vacuities, or vacant fpaces, interfperfed between
the corpufcles of the fluid body ; for elfe there will
not be room for each particle to continue its motion
and agitation on the furfaces of the neighbouring
ones. For,
gdly, The chief condition requifite to conflitute a
fluid body is, that its particles be agitated varioufly
and apart, either by their own proper motion, or by
fomething of fubftance, that tumbles them up and
down by its pafiage through them.
That this qualification is chiefly requifite to fluidity,
you may gather from that common experiment of
putting a little dry powder of alabafter, or plafter of
Paris, finely lifted ; in aflat-bottomed veffei over the
fire j for in a little time it will boil like water, and
imitate all the motions of a boiling liquor ; it will
tumble varioufly over in great waves like that • it will
bear flirting with a flick or ladle without refilling, as
it will do when cold ; hay'j if it be flirted ftrongly neaf
the fide of the veffei, its waves will apparently dafli
up againft the fides : yet if any of i t be fpeedily taken
out, and laid on a piece of paper, you will fee nothing
but a dry powder.
So that it is evident from hence, that there is a real
difference between a fluid body and a wetting liquor ;
for not only this boiling powder and melted metals*
but the air and mther, and even flame itfelf, are pro-
perly fluid bodies, though not iiioift liquors.
This ingenious gentleman found alfo, that by blow-
ing the fmoke of Rofemary into a glafs pipe, and then
holding the pipe (when filled) upright, the lurface of
the fmoke would accommodate itfelf to a level littia-
tion ; and which way foever the tube was inclined,
the luperficies of the fmoke would be parallel to the
horizon ; and when the glafs was much inclined,
would run along it like water.
From whence he infers, that, in order to the render-
ing a body fluid, there is no need that its parts fhould
be clofely condenfed, as thofe of water are.
And Dr. Hook, in his Micrograph, p. 12. prefents us
with a very pretty experiment or two, to prove this
account of fluidity, viz. That a difh of fand being let
on a drum head, brifkly beaten by the flicks, or on
the -upper ftone of a mill, turning fv/iftly round on
the (empty) lov/er one, it in all refpedb, emulate the
properties of a fluid body ; for a heavy body will
immediately fink in it to the bottom, and a light one
emerge to the top; each grain of fand hath a con-
ftant vibrating, dancing motion ; and if a hole be
made in the fide of the difh, the fand will fpin out
like water.
The corpufcular philofophy, before it was wonder-
fully improved by Sir Ifaac Newton, did not go to
the bottom of this matter ; for it gave no account of
the caufe of the chief condition requifite to confti-
tute a fluid body, viz. the various motions and agi-
tations of its particles : but this may, in a great
meafure, be accounted for, if it be fuppofed to be
one of the primary laws of nature, That as all par-
ticles of matter attrafl one another when they come
within a certain diftance, fo likewife they fly away
from, and avoid one another, at all greater diftances
from one another.
For then, though their common gravity may keep
them together in a mafs (it may fometimes be) toge-
ther with the preflure of other bodies upon them ;
yet their continual endeavour to avoid one another
fingly, and the adventitious impulfes of light, heat,
or other external caufes, may make the particles
of fluids continually move round about one another,
and fo produce this quality.
It is indeed a difficulty not eafily got over, to account
for the particles of fluids always keeping at fuch a
diftance from one another, as not to come within the
fphere of one another’s, attra&ion.
The fabric and conftitution of that fluid body,
water, is amazing ; that a body fo very rare, and
which has a vaft over-proportion of pores, or inter-
fperfed vacuity, to folid matter, fhould yet be per-
fectly incompreffibie by the greateft force ; ^nd yet
this fluid is eafily reducible into that firm, tranfparent,
friable body which we call ice, by being only expofed
to a certain degree of cold.
One would think, that though the particles of Wa-
ter cannot come near enough to attract each other,
yet the intervening frigorific matter doth, by being
mingled per minima, ftrongly attract them, and is it-
felf likewife ftrongly attracted by them, and wedges
or fixes all the . mafs into a firm body ; which folid
body lofes its folidity again, when by'heat the vincu-
lum is folved, and thefe frigorific particles are dis-
joined from thofe of the water, and are forced to
fly out of it ; and, perhaps, juft thus may the fumes
of lead fix quickfilver.
When a firm folid body, fuch as a metal, is by heat
reduced into a fluid, doth not the fire disjoin and Te-
5 Q, parate
V
/
M
parate its conftituent particles, whitli mutual at-
traction caufecl to cohere before, and keep them at
luch a diftance from each other, as that they are
without the fphere of one anothers 'attraction as long
as that violent- motion lafts ? And do not they, when
that is over, and the heat is flown out, come nearer
to, attract one another, and coalefce again ?
As therefore the caufe of cohefion of the parts of folid
bodies appears to be their mutual attraction, fo the
chief caufe of fluidity feems to be a contrary mo-
tion impreffed on the particles of fluids., by which
they avoid and fly one another, as foon as they come
at, and as long as they keep at, fuch a diftance from
each other.
It is obferved alfo in fluids, that the direction of
their preffure againft the vefiels which contain them,
is in lines perpendicular to the Tides of fuch Vefiels ;
which property being the heceffary refult of the par-
ticles of any fluid’s being fpherical, it fhews that the
parts of all fluids are fo, or of a figure nearly ap-
proaching thereto.
Dr. Clarke fays, That if the parts of a body do not
touch each other, oreafily Aide over one another, and
are of fuch a magnitude as that they may be eaflly
■agitated by heat, and the heat be fufficiently great to
agitate them-, though perhaps it may be lefs than fuf-
fices to prevent water from freezing • or even though
the parts be not adfually moved, yet if they be final],
fmooth, flippery, and of fuch a figure and magni-
tude as difpofes them to move and give way, that
body is fluid.
And yet the particles of fuch fluid bodfes do, in feme
meafure, cohere ; as is evident hence, that mercury,
when well purged of air, will be fuftained in the ba-
rometer to the height of fixty or feventy inches j that
water will afcend in capillary tubes, even in vacuo
and that the drops of liquors in vacuo run into a fphe-
rical form, as adhering by feme mutual cohefion,
like that between polifhed marble planes.
To this may be added, that thefe faid bodies, if they
confift of particles which are eaflly entangled with
each other, as oil-, or if they be capable of being ftiff-
ened by cold, and joined by the interpofition of certain
cunei or wedges, as water, they are eaflly rendered
hard but if their particles are fuch as can neither be
entangled as air, nor ftiffened by cold, as quickfilver,
then they never grow hard and fixed.
In fhort, the Carteflans define a fluid to be a body,
the parts of which are in continual inteftine motion
and Dr. Hook, Mr. Boyle, and Dr. Boerhaave, tho’
they differ in opinion widely from Cartefianifm, fub-
fcribe to the definition, and alledge arguments to
prove, that the parts of fluids are in continual mo-
tion, and even that it is this motion which conftitutes
fluidity s and the latter of them afcribes this, and all
motion, to fire. See Fire.
Fluids then are either natural, as water and mercury ;
or animal, as blood, milk, bile, lympha, urine, &c.
or faditious, as wines, fpirits, oils, &c.
FCENICULUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 311. tab.
164. Anethum. Lin. Gen. Plant. 326. Fennel in
French, Fenouil.
The Characters are.
It hath an umbellated flowery the great umbel is com-
pofed of many fmaller , which have no involucrum •, the
umbel is uniform *, the flowers have five incurved petals ,
and five fiamina , terminated by roundifio fiummits : the
germen is fituated under the flower, fupporting two j mall
ftyles , crowned by roundijh Jligmas. Fhe germen after-
ward turns to an oblong fruit, deeply channelled , dividing
into two parts , each containing a Jingle feed, fiat on one
fide , but convex and channelled on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fiction
of Tournefort’s feventh clafs, which includes the herbs
with umbellated flowers difpofed circularly, whofe em-
palement turns to two narrow, oblong, thick feeds.
Dr. Linnaeus has joined this genus to Anethum,
which is placed in the fecond fedion of his fifth clafs,
with thofe plants whofe flowers have five fiamina and
two ftyles.
5
But as the feeds of Fennel are oblong,
thick, and channelled, and thofe of Dill flat and bor-
dered, it is much better to keep them feparate, than
to join them in the fame genus.
The Species are,
1. Foeniculum ( Vulgar e) folks decompofitis, foliolis
brevioribus multifidis, femine breviore. Fennel with
decompounded leaves, whofe fniall leaves are jhorter and
end in many points , and a fioorter feed. Foeniculum
vulgare Germanicum. C. B. P. 147. Common Fennel
2. Foeniculum {Duke) foliis decompofitis, foliolis lon-
gioribus, femine longiori. Fennel with decompounded
leaves , whofe fmall leaves are very long , and a longer
feed. Foeniculum dulce, majore Sr albo femine. j. B.
3. p. 2, 4. Sweet Fennel having a larger white feed.
3. Foeniculum ( Azoricum ) hurniliusj radice caule-
feente carnofo, feminibus recurvis* radice annua.
Dwarf Fennel with a flejhy ftalk , recurved feeds , and
an annual root. Foeniculum duke Azoricum. Pluk.
Aim. Sweet Azorian Fennel , called Fincchio.
The firft fort is the common Fennel, which is culti-
vated in the gardens, and has fown itfelf in many
places, where it has been introduced in fuch plenty,
as to appear as if it were a native in England but it
is no where found at a great diftance from gardens, fo
has been undoubtedly brought into England. There
are two varieties of this, one with light green leaves,
and the other with very dark leaves but thefe I be-
lieve are only varieties which arife from the fame
feeds but this is very difficult to afeertain for \m-
lefs the feeds were fown feparatelv in feme place where
neither of thefe plants have been growing before, it
cannot be done ; for the feeds of thefe plants which
have fcattered, will remain in the ground feme years,
and when expofed near the furface will grow ; fo that
the plants become troublefome weeds, wherever
their feeds have been fuffered to fcatter and they fre-
quently come up where other feeds are fown, and
thereby the two forts may accidentally mix.
The common Fennel is fo well known, as to need
no defeription. This hath a ftrong flefhy root, which
penetrates deep into the ground, and will continue fe-
veral years. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn. The belt time to few the feeds, is foon
after they are ripe ; the plants will come up in the au-
tumn or the following fpring, and require no other
care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin
the plants where they are too dofe it will grow in
any foil or fituation. The leaves, feeds, and roots
of this, are ufed in medicine the root is one of the
five opening roots, and the feed one of the greater
carminative feeds. There is a Ample water made
from the leaves, and a diftilled oil from the feed.
The fweet Fennel has been by many fuppofed only a
variety of the common fort, but I have cultivated it
in the fame ground with that, where it has always re-
tained its differences. The leaves of this are very
long and {lender, growing more fparfedly, and do not
end in fo many points as thofe of the common fort ;
the ftalks do not rife fo high, and the feeds are longer,
narrower, and of a lighter colour. Thefe feeds are
generally imported from Germany or Italy, and are
by fome preferred to thofe of the common fort for
ufe, being much fweeter.
This may be propagated in the fame manner as the
former fort, being very hardv, but the roots are net
of fo long duration.
The third fort is fuppofed to have been originally
brought from the Azorian Hands it has been long-
cultivated in Italy as a fallad herb, under the title of
Finochio ; and there are fome few gardens in England,
where it is now cultivated, but in fmall quantities, for
there are not many Englifh palates which rehih it, nor
is it ealy to be furnifhed with good feeds ; thofe which
are annually brought from Italy feldom prove good
and it is difficult to fave it in England, becaufe the
winter frequently kills thofe plants which are left for
feeds ; and* when any good plants of the early fowing
are left for feeds, they do not ripen, unfits the win-
ter proves very favourable.
This
V
F OE N
This fort hath very fhort (talks*, which fwell juft
above the furface of the ground, to four or five inches
in breadth, and almoft two thick, being fieftry and
tender : this is the part which is eaten when blanched,
with oil, vinegar, and pepper, as a cold faliad.
When thefe plants are permitted to run for feeds, the
(talks do not rife more than a foot and a half high,
having a large fp reading umbel (landing on the top.
The feeds of this fort are narrow, crooked, and of a
bright yellow colour •, they have a very ftrong fmell
like Anifeed} and are very fweet to the tafte.
The manner of cultivating this plant is as follows :
Your firft care muft be to procure good feeds from
dome perfon who has been careful in the choice of
the plants, otherwife there will be little hope of hav-
ing it good ; for the plants will run up to feeds before
they fwell to any fize, fo will not be fit for ufe : then
make choice of a good fpot of light rich earth, not
dry nor very wet, for in either extreme this plant will
not thrive. The firft crop may be fown about a fort-
night in March, which, if it fucceeds, will be fit for
ufe in July •, and by fowing atfeveral times, there may
be a fupply for the table till the froft puts a (lop to
it. After having well dug and levelled the ground
fmooth, you mull make a (hallow drill by a line, into
which you muft fcatter your feeds pretty thin ; for if
your plants are fix inches afunder in the rows, it will
be full near enough •, but however, you muft expedl
fome of your feeds to fail, and therefore you fhould
fcatter them about two inches diftance ; then cover the
feeds about half an inch thick with earth, laying it
fmooth : thefe drills fhould be made eighteen inches
afunder, or more, that there may be room to clean
the ground, as alfo to earth up the plants when they
are full grown. When the plants come up, which
will be in about three weeks or a month after fowing,
you muft with a fmall hoe cut up all the weeds be-
tween them, and where the plants are too clofe, they
fhould be thinned to about three inches diftance; and as
they advance, and the weeds fpring again, they fhould,
from time to time, be hoed ; and at the laft time of
thinning them, they fhould be left feven or eight
inches afunder at leaft. If your kind be good, the
ftems of the plants will increafe to a confiderable bulk
juft above the furface of the ground ; which part
fhould be earthed up in the manner of Celery, to
blanch, about a fortnight or three weeks before it
is ufed, and this will caufe it to be very tender and
crifp.
Your fecond crop fhould be fown about three weeks
alter the firft, and fo continue fowing every three
weeks or a month till the end of July, after which
time it will be too late for the plants to come to any
perfection. But you ftiould obferve to fow in April,
May, and June, on a moifter foil than that which
you lowed the firft on ; as alfo what you fow in the
latter part of July, fhould be fown on a drier foil,
and in a warmer fituation ; becaufe this crop will not
be fit for ufe till late in autumn, and therefore will be
fubjeCl to injuries from too much wet or cold wea-
ther* if on a moift foil. But as the ground is often
extreme dry in June and July, and the feeds more
apt to mifearry and not come up, you fhould there-
fore obferve to water and fhade the beds where this
feed is fown at that feafon, until the plants come up.
And if the feafon fhould prove dry, the plants muft
be duly watered, otherwife they will run up to
feed before they are of any fize; therefore there fhould
be a channel made where every row of plants grow,
to detain the water which is poured on them, to pre-
vent its running off. In the autumn, if there fhould
happen (harp frofts, it will be very proper to cover
the plants with fome Peas-haulm, or other light co-
vering, to prevent their being pinched ; by which
method they may be continued for ufe till the middle
of winter.
A ftnall bed of this plant will be fufficient at each
fowing fora middling family ; and for a large family,
a bed of about twenty feet long, and four feet broad,
will be full enough at a time.
F
FCENUM BURGUNDIACUM. See Me-
DICA SATIVA.
F (E N U M G R M C U M. See Trigoxella.
F O O T-S T A L K S, . are thole, (mail (talks which
immediately fuftain the leaves, flowers, or fruit.
FOUNTAINS are fources or fprings of living
water, arifing out of the ground. As to the ori-
ginal of them, fee under the article Springs.
Of artificial fountains there are great variety, the mo
chanifm of which not being to my purpofe, I will
not dwell upon it ; though I may aftert, that they
are not only great ornaments to a fine garden, but
alfo of great ufe. But they ought not to be placed
too near the houfe by reafon of the vapours that
arife from the water, which may be apt to ftrike a
damp to the wall, and fpoil the paintings, &c. and
the furnmer vapours may caufe a malignity in the
air, and fo be prejudicial to the health of the fa-
mily ; and likewife the noife may be incommodious
in the night.
Fountains in a garden fhould be fo diftributed, that
they may be feen almoft all at one time, and that the
water-fpouts may range all in a line one with ano-
ther, which is the beauty of them ; for this occafions
an agreeable confufion to the eye, making them ap-
pear to be more in number than they really are. See
Jet d’Eau, Springs, Vapours, Water, &c.
FRAGARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 558. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 295. tab. 152. [is fo called for its fragrant aro-
matic feent.] Strawberries ; in French, Profiler.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf \ which is
cut into ten parts at the top. The flower hath five
roundijh petals , which are inferted in the empalement ,
and fpread open. It hath twenty flamina , which are in -
ferted in the empalement , terminated hy moon-fhaped fum-
mits. It hath a great number of ger mem colie died into a
head , each having a Jingle ftyle , inferted in the fide of
the germen , crowned by Jingle fligmas ; this head af-
terward becomes a large , fifty pulpy fruity which , if
lefty falls away , leaving many fmall angular feeds in the
empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fedlion
of Linnaeus’s twelfth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have at leaft twenty (lamina and many
ftyles, which are inferted to the empalement.
The Species are,
1. Fragaria ( Vefca ) foliis ovatis ferratis, calycibus
brevibus, frudtu parvo. Strawberry with oval flawed
leaves, floor t empalement j, and a fmall fruit. Fragaria
vulgaris. C. B. P. 226. The common or Wood Strawberry.
2. Fragaria {Virginian a) foliis oblongo-ovatis ferratis,
inferne incanis, calycibus longioribus, fruclu fubro-
tundo. Strawberry with oblong , oval , Jawed leaves ,
hoary on their under fide , longer empalement s , and a
roundijh fruit. Fragaria Virginiana fruclu Coccineo.
Hift. Ox. 2. 186. Virginia Strawberry with a fear let
fruit, commonly called the Scarlet Strawberry .
3. Fragaria ( Muric at a ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis rugofis,
frudtu ovato. Strawberry with oval , fpear-fhapedy rough
leaves , and an oval fruit. Fragaria fruclu parvi pruni
magnitudine. C. B. P. 327. Strawberry with fruit as
large as a fmall Plumb , commonly called Hautboy Straw-
berry.
4. Fragaria {Chiloenfs) foliis ovatis carnofis hirfutis
fruclu maxi mo. Strawberry with oval , flefhy , hairy
leaves , and a large fruit. Fragaria Chiloenfis, fruclu
maximo foliis carnofis hirfutis. Hort. Elth. 145. tab.
120. Strawberry of Chili with a large fruit , and hairy
fiefloy leaves , called Frutilla , in America.
There are fome other varieties of this fruit, which
are now cultivated in England ; but I have not feen
any other which can be called a diflinct fpecies, than
are here enumerated, and thefe, I think, may be al-
lowed to be fo, for they never alter from, one to the.
other, by any cultivation, though the fruit is fre-
quently improved, fo as to be of a larger fize thereby ;
therefore, thofe who have fuppofed them but one fpe-
cies, have greatly erred in fo doing ; I (hall therefore
mention the feveral varieties of Strawberry, which, are
FRA ,
at preterit 'to be found in the gardens under the fpe-
cies to which they naturally belong.
The firft fort is the common Wood Strawberry, which
grows naturally in the woods in many parts of Eng-
land, and is fo well known as to need no defcription ;
of this there are three varieties, i. The common fort
with red fruit, a. The white Wood Strawberry,, which
ripens a little later in the feafon, and is by many per-
ions preferred to it for it's quick flavour, but as itfel-
dom produces fo large crops of fruit as the red fort,
it is not very generally cultivated. 3. The green
Strawberry, by feme called the Pine Apple Straw-
berry, from its rich flavour. The fruit of this is
greenifti when ripe y it is very firm, and hath a very
high flavour •, this is a late ripe fruit, but uniefs it is
planted in a nioiit loamy foil, it is a very bad bearer •,
but in Each land where it does fucceed, it merits cul-
tivation as much as any of the forts.
The Scarlet Strawberry is the fort which is firft ripe,
for which reafon it merits efteem, had it nothing elfe
to recommend it ; but the fruit is fo good, as by
many perfons of good take to be preferred to moil
other forts. This was brought from Virginia, -where
it grows naturally in the woods, and is fo different
from the Wood Strawberry in leaf, flower, and fruit,
that Acre need be no doubt of their being diftinct
fpecies.
There is a variety of this which hath been of late
years introduced from the northern parts of America,
which has the appearance of a diftindt fpecies. The
leaves or this are rounder, and not fo deeply veined ;
the crenatures on their edges are broader and more
obtufe. The leaves which compofe the empalement
are much longer, and are hairy, and the fruit is
larger ^ but as in other refpedbs it approaches near
to the Scarlet Strawberry, I have chofen to join
it to that, rather than make a diftindt fpecies of
it-, this I have been informed grows naturally in
Louifiana.
There has alfo been another variety of this (if not
a difeindt fpecies) lately introduced to our gardens,
which is commonly known by the title of Alpine
Strawberry the plants of this greatly referable thofe
of the Scarlet Strawberry, but the fruit is more
pointed it is a well flavoured fruit, and continues
bearing from the common feafon of Strawberries,
until the froft in autumn puts a flop to it, which
renders the fort very valuable : I have frequently
gathered the fruit in the beginning of November ;
this has occafioned the Dutch gardeners titling it
Everlafting Strawberry.
The Hautboy Strawberry, which the French call Ca-
pitons, came originally from America, but it has
been long cultivated in the Englifh gardens, and is
very different from the other forts in leaf, flower,
and fruit, as that no one can doubt of their being
different fpecies ; there is an improvement of this
fort, which is commonly called the Globe Hautboy.
The fruit of this is larger, and of a globular form,
but this difference. has certainly arifen from culture j
for -where thefe have been negledted a year or two,
they have degenerated to the common Hautboy again ;
where the ground is proper for this plant, and their
culture is well managed, the plants will produce
great plenty of fruit, which will be large, and well
flavoured, and by feme perfons are preferred to all
the other forts.
The Chili Strawberry was brought to Europe by
Morif. Frazier, an engineer, who was fent to Ame-
rica by the late king of France, and was firft planted
in the Royal Garden at Paris, from whence it was
communicated to feveral curious perfons in Holland,
and in the year 1727, I brought a parcel of the
plants to England, which were communicated to me
by Mr. George Clifford, of Amfterdam, who had
large beds of this fort growing in his curious gardens
at Hartec atrip. The leaves of this fort are hairy, oval,
and of a much thicker fubftance than any fort yet
known, and ftand upon 'very ftrong hairy foot-ftalks ;
the runners from the plants are very large, hairy, and
FRA
extend to a great length, putting out plants at feveral
diftances. The foot-ftalks which fuftain the flowers
are very ftrong j the leaves of the empalement are
long and hairy. The flowers are large, and are often,
deformed and fo is the fruit, which is very large,
and when cultivated in very ftrong land, the plants
produce plenty of fruit, which is firm, and very well
flavoured j but as it is a bad 'bearer in moft places
where it has been cultivated, it has generally been
neglected.
The Strawberries in general love a gentle hazelly
loam, in which they will thrive and bear greater
plenty of fruit than in a light rich foil. The ground
fhould alfo be moift, for if it is very dry, all the
watering which is given to the plants in warm dry
feafons, will not be fufficient to procure plenty of
fruit ; nor fhould the ground be much dunged, for
that will caufe the plants to run into fuckers, and
grow luxuriant, and render them Ids fruitful.
The belt time to remove thele plants is in October,
that they may get new roots before the hard froft
fets in, which loofens the ground ; fo that if the roots
of the plants are not pretty well eftablilhed in the
ground, the plants are frequently turned out of the
ground by the firft thaw ; therefore the fooiier they
are planted when the autumnal rains begin, the bet-
ter will their roots be eftablifhed, fo there will be
lefs danger of their mifearrying, and fometimes thofe
which are well rooted, will produce a few fruit the
firft year ; there are fome who tranfplant their plants
in the fpring but where that is done, they muft be
duly fupplied with water in the dry weather, other-
wife they will not fucceed.
The ground in which thefe are planted fhould be
thoroughly cleaned from the roots of Couch, and all
other bad weeds ; for as the Strawberry plants are to
remain three years before they are taken up, fo if any
of the roots of thofe bad weeds are left in the ground,
they will have time to multiply fo greatly as to fill
the ground, and overbear the Strawberry plants. The
ground fhould alfo be well trenched and made level ;
then the ufual method is to lay it out into beds of
four feet broad, with paths two feet or two feet and
a half broad between each ; thefe paths are neceffary
for the convenience of gathering the fruit, and for
weeding and dreffing of the beds, and alfo fox wa-
tering the plants after the beds are marked out,
there fhould be four lines drawn in each, at a foot
diftance, which will leave fix inches fpace on each
fide, between the outfide rows and the paths then
the plants fhould be planted at about a foot diftance
from each other in the rows, in a quincunx order,
being careful to clofe the ground to the roots of the
plants when they are planted ; and if there fhould not
happen rain foon after, the plants fhould be well wa-
tered to fettle the earth to their roots.
The diftance here mentioned for the plants to be
placed muft be underftood for the Wood Strawberries
only, for as the other forts grow much larger, their
diftances muft be proportioned to their feveral growths 3
therefore the Scarlets and Hautboys fhould haye but
three rows of plants in each bed, which fhould be at
fifteen inches diftance, and the plants in the rows
fhould be allowed the fame fpace from each other,
and the Chili Strawberry muft have but two rows of
plants in each bed, which fhould alfo be two feet
apart in the rows ; for as thefe grow very ftrong, if
they have not room to fpread, they will not be very
fruitful.
In chufing proper plants of any of the forts,
depends the whole fuccefs for if they are promif-
cuoufly taken from beds without care, great part of the
plants will become barren y thefe are generally called
blind, which is when there are plenty of flowers, but
no fruit produced if thefe flowers are well examined,
they will be found to want the female organs of ge-
neration, moft of them abounding with {lamina, but
there are few, if any ftyles fo that it frequently hap-
pens among thefe barren plants, that fome of them
will have a part of an imperfect fruit formed, which
will
7
FRA
Will fomettmes ripen * this barrenhefs is not peculiar t6
Strawberries, but is general to all thofe plants which
have creeping roots, or {talks ; and tne more they in-
creafe frOm either, the fooner they become barren,
and this in fome degree runs through the vegetable
kingdom ; for trees and jlirubs which are propagated
by cuttings, are generally barren of feeds in two ge-
nerations, that is, when they are propagated by cut-
tings, which were taken from plants railed by cut-
tings j this I have conftantly found to Hold in great
numbers of plants, and in fruit-trees it often hap-
pens, that thofe forts which have been long propa-
gated by grafts and buds, have no kernels. But to
return to the choice offthe Strawberry plants ; thefe
fhould never be taken from old negieded beds,
where the plants have been buffered to fpread or run
into a multitude of fuckers, nor from any plants which
are not very fruitful ; and thofe offsets which Hand
neareft to the old plants, fhould always be preferred
to thofe which are produced from the trailing (talks
at a farther diftance ; and the Wood Strawberry is
beft when the plants are taken frefh from the woods,
provided they are taken from fruitful plants, be-
caufe they are not fo liable to ramble and fpread, as
thofe which are taken from plants, which have been
long cultivated in gardens ; therefore thofe who are cu-
rious in cultivating this fruit, fhould be very careful
. in the choice of their plants.
When the plants have taken new root, the next
care is if the winter prove fevere, to lay fome old tan-
ners bark over the furface of the bed between the
plants, to keep out the froft : this care is absolutely
neceffary to the Chili Strawberry, which is frequently
killed in hard winters, where they are expofed with-
out any covering •, therefore where tanners bark can-
not eaiily be procured, faw-duft, or fea-coal allies
may be ufed j or in want of thefe, if decayed leaves
of trees, or the branches of Evergreen-trees with their
leaves upon them, are laid over the beds, to prevent
the froft from penetrating deep into the ground, it
will fecure the plants from injury.
The following fummer the plants fhould be con-
ftantly kept clean from weeds, and all the runners
fhould be pulled off as fall as they are produced ; if
this is conftantly pradifed, the plants will become very
ftrong by the following autumn ; whereas when this
is negieded (as is too frequently feen) and all the run-
ners permitted to ftand during the fummer feafon, and
then pulled off in the autumn, the plants will not be
half fo ftrong as thefe where that care has been taken ;
therefore there will not be near the fame quantity of
fruit upon them the following fpring, nor will the
fruit be near fo large and fair ; and where proper
care is taken of the plants the iirft fummer, there is
generally a plentiful crop of fruit the fecond fpring •,
whereas when this is neglected, the crop will be thin
and the fruit fmalL
As this fruit is very common, there are but few per-
fons who cultivate it with proper care •, therefore I
(hall give fome directions for the doing of it, which,
if carefully pradifed, will be attended with fuccefs.
The old plants of Strawberries are thofe which pro-
duce the fruit, for the fuckers feldom produce any till
they have grown a full year •, therefore it appears how
neceffary it is to diveft the old plants of them ; for
wherever they are buffered to remain, they rob the
fruitful plants of their nourifhment in proportion to
their number ; for each of thefe fuckers fend out a
quantity of roots, which interfere, and are fo elofely
matted together, as to draw away the greateft part of
the nourifhment from the old roots, whereby they
are greatly weakened •, and thefe fuckers alfo render
each other very w r eak, fa that from hence the caufe of
barrennefs arifes ; for I have known where the old
plants have been conftantly kept clear from fuckers,
they have continued very fruitful four or five years
without being tranfplanted ; however, it is the beft
way to have a fnccefilon of beds, that after three years
(landing they may be taken up ; becaufe by that time
they will have exhaufted the ground of thofe vegetable
FRA
faffs, neceffary for the nourifliment of that fpeefts of
plants j for it is always obferved, that Strawberries
planted on frefh land are the. mod fruitful. .
The next thing to be obferved, is in autumn to. di-
veft the plants of any firings, -or runners, which may
have been produced, and alio of all the decayed leaves,
and the beds cleared from weeds; then the paths
fhotiid be dug up, and the weeds buried which were
taken from the beds, and fome earth laid over the fur-
face of the beds between the plants; this will ftrengthen
the plants, and prepare them for the following fpring;,
and if after this, there is fome old tanners bark laid
over the furface of the ground between the plants, it
will be of great fervice to them. In the fpring, after
the danger of Hard froft is over, the ground between
the plants in the beds fhould be forked with a narrow
three-pronged fork, to loofen it, and break the
clods ; and in this operation, the tan which was laid
over the furface of the ground in autumn will be bu-
ried, which will be a good dreffing to the Strawber-
ries, efpecially in ftrong land ; then about the end of
March, or the beginning of April, if the furface of
the beds is covered with mofs, it will keep the ground
moift, and prevent the drying winds from penetrating
the ground, and thereby fecure a good crop of fruit ;
and the mofs will preferve the fruit clean, that when
heavy rains may fall after the fruit is full grown,
there will be no dirt walked over them, which fre-
quently happens, fo that the fruit raid be waffled
before it is fit for the table, which greatly diminifhes
its fiavour ; therefore where this method is pradifed,
the fruit may be had in perfedion.
The foil in which the Chili Strawberry is found to fuc-
ceed beft, is a very ftrong brick earth, approaching
near to clay •, in this foil I have feen them produce a
tolerable good crop, and the fruit has been extremely
well flavoured ; and if fome Care be taken to pull off
the runners as they are produced, fo as to leave
only the old plants, I make no doubt but thefe plants
may be as fruitful as the common Hautboy : this
I mention from one or two experiments, which have
been made by my diredion, and not from theory.
There are fome perfons who are fo fond of Straw-
berries, as to be at any expence to obtain them early in
the year, and to continue them as late in the feafon as
poffible ; and fhould I omit to give fome directions
for both thefe managements, they would fuppofe
the book very definitive ; therefore I fhall mention
the pradice of fome few, who have fucceeded beft
in the management of thefe fruits •, I fhall begin with
diredions for obtaining thefe fruits early in the fpring.
Where there are any hot walls ereded in gardens
for the producing early fruit, it is very common
to fee Strawberries planted in the borders, that the fire
which is applied for ripening the fruit againft the
walls, may alfo ferve the purpofe of bringing forward,
the Strawberries ; but where this is pradifed, the
Strawberry plants fhould be annually renewed, taking
up the plants. as foon as their fruit is over, and all
the earth of the borders fhould be taken out; at leaft
two feet deep, and frefh earth brought in, which will
be equally good for the wall trees ; but, as was before
obferved, that the old plants of Strawberries only are
thofe which produce the fruit, there fhould be a fufii-
cient number of plants brought up in pots; to fup-
ply the border annually ; and the fame muft be done
if they are to be raffed in a common hot-bed, or in
ftoves ; therefore I fhall begin with giving diredions
for railing and preparing plants for thofe purpofes.
The forts which are the moft proper for forcing early,
are the Scarlet; the Alpine, and the Wood Strawber-
ries, for the Hautboy grows too large for this purpofe.
In the choice of the plants, there fhould be an eipe-
cial care taken to have them from the moft fruitful
plants, and thofe which grow immediately to the
old plants ; they fhould be taken off in autumn, and
each planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with loamy
foil, and placed in a fhady fituation till they have taken
root ; after which they may be removed to an open
fituation, where they may remain till the middle or
5 R end
149
I
FRA
end of November, when the pots ffiould be plunged
into the ground up to their rims, to prevent the froft
from penetrating through' the fide of the pots •, if
thefe are placed near a wall, pale, or hedge, ex-
pofed to an eaft afpedt, or north-eaft, they will fuc-
ceed better than in a warm filiation, becaufe they
' will not be forced too forward •, the only care they re-
quire, is to fecure them from being turned out of the
pots after froft. The fpring following the plants will
be fo far advanced as to have filled the pots with their
roots by the end of April, when they (Should be turned
out of the pots, and their roots pared ; then planted
into penny pots filled with the like loamy foil, and
plunged into the ground in a ffiady fituation, where
they ihould remain the following fummer-, during
which time they muft be duly kept dean from weeds,
and all the runners muft be taken off as faft as they are
produced ; likewife if there ftiould be any (lowers
come out, they fhould alio be pinched off, and not buf-
fered to bear fruit, which would weaken the plants,
for there cannot be too much care taken to have the
plants as ftrong as poffible, that they may produce
plenty of fruit, without which they are not worth the
trouble of forcing.
About the middle of October, or earlier, if the au-
tumn proves cold, the pots Ihould be removed into a
warmer fituation, to prepare them for forcing ; for
they fhould not be fuddenly removed from a very cold
fituation immediately into the ftove or hot-bed, but
be gradually prepared for it ; but where they are de-
figned for the borders near a hot wall, they may then
be turned out of the pots, and planted into the bor-
ders, that they may have time to get frefh rooting, be-
fore the fires are made to heat the walls •, when thefe
are planted, they may be placed very clofe to each
other ^ for as they are defigned to remain there no
longer than till they have ripened their fruit, they
will not require much room, as their roots will find
fufficient nourifhment below, and alio from the earth
which is filled into the fpaces between the balls of
earth, about their roots •, and it is of conlequence to
get as much fruit as poffible in a fmall fpace, where
there is an expence to force them early. If the fires
are lighted about Chriftmas, the .Strawberries in thefe
borders will be ripe the end of March •, or if the lea-
ion ihould prove very cold, it may be the middle of
April before they will be fit for the table.
In the management of the plants there muft be care
taken to fupply them with water -when they begin to
fhew their flowers, otherwife they will fall off without
producing any fruit ; and, in mild weather, there
fhould be frefh air admitted to them every day •, but
as fruit-trees againft the wall muft be fo treated, the
fame management will agree with the Strawberries.
If the Strawberries are intended to be forced in a ftove,
where there are Pine-apples, and no room to plunge
them in the tan-bed, then the plants Ihould be tranl-
planted into larger pots in September, that they may
be well rooted before they are removed into the ftove,
which fhould not be till December •, but if they are
placed under a frame the beginning of November,
where they may be fcreened from the froft, it will
prepare the plants better for forcing •, and thofe who
are defirous to have them very early, make a hot-
bed under frames, upon which they place their plants
the latter end of Odtober, which will L rmg them
forward to flower, and then they remove the plants
into the ftove ; when thefe plants are removed into
the ftove, they ftiould be placed as near to the glaffes
as poffible, that they may enjoy the full fun and air
for when they are placed backward, the plants will
draw up weak, and the flowers will drop without pro-
ducing fruit. As the' earth in the pots will dry pretty
faft when they Hand dry upon the pavement of the
hot-houfe, or on fhelves, fo the plants muft be duly
, watered , but it muft be done with difcretion, and
not too much given to them, which will be equally
hurtful to them •, if thefe plants are properly ma-
naged, they will produce ripe fruit in February, which
is as early as mod people will cliule- to eat them.
*■ When the fruit is all gathered from the plants, they
6
. F R A
ihould be turned out of the ftove for as they will be*
of no farther fervice, they- ftiould not remain to take
up the room ; nor ftiould thofe plants which are
planted in the borders near the hot walls be left there
after their fruit is gathered, but immediately taken up,
that they may rob the fruit-trees of their nouriilimenc
as little as poffible.
Where there is no conveniency of (loves, or hot- walls
for this purpofe, the fruit may be ripened upon com-
mon hot-beds •, and though they may- not be quite
fo early as with the other advantages, yet 1 have Teen
great crops of the fruit ripe in April, which were
upon common hot-beds under frames, and executed
at a fmall expence in the following manner.
The plants were prepared in pots after the manner
before directed, which were placed in a warm fitua-
tion in the beginning of October, and about Chriftmas
the hot-bed was made in the fame manner as for Cu-
cumbers, but not fo ftrong •, and as foon as the firft
violent (team of the dung was over, feme old rotten
dung laid over the hot-bed to keep down the heat,
or where it can be eaflly procured, neats dung is
preferable for this purpofe •, then the plants fhould be
turned out of the pots, and placed upon the bed as
clofe together as poffible, filling up the interftices be-
tween the plants with earth •, afterward the plants muft
have air admitted to them every day ; and if the heat
of the bed is too great, the plants fhould be raffed up,
to prevent their roots being fcorched ; and if the
bed is too cold, the fides of it ftiould be lined with
feme hot dung : this firft bed will bring the plants
to flower by the latter end of February, or the be-
ginning of March, by which time the heat of the
bed will be fpent, therefore another hot-bed ftiould
be prepared to receive the plants, which need not
be fo ftrong as the firft ; but upon the hot dung
ftiould be laid feme neats dung about two inches
thick, which fhould be equally Ipread and fmoothed ;
this v/ill prevent the heat of the bed from injuring the
roots of the plants, upon this ftiould be laid two
inches of a loamy foil ; when this lias laid two days
to warm, the plants ftiould be taken out of the
firft hot-bed, and turned carefully out of the pots,
preferving all the earth to their roots, and placed
clofe together upon this new hot-bed, filling up the
vacuities between the balls with loamy earth: the
roots of the plants will foon ftrike out into this frefh
earth, which will ftrengthen their flowers, and caufe
their fruit to fet in plenty •, and if proper care is taken
to admit frefti air to the plants, and fupply them pro-
perly with water, they will have plenty of ripe fruit
in April, which will be full two months before their -
natural feafon.
The methods pr? fifed to retard this fruit, is firft by
planting them in the coldeft part of the garden, where
they may be as much in (hade as poffible, and the foil
ffiould be ftrong and cold •, when there are fuch places
in a garden, the fruit will be near a month later than
, in a warm fituation-, the next is to cut off all' the
flowers when they firft appear, and if the feafon proves
dry, to water them plentifully, which will caufe them
to put out a frefh crop of flowers ; and if they are fup-
plied with water, there will be a late crop of fruit,
but thefe are not fo well flavoured as thofe which ri-
pen in their natural feafon.
But flnee the Alpine Strawberry has been introduced
in the Englifli gardens, there is little occaflon for prac-
tifing this method of retarding the fruit ; becaufe this
fort v/ill fupply the table the whole fummer, efpeci-
ally if care is taken to pull off the runners ; and in dry
feafons to water the plants, without which the blof-
forris will fall off, without producing fruit.
There are forne perfons fo curious as to raife the plants
from feeds, by which they have greatly improved
fome of the forts -, and if this was more praftifed, I
am certain it would be found of Angular fervice, where
the faireft of the fruit of each kind arechofen. The
feeds fhould be immediately fown when the fruit is
eaten the beft way is to fow the feeds in pots, placing
them in the (hade.
In
/
FRA
In the ip ring 6f the year 1724, there was fcarce any
rain from February till about the middle of July, fo
that moft of the Strawberries and Rafp berries in the
gardens near London, were burnt up, and came to no
perfection •, but upon plenty of rain falling in July,
they recovered and put out plenty of flowers, which
were fucceeded by fruit, which ripened in Septem-
ber, when the markets of London were fupplied with
a great plenty of both thofe fruits at that feafon of the
year.
FRANGULA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 612. tab. 383.
Rhamnus. Lin. Gen. Plant. 235. [is fo called of
frangendo, breaking, becaufe of the brittlenefs of
its wood.] Berry-bearing Alder.
The Characters are,
The empalernent of the flower is of one leaf, \ cut at the
top into five fegments , which are ereEt. The flower hati>
one petal , which is cut into five acute fegments thefle
are placed between the fegments of the empalernent, into
which they are infer ted , but are fhorter , and ftand
ereSl. It hath five ftamina , which are the length of
the petal , terminated by obtufe fummits ; in the center
is fituated a globular germen , fupporting a fender ftyle ,
crowned by an obtufe fiigma. The germen afterward be-
comes a round berry , inclofing two plain roundifh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the lecond iedion
of Tournefort’s twenty-firft clafs, which includes the
trees and fhrubs with a Rofe flower, whofe pointal
turns to a berry. Dr. Linnaeus has joined this genus
with the Paliurus, Alaternus, and Ziziphus, to the
Rhamnus, making them only fpecies of one genus ;
but according to his own fyftem, they (hould be fe-
parated to a great diftance from Rhamnus, and be
placed in his twenty-fecond clafs, becaufe it hath
male and female flowers on different plants ; whereas
it is placed in the firft fedion cf his fifth clafs, from
the flower having five ftamina and but one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Frangula {Aims) foliis ovato-lanceolatis glabris.
Frangula with oval , fpear-fhaped , fmooth leaves. Fran-
gula, five alnus, nigra baccifera. Park. Theat. Black
Berry-bearing Alder.
2. Frangula {Latifolia) foliis lanceolatis rugofis. Fran-
gula with rough fpear-fhaped leaves. Frangula riigo-
liore & ampliore folio. Tourn. Berry-bearing Alder
with a larger and rougher leaf.
3. Frangula ( Rotundifolia ) foliis ovatis nervofis. Fran-
gula with oval veined leaves. Frangula montana pu-
mila faxatilis, folio fubrotundo. Tourn. Low moun-
tain, rocky, berry -bearing Alder, with a round leaf.
4. Frangula {Americana) foliis oblongo-ovatis ner-
vofis, glabris. Frangula with oblong , oval , fmooth veined
leaves. Frangula Americana foliis glabris. Dale.
American Berry -bearing Alder with fmooth leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally in the woods in many
parts of England, fo is feldorn planted in gardens
this rifes with a woody ftem to the height of ten or
twelve feet, fending out many irregular branches,
which are covered with a dark bark, and garniftied
with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, about two inches long,
and one inch broad, having feveral tranfverfe veins
from the midrib to the fides, and ftand upon fhort
foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced in clufters at
the end of the former year’s (hoots, and alfo upon the
firft and fecond joints of the fame year’s (hoot, each
(landing upon a fhort feparate foot-ftalk, on every
fide the branches •, thefe are very frnall, of an herba-
ceous colour, and do not expand •, they are fucceeded
by frnall round berries, which turn firft red, but af-
terward black when ripe. The flowers appear in June,
and the berries ripen in September •, this (lands in
the Difpenfary as a medicinal plant, but is feldorn
ufed.
The fecond fort hath larger rough leaves than the
firft. It grows naturally on the Alps and other
• mountainous parts of Europe, and is preferved in
Tome gardens for the fake of variety.
The third fort is of humble growth, feldorn rifing
above two feet high •, this grows on the Pyrenean
Mountains, and is feldorn preferved unlefs in botanic
F R. A
gardens for variety,; it may be increafed by laying
down the branches, but muft have a ftrong foil.
The fourth fort grows naturally in North America*
from whence I received the feeds ; this is pretty like
the firft fort, but the leaves are longer and broader 5
they are fmooth, of a lucid green, and have many
veins. The flowers are very like thofe of the firft lore.
Thefe fhrubs are eafily propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown as foon as they are ripe, and then Pie-
plants will come up the fpring following ; but if they
are kept out of the ground till fpring, the plants will
not come up till the year after. When the plants
come up, they muft be kept clean from weeds till
autumn, then they may be taken up and planted in a
nu-rfery in rows, two feet afunder, and at one fool
diftance in the rows ; in this nurfery they may remain
two years, and may then be planted where they are
to remain ; they may alfo be propapated by layers'.and
- cuttings, but the feedling plants are bed.
The fruit of the firft fort is often brought into the
markets of London, and fold for Buckthorn berries ;
of which cheat, all fuch as make fyrup of Buckthorn
fhould; be particularly careful ; they may be eafily dif-
tinguifned by breaking the berries, and obferving how
many feeds 'are contained in each, the berries of this
tree having but two, and thofe of Buckthorn gene-
rally four feeds in each berry, and the juice of the
latter dies paper of a green colour.
FRAXINELLA. "See Dictamnus.
FRAXINUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1026. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 577. tab. 343. The Afh-tree ; in French,
Frene.
The Characters are,
It hath hermaphrodite and female flowers on the fami
tree , and fometimes on different trees. The hermaphro-
dite flowers have no petals , but a frnall four-pointed era -
palement , including two erect ftamina , which are termi-
nated by oblong fummits , having four furrows. In the center
is fituated an oval comprefed germen, fupporting a cylin-
drical ftyle, crowned by a bifid ftigma. The germen after-
ward becomes a compreffed bordered fruit, Jhaped like a
bird's tongue, having one cell, inclofing a feed of the
fame form. The female flowers are the fame, but have
no ftamina.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-third clafs, which includes the
plants which have flowers of different fexes on the
fame or different plants, which are fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Fraxinus {Excelfior) foiiolis ferratis, floribus ape-
talis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1057. Afh-tree whofe fmdlkr leaves
are fler rated, and flowers having no petals. Fraxinus
excelfior. C. B. P. 416. The common AJh.
2. Fraxinus ( Rotundifolia ) foiiolis ovato-lanceolatis fer-
ratis, floribus coloratis. Afh-tree whofe fmatler leaves
are oval, fpear-fhaped, and fawed, and the flowers co-
loured. Fraxinus rotundiore folio. C. B. P. 41b.
Afs-tree with a rounder leaf, commonly called Manna AJh.
3. Fraxinus {Ornus) foiiolis ferratis, floribus colora-
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1057. Afh-tree whofe fnaller leaves
are fawed, and flowers having petals. Fraxinus hu-
milior five altera Theophrafti, minore & tenuiore
folio. C. B. P. 416. Dwarf AJh ofTheophrafuswilh
fnaller and narrower leaves.
4. Fraxinus {Paniculata) foiiolis lanceolatis glabris, flo-
ribus paniculatis terminatricibus. Afh-tree with fmooth
fpear-fhaped leaves, and flowers growing in ‘panicles at
the ends of the branches. Fraxinus fiorifera botryoides.
Mor. Prael. 265. The flowering, AJh.
5. Fraxinus (Nova Anglia) fcholis integerrimis, pen-
olis teretibus. Flor. Virg. 122. Afh-tree with the frnall
leaves entire, and taper foot-ftalks. Fraxinus ex. Nova
Anglia, pinnis foliorum in mucronem produdioribus.
Rand. Cat. ITort. Chelf. New England AJh with long
acute points to the wings of the leaves.
.61 Fraxinus {Carolinidna) integerrimis petiolis tefreti-
bus frudu latiore. Prod. Leyd. 533. Afh-tree with
entire leaves and taper foot-ftalks. Fraxinus Carol ini-
ana, latiore frudu. Rand. Cat. H, Chelf. Carolina
AJh with a broad fruit . ,
The
. t
FRA
The firft fort is the common Afh-tre'e, which, grows
naturally in moft parts of England, and is fo well
known as to need no defcription. The leaves of this
fort have generally five pair of lobes, and are termi-
nated by an odd one ; they are of a very dark green,
and their edges are ilightly fawed. The flowers, are
produced in loofe fpikes from the fide of the branches,
which are fucceeded by flat feeds, which ripen in au-
tumn ; there is a variety of this with variegated leaves,
which is preferved in home gardens.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Calabria, and is
generally fuppofed to be the tree from whence the
manna is colledled, which is an exludation from the
leaves of the tree. The fhoots of this tree are much
ftiorter, and the joints clofer together than thofe of
the firft fort •, the fmall leaves are {hotter, and deeper
fawed on their edges, and are of a lighter green. The
flowers come out from the fide of the branches, which
are of a purple colour, and appear in the fpring be-
fore the leaves come out. This tree is of humble
growth, feldom riflng more than fifteen or fixteen
feet high in England.
The third fort is a low tree, which rifes about the
fame height as the fecond •, the leaves of this fort are
much fmaller and narrower than thofe of the firft, but
are fawed on their edges, and are of the fame dark
colour. The flowers of this fort have petals, which
are wanting in the common Afh.
The fourth fort was raifed by the late Dr. Uvedale at
Enfield, from feeds which were brought from Italy by
t)r. William Sherard, where the trees grow naturally ;
but it was fuppofed to be a different fort from that
mentioned by Dr. Morrifon, in his Prteludia Botanica,
but by comparing them together they appear to be
the fame.
The leaves of this fort have but three or four pair
of lobes (or fmall leaves) which are fhort, broad, and
fmooth, of a lucid green, and irregularly fawed on the
edges ; the midrib of the great leaf is jointed, and
fwelling where the leaves come out. The flowers
grow in loofe panicles at the end of the branches-, thefe
are moft of them male, having two ftamina in each,
but no germen or ftyle ; they are of a white herba-
ceous colour, and appear in May. As this fort very
rarely produces feeds in England, it is propagated by
grafting or budding it upon the common Afh.
The fifth fort was raifed from feeds, which were fent
from New England in the year 1724, by Mr. Moore.
The leaves of this tree have but three, or at moft but
four pair of lobes (or fmall leaves) which are placed
far diftant from each other, and are terminated by
an odd lobe, which runs out into a very long point ;
they are of a light green and entire, having no ferra-
tures on their edges : this tree fhoots into ftrong irre-
gular branches, but doth not grow to a large fize in
the trunk. It is propagated by grafting it upon the
common Afh.
The flxth fort was raifed from feeds which were
fent from Carolina in the year 1 724, by Mr. Catefby.
The leaves of this fort hath feldom more than three
pair of lobes, the lower being the leaft, and the upper
the largeft; thefe are about five inches long and
two broad, of a light green colour, and {lightly fawed
on their edges the foot-ftalk, or rather the midrib,
of the leaves is taper, and has fhort downy hairs
the feeds are broader than thofe of the common Afh,
and are of a very light colour. As this fort hath not
yet produced feeds in England, it is propagated by
grafting it upon the common Aft.
Thefe trees are now propagated in plenty in the
nurferies for fale, as there has been of late ^ears a
great demand for all the hardy forts of trees and
fhrubs, which will live in the open air ^ but all thofe
trees which are grafted upon the common Afh, are
not fo valuable as thofe which are raifed from feeds,
becaufe the flock grows much fafter than the grafts
fothat the lower part of the trunk, fo far as the ftock
rifes, will often be twice the fize of the upper ; and if
the trees fiend much expofed to the wind, the grafts
are frequently broken off to the flock, after they are
FRA
grown to a large fize, which is a great difappointment
to a perion after having waited ieveral years, to fee
their tree's fuddenly deftroyed. Befide, if the wood
of either of the forts is valuable, it can be of little
life when the trees are fo raifed.
The fourth fort is generally planted for ornament,
the flowers making a fine appearance when they are
in beauty, for almoft every branch is terminated by a
large loofe panicle j fo that when the trees are large,
and covered with flowers, they are diftinguiftable at a
great diftance.
All the other forts ferve to make a variety in planta-
tions, but have little beauty to recommend them ;
and as their wood feems to be greatly inferior to that
of the common A{h, fo there fhould be few of thefe
planted, becaufe they will only fill up the {pace where
better trees might grow.
0,0 .
The common Afh propagates ifcfelf In' plenty by the
feeds which fcatter in the autumn, fo that where the
feeds happen to fall in placeswhere cattle do not come,
there will be plenty of the plants come up in the fpring ;
but where any perfon is d^firous to raife a, quantity of
the trees, the feeds fhould be fown as foon as they are
ripe, and then the plants will come up the following
fpring but if the feeds are kept out of the ground
till the fpring, the plants will not come up till the
year after, which is the fame with all the forts of Afh
that when any of their feeds are brought from abroad,
as they feldom arrive here before the fpring, the
plants muft not be expedited to appear till the next
year ; therefore the ground fhould be kept clean all
the fummer where they are fown, and not difturbed,
left the feeds fhould be turned out of the ground, or
buried too deep to grow ; for many perrons are too
impatient to wait a year for the growth of feeds, fo that
if they do not come up the firft year, they dig up the
ground, and thereby deftroy the feeds.
When the plants come up, they muft be kept clean
from weeds during the fummer ; and if they make
good progrefs in the feed-bed, they will be fit to
tranfplant by the autumn therefore there fhould be
fome ground prepared to receive them, and as foon
as their leaves begin to fall, they may be tranfplantecL
In taking them up, there fhould be cafe taken
not to break or tear off their roots to prevent which,
they fhould be taken up with a fpade, and not dranw
up, as is frequently prabtifed ; for as many of the
plants which rife from feeds will out-ftrip the others
in their growth, fo it is frequently pradtiied, to draw
up the largeft plants, and leave the fmaller to grow a
year longer before they are tranfplanted and to avoid
hurting thofe which are left, the others are drawn out
by hand, and thereby many of their roots are tom oft
or broken therefore it is much the better way to
take all up, little or big together, and tranfplant them
out, placing the larger ones together in rows,, and the
fmaller by themfelves. The rows fhould be three
feet afunder, and the plants a foot and a half diftance
in the rows ; in this nurfery they may remain two
years, by which time they will be ftrong enough to
plant where they are to remain ; for the younger
they are planted out, the larger they will grow ; fo
that where they are defigned to grow large, they
fhould be planted very young and the ground where
the plants are raifed, fhould not be better than that
where they are defigned to grow for when the plants
are raifed in good land, and afterward tranfplanted
into worfe, they very rarely thrive ; fo that it is mueft
the beft method to make the nurfery upon a part of
the fame land, where the trees are defigned to be
planted, and then a fufficient number of trees may-
be left Handing upon the ground, and thefe will out-
ftrip thofe which are removed, and will grow to a
larger fize.
Where people live in the neighbourhood of Aft-,
trees, they may fupply themfelves with plenty of felf-
fown plants, provided cattle are not fuffered to graze
on the land, for they will eat off the young plants,
and not buffer them to grow , but where the feeds fall
in hedges, cr where they are protefted by buft.es, the
5 plants
F R E
F R E
plants will come up and thrive ; and in' thefe hedges
the trees frequently are permitted to grow till they have
deftroyed the hedge, for there is fcarce any tree fo
hurtful to all kinds of vegetables as the Aih, which
robs every plant of its nourilhment within the reach
of its roots, therefore fhould never be buffered to grow
in hedge rows •, for they not only kill the hedge, but
impoverish Corn, or what foe ver is fown near them. Nor
fiiould Aih-trees be permitted to grow near p allure
grounds, for if any of the cows eat of the leaves or
ihoots of the Aih, all the butter which is made of their
milk will be rank and of no value •, which is always
the quality of the butter which is made about Guild-
ford, Godalmin, and feme other parts of Surry, where
there are Afh-trees growing about all their pafcures,
fo that it is very rare to meet with any batter in thofe
places which is fit to eat •, but in all the good dairy
countries, they never fuffer an Afii-tree to grow.
If a wood of thefe trees is rightly managed, it will
turn greatly to the advantage of its owner •, for by
the under- wood, which will be fit to cut every feven
or eight years, for poles or hoops, there will be a
continual income more than fufficient to pay the rent
of the ground, and all other charges •, and frill there
will be a flock preferved for timber, which in a few
years will be worth forty or fifty {hillings per tree.
This timber is of excellent ufe to the wheelwright
and cartwright, for ploughs, axle-trees, wheel-rings,
harrows, bulls, oars, blocks for puilies, and many
other purpofes.
The bell feafon for felling of thefe trees is from
November to February •, for if it be done either too
early in autumg, or too late in the fpring, the;imber
will be fubjeft to be infelled with worms, and other
infefts j but for lopping pollards, the fpring is pre-
ferable for all foft woods.
FREEZING is the fixing of a fluid, or the de-
priving it of its natural mobility by the aftion of cold ;
or it is the aft of converting a fluid fubftance into a
firm, coherent, rigid one, called ice.
The principal phenomena of freezing are,
iff. That Water being dilated or rarefied, and all
fluids, oil excepted, i. e. in freezing, take up more
fpace, and are fpecifically lighter than they were before.
That the bulk and dimenfions of water are increafed
by freezing, is found by many experiments, and it
may not be improper here to take notice of the pro-
cefs of nature.
A glafs veffel then, I A, full of water
immerged in a veffel of water mixed
with fait GHKL, the water prefently
rifes from D to C; which feems owing
to the fudden conftriction of the veffel,
haftily plunged into fo cold a medium :
foon after, from the point C, it con-
tinually defcends condeniing, till it ar-
rives at the point F ; where, for fome
time, it feems to remain at reft : but
it foon recovers itfelf, and begins to ex-
pand, riling from F to E, and from
thence loon after, by one violent leap, flf}
mounts to B ; and here the water in I fi /f
is immediately feen all thick and cloudy, fj
and, in the very inftant of this leap, is ;1
converted into ice. Add, that while the ■
to A,
1 G
being
A
B
D
F
H
jijil
K
J !ji ill!
ice is growing harder, and fome of the water near the
neck of the veffel I is freezing, the flux of the wa-
ter is continued above B towards A, and at length
runs out at the veffel.
2dly, That they lofe not only of the fpecific, but
alfo of their abfolute gravity, by freezing ; fo that
when they are thawed again, they are found confider-
ably lighter than before.
3dly, That frozen water is not quite fo tranfparent
as when it was liquid, and that bodies do not perfpire
fo freely through it. i
qthly, That water, when frozen, evaporates almoft
as much as when fluid.
5thly, That water does not freeze in vacuo, but re-
quires the prefence and contiguity of air.
6thiy, That water which has been boiled, does not
freeze fo readily as that which has not.
ythly, That water, being covered over with a fur-
face of oil of Olives, does not freeze lb readily as it
does without it ; and that nut oil abfolutely preferves
it under a ftrong froft, when Olive oil will not.
8thly, That fpint of wine, nut oil, and oil of turpen-
tine, do not freeze at all.
9th ly, That the fur face of the water, in freezing,
appears all wrinkled , the 1 wrinkles being fometimes
in parallel lines, and fometimes like rays proceeding
from a center to the circumference.
The theories of freezing, or the method of account-
ing for thefe phenomena, are very many.
The chief principles that different authors have gone
upon, are, either that fome foreign matter is intro-
duced within the pores of the fluid, by means of
which it is fixed, its bulk increafed, &c.
Or that fome matter which was naturally contained
in the fluid is now expelled, by reafon of the abfence
of which, the body becomes fixed.
Or that there is fome alteration produced in the tex-
ture or form, either of the particles of the fluid itfelf,
or of fomething that is contained within it.
To fome one of thefe principles all the fyftems of
freezing are reducible.
The Cartefians explicate freezing by the recefs or
going out of the ethereal matter from the pores of the
water, or other liquor •, which being once done, the
finer parts are too fmall and flexible to keep the long,
(lender, and eel-like particles of water fluent, or in
the form of a liquor.
But the Corpufcularians, or Gaffendifts, afcribe the
freezing of water, with more probability, to the in-
grefs of multitudes of cold or frigorific particles, as
they call them ; which, entering the liquor in fwarms,
and difperfing themfelves every way through it, croud
into the pores of the water, and hinder the wonted
agitation of its parts, and wedge it up, as it were,
into the hard or confiftent body of ice ; and from
hence proceeds its increafe of dimenfions, coldnefs,
&c.
That ice is fpecifically lighter than the water out of
which it is by freezing made, is certain by its fwi na-
ming in it ; and that this lightnefs of ice proceeds
from thofe numerous bubbles which are produced in
it by its congelation, is equally plain ; but how thofe
bubbles come to be generated in freezing, and what
fubftance they contain in them, if they are not quite
empty, is an inquiry of great importance ; and, per-
haps, if difcovered, may contribute much to the un-
derftanding the nature of cold.
Mr. Hobbes will have it common air, which, in-
truding into the water in congelation, entangles itfelf
with the particles of the fluid, prevents their motion,
and produces thofe numerous bubbles, thus expanding
its bulk, and rendering it fpecifically lighter.
But, in anfwer to this, no fuch ingrefs of air into
water appears in its coagulation ; and that it does not
get into frozen oil is plain, becaufe that body is con-
denfed by being frozen.
And Mr. Boyle has alfo (hewn, by undoubted ex-
periments, that water will freeze in veffels hermeti-
cally fealed •, and in brafs bodies or veffels clofely
flopped, and into which the air can have no ingrefs,
hath yet been turned into ice, abounding with thefe
bubbles as numerous as thole frozen in the open air.
Ele alfo has proved by experiment, that water kept
a while in the exhaufted receiver, till all its bubbles
were emerged and gone, being afterwards turned into
ice by a freezing mixture, the ice had fcarce any
bubbles in it •, whence it is plain, that thefe bubbles
are filled with fome matter which is within the water,
if they are filled with any thing. But he proves alfo,
by plain experiments, that they have none, or ex-
ceedingly little, true elaftic air contained in them.
Others, and thofe of the greatefl number, are of
opinion, that the freezing matter is a fait •, and they
argue that an excels of cold will render water torpid,
but never congeal it without fait : they fay that thofe
5 S particles
I
F R E
particles that are the chief caufe of freezing are faline,
mixed in a due proportion, congelation bearing a
near relation to cryftallization.
This fait is fuppofed to be of the -nitrous kind, and
to be fumifhed by the air, which is generally found
/to abound in nitre.
It is indeed no difficult matter, to account for the
particles of nitre preventing the fluidity of water.
Thefe particles are fuppofed to be fq many rigid
pointed fpicula, which are eaflly impelled or driven
into the ftamina or globules of water ; which, by this
means, becoming varioufly mingled and entangled
with it, do, by degrees, weaken and deftroy the mo-
tion of it.
The reafon that this effeift arifes only in fevere win-
ter weather, is, that it is then only that the retrading
adion of the nitrous fpicula is more than equal to the
power or principle by which the fluid is otherwife
kept in motion, or difpofed for motion.
Several experiments of artificial freezing fupport this
opinion.
For if you mix a quantity of common faltpetre with
fnow, or ice pulverized, and diffolve the mixture in
the fire, and then im merge a tube full of water in the
folution ; the water, that part of it next the mixture,
will freeze prefently, even in a warm air.
Whence they argue, that the fpicula of the fait are
driven through the pores of the glafs, and mixed with
the water, by the gravity of the mixture, and of the
incumbent air •, for that it is evident, that the fait
has this effed, inafmuch as it is certainly known, that
the particles of water cannot find their way through
the pores of the glafs.
In thefe artificial freezings, in whatever part the
mixture is applied, there is prefently a fkin or lamina
of ice produced, whether at the top, bottom, or fides,
by reafon that there is always a flock of faline cor-
pufcles, fufficient to overpower the particles of fire ;
but natural congelations are confined to the top of
the water, where the laft moft abounds.
But this fyftem is oppofed by the author of the Nou-
velle Conjedure pour expliquer la Nature de la Glace,
who objeds, that it does not appear, that the nitre
always enters the compofition of ice ; but if it did, it
would fall fhort of accounting for fome of the princi-
pal effeds •, as,
How fhould the particles of nitre, by entering the
pores of the water, and fixing the parts, caufe the
water to dilate, and render it fpecifically lighter ?
They fhould naturally augment its weight.
This and fome other difficulties, fhew the neceffity
of a new theory ; and therefore the ingenious author
advances this which follows, which feems to foive the
phenomena in a manner that is more eafy and fimple,
as not depending upon the admiffion or extrufion of
any heterogeneous matter.
The water freezes in the winter only, becaufe its parts,
then being more clofely joined together, mutually
embarrafs one another, and lofe all the motion they
had ; and that the air, or rather an alteration in the
1 bring and force of the air, is the caufe of this clofer
union' of water.
It is evident from experiment, that there are an in-
finite number of particles of grofs air mterfperfed
•among the globules ot water j and it is allowed, tnat
each particle of air has the virtue of a fpring V and
hence this author argues, that the fmali firings of
grofs air, mixed with water, have more force in cold
winter weather, and do then unbend themfelves
more, than at other times. Hence thofe fprings thus
unbending themfelves on one fide, and the external air
continuing to . prefs the furface of the water on the
other, the particles of the water, being thus con-
itringed land locked up together, muft lofe their mo-
tion and fluidity, and form a hard,- confident body,
till a relaxation of the fpring of the air, from an
increafe of heat, reduce the particles to their old
dimenfions, and leave room for the globules to flow
again.
But this fyftem feems to be built upon a falfe prin-
F R E
triple, for the fpring or elafticity of the air is not ia-
creafed by cold, but diminiflied ; air condenfes by
cold, and expands itfelf by heat *, and it is. demon-
ilrable in pneumatics, that the elaftic force of ex-
panded air is to that of the fame air condenfed, as
the bulk when rarefied is to its bulk when condenfed.
Indeed, fome authors, in order to account for the
increafe of the bulk and dimenfion of the fpecific gra-
vity of frozen water, have advanced as follows, viz.
That the aqueous particles, in their natural date, were
nearly cubes, and fo filled their fpace without the in-
terpofition of many pores •, but that they are changed
from cubes to fpheres, by congelation ; from whence
it will neceffarily follow, that there muft be a great
deal of empty fpace between them.
But, in oppofition to this hypothefis, the nature of
fluidity and firmnefs eaflly fuggefts, that fpherical
particles are much properer to conftitute a fluid than
cubical ones, and lefs difpofed to form a fixed than
cubic one.
But after all, in order to come to a confident theory'
of freezing, we muft either have recourfe to the fri-
gorific matter of the Corpufcularians, confidered un-
der the new light and advantages of the Newtonian
philofophy, or to the ethereal matter of the Cartefi-
ans, under the improvements of Monf. Gauteron.
The true caufe of freezing, or the congelation of wa-
ter into ice, fay the former, feems plainly to be the,
introduction of the frigoriftc particles into the pores
or interftices between the particles of the water, and
by that means getting fo near them, as to be juft
within the fpheres of one another’s attracting force,
and then they muft cohere into one folid or firm
body ; but heat afterwards feparatlng them, and put-
ting them into various motions, breaks this union,
and feparates the particles fo far -from one another,
that they get out of the dtftance of the attracting force,
and into the verge of the repelling force, and then the
water re-afifumes its fluid form.
Now, that cold and freezing proceed from fome fub-
ftance of. a faline nature floating in the air, feems pro-
bable from hence :
That all falts, and more eminently fome particular
ones, do prodigioufly increafe the force and effeds of
cold, when mixed with fnow or ice. It is alfo evident,
that all faline bodies produce a ftiffnefs and rigidity
in the parts of thofe bodies into which they enter.
It appears, by microfcopical obfervations upon falts,
that the figure of fome falts, before they fhoot into
maffes, are thin, double wedged, like particles which
have abundance of furface, in refped to their foli-
dity ; and is the reafon why they fwim in water, when
once raifed in it, though fpecifically heavier.
Thefe fmali points, getting into the pores of the
water, whereby they are alio, in fome meafure, fuff
pended in the winter time, when the heat of the fun
is not ordinarily ftrong enough, to diffolve the falts
into a fluid, to break their points, and to keep them
in perpetual motion, being lefs difturbed, are at more
liberty to approach one another ; and, by fhoqting
into cryftals of the form above-mentioned, do, by
both their extremities, infmuate themfelves into the
pores of the water, and by that means freeze it into a
felid form. And it is apparent, that the dimenfions
of water are increafed by freezing, the particles ot
it being kept at fome diftance from one another, by
the intervention of the frigoriftc matter.
But befides this, there are many little volumes, or
fmali particles of air, included at feveral diftances,
both in the pores of the watery particles, and in the
interftices formed by their fpherical figure! Now, by,
the infinuation of the cryftals, the volumes of air are
driven out of the watery particles, and many of them
uniting, form larger volumes* which thereby have a
greater force to expand themfelves than when they
are difperfed ; and id both enlarge the dimenfions,
and leften the fpecific gravity of water thus congealed
into ‘ice.
And hence (fays Dr. Cheyhe,- from whom this laft ac-
count is taken) we -may guefs at the manner how wa-
ter.
F R E
F R I
ter, impregnated with falts, fulphurs, or earths,
which are not eafiiy difiolvable, may form it-felf into
metals, minerals, gums, and other foftils ; the parts
of thefe mixtures becoming a cement to the particles
of water, or getting into their pores, change them
into thefe different jubilances.
For the fecond : as an ethereal matter or medium is
generally allowed to be the caufe of the motion or
fluids, and as the air itfelf has all its motion from the
fame principle, it follows, that all fluids muff remain
in a ftate of reft or fixity, when that matter lofes of
its necefiary force. And confequentiy, the air being
lefs warmed in the winter time, , by reafon of the ob-
liquity of the fun’s rays, is more denfe and fixed in
winter than any other feafon of the year.
But farther : it is evident, from divers experiments,
that the air does contain a fait which is fuppofed to
be of the nature of nitre. If this be granted, and the ,
denfity of the air allowed, it will follow, that 'the
particles of this nitre mufl likewife be brought nearer
together, and thickened by the condenfation of the
air; as on the contrary, a rarefaction of the air, and
an augmentation of its fluidity, mufl divide and fe-
parate them.
And if the fame happens to all liquors that have im-
bibed or difiolved any fait, if the warmth of the li-
quid keep the fait exactly divided, and if the cool-
nefs of a cellar, or of ice, caufe the particles of the
difiolved fait to approach, run into each other, and
Ihoot into cryftals ; why fiiould the air, which is al-
lowed to be a fluid, be exempt from the general law
of fluids ?
It is true, that the nitre of the air, being grofler in
cold weather than in hot, mufl: have a lefs velocity •,
but ftill the produbt of its augmented mafs into the
velocity that remains, will give it a greater momen-
tum, or quantity of motion. Nor is there any thing
farther required to make this fait abt with greater
force againft the parts of fluids, and this may pro-
bably be the caufe of the great evaporation in frofty
weather.
This aereal nitre mufl: neceflarily promote the con-
cretion of liquids ; for it is not the air, nor yet the
nitre that it contains, which gives the motion to fluids;
it is the ethereal medium, therefore a diminution of
the motion of reft arifes from the diminution of that
force.
Now the ethereal matter, which in the -winter time
Is weak enough, muft ftill lofe more of its force by
its aCtion againft air condenfed, and loaded with large
particles of fait. It muft therefore lofe of its force
in cold weather, and become lefs clifpofed to maintain
the motion of the fluids.
In fine, the air, during froft, may be efteemed like
the ice impregnated with fait wherewith liquors are
iced in fummer time. It is very probable that thefe
liquors freeze by reafon of a diminution of the motion
of the ethereal medium, by its aCting againft the ice
and fait together, and the air is not able to prevent
Its concretion by all its fcorching heat.
The air (fays Mr. Boyle) being a fluid as well as
water, and impregnated with falts of different kinds,
it is not improbable, that what happens in water im-
pregnated with fuch falts, may alfo happen in the air.
Two proper quantities of different lalts being dif-
folved in hot water, they floated undiftinguifhably. in
it, and retained a capacity to aCt in conjunction upon
ieveral occafions ; yet when the liquor becomes cold,
the faline particles of one kind being no longer
agitated by a due degree of heat, fhot into cryftais ;
and, lofing their fluidity and motion, vifibiy feparat-
ed themfelves from die other, which ftill continued
fluid in the liquor, and capable of aCting feparately.
We have divers accounts in the Fhilofophical Tranl-
aCtions, of a freezing rain which fell in the weft of
England in December 1672. This rain, as foon as
it touched any thing above the ground, as a bough,
-or the like, immediately fettled into ice; and, by
multiplying and enlarging the icicles broke all down
with its weight; the rain that fell on the fnow im-
mediately froze into ice, without finking into the.fhbw
at all.
It made an incredible deftruCtion of trees beyond any
thing in all hiftory. A certain gentleman weighed a
fprig of an Afh-tree of juft three quarters of a pound,
the ice which was on it weighed 16 pounds; that
fome perfons were frighted with the noiie in the air,
till they underftood that it was the clatter of Icy
boughs dallied againft each other.
Dr. Beale remarks, that there' was no considerable
Toll cbferved on the ground during the whole time 5
whence he concludes, that a froft may be very fierce
and dangerous on the tops of fome hills 'and plains,
while in other places it keeps at two, three, or four
feet diftance above the ground, rivers, lakes, &c.
and may wander about very furious in fome places,
and remifs in others not far off. The froft was fol-
lowed by glowing heats, and a wonderful forwardnefs
of flowers and fruits. The effects of freezing vege-
tables, is farther explained under the article of Frost.
FRIT ILL ARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 372. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 376. tab. 201. Corona Imperials. Tourn i
Inft. R. H. 372. tab. 197, 198. Fritillary, or Che-
quered Tulip and Crown Imperial.
The Characters are,
The flower hath no, empalement ; it hath fix oblong petals *
is b ell- jh aped , and flpreading at the bafle ; in the. hollow ,
at the bafle of each petal , is fitmted a nedlarium ; the
flower hath fix ftamina funding near the ficyle, which are
terminated by oblong four-cornered fiummits. In the center
is fitmted an oblong three-cornered germen , fupporting a
fingle Jlyle which is longer than the ftamina , crowned
by a flpreading obtufie ftigma. The germen ' af terward be-
comes an oblong capfuls with three lobes having three
cells , which are filled with fiat feeds , ranged in a double
order.
The capfule of Fritillaria is oblong and fmooth, but
that of Corona Imperialis hath acute borders, or
membranaceous wings.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft febtion of
Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, which includes the plants which
have fix ftamina in their flowers, and but one ftyle.
Thefe two genera of Fritillary and Crown Imperial,
have been always feparated, till Dr. Linnaeus joined
them together; indeed by their flowers they may be
properly enough placed in the fame genus ; but, if
their fruit may be allowed as a charabteriftic note,
they fiiould be feparate ; however, as this new fyftem
is generally received, I fhall, in compliance with
the prefent tafte, join them together.
The Species are,
1. Fritillaria {Melagris) foliis linearibus alternis, flo-
ribus terminalibus. Fritillary with narrow leaves placed
alternate , and .flowers terminating the ftalk. Fritillaria
prrecox, purpurea, variegata. C. B. P. 64. Early ,
purple , variegated , chequered Tulip.
2. Fritillaria ( Aquitanica ) folks infimis oppofitis.
Hort. Clift. 8 1 . Fritillary whofe lower leaves are op -
pofitc. Fritillaria Aquitanica, flore luteo obfeuro.
Swert. Floril. Aquitain chequered Tulips with an obfeure
yellow fewer.
3. Fritillaria {Nigra) florihus adfeendentibus. Fri-
tillary with flowers growing above each other. Fritil-
laria nigra. Lob. Adver. 2. 496. Black chequered
Tulip.
4. Fritillaria (. Lute a ) foliis lanceolatis, caule unifioro
maxirtfo. Fritillary with fpear-jhaped leaves , and one
large flower on each ftalk. fritillaria lutea maxima I ta-
ll ica. Park. Parad. 43, Largejl yellow Italian Fritillary.
5. Fritillaria ( Umbellata ) lloribus umbellatis. Fritil-
lary with flmJers growing in umbels. Fritillaria umbel ■
hfera. C. B. P. 64. Umbellated chequered Tulip.
6. Fritillaria ( Ferfica ) racemo nudiufculo, foliis ob-
liquis. Hort. Upfal. 82. Fritillary with a naked [pike
of flowers and oblique leaves. Lilium Periicum. Dod.
Pempt. 2 2 cl The Perfian Lily.
7. Fritillaria {Racemo fa) floribus racernofis. Fritillary
with flowers growing in bunches. Fritillaria ramofa,
feu lilium Perficum minus. Mor. Hort. Reg. Bleft
Branching Fritillary, or [mailer Perfian Lily ,
•8. Fr.j 7
9 !
F R I
g
h ritillaria ( Imperialis ) raceme comofo inferne nu- |
do, foliis integerrimis. Lin. Hort. Upfai. 82. Fritillary
with a tufted' bunch of leaves over the flowers, which is
naked below , and entire leaves. Corona Imperialis. Dod.
Pempt. 202. Crown Imperial.
9. Fritillaria {Regia) racemo comofo inferne nudo,
foliis crenatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 303. Fritillary with a
tufted bunch of leaves over the flowers , which is naked
below , and crenated leaves. Corona regalis lilii folio
crenato. Hort. Elth. no. Royal Crown with a crenated
Lily leaf.
10. Fritillaria ( Autumnalis ) racemo inferne nudo,
foliis oblongis mucronatis. Fritillary with a naked ftalk ,
mid oblong pointed leaves.
The firlt fort grows naturally in Italy, and other
warm parts of Europe ; and from the feeds of this
there have been great varieties raifed in the gardens
of the florifts, which differ in the fize and colour of
their flowers ; and as there are frequently new va-
rieties produced, fo it would be to little purpofe to
enumerate thofe which are at prefent in the Englifh
and Dutch gardens, which amount to a great number
in the catalogues of the Dutch florifts, who are very
fond of any little diftindlion, either in the colour or
fhape,* to enlarge their lifts.
The forts which are here enumerated, I think may
be allowed as diftindt fpecies, notwithftanding Dr.
Linnaeus has reduced them to five •, for I have raifed
many of all the forts from feed, which have con-
ftantiy produced the fame as the feeds w ere taken
from, and have only differed in the colour or fize of
the flowers ; for the fort with broad leaves produced
the fame fort again, and the umbellatcd and fpiked
forts produced the fame, though there are feveral va-
riet.es in the colours of their flowers.
The firft hath a round compreffed root, in fhape like
that of Corn flag, but is of a yellowifh white colour ;
the ftalk riles about fifteen inches high, having three
or four narrow long leaves placed alternately, and
the top is divided into two (lender foot-ftaiks which
turn downward, each fuftaining one bell-fhaped in-
verted flower, compofed of fix petals, which are che-
quered with purple and white like a chefs-board ; and
in the center is fituated a germen fupporting one
ftyle, crowned by a trifid ftigma; the fix ftamina
ftand about the ftyle, but are fhorter. At the bottom
of each petal there is a cavity, in which is fituated a
nedlarium, filled with a fweet liquor ; after the flower
is fallen, the germen fwells to a pretty large three-
cornered blunt capfule, and then the foot-ftalk is
turned and (lands erebl ; when the feeds are ripe, the
capfule opens in three parts and lets out the fiat feeds,
which were ranged in a double order. The flowers
of this appear the latter end of March or beginning
of April, and the feeds are ripe in July. There is a
variety of this with a double flower.
The fecond fort grows naturally in France •, the leaves
of this are broader, and of a deeper green than the
former-, the lower leaves are placed oppofite, but
thofe above are alternate the ftalk rifes a foot and a
half high, and is terminated by two flowers of an ob-
fcure yellow colour, which fpread more at the brim
than thofe of the firft fort, but are turned downward
in the fame manner. This flowers three weeks after
the firft. There is a variety of this with greenifh
flowers, which grows naturally in lame parts of
England.
The third fort feldom rifes more than a foot high,
the leaves are narrow like thofe of the firft fort, but
are fhorter ; each ftalk is terminated by three or four
flowers, which arife above each other ; they are of a
very dark purple, chequered with yellowifh fpots.
This flowers in April, about the fame time with the
fecond.
The fourth' fort rifes about a foot high, the ftalk is
garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves four inches long
and one broad, of a grafs-green colour; theft are
fometimes placed oppofite, but are generally alter-
nate ; the ftalk is terminated by one large bell-fhaped
flower of a yellowifh colour, chequered with light -
F R I
purple. This fort flowers about the fame time as the
firft. There are two or three varieties of this, which
differ in the fize and colour of their flowers and the
breadth of their leaves, but retain their fpecific dif-
ference, fo as to be eafily diftingtiifhed from the other
forts.
The fifth fort rifes a foot and a half high ; the ftalk
is garnifhed with fhorter and broader leaves than the
firft fort, which are of a gravifh colour ; the flowers
are produced round the ftalks like thofe of the Crown
Imperial ; they are of a dark purple colour, che-
quered with a yellowifh green; This flowers about
the fame time with the fecond fort.
The fixth fort is commonly called the Perfian Lily,
and is fuppoftd to grow naturally in Perfia, but has
been long cultivated in the Englifh gardens ; the root
of this fort is round and large, the ftalk rifes three
feet high ; the lower part of it is deftly garni (lied
with leaves which are three inches' long, and half an
inch broad, of a gray colour, Handing on every fide
of the ftalks, but are twitted obliquely ; the flowers
grow in a loofe fpike at the top of the ftalk, forming
a pyramid ; they are fhaped like thofe of the other
fpecies, but are much fhorter, and fpread wider at
their brims, and are not bent downward like thofe.
They are of a dark purple colour, and appear in May,
but are feldom fucceeded by feeds in England, fo are
only propagated by offsets.
The i eve nth fort hath a much fhorter ftalk than the
laft, but is garnifhed with leaves like thofe, only they
are fmailer ; the ftalks branch out at the top into fe-
veral fmall foot-ftalks, each fuftaining one dark co-
loured flower. This is commonly called the fmall
Perfian Lily, from its refemblance to the former fort.
Thefe plants are propagated either by feeds, or off-
fets from the old roots ; by the firft of which methods
new varieties will be obtained, as aifo a larger flock
of roots in three years, than can be obtained in twenty
or thirty years in the latter method : 1 (hall therefore
firft treat of their propagation by feeds.
Ha ving provided yourfelf with fome good feeds,
faved from the faireft flowers, you muft procure fome
(hallow pans or boxes, which muft have fome holes
in their bottoms to let out the moifture ; thefe you
fhould fill with light frefh earth, laying a few po.t-
fheards over the holes, to prevent the earth from
flopping them ; then, having laid the earth very level
in the boxes, &c. you muft fow the feeds thereon
pretty thick, covering it with fine fifted earth a
quarter of an inch thick. The time for fowing the
feed is about the beginning of Auguft, for if it be
kept much longer out of the ground it will not grow;
then place the boxes or pans where they may have
the morning fun until eleven o’clock, obferving, if
the feafon proves dry, to water them gently, as alio
to pull up all weeds as foon as they appear ; for ■ if
they are buffered to remain until they have taken deep
root into the earth, they would draw the feeds out of
the ground whenever they are pulled up. Toward
the latter end of September you fhould remove ths
boxes, &c. into a warmer flotation, placing them
clofe to a hedge or wall expofed to the fouth ; if they
are fown in pots, thefe fhould be plunged into the
ground, but they are beft in tubs ; thefe fhoqld be
covered in fevere froft. In this flotation they may .
remain until the middle of March, by which time
the plants will be come up an inch high ; you muft
therefore remove the boxes, as the weather increafes
hot, into a more fnady flotation ; for while the plants
are young, they are liable to fuffer by being too much
expofed to the fun : and in this fhady flotation they
may remain during the heat of the fummer, obferving
to keep them clear from weeds, and to refrefli them
now and then with a little moifture ; but be careful
not to give them much water after their leaves are
decayed, which would rot their roots. About the
beginning of Auguft, if the roots are very thick in
the boxes, you fhould prepare a bed of good light
frefh earth, which muft be levelled very even, upon
which you fhould fpread the earth in the boxes in
wh ich
*
%
F R I
Which the fmall foots are contained, equally covering
it about one fourth of an inch thick with the fame
frefh earth : this bed fhould be fituated in a warm
pofition, but not too clofe to hedges, walls, or pales,
which would caufe their leaves to be long and (lender,
and make the roots weaker than if placed in a more
open expofure.
In this bed they may remain until they flower, which
is generally the third year from fowing ; at which time
you fhould put down a mark to the roots of all fuch
as produce fair flowers, that at the time of taking
them out of the ground (which ought to be foon after
their green leaves are decayed) they may be fele&ed
into a bed amongft your old roots of this flower*
which, for their beauty, are preferved in the belt
gardens ;■ but the other lefs valuable flowers may be
planted in the borders of the parterre-garden for
their variety, where, being intermixed with other
flowers of different feafons, they will make a good
appearance.
The fine forts of this flower fhould remain tiridif-
turbed three years, by which time they will have pro-
duced many offsets-, and fhould be taken up when
their leaves are decayed, and planted into a frefh
bed, taking fuch of their offsets as are large enough
to produce flowers to plant in the flower-garden ; but
the fmaller roots may be planted into a nurfery-bed,
until they have obtained ftrength enough to flower ;
but you mud never fuffer thefe roots to lie out of the
ground when you remove them, but plant them again
immediately, otherwife they will perifh.
During thefe three years which I have advifed the
roots to remain in the beds, the furface of the earth
fhould be ftirred every autumn with a trowel, obferv-
ing not to go fo deep as to bruife the root, and at the
fame time lay a thin cover of very rotten dung or
tanners, bark upon the furface of the beds ; which, be-
ing wafhed into the ground, will caufe the flowers to
be larger, as alfo the roots to make a greater increafe :
you muft alfo obferve to keep them conftantly clear
from weeds, and thofe roots which you would pre-
ferve with care, fhould not be fuffered to feed.
When a flock of good flowers are obtained, they
may be preferved and increafed in the fame manner as
other bulbous rooted flowers, which is by offsets fent
out from their roots, which fhould be taken off every
other year from the finefl forts; but the ordinary
flowers may remain three years undifturbed, in which
time they will have multiplied fo much, as that each
root will have formed a clufter ; fo that if they are left
longer together, the roots will be fmall, and the
flowers very weak ; therefore, if thefe are taken up
every other year, the roots will be the ftronger. Thefe
roots may be treated in the fame manner as Tulips, and
other bulbous rooted flowers, with this difference only,
that the roots will not bear to be kept out of the
ground fo long *, therefore, if there fhould be a necef-
fity for keeping them out of the ground any time, it
will be belt to put the roots into fand to prevent their
fhrinking.
As thefe flowers come out early in the fpring, they
make a pretty appearance in the borders of the plea-
fure-garden, where they are planted in fmall clumps ;
for when they Hand Angle in the borders, they make
but a poor figure.
The eighth fort is the Crown Imperial, which is now
very common in the Englifh gardens. This grows na-
turally in Perfia, from whence it was firft brought to
Conftantinople, and about the year 1570, was in-
troduced to thefe parts of Europe; of this flower there
are a great variety now preferved in the gardens of
florifts, but as they have been produced accidentally
from feeds, they are but one fpecies ; however, for
the fatisfa&ion of the curious, I fhall here mention all
the varieties which have come to my knowledge.
1. The common Crown Imperial; this is of a dirty-
red colour.
2. The yellow Crown Imperial ; this is of a bright
yellow. ! -
3. The bright red Crown Imperial, called FufaL
F R I
4 - The pale yellow Crown Imperial:
5. The yellow flriped Crown imperial
6. The large flowering Crown Imperial.
7. The broad leaved late red Crown Imperial.
8. The double and triple crowned Imperial Crown,'
9. The double red Crown Imperial. >
10. The double yellow Crown Imperial
1 1. The filver flriped leaved Crown Imperial.
12. The yellow flriped leaved Crown Imperial
There are fome few other varieties which are men-
tioned in the catalogues of the Dutch florifls, but
their diftinCtions are fo minute, that they are not dif-
tinguifhable, fo I fhall pafs them over,' as thofe here
inferted are all that I have feen growing either in
England or Holland, which deferred any diftin&ion.
The Crown Imperial hath a large round fcaly root
of a yellow colotir, and a ftrong odour of a fox;
the flalk rifes to the height of four feet or Upward ; it
•is ftrong, fucculent, and garnifhed two-thirds of the
length on every fide, with long narrow leaves ending
in points, which are fmooth and entire ; the upper
part of the flalk is naked, a foot in length ; then the
flowers come out all round the flalk upon fhort foot-
flalks, which turn downward, each fuftaining one
large, fpreading, bell-fhaped flower, compofed of fix
fpeanfhaped petals ; at the bafe of each petal is a
pretty. large cavity, in which is fituated a large white
neCtarium, filled with a mellous liquor. In the center
of the flower is fixed a three-cornered oblong germen,
upon which refts the Angle flyle, which is the length
of the petals, and is crowned by a fpreading obtufe
fligma ; round the flyle there are fix awl-fhaped fta-
mina which are fhorter than the flyle, and are ter*
minated by oblong four-cornered fummits. Thefe
flowers hang downward, and above them rifes a
fpreading tuft of green leaves, which are ereCt, and
from between thefe come out the foot-flalks of the
flowers : when the flowers decay, the getmen fwells
to a large hexagonal capfule, fhaped like a water-
mill, having fix cells, which are filled with flat feeds*
This plant flowers the beginning of April, and th£
feeds are ripe in July.
The fort with yellow flowers, that with large flowers,
and thofe with double flowers, are the moll valuable;
but that which hath two or three whorls of flowers
above each other, makes the finefl appearance;
though this feldom produces its flowers after this man-
ner the firft year after removing, but the fecond and
third year after planting, the ftalks will be taller, and
frequently have three tier of flowers, one above ano-
ther, which is called the Triple Crown. The ftalks of
this fort frequently run flat and broad, when they pro-
duce a greater number of flowers than ufual ; but
this is only a luxuriancy of nature, not conftant,
though many of the writers have mentioned it as a
particular variety;
As this is one of the earlieft tall flowers of the fpring,
it makes a fine appearance in the middle of large bor-
ders, at a feafon when fuch flowers are much wanted
to decorate the pleafure-garden : but the rank fok-like
odour which they emit, is too ftrong for moft people,
fo hath rendered the flowers . lefs valuable than they*
would have been : for there is fomething very pleaf-
ing in the fight of them at a diftance, fo that lvfere it
not for the offenfive fmell of the leaves and flowers, it
would be more frequently feen in all gardens fbf
pleafure.
This may be propagated by feeds, or offsets from
the root ; the firft is too tedious for moft of the
Englifh florifls, becatjfe the plants fo raifed, are fix
or leven years before they flower; but the Dutch and
Flemifh gardeners, who have more patience, fre-
quently raife them from feeds, fo get fame new va-
rieties, which rewards their labour. The method of
propagating thefe flowers fro in feeds, being nearly
the fame as for the Tulip; the reader is defired to turn
to that article, where there are full directions for per-
forming it.
The common method of propagating them here, is
by offsets fent out from the old roots, which will
5 T flower
flower ftrong the fecond year after they "are taken from .
the roots ; bat in order to have plenty of thefe, the
- roots fiiould not be tranfpknted oftener than every
third year, by which time each root will have put
out feveral offsets, fome of which will be large enough
to flower the following year, fo may be planted in the
borders of the flower-garden, where they are to re-
main • and the fmaller roots may be planted in a nur-
lery-bed, to grow a year or two according to their
fize •, therefore they fhould be forted, and the.fmalleft
roots planted in a bed together, which fhould remain
there two years, and the larger by thertffelves to Hand
one year, by which time they will have acquired
ftrength enough to flower, fo may then be removed
into the pleafure-garden.
The time for taking up thefe roots is in the begin-
ning of July, when their ftalks will be decayed;
and they may be kept out of the ground two months,
but they fhould be laid Angle in a dry fhady room,
but not in heaps, or in a moift place, which will caufe
them to grow mouldy and rot. The offsets fhould be
firft planted, . for as thefe are fmall, they will be apt
to fhrink if they are kept long out of the ground.
As the foots are large, they muft not be planted
too near other flowers ; and when they are planted in
beds by themfelves, they fhould not be nearer than a
foot and a half in the rows, and two feet row from
row ; they fhould be planted fix inches deep at leaft,
efpecially the ftrong roots : they delight in a light
foil, hot too wet, nor very full of dung ; therefore,
if any dung is laid upon the borders where they are
planted, it fhould be buried pretty deep, fo as to be
two or three inches below the roots.
The ninth and tenth forts grow naturally at the Cape
of Good Hope, from whence they were brought into
the European gardens. The ninth has been many
years an inhabitant, where it has been ufually titled
Corona Regalis. This has a tuberofe root, from which
afife in the autumn fix or eight obtufe leaves, near
five inches long and two broad toward the top, grow-
ing narrower at their bafe, and are crenated on their
borders, lying flat on the ground ; thefe continue all
the winter : in the fpring arifes the flower-ftalk in the
center of the leaves, about fix inches high, naked at
the bottom ; but the upper part is furrounded by
bell-fhaped flowers, compofed of fix greenifh petals,
with an oval germen fituate at the bottom, furrounded
by fix ftamina, fupporting a triangular ftyle, crowned
by a trifid ftigma; the germen afterwards becomes a
roundifh capfule, but rarely perfeffs feeds in England.
This flowers in April, and the leaves decay in June.
The fecond fort I raifed from feeds, which were fent
me from the Cape of Good Hope : the root of this is
like that of the ninth fort, but the leaves are more
than a foot long, broad at their bafe, but are narrowed
to the top, where they end in acute points ; the flower-
ftalk rifes rather higher than that of the ninth, but
the Sowers are of the fame fhape and colour : this
feidom flowers till Auguft. The roots of this fort
were ftolen out of the Chelfea garden the following
fpring after it had flowered, and were fold to fome
perfons whofe love for rare plants exceeded their ho-
FRITILLARIA CRASSA. See Asclepias.
F ROM DOSE [frondofus, Lat.~\ full of leaves,
• or ffioots.
FROST may be defined to be an exceffive cold ftate
©f the weather, whereby the motion and fluidity of
the liquors are fufpended ; or, it is that ftate of the
air, &c. whereby fluids are converted into ice.
s'. By froft metals contract, or are fliortened. Monf.
Auzout found by an experiment, that an iron tube
twelve feet long, upon being expofed to the air in a
froftv night, loft two lines of its length but this may
be fuppofed to be wholly the effecft of cold.
On the contrary, froft does not contract fluids, but,
- on the other hand, fwells or dilates them near one
tenth of their bulk.
Mr. Boyle gives us feveral experiments of veffels made
of mejals exceeding thick and ftrong, which being
filled with water, clofe flopped, and expofed to the
cold, the water, being expanded by freezing, and not
finding either room or vent, burft the veffels.
A ftrong barrel of a gun, with water in it, being flop-
ped clofe, and frozen, was rent the whole length •
and a fmall brafs veffel, five inches deep, and two in,
diameter, filled with water, &c. and frozen, lifted
up its lid, which was preffed with a weight of fifty-fix
pounds.
There are alfo related many remarkable effe&s of
froft on vegetables. Morery, Hift. de France, fays.
That trees are frequently fcorched and burnt up
with froft, as with the moft exceffive heat, and that
even in fo warm a climate as Provence.
Mr. Bobart relates, That in the great froft anno
1683, Oaks, Allies, Walnut-trees, &c. were mifera-
bly fplit and cleft, fo as they might be feen through,
and this too with terrible noifes like the explofion of
fire arms ; that the clifts were not only in the bodies,
but continued to the larger boughs, roots, &c.
Philof. Tranfaft. M° 105.
Dr. Derham fays, That the froft in 1708, was re-
markable through the greateft part of Europe ; and
the greateft in- degree, if not the moft univerfal, in the
memory of man ; that it extended throughout Eng-
land, France, Germany, Denmark, Italy, &c. but
was fcarce felt in Scotland and Ireland. All the
Orange-trees and Olives in Italy, Provence, &e. and
all the Walnut-trees throughout France, with an in-
finity of other trees, perifhed by the froft.
Monf. Gouteron fays. They had a gangrene on them,
which he takes to be the effect of a corrofive fait,
which corrupted and deftroyed their texture. He adds.
That there is fo much refemblance between the gan-
grene befalling plants through froft, and that which
the parts of animals are liable to, that they muft have
fome analogous caufe. Corrofive humours burn the
parts of animals, and the aereal nitre, condenfed, has
the fame effects on the parts of plants. Memoires de
1 ’ Academie Royale de Sciences, an. 1709.
Dr. Derham fays, That the greateft fufferers in the
animal kingdom were birds and infefts, but vegeta-
bles were much the greateft fufferers ; that few of the
tender forts of vegetables efcaped the feverity of the
froft ; Bays, Laurels, Rofemary, Cyprefs, Alaternufes,
Phillyreas, Arbutufes, Lauruftinufes, and even Furz,
with moft fort of the frutefcent herbs, as Lavenders,
Abrotanums, Rue, Thyme, &c. were generally de-
ftroyed. He adds, that the fap of the finer wall-
fruit was fo congealed and deftroyed, that it ftagnat-
ed in the limbs and branches, and produced difor-
ders like to chilblains in human bodies, which would
turn to mortifications in many parts of the trees ;
that the very buds of the finer trees, both in the leaf,
buds, and bloffom buds, w'ere quite killed, and dried
into a farinacious matter.
Dr. Derham relates it as a common obfervation.
That vegetables buffered more from the fun than from
the froft, in that the fun-lhine, melting the fnow,
and opening the ground, left it more expofed to the
rigour of the enfuing night. It was likewife obferved,
at a meeting of the Royal Society, That the calamities
which befel trees, arofe not purely from their being
frozen, but principally from the winds lhaking and
rocking them when they are frozen, which rent and
parted their fibres. Philof. Tranfabt N° 324.
Hoar froft, or white froft, is the dew frozen, or
congealed early in cold mornings, chiefly in autumn.
This (as Mr. Regis obferves) is an affemblage of little
parcels of ice or cryftals, which are of various figures,
according to the difpofition of the vapours which meet
and are condenfed by cold.
Dew is, to all appearance, the matter of hoar froft,
though many of the Cartefians fuppofe it to be formed
of a cloud, and either congealed in the cloud, and fo
let fall, or ready to be congealed as foon as it arrives
at the earth.
In the year 1 72 8-9, there was a remakable froft, which
continued for fome months, and deftroyed a great
number of trees and plants in feveral parts of Europe,
a brief
FRO
a brief account of which may not be improper to be
here inferte’d.
The autumn began with cold north and eaft winds,
and early in November the nights were generally
frofty; though the froft did not enter the ground
deeper than the fun thawed the following day , but to-
ward the end of November the winds blew extremely
cold from the north, which was fucceeded by a great
fnow, which fell in fuch quantities in one night, as to
break off large arms, as alfo the tops of many Ever-
green-trees, on which it lodged. After the fnow had
fallen, it began to freeze again, the wind continuing to
blow from the north •, the days were dark and cloudy
for fome time, but afterwards it cleared up, and the
fun appeared almoft every clay, which melted the fnow
where expofed to it, whereby thefroftpenetrated deeper
into the ground. It was oblervable, that, during thefe
clear days, a great mill; or vapour, appeared in the
evenings, floating near the furface of the ground un-
til the cold of the night came on, when it was fuddenly
condenfed, and difappeared. About the 8 th of De-
cember, the nights were extremely cold ; the fpirits in
the thermomoter fell 1 8 degrees below the freezing
point, and on the ioth of the fame month the froft
was as fevere as had been known in the memory of
man ; the fpirits of the thermometer fell to 20 de-
grees below the freezing point. At this time vaft
numbers of Lauruftinufes, Phillyreas,. Alaternufes,
Rofemary, Arbutus, and other Evergreen-trees and
fhrubs began to buffer •, efpecially fuch as had been
trimmed up to heads with naked ftems, or had been
clipped late in autumn. At this time alfo there were
great numbers of large deciduous trees difbarked by
the froft, as Pear-trees, Plane-trees, Walnut-trees,
with many other forts, and it was chiefly on the weft
and fouth-weft fide of the trees, that the bark came
off.
About the middle of December the froft abated of
its intenfenefs, and feemedto be at a Hand till the 23d
of the fame month, when the wind blew extremely
fharp and cold from the eaft, and the froft increafed
again, continuing very fharp till the 28 th day, when
it began to abate again, and feemed to be going off,
the wind changing to the fouth , but it did not con-
tinue long in this point, before it changed to the eaft
again, and the froft returned, though it was not fo
violent as before.
Thus the weather continued for the moft part frofty,
till the middle of March, with a few intervals of mild
weather, which brought forward fome of the early
flowers ; but the cold returning, foon deftroyed them :
fo that thofe plants which ufually flower in January
and February, did not this year appear till March,
and before t,hey were fully blown, were cut off by the
froft ; of this number were all the Spring Crocufes,
Hepaticas, Perfian Irifes, Black Hellebores, Meze-
reons, with fome others.
The Cauliflower plants, which were planted out of
the beds in the open ground, during the intervals be-
tween the froft, were moft of them deftroyed, or fo
much cut, that they loft moft of their leaves ; the ear-
ly Beans and Peas were moft of them killed, and many
fruit and foreft trees, which had been lately removed,
were quite deftroyed. The lofs was very great to
fome curious perfons, who had been many years en-
deavouring to naturalize great numbers of exotic
trees and fhrubs, abundance of which were either to-
tally killed, or deftroyed to the furface of the ground j
amongft this number there were many forts deftroyed,
which had endured the open air many years, without
receivingthe leaft injury from the cold, fuch as Paffion
Flowers, Cork-trees, Ciftufes, Rofemary, Stoechas,
Sage, Maftich, and fome others. In fome places the
young Afh and Walnut-trees were killed ; but when
the froft went off, there appeared to have been much
more damage done in the gardens, than there really
was, which occafioned many people to dig up and de-
ftroy large quantities of trees and fhrubs, which they
fuppofed were killed ; whereas thofe who had more
patience, and fuffered them to remain, fared better $
for great numbers' of them ftiot out again; fbme frdni
their ftems and branches; arid others from their roots*
the following furnmer.
Nor was the froft more fevere in England, than iri
other parts of Europe •, but, on the contrary, in com-
parifon, favourable ; for in the fouthem parts of
France, the Olives, Myrtles,, Ciftufes, Alaternufes,
and feveral other trees and fhrubs, which grow
there almoft fpontaneo.ufly, were either deftroyed, of
at leaft were killed to their roots ; and about Paris, and
the northern parts of France, the buds of their fruit-
trees were deftroyed, although they remained doled,
fo that there Werevery few bloffoms which opened that
fpring. The Fig-trees were in feveral parts of France
quite killed, and in England their tender branches
were deftroyed, fo that there was very little fruit on
thofe trees the following furnmer, except where they
Were protected from the froft.
In Holland the Pines and Firs; with feveral Other
trees, which are natives of cold countries, were great-
ly injured by the cold ; and moft of the trees and
fhrubs, which were brought from Italy, Spain, or the
fouth parts of France, which had been planted in the
full ground, in that country, were entirely killed,
though many other forts, which had been brought
from Virginia and Carolina, efcaped very well in thb
fame gardens ; but the perfon who fuffered moft in
that country, was the learned Dr. Boerhaave, who had
been feveral years endeavouring to naturalize as many
exotic trees and fhrubs as he could pofftbly obtairi
from the feveral parts of thfe world, great numbers of
which were entirely deftroyed by the froft this winter.
In fome parts of Scotland they hot only loft many of
their curious flowers, plants, and trees, but great
numbers of fheep, and other cattle, were buried
under the fnow, where they perifhed, and many poof
people, who went to look after their cattle, were
equal fufferers with them, being buried in the fnow,
which in fome places fell eight or nine feet deep iri.
one night.
It has been obferved by thermometers, when that
kind of hovering lambent fog arifes (either mornings
or evenings) which frequently betokens fair weather;
that the air, which in the preceding day was much
warmer, has, upon the ablence of the fun become
many degrees cooler than the furface of the earth;
which being near 1500 times denfer than the air, can-
not be fo foon affebted with the alteration of heat and
cold ; whence it is probable, that thofe vapours which
are raifed by the warmth of the earth, are by the cooler
air foon condenfed into a vifible form. The fame
difference has been obferved between the ebolrtefs of
the air, and the warmth of water in a pond, by put-
ting a thermometer, which hung all night in the open
air in furnmer time, into the water, juft before the
rifing of the fun, when the like reek, or fog, was
rifing on the furface of the water.
In the year 1739-40, we had another fevere winter,
which did great mifchief to the gardens, fields, aftd
woods, the effebts of which are yet, and will be many
years, felt in Europe. Some particulars of thefe
depredations, may not, perhaps, be unacceptable t@
the reader, if they are here mentioned.
The wind fet in blowing from the north and north-
eaft, about the autumnal equinox, and continued to
blow from the fame quarter, with little variation, up-
ward of fix months. Early in November, there was a
continued fharp froft for nine days, in which time
the ice upon large ponds, and other ftanding waters,
was frozen fo hard as to bear perfons who fkated there-
on ; but toward the end of November the froft abated,
and there was little more than flight morning frofts
until Chriftmas day, when it froze pretty hard that
morning, and continued every morning fo to do ; but
on the 28th day of December, the wind blew with
great ftrength from the north-eaft, and brought on
fevere cold ; that night the froft penetrated very deep
into the ground, and the next day, vfz. the 29th, the
wind changed to the fouthward of the eaft, and blew
with great fury ; the thermometer fell this day t:
twenty
•twenty-five degrees below froft •, in the morning fome
little fnow fell, but the violence of the wind carried
it off-, but cold ftill increafing, the waters were all
, frozen over, and that day it was fo intenfe, as to
freeze the water of the river, which was raifed by the
force of the wind into ice, before it fell down again.
The wind continued to blow with the lame force, and
from the fame quarter, all the 30th day, the cold
Hill increafing, fo that at this time the froft penetrated
into moft of the green -houfrs in England, but efpe-
cially into all thofe whofe fronts had the leaft incli-
nation to the eaft and fuch of them as fronted the
fouth-weft efcaped heft, where the back walls were of
a fufficient thicknefs to keep out the froft the fpirits
in the thermometer fell in the night of the 30th day
to thirty-two degrees below the freezing point, which
was lower than it had been known in England be-
fore the violence of the wind made it very trouble-
fome for perfons of the moft robuft conftitutions to
be abroad, and this alfo caufed the froft to penetrate
through thick walls, and in the fpace of two days,
the Evergreen-trees and ftirubs appeared as if they had
been fcorched by fire, fo that they feemed to have no
life ; the only trees of all the forts of Evergreens
which retained their verdure at this time, were the
Portugal Laurel, Savin, and fhrubby Hartwood ;
thefe in the midft of this fevere froft remained un-
hurt, when all the others were as brown as if they
had been dead a year ; and it was very late in the
fpring, before any of them refumed their ufual ver-
dure : during thefe fevere days there had but little
fnow fallen, fo that the froft penetrated deep in the
ground, and deftroyed the roots of great part of the
vegetables* where they were not well fecured; the
Artichoke roots were moft of them killed in all the
kitchen-gardens* fome few only efcaped, thefe were
fuch as were not intended to be preferved. A fingle
row of thefe roots, which were growing in a place
where a great quantity of dung had been wheeled
over them, whereby the ground was rendered as hard
as that of a common foot-way, though there was no
covering upon thefe roots, yet they furvived the froft
and did well another parcel which was growing near
a tan-yard, where, by accident, fome tan had been
thrown, were preferved, fo that from fome of thefe
accidents we were fo lucky as to retrieve the good
kind of Artichoke, which the Englilh gardens were
fo famous for being ftocked with.
By the fharp piercing winds the Grafs was almoft to-
tally burned up, fo that there was not the leaft ver-
dure to be feen in the fields, and in many places the
fweeteft and belt kinds of the herbage were entirely
killed* fo that there remained only the ftrong rough
kinds of grafs, whereby the paftures were in general
much damaged-, but on the 31ft day in the evening,
the wind being much abated, the feverity of the froft
was not fo great, and there feemed an appearance of
a thaw on the firft and fecond of January, but on the
third in the evening the froft fet in again with great
violence; and on the fourth of January in the morn-
ing, the thermometer was fallen one degree lower
than it had been before. The fame morning there
was the greateft hoary froft which had been feen, the
woods, trees, and hedges, appeared as if they had
been covered with fnow-, and although there was no
wind ftirring, yet the air was fo fharp and penetrating,
as to render it difficult to endure the cold, even with
great exercife.
The timber-trees fiiffered greatly that morning, ef-
peciaily the Oaks, which were fplit with great vio-
lence ; and the noife in the woods that morning, re-
fembled that of great branches breaking down in
every part of the woods, and when heard at a dif-
tance, like the firing of guns. This was little at-
tended to at the time, but the timber which has been
fince fallen, fufficiently proves the great damage
which the woods then fuftained ; nor was it here the
calamity flopped, for the Oaks in general had re-
ceived fo much injury from the froft, as to occafion
fuch a weaknefs and di (temper among them, that the
5
following fpring they were infefted with in feels to
fuch a degree, as that their leaves were eaten and en-
tirely deftroyed by them \ fo that at Midfummer the
trees were as naked as if it had been the beginning
of April -, and this diflemper continued for two years
after, almoft as bad as at firft, and has .leffened by
degrees, as the trees have recovered their ftrength ;
and where the trees were old and weak, they have
not yet gotten the better of this diflemper.
The herbage was alfo fo much weakened by the fe-
verity of the froft, as not to be able to refill the at-
tack made upon it by infefls, fo that innumerable
quantities of them were difeovered in the paftures in
many parts of Europe, beginning firft in the northern
countries, and afterward fpreading to the fouth and
thefe infedls in many places were fo numerous; as to
deftroy the fward of Grafs, and it is to be feared the
diflemper which fo long raged among the cattle may-
have been owing to this caufe *, for wherever the dif-
temper fpread, it has been obferved, that numbers of
thefe infefts have harboured about the roots of the
Grafs : and as a farther proof of this, it has con-
ftantly been remarked, that, when thefe grubs ate
changed into a fort of beetle, and take their flight
(which is commonly about the beginning of May,)
the diflemper ceafes -, and when thefe beetles have
depofited their eggs in autumn, the diflemper has
raged again. Another remark has been made, that
thefe beetles always chufe to depofit their eggs not
at a great diftance from rivers, or large pieces of
water, and in fuch places the cattle have been moft
attacked. There might be many other circumftances
mentioned in favour of this opinion, as alfo the fe-
veral experiments which have been made by fome of
the members of the Academy of Sciences at Paris,
which are fufficient to prove, that the diftemper was
not infedious, nor can be communicated by the
cattle, notwithftanding it has been treated as fuch in
many countries, where has been an immenfe lofs to the
public of fuch numbers of cattle and their hides ; but
this may require a particular treatife, therefore I fhall
not enlarge farther on this head at prefent.
The froft ftill continued very hard till toward the
end of January, but not fo violent as at the beginning j
for had the wind continued to blow with fo much
force as it had done the three firft days of the froft,
for any confiderable time longer, there would have
been few vegetables able to have refilled the cold,
nor would the animal kingdom have fared much
better ; for the cold was fo intenfe during thofe few
days, as to kill feveral of the weaker fort of cattle,
where they were much expofed to the wind.
The Walnut-trees, Afh, and feveral other trees, had.
moft of their fhoots of the former year deftroyed,
which caufed them to be very late before they put out
their new fhoots the following fpring, and thefe fhoots
were produced from the two and three years branches.
The Fig-trees in many places were killed almoft to
the ground, efpecialiy thofe which were growing
againft the beft afpeded walls, for thofe on the north
and north-weft afpe&s, as alfo the old ftandard Fig-
trees efcaped better ; but all thofe ftools and layers of
thefe trees, which were growing in the nurfery-gar-
dens, were fo much injured by the froft, as not to be
recovered under three years, during which time there
were fcarce any of thefe plants to be fold. The layers
of Vines, as alfo of the Oriental Plane-tree, in the
nurferies, were likewife killed to the ground, and the
old ftools fo much. injured, that they had better have
been dug up and thrown away, than to have con-
tinued them;, for in ten years after they did not recover
their former vigour, making their fhoots fo late in
the fummer, that their wood had not time to harden,
and the firft froft in autumn frequently killed them
half way to the ground.
Many other deciduous trees were equal fufferers by
this fevere froft, and the Evergreens were more ge-
nerally injured, and abundance of them killed. The
Pine and Pinafter were fo much hurt, as to lofe all
their verdure, and in fome places the young plants of
the
the former fort were entirely killed. 1 he Rofeniary,
Lavender, Stcechas, Sage, and many other aromatic
•plants, were in many places quite deitroyed, fo that
it was two or three years before the markets coiud be
fupplied with thefe ; and in general the elculent plants
in the kitchen-gardens were killed, fo that for fame
months the markets were not fupplied with any
quantity of garden fluff. The flower-gardens alfo
were great fufferers by this winter ; for as the feafons
for feme years before had been very temperate, rew
perfons had made any provifion for a hard winter; and
the cold fetting in fo very intenfe at the beginning,
the mifehief was done before people could be pro-
vided with covering.
The Wheat in many parts of England, but efpecially
in the open common fields, was very much hurt,
particularly on the top of the ridges, where, in fe-
veral places there were broad naked fpaces on the
middle of the ridges, which in the fpring appeared
like fo many foot-paths. And as the fpring following
was very dry, and the wind continuing to blow from
the north and eaft ; thefe piercing winds entered the
ground, which had been loofened by the froft, and
dried up the tender roots of the Corn, to the great
prejudice of it ; but fome of the more expert farmers,
who rolled their Wheat after the froft was over, were
well repaid by the great crops which their land pro-
duced them.,
Were I to enter into all the particulars of the damages
fuftained by this fevere froft in the gardens and fields,
it would fwell this work beyond the limits intended ;
fo I hope, on the other hand, I fhall not be con-
demned for having inferred thus much, fince, by the
mention of thefe things, perfons may be inftrudted
how to fave many of their valuable plants in future
winters, as alfo what forts are more liable to danger
from frofts than others.
FRUCTIFEROUS [fruflifer, Lat.] fruit-bearing,
fruitful.
FRUCTUS. See Fruit.
FRUIT is the produdtion of a tree or plant, for the
propagation or multiplication of its kind ; in which
fenfe fruit includes all kinds of feeds, with their fur-
niture, &c. botanifts ufe it to fignify properly, that
part of a plant wherein the feed is contained, which
the Latins call Fructus, and the Greeks YLagirog.
The fruit of fome plants are produced fingly, as are
their flowers, and fometimes they are produced in
clufters, as in moft fruit-trees, which are alfo flefhy,
but in many plants they are dry.
The word fruit is alfo ufed to fignify an afiemblage
of feeds in a plant ; as in a Pea, Bean, Ranunculus,
&c. and in its general fignification, for all kinds of
grain, whether naked, or inclofed in cover, capfula,
or pod, whether bony, flefhy, fkinny, membranous,
or the like.
Fruit is the produdt or refult of the flower, or that
for whofe production, nutrition, &c. the flower is in-
tended.
The ftrudure and parts of different fruits are different
in fome things, but in all the fpecies the effential
parts of the fruit appear to be only continuations or
expanfions of thole which are feen in the other parts of
the tree.
Dr. Beale fuggefts fome very good reafons for a di-
red communication between the remoteft parts of the
tree and the fruit ; fo that the fame fibres which con-
ftitute the root, trunk, and boughs, are extended into
the very fruit.
Thus, if you cut open an Apple tranfverfly, you will
find it to confift chiefly of four parts, viz. ift, a fkin,
or cortex, which is only a production of the fkin or
outer bark of the tree, zdly, A parenchyma or pulp,
which is an expanfion and intumefcence of the inner
bark of the tree. 3dly, The fibres, or ramifications
of the woody part of the tree, qthly, The core,
which is the produce of the pith, or medulla of the
plant, indurated or ftrengthened by twigs of the
wood and fibres inofculated therewith. This ferves
to furnifh a cell, or lodge, for the kernels, filtrates
the juice of the parenchyma, and conveys it thus pre-
pared to the kernel.
Of the fibres, authors generally reckon fifteen
branches, of which ten penetrate the parenchyma*
and incline to the bafis of the flower ; the other five
afeend more particularly from the pedicle or ftalk*
and meet with the former at the bafe of the flower,
to which branches the capfulse, or coats of the ker-,
nels are fattened.
Thefe branches being firft extended through the pa-
renchyma to the flower, furnifh the neceffary matter
for the vegetation of it ; but as the fruit increafes, it
intercepts the aliment, and thus the flower is ftarved,
and falls off.
In a Pear there are five parts to be diftinguifhed, viz.
the fkin, parenchyma, ramification, kernel, and ace-
tarium.
The three firft parts are common to the Apple. The
kernel, obferved chiefly in Choke Pears, or Breaking
Pears, is a congeries of ftrong corpufcles, that are
difperfed throughout the whole parenchyma, but in
the greateft plenty, and clofeft together about the
center, or acetarium ; it is formed of the ftony or
calculous part of the nutritious juice.
The acetarium is a fubftance of a tart acid tafte, of a
globular figure, inclofed in an afiemblage of feverai
of the ftony parts before-mentioned.
In a Plumb, Cherry, &c. there are four parts, viz.
a coat, parenchyma, ramification, and nucleus, or
ftone. The ftone confifts of two very different parts ;
the external or harder part, called the ftone, or ftiell,
is a concretion of the ftony, or calculous parts of the
nutritious juice, like the kernel in Pears, within it.
The inner, called the kernel, is foft, tender, and
light, being derived from the pith, or medulla of
the tree by feminal branches, which penetrate the
bafe of the kernel.
The nut, or acorn, confifts of a (hell, cortex, and
medulla ; the ffieli confifts of a coat and parenchyma,
derived from the bark and wood of a tree.
The cortex confifts of an inner and outer part, the
firft is a duplicature of the inner tunic of the ftiell ;
the fecond is a molly fubftance, derived from the fame
fource as the parenchyma of the fhell. But authors
are not agreed, whether the medulla, or pulp of the
kernel does arife from the pith of the tree, or the
cortical part thereof.
Berries, as the Grape, &c. contain (befides three ge-
neral parts, viz. coat, parenchyma, and ramification)
grains of a ftony nature, to do the offices of feeds.
Fruits in general are ferviceable in guarding, prefer-
ring, and feeding the inclofed feed, in filtrating the
coarfer more earthy, and ftrong parts of the nutritious
juice of the plant, and retaining it to themfelves,
fending none but the moft pure, elaborated, and fpi-
rituous parts to the feed, for the fupport and growth
of the tender delicate embryo or plantule, which is
therein contained.
FRUMENT ACEOUS [Frumentaceous, Lat.]
a term applied by botanifts to all fuch plants as have
aconformity with Wheat (called in Ltf/fivFrumentum,)
in refpedt either of their fruits, leaves, ears, or the
like
FRUMENTUM INDICUM. See Zea.
F R U T E X, a ffirub ; a vegetable of a genus be-
tween a tree and an herb, but of a woody fubftance.
It is pretty difficult to determine wherein moft of the
writers on gardening and agriculture have made the
diftindtion between trees and ffirubs, or where to fix
the difference or boundary, between the trees and
fhrubs, to fay where one ends, and the other, begins,
for that cannot be determined by their growth ; there-
fore the beft definition which can be made of a ffirub,
to diftinguiffi it from a tree, is its fending forth many
items from the roots, whereas the trees have a Angle
trunk or body.
FRUTEX PAVONIUS. See Poinciana.
FRUTICOSE [Fruticofus, Lat . ffirubby] are
thole plants which are of a hard woody fubftance, and
do not rife to the height of trees, ■
5 U FUCHSIA.
F U M
FUCHSIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 14. Lin. Gen. Plant.
•1097. This plant was fo named by Father Plunder,
who difcovered it in America, in honour of the me-
mory of Leonard Fuchfius, a learned botanift.
The Characters are,
The flower hath no empalement •, it hath one petal ,
with a clofed tube , which is flightly cut into eight parts
at the brim , ending in acute points it hath four ftamina
the length of the tube,, which are terminated by obtufe
fummits. 'The oval germen is fituated under the flower ,
fupporting a fingle ftyle, crowned by an obtufe ftigma. ’The
germen afterward becomes a fucculent berry with four fur-
rows , having four cells , containing feveral fmall oval
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfh feclion of
Linnteus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy-
nia, the flower having four ftamina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus at pre-
fent, viz.
Fuchsia {Triphylla.) Lin. Sp. Plant. 1191. Tbree-leaved
Fuchfm. Fuchfta triphylla, flore coccineo. Plum. Nov.
Gen. Three-leaved Fuchfia with a fcarlet flower.
This plant is a native in the warmeft parts of Ame-
rica ; it was cfifcovered by Father Plunder, in fome of
the French Iflands in America, and was ftnce found by
the late Dr. William Houftoun, at Carthagena in
New Spain, from whence he fent the feeds into
England.
This is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown in
pots filled with rich light earth, and plunged into a
hot-bed of tanners bark, and treated in the fame way
as other feeds from warm countries. In about a month
or fix weeks after the feeds are fown, the plants will
begin to appear, when they fhould be carefully cleared
from weeds, and frequently refrefhed with water to
promote their growth •, and when they are about two
inches high, they fhould be fhaken out of the pot, and
feparated carefully •, then plant each into a fmall pot
filled with light rich earth, and plunge them again into
a hot-bed of tanners bark, being careful to fcreen
them from the fun until they have taken new root *,
after which time they muft have frefti air admitted to
them every day in proportion to the warmth of the
feafon, and fhould be frequently watered. As the fea-
fon advances and becomes warm, the glafles of the
hot-bed fhould be raifed higher, to admit a greater
fhare of air to the plants, to prevent their drawing up
weak ; and when the plants are grown fo tall as to
reach the glafles, they fliould be removed into the bark-
ftove, and plunged into the tan-bed. In winter thefe
plants require to be kept very warm, and at that fea-
fon they muft not have much water, but in fummer
it muft be often repeated.
Thefe plants are too tender to thrive in the open air
in this country, even in the, hotteft part of the year ;
therefore they fhould conftantly remain in the ftove,
obferving to let in a large fhare of frefti air in fum-
mer, but in winter they muft be kept warm •, with
this management the plants will produce their flowers,
and make a beautiful appearance in the ftove, amongft
other tender exotic plants.
FU MARIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 760. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 421. tab. 237. Fumatory; in French, Fumeterre.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is compofed of two equal
leaves placed oppofite. The flower is of the ringent
kind , approaching near to the butterfly flowers. The up-
per lip is plain , obtufe , indented at the top , and reflexed
the nettanum at the bafe of this is obtufe , and a little pro-
minent . The under lip is like the upper in all its parts ,
but the bafe is keel-fhaped ; the nediarium at the bafe is
lefs prominent. The chaps of the flower is four-cornered ,
obtufe , and perfectly bifid •, there are fix equal broad fta-
mina in each flower , divided in two bodies , included in the
two lips , each being terminated by three fummits. In the
center is fituated an oblong germen, fupporting a floor t ftyle,
crowned by an orbicular compreffed ftigma. The germen af-
terward becomes a fhortpod with one cell , including roundifh
feeds .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion
F U M
of Linnaeus's feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia
Hexandria, which includes the plants whole flowers
have their ftamina in two bodies, and have fix fta-
mina. To this genus Dr. Linnaeus has joined the
Capnoides of Tournefort, the Cyfticapnos of Boer-
haave, the Corydalis of Dillenius, and the Cucula-
riaof Jufiieu, making them only fpecies of the fame
genus.
The Species are,
1. Fumaria ( Officinalis ) pericarpis monofpermis race-
mofts, caule diffufo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 700. Amatory
with feed-vejfels growing in a racemus , with a ftngle feed
and a diffufed ftalk. Fumaria officinarum & Diofcori-
dis, flore purpureo. C. B. 143, The common Funiatory
with a purple flower.
2. Fumaria ( Spicata ) pericarpiis monofpermiis fpicatis,
caule erefto, folioliis filiformibus. Sauv. Monfp. 263.
Fumatory with feed-vejfels growing in a fpike, with one
feed, an upright ftalk, and thread-like leaves. Fumaria
minor tenuifolia. C. B. 143. Lejfer narrow-leaved Fu-
matory.
3. Fumaria {Alba) filiquis linearibus tetragonis, cauli-
bus diffufis acutangulis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 700. Fuma-
tory with narrow four-cornered pods , and diffufed ftalks,
having acute angles. Fumaria fempervirens & fioreas,
flore albo. Flor. Bat. Evergreen Fumatory with a white
flower.
4. Fumaria ( Capnoides ) filiquis teretibus, caulibus dif-
fufis, angulis obtufis. Fumatory with taper pods and
diffufed ftalks, having obtufe angles. Fumaria lutea.
C. B. 143. Yellow Fumatory.
5. Fumaria ( Claviculata ) filiquis linearibus, foliis cir-
rhiferis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 70 1 . Fumatory with narrow
pods, and leaves having clafpers. Fumaria claviculis
donata. C. B. P. 143. Fumatory with tendrils.
6 . Fumaria ( Capreolata ) pericarpiis monofpermis race-
mofis, foliis fcandentibus fubcirrhofis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
701. Fumatory with feed-vejfels growing in a racemus,
with one feed, and climbing leaves having Jhort tendrils.
Fumaria major fcandens, flore pallidiore. Raii ftlift.
405. Greater climbing Fumatory with a paler flower.
7. Fumaria {Cava) caule fimplici, brafteis longitudine
florum. Lin. Sp. Plant. 699. Fumatory with a fingle
ftalk, and brattese as long as the flowers.' Fumaria bul-
bofa, radice cava, major. C. B. P. 143. Greater bul-
bous Fumatory with a hollow root.
8. Fumaria {Bulbofa) caule fimplici, bradteis brevio-
ribus multifidis, radice folida. Fumatory with a fingle
ftalk, floorter many pointed brablea, and a flolid root.
Fumaria bulbofa, radice non cava, major. C. B. P.
1 44. Greater bulbous Fumatory with a folid root.
9. Fumaria {Cucularia) fcapo nudo. Hort. Cliff. 351.
Fumatory with a naked ftalk. Capnorchis Americana.
Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 309. and the Fumaria tuberofa
infipida. Cornut. 129. Tuberous infipid Fumatory.
10. Fumaria {Veficaria) filiquis globofis inflatis. Hort.
Upfal. 207. Fumatory with globular inflated pods. Cyf-
ticapnos Africana fcandens. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 310.
Climbing African Cyfticapnos.
11. Fumaria ( Eneaphylla ) foliis triternatis, foliolis cor-
datis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 700. Fumatory with leaves com-
pofed of three trifoliate fmall leaves , which are heart-
fhaped. Fumaria enneaphyllos Hifpanica faxatilis.
Bocc. Muf. 2. p. 83. Five-leaved Rock Fumatory of Spain.
12. Fumaria {Sempervirens) filiquis linearibus panicu-
latis, caule eredlo. Hort, Upfal. 207. Fumatory with
narrow pods growing in panicles, and am upright ftalk.
Capnoides. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 423. Baftard Fuma-
tory.
The firft fort is the common Fumatory which is ufed
in medicine. This grows naturally on arable land in
moft parts of England ; it is a low annual plant, and
flowers in April, May, and June •, and very often from
plants which rife late in the fummer, there will be a
fecond crop in autumn. The juice of this plant is
greatly commended for bilious cholics. It is never
cultivated in gardens.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France, Spain, and Portugal, but is prefer ved in bo-
tanic gardens for the fake of variety. It is an annual
plant,
2
- F U M
plant, which rifes from the fcattered feeds better than
when it is Town with care ; the (talks of this grow
more ereft, the leaves are very finely divided, and the
flowers grow in a clofe fpike ; they are of a deep red
colour, and flower about the fame time as the com-
mon fort. t
The third fort grows naturally on the borders of the
Mediterranean Sea ; it was fifft brought to England
from Tangier. This is a perennial plant, which fends
out from the root many branching (talks, which rife
about fix or eight inches high, growing in tufts or
bunches ; the leaves are very much divided, the (talks
are angular, and the flowers grow in loofe panicles
upon naked foot-ftalks, which come out from the
divifions of the branches •, they are of a whitifh yel-
low colour, and there is a fucceffion of them moft
part of the year.
The fourth fort hath an appearance very like the
third, and by fome it is fuppofed to be only a vari-
ety of that, but is undoubtedly a diflinft fpecies ; for
I have cultivated both more than forty years, and never
yet found either of them to vary. The (talks of this
fort have blunt angles, whereas thofe of the third are
acute ; they are of a purplifh colour, and the flowers
grow in loofer panicles, each having a longer foot-
ftalk than thofe of the other •, they are of a bright
yellow colour, and there is a fucceffion of them great
part of the year.
Thefe two forts continue green all the year, and ex-
cept in very fevere froft, are always in flower, which
make a pretty appearance •, they grow beft on walls
or rocks, and are very proper for the joints of grot-
tos, or any rock- work ; where, if a few plants are
planted, or the feeds fcattered, they will multiply
faff: enough from their fcattering feeds, which are caft
out of the pods by the elaftic fpring of the valves
when ripe, to a confiderable diftance •, and as the plants
will require no care to cultivate them, they fhould not
be wanting in gardens.
The fifth fort grows in (tony and fandy places in
fome parts of England •, it is an annual plant with
trailing (talks, fending out clafpers from the leaves,
which fallen to any of the neighbouring plants. It
flowers in May and June, but is never cultivated in
gardens.
The fixth fort is an annual plant with many trailing
(talks, which grow about a foot long, fending out a
few (hort tendrils, whereby they fatten to any neigh-
bouring fupport; the flowers come out from the
fide of the (talks in loofe bunches •, they are of a whitifh
herbaceous colour, with a purple fpot on the upper
lip. This flowers in May and June. It grows in
France and Italy, on (tony places in the (hade.
The feventh fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France and Italy, and was fome years pad preferved in
the Englifh gardens by way of ornament, but is now
rarely to be found here ; it was titled Radix cava, or
hollow root, from its having a pretty large tuberous
root hollowed in the middle. The (talk of this fort
rifes about fix inches high, and does not divide, but is
garnifhed toward the bottom with one ramous leaf,
fomewhat like the common Fumatory, but the lobes
are broader ; the flowers grow in a fpike at the top
of the (talk ; they are of a pale herbaceous colour,
and appear in April. This plant delights in the (hade,
and is multiplied by offsets, for it rarely ripens feeds
in England.
The eighth fort is pretty common in many of the
old gardens in England ; it grows naturally in the
fouth of France, in Germany and Italy. This hath
a pretty large round (olid root of a yellowifh colour,
from which come out branching leaves like thofe of
the laft fort, but the lobes are longer •, the flowers
grow in fpikes on the top of the (talks ; they are of
a purple colour, and come out early in April. The
(talks of this fort are (ingle, and rife about four or
five inches high.
There is a variety of this with green flowers, which
is mentioned in mod of the books •, but all the plants
of this fort which I have yet feen, are only abortive,
F U M
having no real flower, only a green bractea, which
has been generally taken for the flowers : there is a.lfo
mentioned a larger fort ; but if there is one which is
really different from the common fort, I have not
feen it in the Englffh gardens, nor the yellow and
White flowering forts, which are alfo mentioned in
many of the books.
The ninth fort grows naturally in North America %
this hath a fcaly root about the flze of a large Hazel
Nut, from which come out three or four leaves upon
(lender foot-ftalks ; thefe are divided into three parts,
each of thefe parts is compofed of many fm after divi-
lions, which have narrow lobes, divided into three parts
almoft to the bottom ; the flower-ftalk is naked, and
eight or nine inches long ; this is terminated by four
or five flowers, growing in a loofe fpike ; thefe have
two petals, which are reflexed backward, and form a
fort of fork toward the foot-ftalk, and at their bafe
are two horned ne&ariums, which (land horizantal.
The flowers are of a dirty white colour and appear in
May, but rarely produce feeds here.
This is propagated by offsets from the root; it loves
a fhady fituation and a light foil ; the bed time to
tranfplant the roots is in autumn, when the leaves
are decayed, for it (hoots pretty early in the fpring,
therefore it would not be fafe to remove them at that
feafon.
The tenth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope ; this is an annual plant, with trailing (talks
which are two or three feet long, dividing into many
fmaller, which are garnifhed with (mall branching
leaves fhaped like thofe of the common Fumatory,
but end with tendrils, which clafp to any neighbour-
ing plants, and thereby the ftalks are fupported ;
the flowers are produced in loofe panicles, which
proceed from the fide of the (talks ; they are of a
whitifti yellow colour, and are fucceeded by globular
fwollen pods, in which are contained a row of fmall
ftiining feeds.
This is propagated by feeds, which flhould be fown
upon a moderate hot- bed in the fpring ; and when the
plants are fit to remove, they muff be each planted in
a fmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged again
into the hot-bed, where they muff: be (haded from
the fun till they have taken new root ; after which
they fhould have a large (hare of air admitted to them
at aft times in mild weather, to prevent their draw-
ing up weak ; and as foon as the feafon is favourable,
they fhould be inured to fyear the open air, to which
they may be removed the beginning of June, when
they may be fhaken out of the pots, preferving all
the earth to their roots, and planted in a warm
border, where their ftalks flhould be fupported with
(licks to prevent their trailing on the ground ; and in
July the plants will flower, and continue a fucceffion
of flowers till the froft deftroys the plants ; the feeds
ripen in autumn.
The eleventh fort grows naturally upon old wafts, or
rocky places in Spain and Italy ; this hath weak trail-
ing ftalks which are much divided, and are garniflied
with fmall leaves divided into three parts, each of
which hath three heart-fhaped lobes ; the flowers are
produced in fmall loofe panicles from the fide of the
ftalks, they are of a greenifh white, and appear moft
of the Cummer months. It is an abiding plant, which
propagates itfelf by the feeds that fcatter, and thrives
beft in a fhady fituation, and on old wafts or buildings.
The twelfth fort is an annual plant with an upright
ftalk, which grows a foot and a half high, round and
very fmooth, fending out feveral branches upward ;
thefe are garnifhed with fmooth branching leaves, of
a pale colour, which are divided like the common fort,
but the fmall leaves are larger and more obtufe ; the
flowers are produced in loofe panicles from the fides
of the ftalks, and at the extremity of the branches ;
they are of a pale purple colour, with yellow chaps
(or lips) ; thefe are fucceeded by taper narrow pods
an inch and a half long, which contain many (mail
fhining black feeds. This flowers during moft of
the fummer months, and the feeds ripen in July, Au-
guft.
• . iFUM
guft, and September. If the feeds of this plant are
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up without
any trouble, and require no other care but to thin
them where they are too clofe, and keep them clean
from weeds.
Thefe plants may be fuffered to grow on walls, and
in fome abjeft part of the garden ; for if they are ad-
mitted into the borders of the pleafure-garden, they
will fcatter their feeds, and become troublefome
weeds ; but they are very proper plants to grow on
ruins, or on the fides of grottos or rock-work, where,
by their long continuance in flower, they will have
a good effe£t.
The fifth, fixth, feventh, and eighth forts are propa-
\
F U R
gated by offsets, as other bulbous-rooted flowers j
thefe produce their flowers in the beginning of April,
and are very pretty ornaments to borders in a fmall
flower-garden. They are extreme hardy, but do not
increafe very faff, feldom producing feeds with us ;
and thdir bulbs do not multiply very much, efpeeially
if they are often tranfplanted. They love a light fandy
foil, and fhould be fuffered to remain three years un-
difturbed, in which time they will produce feveral
offsets. The bell feafon for tranfplanting them is
from May to Auguft, when the leaves begin to die
off ; for if they are taken up when their leaves are
frefh, it will greatly weaken their roots.
FURZ. See Genista.
G.
GAL
G ACANTHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 362.
Narciffo-leucoium. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 387.
tab. 208. The Snow- drop ; iti French, Perce-
neige.
The Characters are,
‘The ftp at ha or Jheath of the flower is oblong , blunt, and
comprefled. This opens fidew ays, and becomes a dry Jkin ;
the flower has three oblong concave petals, which fpread
open, and are equal ; in the bottom is fituated the three-
leaved neciarium, which is cylindrical, obtufe, and in-
dented at the top ; under the flower is fituated the oval ger-
men, fupporting a fender ftyle, which is longer than the
ftamina, crowned by fmgle fligma ■, this is attended by
fix Jhort hairy ftamina, terminated by oblong pointed fum-
mits, which are gathered together. The germen after-
ward becomes an oval capfule which is obtufe and three-
cornered, opening in three cells, which are filled with
roundijh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl feftion of
Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
which includes the plants whofe flowers have fix fta-
mina and one ftyle.
This plant, as alfo the great Snow-drop, was by Dr.
Tournefort ranged together under the title of Nar-
ciftb-leucoium ; which being a compound name, Dr.
Linnaeus has altered it to this of Galanthus ; and has
feparated the great Snow-drop from this, and given
the Ample name of Leucoium to that genus.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Galanthus {Nivalis.) Lin. Hort. Cliff. 134. The com-
mon Snow-drop. Leucoium bulbofum trifolium minus.
C. B. P. The leaft bulbous Snow-drop with three
leaves.
There is a variety of this with double flowers.
Thefe flowers are valued for their early appearance in
the fpring, for they ufually flower in February when
the ground is often covered with fnow. The Angle
fort comes out the firft, and though the flowers are
but fmall, yet when they are in bunches, they make a
very pretty appearance ; therefore thefe roots fhould
not be planted Angle, as is fometimes pradifed by
way of edging to borders ; for when they are fo dif-
pofed, they make very little appearance. But when
there are twenty or more roots growing in a clofe
bunch, the flowers have a- very good effect ; and as
thefe flowers thrive well under trees or hedges, they
are very proper to plant on the fides of the wood-
walks, and in wildernefs-quarters ; where, if they are
GAL
fuffered to remain undifturbed, the roots will multi-
ply exceedingly. The roots may be taken up the lat-
ter end of June, when their leaves decay, and may be
kept out of the ground till the end of Auguft, but
they muft not be removed oftener than every third year.
GALE. See Myrica.
G A LEG A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 770. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 398. tab. 222. Goat’s-rue.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is Jhort, tubulous , and of
one leaf, indented in five parts. The flower is of the
butterfly kind ; the ftandard is oval, large, and reflexed ;
the wings are near the length of the ftandard ; the keel is
erect, oblong, and comprefled ; the under fide toward the
point is rounded, but the upper is acute ; there are ten
ftamina , which join above their middle , and are termi-
nated by fmall fummits. In the center is fituated a nar-
row, cylindrical, oblong germen , fupporting a fender ftyle ,
crowned by a fligma terminated by a punMure. The ger-
men afterward becomes a long pointed pod, inclofing feve-
ral oblong kidney-Jhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fe&ion
of Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia
Decandria, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have ten ftamina joined in two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Galega ( Officinalis ) leguminibus ftriclis eredftis, fq-
liolis lanceolatis ftridtis nudis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1062.
Goafs-rue with ere ft clofe pods, and fpear-jhaped naked
leaves. Galega vulgaris, floribus cieruleis. C. B. P.
352. Common Goafs-rue with blue flowers.
2. Galega ( Africana ) foliolis lanceolatis obtufis, flori-
bus fpicatis longioribus, filiquis craffioribus. Goafs-
rue with obtufe fpear-jhaped leaves , flowers growing in
longer fpikes , and thicker pods. Galega Africana, flo-
ribus majoribus filiquis craffioribus. Tourn. Inft. R,
H. 399. African Goafs-rue , with larger flowers and
thicker pods.
3. Galega ( Frutefcens ) foliis ovatis, floribus panicula-
tis alaribus, caule fruticofo. Goafs-rue with oval
leaves , and flowers growing in panicles from the fides of
the ftalks, which are fhrubby. Galega Americana, fo-
liis fubrotundis, floribus coccineis. Houft. MSS. Ame-
rican Goaf s-rue with roundijh leaves and fear Jet flowers.
4. Galega ( Virginian a ) leguminibus retrofalcaris com-
preffis villofis fpicatis, calycibus lan ads, foliolis ovali-
oblongis acuminatis. Amoen. Acad. 3_p. 18. Goafs-
rue with hairy , comprefled , flekkfloaped pods 7 oblong
oval-
.GAL
oval-pointed leaves , and woolly 'empalement s. Orobtis
Virginianus, foliis fulva lanugine incanis, foliorum
nervo in fpinam aberunte. Pluk. Mant. 142.
5. Galega [Purpurea) leguminibus ftri&is adfcenden-
tibus glabris racemofis terminalibus, ftipulis fub-
ulatis, foliis obiongis glabris. Flor. Zeyl.. 301. Goats-
rue with clofe , fmooth , afc ending pods , terminating the
fialks in an oblong bunch , awl-Jhaped flipuU , oblong
fmooth leaves. Coronilla Zelanica herbacea, fiore pur-
purafcente. Burm. Zeyl. 77. .
The firft fort grows naturally in Italy and Spain, but
is propagated in the Englifh gardens for medicinal
ufe. This hath a perennial root, compofed of many
llrong fibres, which are frequently jointed, from which
arife many channelled hollow ftalks, from two to
three feet high, which are garniflied with winged
leaves, compofed of fix or feven pair of narrow fpe.ar-
* Ihaped lobes, terminated by an odd one, which are
fmooth and entire ; the flowers terminate the ftalks
growing in fpikes, they are of the Pea-blofibm fhape,
and of a pale blue colour, and are difpofed in loofe
fpikes. They appear in June, and are fucceeded by ta-
per pods about one inch and a half in length, having
one row of kidney-fhaped feeds, which ripen toward
the end of Auguft.
There is a variety of this with white flowers, and
another with variegated flowers,, which have acciden-
tally been produced from feeds, fo are not conftant,
therefore are only mentioned here.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Africa; this dif-
fers from the former, in having larger leaves, which
are compofed of eight or ten pair of lobes, broader
and blunter at their ends than thofe of the common
, fort •, the flowers are larger, and the fpikes are longer ;
the feed-pods are alfo much thicker than thofe of the
common fort, but in other refpedts are very like it.
Thele plants are propagated by feeds, which may
be fown either in the fpring or autumn, upon a bed
of ground in an open fituation ; and when the plants
come up, they muft be kept clean from weeds till they
are ftrong enough to remove ; then a fpot of ground
ihould be prepared, in fize proportionable to the quan-
tity of plants defigned ; this ihould be well dug, and
cleared from the roots of all noxious weeds ; then
the plants ihould be carefully taken up, and planted in
rows at a foot and a half diftance, and in the rows
one foot afunder, obferving to water them till they
have taken new root ; after which they will require
no farther care to keep them clean from weeds,
which may be eafily done by hoeing of the ground fre-
quently between the plants, and in the fpring the
ground between the rows fhould be dug, which will
encourage their roots, and caufe them to ihoot out
vigorous ftalks ; and if their ftalks are cut down be-
fore the feeds are formed every year, the roots will
continue the longer, efpecially if they grow on a
light dry foil. The feeds of thefe will grow where-
ever they are permitted to fcatter, fo that plenty of
the plants will come up without any care, and thefe
may be tranfplanced and managed in the fame man-
ner as is before direfted.
The firft fort is ufed in medicine-, it is accounted
cordial, fudorific, and alexipharmic; fo very good
againft peftilential diftempers, expelling the venom
through the pores of the fkin, and is of ufe in all
kinds of fevers. Mr. Boyle, in his treatife of the
Wholfomenefs and Unwholfomenefs of the Air, be-
llows three or four pages, in celebrating the virtues
of Goats-rue in peftilential and malignant difeafes,
from his own obfervation and experience.
The third fort was difcovered by the late curious bo-
tanift Dr. William ITouftoun, at Campeachy, from
whence he fent the feeds into Europe. This plant is
propagated by feeds, which muft be fown on a hot-
bed early in the fpring-, and when the' plants come
up, and are fit to tranfplant, they muft be tranf-
planted each into a feparate fmall pot, and plunged
into a hot-bed of tanners bark, {hading them from
the fun till they have taken new root 1 ; then they
muft be treated as hath been directed for other
.• x t
GAL
tedder plants, which are kept in the bark-ftovfc
With this management they will flower fin July; and
in September they will perfebt their feeds, but the
plants may be preferved through the winter in the
bark-ftove. _ ,
The fourth fort grows natural y in Virginia and Caro-
lina ; this hath a perennial root, and an annual italic
which rifes three feet high ; the lobes of the leaves
are oblong and oval, generally feven or nine to each
leaf : the whole plant is covered with a filvery down.
The flowers are of a red colour, and are produced hi
fpikes at the end of the branches : thefe are fucceeded
by flckle-fhaped comprefled pods of a filvery colour,
containing one-row of kidney-fhaped feeds.
This plant, although it is tolerable hardy, yet it is
with difficulty preferved in gardens ; for the feeds
rarely ripen in England, and the plants are often ‘de-
ftroyed by froft in winter. The only method in which
I have been able to keep the plant, has been by pot-
ting them, and placing them in a common frame iri
winter, where they enjoyed the free air in mild wea-
ther, but were protected from froft ; in this way I have
kept the plant three years, but it has not ripened feeds
here. N ; -
The fifth fort grows naturally in Ceylon, and in many
parts of India, from whence I have received the
feeds. This fort was annual here, and decayed be-
fore the feeds were ripe. It hath an herbaceous ftalk,
which rifes two feet high, garnifhed with winged
leaves, compofed of eight or nine pair of oval lobes,
terminated bv an odd one; the foot-ftalks of the
flowers come out oppofite to the leaves -, thefe fuftant
a long loofe lpike or thyrfe of fmall purple flowers,
which are fucceeded by (lender erebt pods. •
This may be cultivated in the fame way as the third
fort; and if the plants are brought ' forward early in
the fpring, if the fummer proves warm, the feeds may
ripen.
GALEN I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 443. Sherardia. Pouted;
Epift. 14.
The title of this genus was given to it by Dr. Liny
nteus, from the famous phyfieian Galen.
The Characters are,
‘The flower hath a j mall quadrifld empalement of one
leaf ; it hath no petals , but hath eight hairy famines the
length of the empalement , terminated by double fummits .
In the center is ftuated a roundijh germen , fupporting
tivo reflexed flyles, crowned by Jimple fiigmas. The em~
palement afterward becomes a roundijh capfule with two
cells , containing two oblong angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond febtion
of Linnteus’s eighth clafs, intitled Octandria Digynia,
which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have eight
ftamina and two ftyles. i. ,
We know but one Species of this genus, viz. ..
Galenia (. Africana, ) Hort. Cliff. 1 50, -Shrubby Gaknia.
Sherardia. Ponted. Epift. 14. and the Atriplex Afri-
cana, lignofa frutefeens, roifnarini foliis. Hort. Pifi
20. Shrubby African woody Atriplex , with Rofemary
leaves.
This Ihrub .grows naturally , at the Cape of Good
Llope, and in other parts of Africa ; it rifes with a
fhrubby ftalk about four or five feet high, fending
out many weak branches, ' garnifhed with very nar-
row leaves, which are placed irregularly on every
fide the branches ; they are of a light green, with a
furrow running, longitudinally through the middle 5
the flowers are produced in loofe panicles from the
fide and at the end of the branches ; they are very
fmall, and have no petals, fo make little appearance.
The flowers come out in July and -Auguft, but are not
fucceeded by feeds in England.
This plant will not live through the - winter iii the
open air in England, fo muft be placed in the green-
houie, or under a frame, with other hardy exotic,
plants, where it may have a large fhare of air in mild-
weather, for it only requires to be protected from
froft. In the fummer it may be expofed in the open
air, with other plants of the fame country, and in dry
weather it muft be frequently watered. This, may be
1 5 X propagated
1
propagated by cuttings, which, if planted during dny
of the fummer months, and watered frequently, will
fake root in about five or fix weeks, and may then
be treated as is direded for the old plants*
GALEOPSIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 637. Tciurn. Inft.
R. H. 185. tab. 86. Stinking Dead Nettle.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is tubulous , tf o'ne leaf cut
into five fegments, which end in acute points. The flower
is of the lip kind , having a jhort tube ; the chaps are a
little broader , but the length of the impalement', from the
bafle to the under lip , it is on both fides flharply indented-,
the upper lip is c’oncave , roundifh , and flawed at the top ;
the under lip is trifid , the middle flegment being the targeft ,
which is creRated. It hath four ftamina inclofed in the
upper lip , two being flhorter than the other , terminated
by roundijh bifid fimmits. In the center is fituated a
quadrifid germen , flupporting a fiender ftyle , crowned by a
bifid acute ftigma. The germen afterward become four
naked feeds , fitting in the rigid empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym-
nofpermia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have two long and two fliort ftamina, and the feeds
are naked.
The Species are,
1. Galeopsis ( Ladanuni ) internodiis caulinis aequalibus,
verticillis omnibus remotis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 579.
Stinking Hedge Nettle , with equal difiances between the
joints , and whorls growing at a dfiance. Sideritis ar-
venfis anguftifolia rubra. C. B. P, 233. Red narrow-
leaved Field Ironwort.
2. Galeopsis ( Tetrahit ) internodiis fuperne incraflatis,
verticillis fummis fubcontiguis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 579.
Stinking Hedge Nettle , whofe joints are thicker above , and
the whorls at the top growing near each other. Lamium
cannabino folio vulgare. Raii Syn. Ed. 3. p. 240.
Common Head Nettle with a Hemp leaf.
3. Galeopsis {Speciofd) corolla flava, lab‘10 inferiore
maculato. Flor Lapp. 193. Stinking Hedge Nettle with
a. yellow flower , whofe under lip is fpotted. Lamium
cannabinum aculeatum flore luteo fpeciofo, labiis pur-
pureis. Pluk. Aim. 204. Prickly Hemp Head Nettle ,
-with a beautiful yellow flower and purple lips.
4. Galeopsis {G'aleobdolon) verticillis fexfloris, involucro
tetraphyllo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 780. Stinking Hedge Nettle
with fix flowers in each whorl , and a four-leaved invo-
lucrum. Galeopfis five urtica iners flore luteo. J. B. 3.
323. Stinking or Head Nettle with a yellow flower.
5. Galeopsis ( Orientale ) verticillis bifloris, foliis ob-
1 'ongo-cordatis. Stinking Hedge Nettle with two flowers
in each whorl, and oblong heart-flhaped leaves. Galeopfis
Orientalis ocimaftri folio, flore majore flavefcente.
H. R. Par. Eaftern finking Hedge Nettle, with an
Ocimaftrum leaf, and a larger yellowiflh flower.
6. Galeopsis ( Hifpanica ) caule pilofo, calycibus labio
corollas fuperiore longioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 580.
Stinking Hedge Nettle with a hairy Jlalk, and the em-
palement longer than the upper lip of the petal. Galeopfis
annua Hifpanica, rotundiore folio. Inft. R. H. 1 86.
Annual Spaniflh finking Hedge Nettle , with a rounder
leaf.
Thefe are all of them annual plants; except the fourth
fort ; the three firft grow naturally in England. The
firft is found upon arable land in many places ; the
iecond grows upon dunghills, and by the fide of
paths, in many parts of England. The third fort
grows chiefly in the northern counties, but I have
found it growing wild in Efiex, within ten miles of
London. Thefe plants are feldom cultivated in
gardens; for if their feeds are permitted to fcatter, the
plants will tome up as weeds wherever they are al-
lowed a place.
The fourth is a perennial plant with a creeping root 5
this grows in the woods and under hedges in moft
parts of England. The fifth grows in the Levant;
this is a biennial plant, which perifties foon after the
feeds are ripe. It is preferved in botanic gardens for
the fake of variety, but hath no great beautv.
GALEOPSIS FRUTESGENS. SeePRAsiuM.
I
G A L I U M. Lin. Geh. Plant, i 17. Totirri. Inft. R; HI
1 14. tab. 39. Ladies Bedftraw, or Cheefe-rennet ; in
French, . Caillelait.
The Characters are; .
The flower hath a fmall empalement indented in four parts,
fitting upon the germen. It hath one petal, divided into,
four fegments almofl to the bottom ; and four awl-jhdpcd
ftamina which are flhorter than the petal , terminated by
flngle flummits. It hath a twin germen fituated under the
flower , fupporting a fender half bifid ftyle, crowned by a
globular ftigma . The germen afterward become two dry
berries, which are joined together , each ikdofing a large
kidney-flhaped feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clals, intitled Tetrandria Monogv-
hi a; which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have
four ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Galium (Verum) foliis cdonis linearibus fu leads, ra-
in is floriferis brevibus. Hort. Cliff. 34. Ladies Bedftraw
with eight narrow furrowed leaves , and Jhort flowering
branches. Galium luteum. G. B. P. 335. Fellow La-
dies Bedftraw.
2. Galium {Mollugo) foliis odonis OvatoftinearibuS ftifa-
ferratis patentiflimis mucronatis, caule fiaccido, ramis
patentibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 107. Ladies Bedftraw with
eight oval narrow leaves, which are fpread open, [awed,
and pointed, a weak Jldtlk, and flpreading branches. Mol-
lugo montana latifolia ramofai C. B. P. 333. Branching
broad-leaved Mountain Mollugo.
3. Galium ( Purpureum ) foliis verticillatis lineari-fefacds,
pedunculis folio longioribus. Hort. Cliff. 34. Ladies
Bedftraw with narrow briftly leaves growing in whorls,
and foot-ftalks of the flowers longer than the leaves. Ga-
lium nigro-purpureum montanum tenuifolium. Col.
Ecphr. 1. p. 298. C. B. P. 335. Narrow-leaved Moun-
tain Ladies Bedftraw, with a black purple flower.
4. Galium ( Glaucum ) foliis verticillatis linearibus pe-
dunculis dichotomis, fummo caule floriferis. Prod,
Leyd. 256. Ladies Bedftraw with narrow leaves growing
in whorls, foot-ftalks divided by pairs, and flowers growing
at the top of the fllalk. Galium faxatile glauco folio.
Bocc. Muf. 2. p. 172. Rock Ladies Bedftraw with a
gray leaf.
5. Galium ( Rubrum ) foliis verticillatis linearibus patu-
lis, pedunculis breviflimis. Hort. Cliff. 34. Ladles
Bedftraw with narrow leaves growing iu whorls , and
jhort foot-ftalks. Galium rubrum. C. B. P. 335. Red
Ladies Bedftraw.
6 . Galium ( Boreale ) foliis quaternis lanceolatis triner-
viis glabris, caule eredo, feminibus hilpidis. Flor.
Lappon. 60. Ladies Bedftraw with four flmocth fpe&r-
Jhaped leaves having three veins, an upright folk, and
rough feeds. Rubia pratenfis law is acute folio, C. B. P.
333. Smooth Meadow Madder with an acute leaf.
7. Galium {Album) foliis verticillatis, lineari-lanceolafis,
ramis floriferis longioribus. Ladies , Bedftraw with
narrow ftp ear-flh aped leaves growing in whorls, and longer
branches of flowers. Galium album vulgare. Toum.
Inft. R. H. 113. Common white Ladies Bedftraw.
8. Galium ( Linifolium ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis glabris,
caule eredo ramofiffimo. Ladies Bedftraw with /even
narrow, ftmooth , fpenr-flhaped leaves, and an upright
branching ftalk. Galium album linifolium. Barrel.
Obfer. 99. White Ladies Bedftraw with a Flax leaf.
9. Galium ( Paluftre ) foliis quaternis obovatis inaequa-
libus, caulibus diffufls. Flor. Suec. 119. Ladies Bed-
ftraw with four unequal oval leaves, and a dijflufled ftalk.
Galium paluftre album. C. B. P. 335. White Marflh
Ladies Bedftraw.
The firft of thefe plants (which is the fort commonly
ufedin medicine) is very common in moift meadows,
and in pafture grounds, in feveral parts of England.
The other varieties are preferved in curious botanic
gardens, but as they are plants of very little beauty,
and are fubjed to fpread very far, and over-run
whatever plants grow near them, they are feldom
cultivated in other gardens.
Thefe forts may any of them be propagated by parting
their roots, which fpread and iocreafe very fait, either
in
G A R
in the fpring or autumn, and will grow almoft in any
■ foil or fituation, efpecially the firft fort-, the other
forts require a drier" foil, but will all grow in any fi-
tuation. , ■ . r
GALLERIES, are ornaments made with trees of
various kinds, which are very common in all the
French o-ardens, but are feldom introduced into the
Englifh gardens, efpecially fince the tafte for clipped
trees has°been exploded ; but as there may be fome
who yet fancy thefe obfolete ornaments, I foall juft
mention the way of conftrufting them.
In order to make a gallery in a garden with porticoes
and arches, a line muft firft be drawn of the length
you defign the gallery to be ^ which being done, it
is to be planted with Hornbeam, as directed under
the articleHoRNBEAM -, whichHornbeam thus planted,
Is to be the foundation of the gallery.
The management of them is not very difficult ; they
require only to be digged about, and foeared a little
when there is occafion.
The chief curiofity required is in the ordering the
fore-part of the gallery, and in forming the arches.
Each pillar of the porticoes or arches ought to be four
feet diftant one from the other i the gallery twelve
feet high, and ten feet wide, that there may be room
for two or three perfons to walk a-breaft.
When the Hornbeams are grown to the height of
three feet, the diftance of the pillars well regulated,
and the ground-work of the gallery finifted, the next
thing to be done is to form the frontifpiece : to per-
form which you muft ftop the Hornbeam between
two pillars at the height, and run up a trellis made
for that purpofe, which forms the arch.
As it grows up you muft with your ffiears even thofe
boughs that outftoot the other?-, in time they will
grow ftrong, and may be kept in form by the fhears.
Portico galleries may be covered with Lime-trees.
GARCINIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 526. The Mango-
fteen.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a one-leaved empalement , which is per-
, manent. It hath flour roundi/h concave petals , which
flpread open , and are larger than the empalement. It hath
Jixteen ftamina which are ereli, and form a cylinder, ter-
minated by roundifh fummits. In the center is fituated an
oval germen , with flcarce any ftyle , but is crowned by a
buckler-fhaped plain ftigma divided into eight parts , and
is permanent. 'The germen afterward becomes a thick
globular berry with one cell , including eight hairy flefloy
feeds , which are convex and angular.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnaeus’s eleventh clafs, intitled Dodecandria Mo-
nogynia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have twelve ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Garcinia ( Mangoftana .) Horn Cliff. 182. The Man -
goflan, or Mangofteen. Arbor peregrina aurantio fi-
mili frucftu. Cluf. Exot. 12. Foreign Tree with a fruit
like the Orange.
This tree grows naturally in the Molucca Iflands, and
alfo in the inland parts of New Spain, from whence
I received perfed lpecimens, which were fent me by
Mr. Robert Millar, who gathered them near Tolu,
but did not know the tree. It rifes with an upright
ftenT near twenty feet high, fending out many
branches on every fide, which are' placed oppofite,
and ftand oblique to each other, and not at right an-
gles -, the bark of the branches is fmooth, of a gray
colour, but on the tender flioots it is green, and that
of the trunk is of a darker colour and full of cracks :
the leaves are of the fpear-fhape, and entire -, they
are feven or eight inches long, and about half fo
much in breadth in the middle, gradually diminifhing
to both ends, of a lucid green on their upper fide,
and of an Olive colour on their under, . having a pro-
minent midrib through the middle, with feveral fmall
veins running from that to both fides of the leaf.
The flower is like that of a Angle Rofe, compofed of
four roundifh petals, which are thick at their bafe,
but are thinner toward their ends j they are of a dark
/
GAR
t - I* - “ri' f'.fjtit. , n
red colour. The fruit which fucceecls the flower iS
round, the fize of a middling Orange ■, the top is
covered by a cap, which, was the ftigma on the top
of the ftyle, and remains to the top of the fruit, and
is indented in gays to the number of fix or feven,
which are obtufe. The fhell of the fruit is like that
of the Pomegranate, but lofter, thicker, and fuller
of juice ; it is green at firft, but changes to a dark
brown with fome yellowifh fpots ; the infide of the
fruit is of a Rofe colour, and divided into feveral
parts by thin partitions, as in Oranges, in which the
feeds are lodged, furrounded by a loft juicy pulp of
a delicious flavour, partaking of the Strawberry and
the Grape, and is c {teemed one of the richeft fruits
in the world , the trees naturally growing in the form
of Pyrabolas, whofe branches are well garnifted with
large fhining green leaves : they have an elegant ap-
pearance, and afford a kindly ftiade in hot. countries*
therefore are worthy of cultivation, in all thofe coun-
tries where there is warmth enough to ripen the fruit.
As there are but few of the feeds in thele fruit which
come to perfection (for the greateft part of theni are
abortive) fo moft of thofe which have been brought
to Europe have failed ; therefore the fureft way to
obtain the plants, is to fow their feeds in tubs of earth
in the country, and when the plants have obtained
ftrength, they may be brought to Europe j but there
ftould be great care taken in their paffage, to fcreen
them from fait water and the fpray of the fea, as alfo
not to give them much water, efpecially when they
are in a cool or temperate climate, for thefe plants are
very impatient of wet. Vfhen the plants arrive in
Europe, they fhould be carefully tranfplanted, each
into a feparate pot, filled with light kitchen-garden
earth, and plunged into the tan-bed, obferving to
ftiade them from the fun till they have taken new
root ; then they muft be treated in the fame manner
as other tender plants from hot countries.
GARDENS are diftinguifted into flower-gardens*
fruit-gardens, and kitchen-gardens : the firft, being
defigned for pleafure and ornament, are to be placed
in the moft confpicuous parts, i. e. next to, or juft
againft the back front of the houfe j the two latter
being principally intended for ufe and iervice, are
placed lefs in fight.
Though the fruit and kitchen-gardens are here men-
tioned as two diftinCl gardens, and have by the French
gardeners, as alfo by fome of our own countrymen
been contrived as fuch, yet they are now ufually in
one i and with good reafon, fince they- both require
a good foil and expofure, and will equally require to
be placed out of the view of the houfe. And as it
will be proper to inclofe the kitchen-garden with
walls, and to fecure the gates, that ho perfons may
have accefs to it, who have no bufinefs in it, for the
fake of preferving the product, fo thefe walls will
anfwer the purpofes of both. Moreover, in the dif-
pofition of the kitchen-garden, when it is properly
divided into quarters, the planting of elpaliers of
fruit-trees round each of the quarters, will be of ufe
in fcreening from the view the kitchen-herbs growing
in the quarters ; and, by that means, give an elegancy
to both parts, and fave befides a great expence. The
only objedticn which has been made to this of any
confequence is, that the gardeners are tdo apt to
crowd the borders near the walls with kitchen-herbs,
whereby the trees are deprived of their nourifhment ;
but this is in every gentleman’s power to redrefs, by
not fufferifig the borders to be dips crowded. But I
ftall treat more fully of this under the article of
Kitchen-Garden.
In the choice of a place to plan a garden in, the
fituation and expofure of the ground are the moft ef-
fential points to be regarded -, fince, if a failure be
made in that point, all the care and expence will In a
manner be loft.
In a garden for pleafure, the principal things to be
confidered, are, ift, the fituation ; 2diy, the foil,
afpedt, or expofure $ sdly, water j 4thly, profpect.
2 ft, SI-
GA R
iff, Situation: this ought to be fuch an one as is ,
wholfome, In a place that is neither too high nor
too low for if a garden be too high; it will be ex-
pofed to the winds, which are very prejudicial to
trees , If it be too low, the dampnefs of the ground,
the vermin, and venomous creatures’ that breed in
ponds and marfhy places, add much to their infa-
lubrity.
A fituation on a rifing ground, or on the fide of a
hill, is molt happy, especially if the ground be not
too fteep if the hope be eafy, and in a manner im-
perceptible ; if a good deal of level may be had near
the houfe j and if it abounds with fprings of water ;
for, being flickered from the fury of the winds, and
the violent heat of the fun, a temperate air will be
there enjoyed ^ and the water that defcends from the
top of the hills, either from fprings or rain, will not
only fupply fountains, canals, and cafcades, for or-
nament, but when it has performed its office, will
water the adjacent valleys, and render them fertile
and wholfome, if it be not fuffered to ftagnate in
them. v
Indeed, if the declivity of the hill be too fteep, and
if the water be too abundant, a garden on the fide of
it may often fuffer, by having the trees torn up by
the torrents and floods ; and the earth above tumbling
down, the walls may be demolifhed, and the walks
fpoiled.
It cannot however be denied, that the fituation on a
plain or flat, has feveral advantages that the higher
fituation has not : floods and rains make no fpoil ;
there is a continued profpeft of champaigns, inter-
fered by rivers, ponds, brooks, meadows and hills,
covered with buildings or woods ; and the level fur-
face is lefs tirefome to walk on, and lefs chargeable,
than that on the fide of a hill •, the terrace-walks and
ifteps are not neceffary *, but the greateft difadvantage
of flat gardens is the want of an extenfive profpect,
which rifing grounds afford.
sdly. The fecond thing to be confidered in chufing
a plat for a garden, is a good earth or foil.
It is fcarce poffible to make a fine garden in a bad
foil 5 there are indeed ways to meliorate ground, but
they are very expenfive •, and fometimes, when the
expence has been bellowed of laying good earth two
feet deep over.the whole furface, which for a large
garden is an expence too great for moft perfons ; and
after this a whole garden has been ruined, notwith-
ftanding the expofure has been foutherly and health-
ful, when the roots of the trees have come to reach
the natural bottom.
To judge of the quality of the foil, obferve whether
there be any Heath, Thiftles, or fuch like weeds,
growing fpontaneoufly in it, for they are certain figns
that’ the ground is poor. Likewife if there be large
trees growing thereabouts, obferve whether they grow
crooked, ill-ftiaped, of a faded green, and full of
mofs, or infefted with vermin ; if fo, the place is to
be rejected : but on the contrary, if it be covered
with good Grafs fit for paflure, then you may be en-
couraged to try the depth of the foil.
To know this dig holes in feveral places, fix feet wide
and four feet deep •, if you find three feet of good
earth it will do well, but lefs than two will not be
fufficient.
The quality of good ground is neither to be ftony,
nor too hard to work •, neither too dry, nor too moift ;
nor too fandy and light, nor too ftrong and clayey,
which is the worft of all for gardens,
gdly. The third requifite is water. The want of this
is one of the greateft Inconveniencies that can attend
a garden, and will bring a certain mortality upon
Whatever is planted in it, efpecially in the greater
droughts that often happen in a hot and dry fituation
in fummef ; befides the ufefulnefs of it in fine gardens,
for making jets d’eau, canals, cafcades, &c. which
are the greateft ornaments of a garden.
4thly, The fourth thing required in a good fituation
is, the view and profpeft of a fine country ; ■ and
though this is not fo absolutely neceffary as water, yet
GAR
it is one of the moft agreeable 'beauties' of a fine gar-
den : befides, if a. garden be planted in a low place
that is buried, as I may fay, and has no kind of prof-
pe£t, it will be not only diiagreeable But unwholfome,
by being too much ftiaded arid obfcurec! ; as the trees
will rather retain infalubrious damps, than communi-
cate the refreshing air, that is fo purifying to vege-
table nature.
In fhort, a garden neceffarily requires (befides the
care of the gardener) the fun, a good foil, a full, or
at lead an open pro Ip eft, and water, the laft hbove
all ; and it would be egregious folly to plant a garden
where any of thefe are wanting.
Of the Defigrting or Manner of Laying out a Plea-
fure Garden.
The area of a handfome garden may take u o thirty
O J i J
or forty acres, not more.
And as for the difpofition and diftriborion of this
garden, the following directions may be obferved,
i ft. There ought always to be a defcent from the
houfe to the garden not fewer than three Heps, but if
there are fix or feven it will be better. This elevation
of the building will make it more dry and whoifome,
alfo from the head of thefe fteps there will be a far-
ther profpect or view of the garden.
In a fine garden, the fir it thing that fir quid prefent
itfelf to the fight, fhould be an open lawn, of Grafs,
which, in fize, fhould be proportionable to the gar-
den •, in a large garden it fhould not be lefs than Tut
or eight acres ^ but in middling or final! gardens, the
width of it fnould be confiderably more than the
front of the houfe •, and if the depth be one half
more than the width, it v/ill have a better effect. The
figure of this lawn need not be regular - , and if on the
fides there are trees planted irregularly, by way of
open grove, fome of which may be planted forwarder
upon the lawn than the others, whereby the regularity
of the lawn v/ill be broken, it will render it more
like nature, the beauties of which fhould always be
ftudied in the laying out and planting of gardens 5
for the nearer thefe gardens approach to nature, the
longer they will pleale *, for what is a garden, but a
natural fpot of ground drefled and properly orna-
mented ? there are thole who have erred in copying
of what they call nature, as much as thole who have
drawn a whole garden into ftrait lines, great alleys,
ftars, &c. by bringing the rougheft and molt deformed
part of nature into their compofiticns of gardens: as
for inltance, where the ground has been naturally
level, they have at great expence, made hollows and
raifed mole-hills •, fo that the turf has been rendered
not only more unpleafant to walk upon, but much
worfe to keep : and after all the pains that have been
taken to ape nature, the whole is as eafiiy discovered
to be the work of art, as the ftiffeft Hopes and the
moft finiflied parterres.
The great art in laying out of gardens, is to adapt
the feveral parts to the natural petition of the ground,
fo as to have as little earth to remove as poffible •, for
this is often one of the greateft expences in making
of gardens j and it may with truth be affirmed, that
wherever this has been practifed, nine times in ten
it has proved for the worfe ^ lo that if iaftead of le-
velling hills to form large terraces, ftiff fiopes, and
even parterres, as have been too often practifed •, or
the finking of hollows, and railing of hills, as hath
by others been done ; if the furface of the ground
had only been fmoothed and well turfed, it would
have had a much better effect, and been more ge-
nerally approved than the greateft number of thefe
gardens, which have been made with an infinite ex-
pence both of time and money.
The next thing to be obferved is, to contrive a dry
walk, which fhould lead quite round the whole gar-
den •, for as gardens are defignecl to promote the ex-
ercife of walking, the greater the extent of this dry
walk, the better it will anfwer the intent *, 'fince In
bad weather, or in dewy mornings' and evenings,.
when
GAR-
when the fields are unpleafant or unfafe to walk over,
thefe dry walks in gardens become ufeful and pleafant;
and fuch walks, if laid either with gravel or fand,
may lead through the different plantations, gently
winding- about in an eafy natural way, which will be
more agreeable than thofe long ftrait walks, which
are too frequently feen in gardens.
But as the tafte of defigning gardens has of late al-
tered from the former method, there are many per-
fons who have gone into the oppofite extreme ; and
in the forming of what they term Terpentine walks,
have twifted them about in fo many fliort turns, as to
render it very difagreeable to walk on them ; and at
the fame time they ftrike the fight with as much ftiff-
nefs and appearance of art, as any of the methods
formerly prabtifed. In fhort, the fewer turns there
are in thefe walks, and the more they are concealed,
the better they will pleafe •, and yet the turns being
eafy, and at great diftances, will take off all the ap-
pearance of ftraitnefs. And here let me obferve, that
there can be no better, or more eafy or natural me-
thod of laying out thefe walks, than by tracing the
eafy turns made on a road, where it bends by the
track of the coach wheels.
Thefe walks fhould be fo contrived, as to lead into
fhade as foon as poffible ; as alfo into fome planta-
tions of fhrubs, where perfons may walk in private,
and be fheltered from the wind ; for no garden can
be pleafing where there is want of fhade and fhelter.
Another thing abfolutely neceffary is, where the
boundaries of the garden are fenced with walls or
pales, they fhould be hid by plantations of flowering
fhrubs, intermixed with Laurels, and fome other
Evergreens, which will have a good effedt, and at
the fame time conceal the fences, which are difagree-
able, when left naked and expofed to the fight.
In fituations where there is a good fupply of water,
the defigner has room for adding one of the greatefl
beauties to the garden, efpecially if it will admit of a
conftant ftream ; for in fuch places, if the water is
properly conduced through the garden, it will afford
infinite pleafure ; for although thefe ftreams may not
be fufficient to fupply a large furface, yet if thefe
narrow rivulets are judicioufly led about the garden,
they will have a better effedt than many of the large
ftagnating ponds or canals, fo frequently made in
large gardens ; for where thefe pieces of water are
large, if all the boundaries can be feen from one point
of view, they cannot be efteemed by perfons of
judgment •, and frequently thefe Handing waters are
brought fo near the houfe, as to render the air damp
and unhealthy ; and many times they are fo fituated,
as to occafion this inconvenience, and at the fame
time are not feen to any advantage from the houfe.
Where wiiderneffes are intended, thefe fhould not be
cut into flars, and other ridiculous figures, nor formed
into mazes or labyrinths, which in a great defign is
trifling, but the walks fhould be noble, and fhaded
by tall trees •, and the fpaces of the quarters planted
with flowering fhrubs and Evergreens, whereby they
will be rendered pleafant at all feafons of the year ;
and if there are hardy forts of flowers (which will
thrive with little care) fcattered about near the Aides
of the walks, they will have a very good effedt, in
making a variety of natural beauties almoft through
the year.
The fituation of thefe wiidernefles fhould not be too
near the houfe, left they fhould occafion damps •,
therefore it is much better to contrive fome open
groves, through which there may be a communica-
tion under fhade, from the houfe to thefe wiidernefles;
which are much the beft when they are planted at the
fartheft part of the garden, provided they do not ob-
ftrubt the view of fine objebts.
Buildings are alfo very great ornaments to a garden,
if they are well defigned and properly placed ; but
the modern tafte of crowding gardens with large ufe-
lefs buildings, I prefume to think is cenfurable, with
regard as well to propriety as expence.
Statues and vafes are alfo very beautiful objebts, but
GAR
thefe fhould by no means be placed too near each
other ; for when feveral of them appear at once, they
fill and confound the eye, and lofe the beautiful ef-
fedt which they would have, if now and then one pro-
perly fituated engages the fight.
What an expence might be fpared, and applied to
nobler purpofes, if nature only were to be imitated,
iffimplicity were ftudied in this delightful art, rather
than oftentation ! for any thing may be faid to be
more of nature, than what we mifcall grandeur.
Fountains are alfo very ornamental to a garden, if
they are magnificently built, and where a conftant
fupply of water can be obtained ; but if they are
meanly erebted, or have not water to keep them con-
ftantly running, they fhould never be introduced into
gardens, for nothing can be more ridiculous than to
* fee a dry fountain ; which, perhaps, at a great ex-
pence, may have water forced up, to fupply it for an
hour or two, and no more ; and this perhaps not in
dry feafons, when there is a general lcarcity of water.
The fame may alfo be obferved of cafcades, and other
falls of water, which ought never to be contrived in
'gardens, where there cannot be a conftant run of
water; but where the fituation of a garden is fo
happy, as to be naturally fupplied with water, thefe
falls and jet’s d’eau, may be rendered very great
beauties, efpecially if they are well defigned, and not
made in the low mean tafte, in which too manv of
thofe now in being appear, and where the water is
made to fall over a parcel of regular fteps of ftone ;
but the fall fhould be in one fheet from top to bottom,
where fhould be placed many large rough ftones to
break and difperfe the water, and to increafe the noife
of the fall.
Where the ground is naturally uneven, and has gen-
tle rifes and falls, thefe may be fo humoured in the
laying out of the ground, as to be rendered very
great beauties ; but thefe inequalities of the ground
muft by no means be cut into regular ftiff Hopes, nor
amphitheatres, as has been too much the prabtice :
but if the knolls are properly planted with clumps of
trees or fhrubs, and the Hoping Tides fmoothed and
left in their natural pofition, they will have a much
better effedt, than can be given them by all the re-
gular angles, lines, and flat Hopes, which have been
till of late, introduced by all the defigners of gardens.
The tafte in laying out of gardens has greatly altered,
and has been as greatly improved in England, in the
compafs of a few years ; for, with the revolution,
the Dutch tafte of laying out gardens was introduced,
which confifted of little more than flower-borders laid
out in feveral fcrolls of Box-work, clipped Ever-
greens, and fuch low expenfive things ; as alfo the
walling round, and dividing the feveral parts of gar-
dens by crofs walls ; fo that a garden confifting of
eight or ten acres, was generally divided by brick
walls, into three or four feparate gardens ; and thefe
were reduced to exabt levels, having many gravel-
walks, and the borders on each fide crowded with
clipped trees and Evergreen hedges, dividing thefe
fmall inclofures again ; fo that the firft making and
planting of thefe fmall gardens was attended with a
greater expence, as was the keeping of them afterward,
than gardens of fix times the extent, when defigned
after nature.
Whether this tafte fo univerfally prevailed in England,
in complaifance to his late Majefty King William, or
was owing to the low grovelling tafte of thofe perfons,
who had the defigning of moft of the Englifh gardens,
it is difficult to determine ; but it is very certain, that
the gentlemen, at that time, attended very little them-
felves, to the difpofition of their gardens, but were con- '
tented to leave the whole direbtion of them to perfons
of the meaneft talents that ever profeffed the art ; fo
that foon after, when another tafte prevailed, thefe
gardens were almoft totally demolifhed, and it would
have been well, if a good, that is to fay, a natural
tafte had fucceeded the other ; but this was not the
cafe ; for though a more open and extenfive way of
laving out gardens was introduced, yet this was lit-
. Z Y tie
G A R
tie more than copying after the French', whofe tafte
•was in making long avenues, ftrait walks, fliff regu-
lar Hopes, cabinets, fret-work, tall hedges cut into
various fhapes, jets d’eau, fountains, &c. fo.that fhere
was little of nature ftudied ; but, on the contrary, all
the geometrical figures introduced in wi Idem efs- work,
as alio in the parterres, and other compartments of
the garden : nor is it fb much to be wondered at, that
this tafte prevailed in France, when the defigns of all
the principal gardens were there formed by architects,
who were as ftudious to have the fymmetry of the op-
pofite, or correfp'onding part of the garden, as exad
as the apartments of a habitation ; nor has length of
time, nor the improvements already made in other
countries, amended their tafte, or convinced them
of its abfurdity.
As the gardens of Verfailles, Marli, and others, were
extolled for their magnificence, fo the plans of them
were almoft univerMy copied • the designers, or imi-
tators rather, only varying the parts according to the
Situation or figure of the ground ; and this, was prac-
ticed for feveral years, at a time, when great fums of
money were expended in gardens, which might have
rendered this country the molt beautiful of any in Eu-
rope, had a natural tafte then prevailed in the defisn-
ing of gardens ; which is the more to be lamented,
as the plantations then made, have been many of
them looted, out, to make way for the alterations
and improvements which have been fince introduced.
Many perfons, I am lenfible, will have it, that, in
the defigns of gardens, the tafte fhould alter from
time to time, as much as the fafhion of apparel ;
but thefe cannot be perfons of judgment j for where-
ver there are natural beauties in a country, they will
always pleafe perfons of real knowledge and fre-
quently it is obferved, that perfons of but little fkill
in the art of gardening, are ftruck with thefe beau-
ties without knowing the caufe ; therefore where the
beautiful parts of nature are juftly imitated in gar-
dens, they will always be approved by judicious per-
fons, let the tafte of gardening alter as it will.
When trees have been long growing in a garden,
nothing can be more difagreeable than to have,
them deflroyed, to alter the garden according to the
fafhion of the time, becaufe it requires much time
to bring up trees to fuch a height as to afford fliade
ana fhelter •, and, as time is precious, fo, where the
difpofition of the garden is altered, there fhould be
great attention given to the prefervation of all the
good trees, , wherever they can be either uleful or or-
namental.
There is another eftential part of gardening, which
cannot be too much confidered by perfons who
defign gardens, which is that of adapting the feveral
forts of trees and fhrubs, to the fituation and foil of
the garden, as alfo to allow the trees a proper fhare
of room j but, however neceffary this will appear,
yet very few perfons have made this their ftudy, in-
lornuch that when one views many modern gardens,
and fees the great number of trees and fhrubs, which
a;e crowded into them, one would be induced to be-
lieve, that private intereft has had a greater influence
than any other motive, with the defigners. Indeed this
fault may often be aferibed to the matter, who, per-
haps, is too much in hafte for fhade and fhelter, fo
will have three or four times the number of trees
ana fhrubs planted as fhould have been, or that can
remain long without injury, where the plantations
fucceed ; sun to this over-hafte are owing the mi-
fei able plantations of large trees, fo often feen in
gardens and parks, where trees of all forts, and of
any age are taken out of woods, hedge-rows, &c.
and removed at a great expence to ft and and decay
annually, till they become fo many dead flicks, than
which nothing ^ can be a more difagreeable fight to
the owner ; who, after an expectation for feveral
years, attended with an expence of watering, dig-
ging, and cleaning, finds himfelf under a nece fifty
either of replanting, or giving up the thoughts of
leaving any. Is! umbers of perfons have indeed amufed
themfeives \v }tn the hopes of luccefs, by feeing thefe
G A R
nevy planted trees put out branches- for a year or two.,.
. which they generally do ; but in three or four years
atter, inftead of making a progyefs, they begin to
decay at the top, and continue to do fo gradually,
until they quite perifh, which, perhaps, may not hap-
pen in eight or ten years, efpecially if no fevere win-
ter, or very dry fummer, intervenes, either of which
generally- proves fatal to thefe plantations ^ fo that
pei Ions may be ied on with hopes, for fo many vears,
i n tne-beft part of their lives, when there is a certainty
or then failing, or at lea ft of their never increafing in
ijze ; but of this I fhall treat more fully in the^ ar-
ticle or Planting, and fhall proceed.
In the bufinefs of dejigns, a mean arid pitiful manner
fhould be ftudioufly avoided, and the aim fhould be
always at that which is noble and great, not to brincr
too many litue things into a garden, nor to make
fmall pieces of water, narrow walks, &c. efpecially
m large gardens ; for it is much better to have a few
great things, than four times the number of fmall
ones," which are trifling. . In fmall gardens there is
more excufe ror this, nor indeed would it be right, to
have either large lawns, broad walks, or large'pieces
of water in fuch ; but yet even in thefe there^ught to
bea medium, andperfonsfhouldneverattempttocrowd
too many things in thefe, whereby the whole will ap-
pear only as a mean and trifling model of a large garden.
Before the defign of a garden is entered^ upon, it
ought to be confidered, what it will be in twenty or
thirty years time, when the trees and fhrubs are
grown up, and fpread for it often happens, that a
defign, which looks handfome when it is firfl planted,
and in good proportion, in procels of time becomes fo
fmall and ridiculous, that there is a neceffity either of
altering or totally deftroying it.
The general diftribution of a garden* and of its
parts, ought to be accommodated to the different fitu-
ations of the ground, for a defign may be very pro-
per for a garden on a perfed level, which will by no
means do for one where there are great inequalities in
the ground ; fo that, as I have before intimated, the
great art of defigning is, in properly adapting the de-
fign to the fituation, and contriving to lave the ex-
pence of removing earth, to humour the inequalities of
the ground, to proportion the number and forts of
trees and fhrubs to each part of the garden, and to
fhut out, from the view of the garden, no objects that
may become ornamental.
There are, befides thefe, many other rules relating to
the proportions, conformity, and difpofition of '’die
different parts and ornaments of gardens, of which
more may be feen under their feveral articles.
GARDENIA. See Jasminum.
GARIDELLA'; Tourn. Inft. R. H. 655. tab. 430.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 507. [This plant was fo named Iby
Dr. Tournefort, in honour of Dr. Garidel, who was
profeffor of phyfic, at Aix, in Provence.]
The Characters are,
The flower hath a fmall , oblong , eredl empalement of five
leaves it hath no petals , but five oblong equal necia-
riums occupy their place ■, thefe are bilabiate. ‘The outer
part of the under lip is bifid and plain • the interior '-part
of the upper lip is floor t and Jingle. T he flower hath
eight or ten awl-Jhaped flamina , which are jherter than
the empalement , and are terminated by . obtufe eredl fum -
mits. In the center \s fituated three germina, which are
oblongs comprejjed . , and Jharp- pointed, having no ftyles, but
crowned by fmiple ftigmas thefe become three oblong com-
prejjed cap Jules with two valves , inclojmg feveral fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged im the third ledion
of Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, which includes thole plants
whofe flowers have ten flamina and three germen.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Garidella ( Nigellaflrum .) Hort. Cliff. 170.. Garidella
foliis tenuiflime divifis. Tourn. Garidella with very
narrow divided leaves ■, and the Nigella Cretica folio
Foeniculi. C. B. P. 146. Fennel-flower of Crete with a
Fennel leaf.
This plant is very near akin to the Nigella, of Fennel-
flower, to which genus it was placed by the wri-
ters on botany before Dr. Tournefort, and was by
- him
G A U
him separated from it, as differing in the form of the
flower.
It grows wild in Candia, and on mount Baldus, in
Italy, as alfo in Provence, where it was difcovered by
Dr. Garidel, who fent the feeds to Dr. Tournefort,
for the Royal Garden at Paris.
This is an annual plant, which rifes with an upright
ftalk a foot high, dividing into feveral (lender
branches, garnifhed at their joints with very (lender
leaves like thofe of Fennel. The (talks are terminated
by one fmall flower, of a pale herbaceous colour,
which is fucceeded by three capfules, each containing
two or three fmall feeds. It flowers in June and July,
and the feeds ripen in September. It is propagated
by feeds, which fhould be fown in autumn, on a bed
or border of light frefli earth, where the plants are
defigned to remain (for they feldom thrive if they are
tranfplanted ;) when the plants are come up, they
muff be carefully cleared from weeds, and where
they are too dole, they muff be thinned, leaving
them about four or five inches apart ; this is all the
culture the plants require, and if the feeds are per-
mitted tofcatter, the plants will come up without any
farther care.
GAULTHERI A.
The Characters are.
It hath a double ■permanent empalement •, the outer has
two oval , concave , Jhort leaves the inner has one bell-
Jhaped leaf cut into five fiegments •, the flower has one oval
petal , cut half-way into five fiegments , which are reflexed ; it
has ten awl-fhaped nedtarii , which are jhort , furrounding
the germen and Jiamina , and ten awl-Jhaped incurved fta-
mina infer ted to the receptacle , terminated by bifid horned
fummits , and a roundijh deprejj'ed germen , f upper ting a
cylindrical fiyle , crowned by an obtufe fiigma •, the ger-
men afterward becomes an obtufe five-cornered capfule ,
having five cells , fafiened to the interior empalement ,
which turns to a berry open at the top , filled with hard
■' angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fir(l feCtion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
the flower having ten (lamina and one (lyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Gaultheria ( Procumbens .) Amoen. Acad. 3. p. 14.
Trailing Gaultheria. Vitis Idaea- Canadenfis, pyrolae
folio. Tourn. Inft. 608. Canada IVor tie-berry with a
winter-green leaf.
This plant grows naturally in feveral parts of North
America upon fwampy ground, fo is with difficulty
preferved in the Englifh gardens. The branches of
this trail upon the ground, and become ligneous, but
never rife upward •, they are garniflied with oval en-
tire leaves, placed alternate ; the flowers are produced
on the fide of the branches •, they are of an herba-
ceous colour, fo make little appearance, and very
rarely are fucceeded by fruit in England.
The only method in which I have fucceeded to keep
this plant, was by planting of it in a pot, filled with
loofe undunged earth, placing it in the (hade, and
frequently watering it •, with this management I have
kept the plant alive three years, and have had flowers
but no fruit.
G AURA.
The Characters are,
It hath an .empalement of one leaf which falls off, with
a long-cylindrical tube , having four cblong glands fafiened to
it •, the upper part is cut into four oblong fiegments , which
are reflexed. I he flower hath four oblong rifling petals,
which are broad at the top but narrow at their bafe ,
fitting upon the tube of the empalement \ and eight upright
Jlender jiamina which are floor ter than the -petals , and a
nefiarious gland between the bafe of each , with cblong
moveable fummits. The oblong germen is fituated under
the flower, flupporting a jlender fiyle the length of the
jiamina , crowned by four oval fpr ending fiigmas the
flower is fucceeded by , an oval four-cornered comprejfed
capfule , containing one oblong angular feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl; feiStion of
Linnasus’s eighth clafs, intitled OCtandria Monogy-
nia, the flower having eight (lamina and one (lyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Gaura {Biennis.) Amoen. Acad. 3. p. 2 6 . Gaura. Uy-
(imachia chamasnerio fimilis floridana, foliiisnigris
punCtis capfulis carfnatis in ramulorum cymis. Pink.
Amalth. 139. tab. 428. f. 1.
This is a biennial plant, which grows naturally in Vir-
ginia and Penfylvania : the ftalk rifes four or five feet
high, fending out feveral branches, which are gar-
niihed with oblong, fmooth, pale, green leaves, fit-
ting pretty dole. The flowers are produced in clofe
tufts at the end of the branches 5 they are compofed
of four oblong petals, of a pale Rofe colour, irregu-
larly placed, having eight (lamina furrounding the
(lyle. The flowers appear in September, and when
the autumn proves favourable, the feeds will ripen
toward the end of OCtober.
If the feeds of this plant are fown on open borders
foon after they are ripe, they will more certainly (uc-
ceed than when they are fown in the fpnng. When
the plants come up, they mu ft be kept clean from
weeds and if they are too clofe, fome of them
fhould be drawn out, and planted in a bed to allow'
room for the other to grow ; in the autumn they
fhould be all tranfplanted to the place where they are
defigned to (land for flowering and perfecting their
feeds, and will require no other culture but to fup-
port their branches to prevent the autumnal winds
from breaking them down.
GENERATION is, by naturaiifts, defined to be
the aCt of procreating and producing a thing which
before was not ; or, according to the fchoolmen, it is
the total change or converfion of a body into a new
one, which retains no fenfible part or mark of its
former (late.
Thus we fay, fire is generated, when we perceive it
to be where before there was only wood, and other
fuel, or when the wood is fo changed, as to retain no
fenfible character of wood •, in the like manner a chick
is faid to be generated, when we perceive a chick,
where before was only an egg, or the egg is changed
into the form of a chick. ,
In generation there is not properly any production
of new parts, but only a new modification or manner
of exiftence of the old ones, and thus generation is
diftinguifhed from creation.
Generation alfo differs from alteration, in that in al-
teration the fubjeCt remains apparently the (ame, and
is only changed in its accidents or affeCtions, as iron,
which before was fquare, is now made round , or when
the fame body which is well to-day, is fick to-morrow.
1 Again : generation is the oppoiite to corruption,
which is the utter extinction of a former thing •, as,
when that which before was an egg, or wood, is no
longer either the one or the other ; whence it appearsy
that the generation of one thing is the corruption of
another.
The Peripateticks explain generation by a change of.
pafiage from a privation, or want of a fubftantial
form, to the having luch a ’form.
The moderns allow of no other change in generation,
than what is local ; and, according to their no-
tion, it is only a tranfpofition, or new arrangement
of parts , and, in this fenfe, the fame matter is capa-
ble of undergoing an infinite number of generations.
As for example ; A grain of Wheat, being committed
to the ground, imbibes the humidity of the foil, be-
comes turgid, and dilates to fuch a degree, that it
becomes a plant ; and, by a continual acceilion of
matter, by degrees, ripens into an ear, and at length
into a feed •, this feed, when ground in a mill, appears
in the form of a flour, which, being mixed up with
water, makes - a pafte, of which bread is generated
by the addition of yeaft, and undergoing the operation
of fire, i. e. by baking , and this bread being comi-
nuted by the teeth, digefted in the (tomach, and con-
veyed through the canals of the body, becomes flefh,
or, in other words, flefh is generated.
Now the only thing effected in all this feries of gene-
ration, is a local motion of the parts of the matter,
and their fettling again in a different order $ fo that
a where”
\
/
GEN
i - . ■
there is a new arrangement, or compofition
of the elements, there is, in reality, a new generation,
and thus generation is reduced to motion.
Generation is more immediately underftood of ani-
mal and vegetable bodies from feed, or the coition
of others of different fexes,' but of the fame- genus or
kind.
Monf. Perrault, and fome of the modern naturalifts
after him, maintained, That there is not properly any
new generation, that God created all things at firft,
and that what is by us called generation, is no more
than an augmentation and expanfion of the minute
parts of the body of the feed ; fo that the whole fpe-
cies, which are afterwards produced, were, in reality,
all formed at the firft, and inclofed therein, to be
brought forth and expofed to view in time, and ac-
cording to a certain order and (Economy.
And accordingly Dr. Garden fays. It is mod proba-
ble, that the ftamina of all the plants and animals
that have been formed, ab origine mundi, by the Al-
mighty Creator, within the firft of each refpeCtive
kind ; and he who conftders, the nature of vifion, that
it does not give us the true magnitude, but only
the proportion of things ^ and that which feems to
our naked eye but a point, may truly be made up
by as many parts as feem to be in the whole univerfe,
will not think this an abfurd or impoffible thing.
Dr. Blair, treating of the generation of plants, fays,
That when Almighty God created the world, he fo or-
dered and difpofed of the materies mundi, that every
thing produced from it fhould continue fo long as the
world fhould ftand. Not that the fame individual
fpecies fhould always remain ; for they were, in
procefs of time, to perifh, decay, and return to the
- earth, from whence they came ; but that every like
fhould produce its like, every fpecies fhould produce
its own kind, to prevent a final deftruCtion of the
fpecies, or the neceflity of a new creation, in order
to continue the fame fpecies upon earth, or in the
world.
For which end he laid down certain regulations, by
which each fpecies was to be propagated, preferved,
and fupported, till, in order, or courfe of time, they
were to be removed hence ; for, without that, thofe
very beings, which were created at firft, mult have
continued till the final diffolution of all thino-s,
■which Almighty God of his infinite wifdom did not
think fit.
But, that he might ftill the more manifeft his omni-
potence, he fet all the engines of his providence to
■work, by which one effeCt was to produce another by
the means of certain laws, or rules laid down for the
propagation, maintenance, and fupport of all created
beings ; this his divine providence is called nature,
and thefe regulations are called the laws, or rules of
nature, by which it ever operates in its ordinary
courfe, and whatever exceeds from that is faid to
be preternatural, miraculous, or monftrous.
Moles, in his account of the creation, tells us, that
plants have their feeds in themfelves, in thefe words :
And God faid. Let the earth bring forth grafs, the
herb yielding feed, and the fruit-tree yielding fruit,
after his kind, whofe feed is in itfelf upon the earth.
The antients, indeed, diftinguifhed the generation
of animals into two kinds, i. e. into regular, called
univocal ; and anamojous, called alfo equivocal, or
fpontaneous.
The firft was effected by parent animals of the fame
kind, as that of men, birds, beafts, &c. The fecond
they fuppofed to be effected' by corruption, the fun,
- &c. as that of infects, frogs, &c. but this latter is now
generally exploded.
Many, indeed, have effayed to treat of the generation
of animals, but lew have been able to give that fa-
tisfactory account of it that were to be wiffied for, and
far fewer yet have been able to treat of the generation
of plants as it ought to be 5 for that which ftill kept
them in the dark, was,
Firft, That though there were two different fexes in
animals, by whofe mutual affiftance the fpecies was
i
GEN
pfopagated, yet there was no fuch thing then known
in plants.
Secondly, That though it Can now be made appear,
that every animal is produced by univocal generation,
i. e. from an egg, and not by corruption, &c. as molt
of the antients imagined the infeCts were , yet there
are ftill thofe who maintain, that thofe which they call
imperfeCt plants, are the produCt of a certain rotten-
nefs in the earth.
The generation of plants bears a clofe analogy to
that of fome animals, efpecially fuch as want local
motion, as mufcles, and other immoveable fhell-filh,
which are hermaphrodite, and contain both the male
and female organs of generation.
The flower ol a plant is found to be the pudendum,
or principal organ of generation ; but the ufe of fo
much mechanifm, and fo many parts, has been but
little known till of late years.
The flower of a Lily confifts of fix petala, or flower-
leaves, from the bottom of which, in the middle, arifes
a kmd of tube, called by Tournefort, the piftillum,
and by Dr. Linnseus the ftyle *, this refts upon the
germen, which is the female organ of generation ;
round this are placed pretty fine threads, called the
ftamina, or filaments j thefe ftamina arife likewife
from the bottom of the flower, and terminate at the
top in little fummits, called by fome apices, which
are replete with a fine dull, called farina ^ thefe are
the male organs of plants.
This is the general ftruCture of the flowers of plants,
although they are infinite ways diverfified, and to fuch
a degree, that fome have no fenfible piftil, and others
want the ftamina ; others again have the ftamina, but
want the apices, and fome plants exceed all others in
this, that they have no vifible flowers ; but if it be al-
lowed, that this before-mentioned is the molt common
ftruCture of flowers, it will follow, that thefe parts
that feem wanting are ufually only lefs apparent, or
are fituated in different plants, or in different parts of
the fame plant.
The fruit is ufually at the bafe of the piftillum, fo
that when the piftillum falls with the reft of the flower,
the fruit appears in the ftead of it ; but oftentimes
the piftiflum is the fruit itfelf, but ftill they have both
the fame fituation in the center of the flower, and the
petala, or flower-leaves, which are difpofed around
the little embryo, feem to be defigned only to prepare
a fine juice in the little veffels, for the fupport of it
during the little time that they laft, and it requires
but fome fuppofe the chief ufe of them to be to defend
the piftillum, &c.
The apices of the ftamina arefmall capfulte, or bags,
full of a farina, or dull, which falls out when the cap-
fula grows ripe, and burfts.
Monf. Tournefort fuppofed this duft to be only an
excrement of the food of the fruit, and the ftamina
to be nothing but excretory duCts, which filtrated this
ufelefs matter, and thus difcharged the embryo ; but
Mr. Morland, Mr. Geoffrey, and others, find nobler
ufes for this duft ; on their principle the ftamina, with
the apices and farina, make the male part of the
plant, and the piftil, the female.
Mr. Morland fays, It hath been long ago obferved,
that there is in every particular feed a leminal plant
conveniently lodged between the two lobes, which
conftitute the bulk of the feed, and are defigned for
the firft nourilhment of the tender plant.
But the admirable Dr. Grew, to w 7 hofe generous in-
duftry, and happy fagacity, we are indebted for the
beft improvements of this part of knowledge, is the
only author I can find, who hath obferved that the
farina, or fine powder, which is, at its proper feafon,
fhed out of thofe thecs, or apices feminiformes [i. e.
feed-forming cafes] which grow at the top of the
ftamina, doth fome way perform the office of male
fperm. But herein, I think, he falls ffiort, in that he
fuppofes them only to drop upon the outfide the ute-
rus, or vafculum feminale, and to impregnate the in-
cluded feed by fome fpirituous emanations, or energe-
tical imprefs.
That
GEN
That which is now fubjeded to the difquifidons and
cenfure of fuch whofe exquifite flkill conftitutes
them judges of fuch performances, is, Whether it may
not be more proper to fuppofe, that tne feeds which
are lodged in the proper involucra, are at the firft tin-
impregnated ova (or eggs) as or ammais ; that this
farina is a congeries of lemma! plants, one 01 which
mull be conveyed into every ovum before it can be-
come prolific ; that the ftylus, in Mr. Ray’s language,
or the upper part of the piftillum, in Mr. Tourne-
fort’s, is a tube defigned to convey thefe feminal plants
into their nefts in the ova; that there is fo vaft apro-
vifion made, becaufe of the odds there are,_ whether
one, of fo many, fhall ever find its way into, and
through fo narrow a conveyance.
To make this fuppofition the more credible, I fhall
lay down the obfervations I have made upon the flot-
ation of thefe ftamina, and the ftylus, in feme few fpe-
cies of plants.
Firft, In the Corona Imperialis, where the uterus, or
vafculum feminale of the plant Hands upon the center
of the flower •, and from the top of this arifeth the
ftylus, the vafculum feminale and ftylus together re-
prefenting a piftillum.
Round this are placed fix ftamina ; upon the ends
of each of thefe are apices, fo artfully fixed, that they
turn every way with the leaft wind, being in height
almoft equal to the ftyles about which they play,
and which in this plant is manifeftiy open at the
top, as it is hollow all the way ; to which we muft
add, that upon the top of the ftylus there is a fort
of tuft, confiding of pinguid villi, which I imagined
to be placed there to catch and detain the farina, as
it flies out of the thecae ; from hence, I fuppofe, the
wind {hakes it down the tube, till it reach the vafcu-
lum feminale.
In the Caprifolium, or Honeyfuckle, there rifes a fty-
lus from the rudiments of a berry, into which it is in-
ferted to the top of the monopetalous flower ; from
the middle of which flower are fent forth leveral fta-
mina, that fhed their farina out of the cafes upon
the orifice of the ftylus, which, in this plant, is
villous or tufted, upon the fame account as, in the
former.
In Allium, or common Garlic, there arifes a tricoc-
cous uterus, or feed- veflel ; in the center of which is
inferted a fhort ftylus, not fo high as the apices, which
thus over- topping it, have the opportunity of fhed-
ding their globules into an orifice more eafily •, for
which reafon, I can difeern no tuft upon this (as in
the former) to infure their entrance, that being pro-
vided for by its fituation juft under them.
The reader, I hope, will excufe me, if I prefent him
now with fome fuch reafonings or refledions as the
foregoing account doth fuggeft, and will fupport ;
and I cannot but hope to perfuade thofe that are
candid, that I have afilgned to the feveral parts of the
flowers I have mentioned, their true and real ufe.
For nothing can be more natural than to conclude,
that where a fine powder is curioufiy prepared, care-
fully repofited,, and fhed abroad at a peculiar feafon,
where there is a tube fo placed as to be fit to receive
it, and fuch care in difpofing this tube, where it doth
not lie diredly under the cafes that fhed the powder,
it hath a particular apparatus at the end, to infure its
entrance.
Nothing can be more genuinely deduced from any
premiles, than it may from this, that this powder,
or fome of it, was defigned to enter this tube. If thefe
ftamina had been only excretory duds, as has been hi-
therto fuppofed, to feparate the groffer parts, and leave
the juice defigned for the nourifhment of the feed
more referved, what need was there to lodge thefe ex-
crements in fuch curious repofitories ? They would
have been conveyed any where, rather than where
there was fo much danger of their dropping into the
feed-vefiel again, as there is here.
Again : the tube, over the mouth of which they are
fhed, and into which they enter, leads always diredly
in.to the feed-vefleL
GEN
To which we rnuft add, that the tube always begins
to die when thefe thecas are emptied of their contents ;
if they laft any longer, it is only wfiilft the globules,
which enter at their orifice, may be fuppofed to have
finifhed their paflage. Now, can we well exped a more
convincing proof of thefe tubes being defigned to con-
vey thefe globules, than that they wither when there
are not more globules to convey.
If I could now fhew, that the ova, or unimpregnat-
ed feeds, are ever to be observed without this feminal
plant, the proof would arife to a demonftration ; but
having not been fo happy as to obferve this, I fhall
content myfelf at prefent with fuggefting, that hence
one would conclude, that the petala of the flower were
rather defigned to fever fuperfluous juices from what
was left to afeend in the ftamina, than the ftamina to
perform this office, either for them, or the unimpreg-
nated femina, and obferve the analogy between ani-
mal and vegetable generation, as far as was necefiary
there fhould be an agreement between them. I fhall
recommend the enquiry to thofe gentlemen who are
mafters of the belt microfcopes, and addreis in ufing
them •, though, in the mean time, I have made fome
fteps toward a proof of this fort, and have met with
fome fuch hints, as make me not defpair of being able,
in a fhort time, to give the World even this fatisfadiom
For, not to infift upon this, that the feminal plant
always lies in that part of the feed which is always
nearefl to the infertion of this ftylus, or fome propa-
gation of it into the feed-veflels, I have difeovered in
Beans, Peas, and Kidney-beans, juft under one end of
that we call the eye, a manifeft perforation, (difcernible
by the grofifer fort of magnifying glafles) which leads
diredly to the feminal plant, and at which I fuppofe
the feminal plant did enter ; and, I am apt to think,
the Beans or Peas that do not thrive well, may, be
found deftitute of it.
But I muft now proceed to deferifie fome other 1
plants, whereby it will appear, that there is a parti-
cular care always exercifed to convey this powder, fo
often mentioned, into a tube, which may convey it
to the ova. ,
Now* in leguminous plants, if we carefully take off
the petala of the flower, we fhall difeover the pod, or
filiqua, clofely covered with an involving membrane,
which, about the top, feparates into nine ftamina,
each fraught with its quantity of farina ; and thefe
ftamina clofely adhere to the ftyle, which is obferv-
able at the end of that tube, which here alfo leads di-
redly to the pod ; it Hands not upright, indeed, but
fo bent, as to make near a right angle with it.
In Roles there Hands a column, confifting of many
tubes clofely clung together, though eafily feparable,
each leading to their particular cell, the ftamina in a
great number placed all round about.
In Tithymalus, or Spurge, there rifes a tricoccous
veflel, that,whilft it is fmall, and not eafily difcernible,
lies at the bottom till it is impregnated, but- af-
terwards grows up, and Hands fo high upon a tall
pedicle of its own, as would tempt one to think, that
there were to be no communication betwixt this and
the apices.
In the Strawberries and.Rafpberries, the hairs which
grow upon the. ripe fruit (which, I fuppofe, may be
lurprifing to fome) are lb many tubes leading each to
their particular feed ; and therefore we may obferve,
that in the firft opening of the flower there Hands a
ring of ftamina, within the petala, and the whole in-
ward area appears like a little wood of thefe hairs or
pulp, which, when they have received and conveyed
their globules, the feeds lwell, and rife in a carneous
pulp. Thus far Mr. Morland.
We may obferve a veflel at the bottom of the piftil
of the Lily, which veflel we may call the uterus, or
womb, in which are three ovaries filled with little
eggs, or rudiments of feed found in the ovaria,
which always decay, and come to nothing, unlefs im-
pregnated with the farina of the fame plant, or fome
other of the fame kind ; the ftamina alfo ferve for the
conveyance of the male feed of the plant to be per-
5 Z fedec!
fe£ted in the apices, which, when ripe, burft forth in s
little particles like dull ; fome of them fall into the
‘orifice of the piftil, and are either conveyed thence
into the utricle, to fecundify the female ova, or
lodged in the piftil, where, by their magnetic virtue,
they draw the nourifhment from the other parts of
the plant into the embryos of the fruit, making them
fwell, grow, &c.
In flowers that turn down, as the Cyclamen, and the
Imperial Crown, the piftil is much longer than the
ftamina, that their duft may fall from their apices in
fufficient quantities on the piftil, for the bufinefs of
impregnation.
Mr. Geoffroy allures us, That in all the obfervations
he had made, the cutting off the piftil before it
could be impregnated by the farina, adfually ren-
dered the plant barren for the feafon, and the fruit
abortive.
In many kinds of plants, as the Oak, Pine, Willow,
&c. the flowers, Mr. Geoffroy obferves, have their
ftamina and apices, whofe farina may eafily im-
pregnate the rudiments of the fruit, which are not
far off.
Indeed there is fome difficulty in reconciling this
fyftem with a certain fpecies of plants, which bear
flowers without fruit ; and another fpecies of the
fame kind and denomination, which bear fruit with-
out flowers ; fuch are the Palm, Hemp, Hop, Pop-
lar, &c. which are hence diftinguifhed into male
and female ; for how fhould the farina of the male
here, come to impregnate the ova of the female ?
This difficulty Mr. Geoffroy folves, by fuppofing the
wind to be the vehicle that conveys the male duft to
the female uterus, which is confirmed by an inftance
of Jovianus Potanus, of a Angle female Palm-tree
growing in a foreft, which never bore fruit, till,
having rifen above the other trees of the foreft,
and being then in a condition to receive the farina of
the male by the wind, it began to bear fruit in abun-
dance.
As to the manner wherein the farina fecundifies, Mr.
Geoffroy advances two opinions :
jFirft, That the farina being always found of a ful-
phureous compofition, and full of fubtil and pene-
trating parts (as appears from its fprightly odour)
which, falling on the piftils of the flowers, there re-
folves, and the fubtileft parts of it, penetrating the
fubftance of the piftil, excite a fermentation, which
putting the latent juices of the young fruit in mo-
tion, occafions the part? to unfold the young plant
that is inclofed in the embryo of the feed.
In this hypothefis, the plant in miniature is fup-
pofed to be contained in the feed, and to want only
a proper juice to unfold its parts, and to make them
grow.
The fecond opinion is, That the farina of the male
plant is the firft: germ or femen of the new plant, and
ftands in need of nothing to enable it to grow or un-
fold, but a fuitable nidus with the juice it finds pre-
pared in the embryo of the feed or ovary.
It may be obferved, that thefe two theories of vege-
table generation bear a ftrid analogy to thofe two
of animal generation, viz. either that the young ani-
mal is in the femen mafculinum, and only ftands
in need of the juice of the matrix to cherifh and
bring it forth •, or that the female ovum contains the
animal, and requires only the male feed to excite a
fermentation.
Mr. Geoffroy rather makes the proper feed to be in
the farina, inafmuch as the belt microfcopes do not
difcover the lead appearance of any bud in the little
embryos of the grains, when they are examined, be-
fore the apices have fhed their duft.
In leguminous plants, if the petala and ftamina be
removed, and the piftil, or that part which becomes
the pod, be viewed with the microfcope before the
flower be open, thofe little green tranfparent veftculte,
which are to become grains, will appear in their na-
tural order, yet ftiil fhewing nothing die but the mere
cgat, or fkin of the grain.
If you continue to obferve the flowers as they ad-
vance for feveral days iucceffiveiy, you will find them
to fwell, and, by degrees, to become replete with a
nmpid liquor ; in which, when the farina comes to
be fired, and the leaves of the flower to fall, there may
be obferved - little greeniffi fpeck, or globule, float-
ing about at large.
There is not at firft any appearance of an' organiza-
tion in this little body ; but in time, as it^grows,
you may begin to diftinguiffi two little leaves like two
irnall horns •, as the little body grows, the liouor di-
minifhes infenfibly, till at length the grain becomes
qinte opake ; and upon opening it, the cavity will be
found filled with a young plant in miniature, confift-
mg of a little germ, or plantula, a little root, and
the lobes of the Bean, or Pea.
The manner wherein this germ of the apex enters the
veficula of the grain, is not very difficult to deter-
mine . for, befides that the cavity of the piftil reaches
from the top to the embryos of the grains, or thofe
veftculse, have a little aperture correfponding to the
extremity of the cavity of the piftil, fo that the fm all
duft,^ or farina, may eaiily fall, or find an ealy paff-
fage in the aperture in the mouth of the veiTels, which
is the embryo of the grain.
The aperture, or cicatricula, is much the fame in
both grains •, and it is eafily obferved in Peas, Beans,
&c. without a microfcope.
Dr. Patrick Blair, treating of the generation of
plants, fays, That a vegetative life is common to
them, as well as animals \ and that the propagation
or production of the fpecies is the effed of the v-eo-e-
tative, not the fenfitive life in animals, as well as. ia
plants j and that if there be a neceffity of the con-
currence of two different fexes in animals, at the be-
ginning or generating of the fpecies, the fame ne-
ceffity muft be in plants too ; for as a cow, a mare,
a hen, a ffie-reptile, an infeft, &c. cannot produce
an animal without the male, no more can it be fup-
pofed, that a plant can produce fertile feed without
the concurrence of the male plant, or the male parts
of the plant.
Mr. Ray fays, That he will not deny, that both trees
and herbs may produce fruit, and even come to ma-
turity, without the male feed being fprinkled upon
them. For though moft birds do not lay eggs with-
out congrefs of the male, yet the hen often does it
without copulating with the cock, but then thefe
eggs are barren and wind eggs ; juft fo, though a fe-
male plant may produce feed of itielf, yet that feed is
never fertile. For,
Firft, As the work of generation in animals does not
pioceed from their animal or fenfitive life but from
their vegitative, which being the fame as in plants,
that operation muft be performed after the fame
manner in both ; therefore, as there is a neceffity
of two different fexes in animals, it muft be fo too
in plants.
Secondly, As paffive feminal matter in female ani-
mals cannot be productive or fertile of itfelf, without
being impregnated, animated, or its particles fet in
motion and dilated by the adtive principles of the
male feminal matter ; neither can the female feed
in plants be rendered fertile, until it be impregnated
by the farina foecundans from the male parts of the
plants.
As to the flowers of plants, if they were not affift-
ing to, or if there were not fome extraordinary ufe
from them in the perfedlion of the feed, they would
not be lb often obferved upon plants as they are. But
fince there is no fruit or feed without a previous flower;
and fince where the one is obvious the other is con-
fpicuous, and fince one is fcarce to be obferved with
the naked eye, neither is the other this implies a re-
lation between them, that the one of them is not to
be expefted without the other.
It is true, there may be flowers upon a plant, where
the fruit is feldom feen, efpeciaily in thefe northern
climates ; fuch as the Pervinca, the Nymphaea alba
minima, and feveral others ; where the planf exhaufts
the
GEN
the nutritious juice, in puihing forth tendrils or
creeping roots, which fo weaken the plants, as not to
be able & to bring the fruit to perfection ; but there is
no fruit or feed to be feen, unlefs a flower has been
fent as a meflenger before it, to give notice of its
approach ; though it is not always upon the fame
plant, yet it is ftill upon fome other plant of the fame
fpecies •, for the flowers are to be feen upon diftinct
plants, different branches, or different parts of the
branch from the fruit, in the Abies, Corylus, Nux
Juglans, &c. the Mercurialis, Spinachia, &c.
But the fruit never appears, or never begins to in-
creafe upon thefe plants, till the flower is fpent and
gone 5 therefore they muff ferve for another ufe, than
to be merely ornamental ; for if that were their prin-
cipal ufe, they would be always confpicuous, which
they are not for the moft part in apetalous flowers ;
and they would always be to be feen, and never be
hid; which is not fo in the Afarum,- Hydrocotyle,
&c. where, though the flower is large enough in pro-
portion to the fruit, yet it is not to be feen, unlefs
the leaf be turned up, and both flower and fruit be
narrowly fearched for.
The Frumenta and Gramina have their ftamineous
flowers ; yet in fome of them the flower is feldom to
be feen, unlefs the fpike be fhaken; and then the
apices will appear.
The Polypodium, and other capillary plants, have
regular flowers, which precede the minute capfuls or
feed-veffels, but neither of them are confpicuous with-
out a microfcope.
From thefe inftances it appears, that the flowers are
not conftantly a guard to preferve the tender em-
bryos from the injuries of the air, for then the flowers
muft always have been upon the fame pedicle with
the fruit.
Therefore, fince the appearance of the flower is the
firft ftep towards the production of the feed, whether
both be upon the fame pedicle or not, it neceflarily
follows, that the one muff contribute towards the
bringing of the other to perfection.
The antients taking notice, that feveral plants did
produce flowers and had no feeds, and that other
plants of the fame fpecies, and fown from the fame
feed, did produce the feed without a previous flower,
they were ready to call the one male, and the other
female, without any notion that the one was aflifting
to the other ; for they looked upon fuch flowers to
be only barren ; and therefore they called thofe which
had flowers female, and thofe that produced the
fruits, male plants. Thus Mercurialis is called Spi-
cata Fcemina, and Tefticulata Mas. That which
produces the fruit muft needs be the female, as the
female animal brings forth the foetus ; therefore the
tefticulata muft needs be the female, and the fpicata
the male.
Wherever the plants are annual, thefe with the
flowers, and fuch as have the feed, are always near to
each other but where the root is perennial, and where
the plant is more frequently propagated by the root
than the feed, the cafe alters ; for there being no need
of the feed to propagate the plant, there is the lefs
need of the flower to be nearer to the plant which
produces the feed.
So the Spinachia and the Lupulus are frequently feen
to grow, to produce the feed, and the other the fqua-
mous fruit when the plants which produce the male
flowers of the one or the other, are at fome diftance.
And this is fo far from being an objection againft the
neceffity of two fexes in plants as well as in animals,
that it is an argument to confirm it ; for it Ihews the
wonderful contrivances in order to preferve the fpe-
cies, when the ordinary means of propagating it by
the feed cannot be fo conveniently attained.
Thefe, and more that might be produced, being
evident proofs of two fexes in plants, as well as in ani-
mals, we ftiall in the next place, give fome experi-
ments to confirm this in a negative way, as have been
already done in a pofitive.
When plants have been deprived of their male flowers,
GEN
l • • ; - * * . * -"J
or male parts ih the flower; they either produced
no feed at all, or if they did, they became abortive;
dried up, or dwindled away ; or though the feeds did
come to perfection, they were barren; of did not
produce.
Experiment i. Mr. Geoffroy having cut off all the
ftamineous tufts of male flowers from the top of the
ftalk in the Maiz or Turky- wheat, asfoon as they ap-
peared, and before the fpike loaded with the em-
bryos of the femen had put forth from the alae of the
leaves, feveral of thefe embryos decayed and dried
up after they were pretty big ; but fome grains upon
their pedicles all along the fpike fwelled confiderably*
and feemed to be full of the bud, and were confe-
quently fertile, while all the others mifcarried, and
there was not one fpike where the whole feeds did not
ripen to the full.
This experiment is a fufficient proof of the ufe of
the male flowers of this plant for whatfoever that is
which flows from the racemi of thefe flowers, it feems
it muft be conducive not only for the impregnation of
the feed, but alfo for the growth and impregnation of
the fruits
At prefertt we fhall Ihew, that what nourifhment is
ufually furnifned by the pedicle to the embryos, does
not appear to be capable to dilate or expand itfelf, or
contribute to the continual fupply of nutritious par-*
tides, unlefs the embryos were animated or enlivened
by the fpirit which fhould have flowed from the male
flowers ; fo that they were fo debilitated and weaken-
ed, in afcending from the body of the plant towards
the embryos, before they could arrive at them, that
they which otherwife might have ferved for the aug-
mentation and increafe of all the embryos upon the
fpike, could not now do any thing more than com
tribute to the ripening of a few. And although Mr,
Geoffroy might have imagined, that thefe few feeds
which came to perfection were fertile alfo, becaufe
they were full of germs, yet he could not be fnre of
that, unlefs he had fown the fame feeds next feafon*
and tried whether they would chit or not,
Gardeners who buy Onion and Leek-feed brought
from Strafburgh, commonly try the following expe-
riment : they put a few of the feeds into a pot of wa-
ter mixed with earth, and if they find they begin to
fpring, or fend forth the feminal leaf or fibre of the
root, after a few days, they judge of the product of
it ; and notwithstanding all the feeds without this
trial may feem to be productive, being equally firm,
hard, and folid, perhaps not more than one third of
them will prove fertile.
And this barrennefs may proceed, either becaufe they
had never been impregnated by the male parts of the
flower, or that they had been too much expofed to
the air ; being fome time or other too much moift-
ened, and not afterwards been carefully dried, or have
been kept too long, by which neglect they lofe their
fpirit or life,
Now, if the fulnefs, folidity and firmnefs of a feed is
not a fure fign of its fertility, then Mr. Geoffroy
might have been miftaken in his opinion of the ferti-
lity of thefe feeds in the Maiz, fince he did not make
any trial of it, by committing it to the ground.
In like manner, as to his fecond experiment of the
Mercurialis Diofcoridis, where he railed fome plants
which had the fruit, and others which had the fta-
mineous flowers, and removed the fforiferous plants
before the flowers were blown, every one of the feeds
upon the fructiferous plants, except five or fix, mif-
carried ; wljich feeds were fo full, that he was per-
fuaded they Were capable of producing new plants,
and the like was found by Camerarius in the Cannabis,
Yet inafmuch as neither of them tried the experi-
ment, by lowing the fame feed the fecond year, they
could not be fure but that they might have failed in
their expectation.
Mr. Bobart, overfeer of the phyfic-garden at Oxford,
many years fince, which was before the doctrine of
the different fexes of plants was well underftood, being
herbarizing, found a plant of the Lychnis iylveftris
iimplex^
zu
GEN
implex, no apices-, and taking notice that this was not
only in one, but in all the flowers upon the lame plant,
lie imagined it might be a new fpecies and therefore
■marked the plant, and took care to have it preferved
till the feeds were ripe ; and then, they being full,
hard, and firm, and to outward appearance full of
germ, he fowed them in a proper place in the garden
the next feafon, but not a plant fprung up from them.
Thefe and other inftances, fet the opinion of the dif-
ferent fexes of plants upon another footing than has
been received by moll of our modern authors j for it
imports, that it is not the nourifhment of the grofs
fubftance of the feed itfelf which is hereby meant, nor
the increafe of the feed-veffel, which is thereby de-
ilgned , for (as is already obferved) a hen can lay an
egg, without having before had congrefs with a cock ;
and this, when newly laid, jfhall be of the fame big-
nefs, colour, tafte, and fmell, with another egg which
lias been cocked (as they call it ;) i. e. which has been
fecundated by the mafculine feminal materies : but
the difference will appear, when both are put under
the hen, in order to be hatched ; for the one fhali pul-
lulate or chit, and the other fhali become fetid and
rot.
The cafe is juft the fame with the feed of a plant, it
may be augmented and increafed in its bulk •, it may
become firm, hard, and folid, and have all the tokens
of a perfecft ripenefs ; the feed- veffels may be enlarged,
and the pulp or parenchyma of the fruit may be aug-
mented ; and yet the particles of the feed may remain
crude, indigefted, and incapable to be explicated and
dilated, or fet in a fuitable motion, whereby to pro-
trude the fibrilla of the root at one end, and the fe-
minal leaves at the other ; except it has before re-
ceived fome extraneous matter, or fome a&ive particles
from the male parts of the flower, or from the male
flower itfelf.
In order to confirm the neceffity of two fexes of plants,
as well as in animals, this familiar confideration may
be added : that the fertility or barrennefs of any tree,
in the more or lefs fruitful feafons, may be known to
ignorant or lefs curious perfons, by the quantity of
the flowers which appear in the fpring time ; and that
not only in trees alone, where the flower and fruit are
upon one and the lame foot-ftalk, but alfo in fuch
trees, where the flowers are upon diftind trees, or fe-
parate places upon the fame tree ; for it is eafy to
determine by the catkins or iuli upon the Walnut,
Filbert, or Hazle-trees, whether fuch or fuch trees
will be fertile or barren for the enfuing feafon, before
any of the embryos begin to break, be pufhed forth,
or appear.
Having already treated of the male and female parts
of flowers, we fhali next confider their ufe.
Flowers, in this refped, may aptly be divided into
that of male flowers, which (as has been before ob-
ferved j were formerly reputed barren ; and die plants
which produce them were alfo called female plants,
becaufe thofe perfons not having any notion of dif-
ferent fexes in plants, they were called female, upon
account of their weaknefs ; or if they had any thought
of fexes in them, it was only illufive.
The ancients were ignorant of thofe which are now-
a-days called hermaphrodite flowers ; and they, 'not
having a true notion of fexes of plants, could not ima-
gine that the parts of both fexes Ihould be in one
-flower, upon one and the fame foot-ftalk.
And although hermaphrodite animals bear the leaft
proportion in the animal kingdom, yet hermaphro-
dites have the greateft (bare in the vegetable, though
they are not fo numerous as they have been fuppofed
to be •, for upon a ftridt examination it will be found,
that a great many more plants have diftinbl male and
female flowers, than was formerly believed.
The neceffity of different fexes in plants having been
demonftrated, and that die female feed, though it
Should ripen to the full, cannot be fertile, except it
be impregnated by what it receives from the male
parts of flowers, 'we fhali next explain the organs of
generation in both fexes. ....
• 5
GEN
In the animal oeconomy, there are, befides thofe
veffels that are deftinated for nutrition, and the fecre-
tion of the feveral juices in the body, fpermatic veffels,
which confift of prteparantia, deferentia, and conti-
nents femcn. The praeparantia in males, are the
blood-vefiels and the teftes the one conveys the
blood, and the other feparates the fernen from blood,
and elaborates it.
So likewife in plants there are veffels that receive the
nutritious particles from the earth, and convey it to
the extremity of the plant ; fome of which tend di-
reftly to the leaf, and others to the flowers.
Thofe which go to the foot-ftalk of the flower may
not improperly be called fpermatic-veffels, for it is
from them that the feminal particles in male, female,
and hermaphrodite flowers are feparated ; therefore
the foot-ftalks of the hermaphrodite flowers are pro-
portionably larger than thofe either of the male or fe-
male ; they have a double office, and contribute fuc-
cefiively to both.
' In thofe where the calyx becomes the fruit, the
greateft fupply is furnifhed to it firft, and diftributed
in its cortical parts, as is vifible in the Rofef in which
the foot-ftalk is fo far enlarged at firft, as to be of an
equal bignefs with the bud.
After the. calyx is thus formed, the next diftribution
is to the inner or centrical part of the flower, which
Dr. Grew calls attire, and where the piftffium becomes
the fruit ; the piftillum and ftylus are formed at the
fame time with the ftamina and apices.
The ftylus at the very firft acquires both its due length
and bignefs 5 for the nutritious particles afcending in
the center never ftop till the ftylus is ftretched out to
its full length ; and in fuch as are furnifhed with a
peculiar apex, that is formed firft ; the neck of the
ftylus, or that part next to it, is the biggeft from
thence it gradually decreafes in its grollnefs, till it
comes to the piftillum. This is eafily perceived by
thofe who will take the pains to open the bud of a
Lily, Tulip, &c. before they are half blown.
The ftamen is furnifhed next with an extraordinary
fupply of the nutritious particles before the flower is
blown ; thefe, whether fewer or more, are at firft:
brought to their proportional largenefs, being round
and juicy.
The apex is the third which receives this extraordinary
fupply of the nourifhment, for after that the ftylus
is formed, that it may lean to it after the veffels of
the ftamen and fummit are extended to their full
length, and fo formed, that they can convey fuch an
extraordinary quantity of particles as may fill up the
capacity of the apex, it is then more enlarged than
ever after ; for if the flower of a Lily be opened be-
fore it be blown, the apex will be found to .be full as
long as the ftamen ; for as the one half of the apex
covers the ftamen, fixed to its center, fo the other
half of it is fo far extended above the ftamen, as the
ftamen remained uncovered below it, towards the pe-
dicle or foot-ftalk.
The fourth part of a flower is the petala, which re-
ceives this extraordinary fupply of nourifhment be-
fore the blowing ; thefe upon the reverfe, are firft en-
larged towards the pedicle, and are afterwards ex-
tended and ftretched forth in proportion to the en-
largement of the attire ; at firft they are all groffer,
and more fucculent towards the origin, and gradually
become thinner and broader. The ftamina of mono-
petalous flowers do, for the moft part, arife partly
from the petalon itfelf, and partly from the calyx ;
efpecially if the ftamina correfpond in number to the
petala, as in the Hexapetalas, or Polypetalte Liliaceas
of Tournefort, where every ftamen arifes oppofite to
the middle of the petalon.
This obfervation (how and when this more than or-
dinary fupply of nourifhment is carried to the flowers)
eafily demonftrates wherein the analogy of the organs
of generation in plants and animals confifts.
In animals, the feminal matter is received by proper
veffels from the fame blood from whence the other
fecretions, fit for the prefervation of the animal oeco-
nomy
1
GEN
nomy proceed;' fo that the blood in animals being
the fame with the lap in plants, and both being con-
veyed after the fame manner throughout the feveral
bodies, it neceffarily follows, that the one as well as
the other, muft have proper veffels for fecretion of
the feminal matter.
Let it then be confidered, that the fap or nutritious
juice afcends in common to the pedicle of the flower,
as the blood flows by the aorta defcendens •, and that
at the calyx or bottom of the flower, fome fhare goes
to one part of it, and fome to another •, as the aorta
fends one branch to the fpermatic veffels, and the re-
mainder of it goes to perform the other functions ;
and as a part of the fap is feparated by the pedicle of
the flower, when the remainder is diftributed through-
out the remaining parts of the plant, fo the arteria
prteparans goes directly to the teftes in the males, and
ovarium in the female : and in flowers fome veffels
tend direff ly to the calyx (if it becomes the fruit) or
to the perianthium (if there be any,) fome to the pe-
tala, fome to the ftamina, fome to the piftillum or
uterus, as it is called by Malpighius.
Thefe things being ferioufly refleffed on, we muff of
neceffity conclude,
1. That the fame due care is taken to elaborate and
prepare the more fubtile and impenetrable particles of
the nutritious juice in plants, as of the blood in
animals.
2. This fubftance fo prepared, as it muff be defigned
for fome extraordinary ufe, fo this ufe can be no other
than that of being the means of fecundating the fe-
male feed in plants, as the other is of the feminine
oval in animals.
If any one fhall take a flower full blown, and pull
one of the ftamina from the pedicle, he will find a
rough vifcid liquor, like to the fperma, which remains
here till its moft fubtle parts have afcended the fta-
men, or perhaps the more grofs particles might have
remained there, after the moft fubtile had afcended,
before the flower was blown ; this is as plain and de-
monftrable as can be in the Lilies, particularly in the
Orange Lily, and moft of the Martagon Lilies, there
is a contrivance more obvious.
This vifcid liquor afcending by parallel duffs to the
apex, there this fubtile matter is retained till it is
farther elaborated by the evaporations of the more
humid and aqueous particles, by the heat of the fun;
and then it becomes a moft fubtile, fine, impalpable
dull, which is then faid to be ripe, and is called the
farina.
Dr. Blair, after having given the fentiments of feven
different authors upon the fubjeff, proceeds to give
his own, without fubfcribing to the fentiment of either
the one or the other ; and endeavours by a ftriff ex-
amination of the flowers themfelves, to find out which
of thefe two opinions, fo diametrically oppofite to each
other, are moft agreeable to faff.
But before he begins, he lays down this general
maxim, which he takes for granted, that nature is
uniform in all her operations, and never recedes from
thofe rules laid down by the wife Difpofer of all things
at the creation, by performing the fame thing after
two different and contrary methods ; and thence con-
cludes, that if the farina be a congeries of feminal
plants in one fpecies, it muft be fo in all.
If there be an open and direff paffage, or though it
be not fo direff, yet if by any direff paffage, by which
it can be demonftrated, that one fingle grain of the
farina can enter every individual feed in one plant, it
muft be fo in all ; but if neither of thefe hold good,
and if it can be proved by ocular infpeff ion, without
the affiftance of a microfcope, in thofe very plants
exemplified by Mr. Morland, Mr. Geoffroy, and Mr.
Bradley, that the farina in fubftance cannot enter the
feminal veffel ; or if it does, that there is no direff
paffage for it to enter each particular feed, after it has
fo got into the capfula or filiqua; then he hopes,
both their queries, fuppofitions, and affertions, muft
fall.
As for the Corona Imperialis, the firft example given
GEN
by Mr. Morland, the flower of which hangs down*
wards, though he does not deny but its ftylus may be
hollow all the way, and that it may be open at the
extremity, yet by its fituation, and feveral other
cumftances, it does not feeni to him to favour this
opinion.
For firft, as there is a continual conflux of particles
through the fkin in animal bodies, it is alfo fo in ve-
getables : this appears by the immediate fading of
flowers, or any other part of the plant, after it has
been plucked off ; which proceeds from the evapora-
tion of the particles in the little tubes, without any-
more fucceeding in their place.
He thinks it as reafonable to fuppofe, that thefe par-
ticles flow out by the hollow ftylus, as by any other
part, and alfo more fenfibly there than elfewhere, be*
caufe of their being concentrated within fuch narrow
bounds ; and that if thefe particles defcend by the
ftylus hanging downwards, the particles, or rather
grains of the farina, can never afcend the fame way.
2dly, That if it fhould be granted, that thefe grams
did afcend by the ftylus, how do they get into the fe-
minal veffel ; that being clofely fliut up, as will ap-
pear to any one who fhall obferve it.
^dly, Whereas Mr. Morland fuppofes, that the rain
either wafhes it, or the wind fhak.es it down the tube,
till it reaches the feminal veffel ; Dr. Blair obferves,
that the extremity which is the upper part of the ftylus
in an ereff flower, muft be the lower in a dependent
one ; fo tha't if either the ram or wind have accefs to
it, it muft neceffarily either wafh or drive it away from
the feminal veffel, which is now the ftylus.
But here the Doffor takes notice of another contri-
vance, for anfwering that purpofe, i. e. a fort of a
pelvis or ciftern, called by Linnaeus neftarium, ft-
tuated at the origin or root of each petalon, filled with
a vifcous liquor which continues there, and never ex-
ceeds its bounds fo long as the petalon is in health :
for flnce the apices are here fo artfully fixed, that they
turn every way with the leaft wind, as Mr. Morland
rightly obferves, when they burft, and the farina is
driven to and fro, though it cannot fo eaflly enter the
tube, yet it may conveniently be blown up towards
the orifice of the petala furrounding the ftylus, where
it is flopped or flaid by this vifcofity, till it has per-
formed its office.
To confirm this, he inftances Mr. Fairchild, who, he
fays, being perfuaded that this vifcous liquor did fome
way or other contribute towards the f ruff ifying of this
plant, but not underftanding how it did fo, he tried
the experiment, by wiping this liquor off as loon as
it was depofited in the pelvis, and the flower which
he fo ferved did not bear any fruit.
And the way the doffor accounts for this is, that the
humidity being removed, the farina is no fooner blown
upwards, than it immediately falls down, without
producing any effeff ; and that which he takes to be
a confirmation of this is, that both Tulips and Fri™
tillarias have this pelvis or bafon, yet it is for the moft
part dry and empty ; becaufe the flowers of the for-
mer being ereff, they have no fuch need of this liquor
to retain the dull ; for that the rain, having immediate
accefs to them, may wafh the duft towards the origin
of the petala, where it can remain till it has performed
its office ; whereas the rain having no accefs to the
inner furface of the flower of the Corona Imperialis,
it is naturally endowed with this humidity, depofited
there by feveral excretory duffs, in order to render
it fit for the purpofe : and Malpighius himfelf takes
notice of this Angularity in this flower, though he af~
cribes no ufe to it.
The next example propofed- by Mr. Morland, is the
Yellow Lily, which, according to his figure, is rep re -
fented as having the apices equally high with the top
of the ftylus, and the petala over-topping each other 5
whereas he fays, that by the narroweft infpeffion he
ever could make, the top of the apices (they being
then perpendicularly fituated) reaches no higher than
the neck of the button upon the top of the ftylus,
and that this is before the apices begin to burft and
6 A fhed
G E N
Hied the dull j but as foon as the flower begins to ,
open, they depart from the ftylus,, and force the pe-
tala outwards, by a certain eiafticity, and expand
themfelves; this being done, they immediately change :
their poftufe from a perpendicular to an oblique or
horizontal one •, nor do they ever pour out their duft
or farina, till they can conveniently drop it upon the
bottom of the flower, and towards the root of the
piftilium.
But taking it for granted that it whs fo, the top of the
ftylus (which the Dodlor calls the button, in oppofition
to the apices ftaminum,) he fays, is fo compadt, and
of fo firm a fubftance, that it is next to impoffible,
that the farina in fubftance; or in integral parts, can
pafs through it.
If the integral parts, the complete grain, the minute
giobuli, in which the whole feminal plant is contained,
cannot then enter, the whole compound muft be dif-
folved, and the minute feminal particles in this fmall
grain of duft muft be difunited ; and if fo, how fhall
thefe again come to cement, fo as to make up one
continued body? or how fhall this little body, fo united,
penetrate a fecond time the partition-wall betwixt the
ftylus and piftilium ? and again, how fhall it find out
its way to its neft, in the proper embryo of the feed ?
TheDodor takes notice of the White Lily, the Orange
Lily, the Martagon Lily, &c. as objedtions to the
opinions of Mr. Morland, Bradley, &c. and alio
mentions the Iris, as a moft pregnant inftance, that
the farina cannot fo much as come at the piftilium ;
for having fix petals, the three ftamina with long
apices lie hid between the three petala which hang
downwards, and three large expanfions of the bifid
ftylus, and the upper part of the down-hanging pe-
talon : the farina can never reach the center of the
ftylus, though it were hollow, which it is not, but
muft defeend along its outftde, to the top and outfide
of the rudiment of the fruit, there to emit its effluvia.
Thefe and other inftances he concludes, are fuffleient
proof, that the farina cannot enter the ftylus, penetrate
into the piftilium, or inner part of the feminal veffel,
nor have the leaft accefs to the embryo of the feed.
As to the objedion, that there is not paffage fuffleient
to admit the male feed into the uterus, or even into
the ovaries, it is thus anfwered :
If it be confidered how every flower, when it is pre-
pared for the ad of receiving the male feed, is fo
much under the influence of the fun, that the petals
open at its approach, and ftiut up again at its depar-
ture, it very well explains how the piftilium, or fe-
male parts of generation, are relaxed at one time more
than another, i. e. that the female parts are more re-
laxed at the opening of the flower, than when the
flower is fhut up ; for the flower-leaves adhering to
the bottom of the piftilium, muft confequently, when
they bend back, put every part of the piftilium into
a different pofture to that in which it was when the
petals were fhut.
And it is certain, that it is the prefence of the fun
that ripens the male duft in the apices, and opens the
little cafes in which it is contained, giving them a
fpringinefs that flings forth that duft as foon as it is
ripe, fo as to fcatter it to a confiderable diftance. The
female parts are at this time dilated by the opening
of the flower-leaves, and the apices and chives, con-
curring at the fame time in flinging forth their male
duft, anfwer the fame end in the generation of plants,
that the ad of copulation does among animals.
Having thus given feveral reafonings and arguments
iifed by various authors, who have made it their ftudy
to inveftigate the mode of generation of vegetables,
whether the impregnation of them proceeds from the
farina foecundans, or male duft, entering the uterus of
plants in fubftances, or by effluvia, I fhall not take
upon me to determine the difpute ; efpecially fince
Mr. Boyle has proved, that all effluvia are fubtile par-
ticles of matter ; fo that it matters not how fmall or
minute thefe particles are, fince a body in its firft ftate
may be fo minute as to be fcarcely perceptible.
I fnall therefore conclude with mentioning a few ex-
G E N
periments of my own, which I communicated to Dr.
Patrick Blair, which he improved as a proof of his
opiilion of effluvia y and Mr. Bradley aifo, as a proof
of the farina entering the uterus in fubftance, and
leave the curious enquirer to determine on that fide
of the -queftion, to which reafoning and experiment
fhall influence him.
I feparated the male plants of a bed of Spinach from
the female ; and the confequence was, that the feed
did fwell to the ufual bignefs, but when fown it did
not grow afterwards ; and foarching into the feed, I
found it wanted the pundtum vine, or what Geoffrey
calls the germen.
I fet twelve Tulips by themfeives, about fix or Feven
yards from any other, and as foon as they blew, I
took out the ftamina with their fummits fo very care-
fully, that I fcattered none of the male duft ; and
about two days afterwards I faw bees working on a
bed of Tulips, where I did not take out the ftamina ;
and when they came out, they were loaded with the
farina or male duft on their bodies and legs ; and I
faw them fly into the Tulips' where I had taken out
the ftamina, and when they came out, I found they
had left behind them fuffleient to impregnate thefo
flowers, for they bore good ripe feeds which afterward
grew.
In a parcel of Savoys, which were planted for feed
near white and red Cabbages, the feeds, when fown,
produced half red, and fome white Cabbages, and
lbrne Savoys with red ribs, and fome neither°one fort
nor the other, but a mixture of all forts together iri
one plant, which I fuppofe might happen by the ef-
fluvia of the different forts impregnating the uterus, of
each other.
In a letter communicated by Paul Dudley, jSfq-, to
the Royal Society, written from New England, he
mentions the interchanging of the colours of the In-
dian Wheat, if the various colours are planted in rows
near each other ; but if they are planted feparately,
they conftantly keep to their own colour ; and this
interchanging of colours has been obferved, when the
diftance between the rows of Com has been feveral
yards, though he fays, if there happens to be a high
board fence between the different coloured Corns, the
alteration of colours is entirely prevented.
It is from different flowers impregnating each other,
that the feveral varieties have been produced g and
this gives new light to the florifts, for raifing a much,
greater variety of flowers ; for by planting the dif-
ferent coloured flowers near each other, fo that the
flowers when fully blown may be intermixed, their
farina will impregnate each other, fo that the feeds
will produce variegated flowers partaking of both co-
lours. But it muft be obferved, that flowers of dif-
ferent genera will not impregnate each other, therefore
the plants muft be of the fame genus which are placed
together.
Cucumbers and Melons always produce male and fe-
male flowers upon different parts of the fame plant j
the male flower (which appears upon a (lender foot-
ftalk, and has a large ftyle in the middle, covered
with an Orange-coloured farina) is by the gardeners
commonly called falfe blolfoms, and are fometimes by
unfkilful perfons pulled off foon after they appear,
fuppofing that they weaken the plants, if fuffered to
remain, which is a very great miftake ; for, in order
to try this experiment, I planted four holes of Melons
in a place pretty far diftant from any other; and when
the flowers began to appear, I conftantly pulled off
all the male flowers from time to time before they
opened ; the confequence was, that all the young fruit
dropt off foon after they appeared, and not one Angle
fruit remained to grow to any fize, though the vines
were equally ftrong with thofe which I had planted in
another place, where I fuffered ail the flowers to re-
main upon them, from which I had a great quantity
of fruit. But this dodtrine is now fo well eftablifhed
among the gardeners, being confirmed by experience,
that they now carry the. male flowers of the Cucum-
bers and Melons to the female, if there are none
fituated.
GEN; .
fituated very near them, and gently ftrike the farina o
the male, into the bofom of the female flowers, and
thereby fet the young fruit, which would otherwife
drop off.
There are fome perfons, who ftill objeCt to this theory
of the generation of plants, from having obferved
fome plants, which were termed female, growing
iingly, and at a very great diftance from any male
plants of the fame kind, which had for fome years
produced feeds which were perfect, and grew when
fown ; and indeed I was myfelf a little ftaggered in
my opinion, on having obferved a female plant of the
white Briony, which grew fingly in a garden, where
there were no other plants of the fame kind •, which
for feveral years produced berries, which grew and
flourifhed perfectly well. This put me upon examining .
the plant more carefully than I had before done, when
I found there were great numbers of male flowers in-
termixed with the female, on the fame plant ; and
fince then I have frequently found the fame in many
other plants, which are fometimes male and female
in different plants, yet have fometimes both fexes on
the fame plant; fo that the objections which have been
made to this doCtrine, may not have proper evidence
for their fupport.
It is certain, that the female plants may produce fruit,
without the impregnation of the male ; but it is not
certain, that this fruit or feed will, if fown, produce
another plant. What has been fo often related by
travellers and hiftorians, of the neeeffity of the male
Palm-tree being near the female, in order to render it
fruitful, hath been fully confirmed by Father Labat,
in his account of Africa, where he has treated of the
feveral forts of Palms : he fays, that he obferved in
Martinico a large Palm-tree, which grew by the fide
of a convent, which produced plenty of fruit, though
there was no other Palm-tree growing within two
leagues of this ; but he alfo obferved, that none of
thefe fruit would grow, though they had made many
trials of them ; fo that they were obliged to procure
fome fruit from Barbary, in order to propagate thefe
trees. He likewife adds, that the fruit which grew
on this female tree, never ripened fo perfedly, nor
was fo well tailed, as thofe which came from trees
which had flood near fome of the male : therefore we
may conclude, that the fruit or feed may be produced
by the female plants of moll kinds, without the af-
fillance of the male fperm, which may appear to fight
perfeCt, and fit to produce others ; but if we examine
the feeds, we fhall find that mofl of them have not
the germ or little plant inclofed, nor will grow if they
are fown.
From thefe and many other experiments, it is very
plain, that there is a neeeffity that the embryo of the
female flower ffiould be impregnated by the farina or
male dull, in order to render the fruit perfeCt ; but
how, or in what manner it is performed, is what we
can only guefs at, fince in the generation of animals,
our greatefl naturalifls differ very much in their opi-
nions ; nor can any of them afeertain any particular
method how it is performed. I fhall therefore con-
clude with quoting the words of the Rev. Dr. Hales,
which are a mofl ingenious fummary of the whole
doCtrine of the generation of plants.
44 IF I (fays he) may be allowed to indulge conjecture
44 in a cafe in which the mofl diligent enquirers are,
144 as yet, after all their laudable refearches, advanced
44 but little farther than mere conjecture, I would
44 propofe it to their confideration, whether from the
44 manifefl proof we have, that fulphur ftrongly at-
44 traCls air, a hint may not be taken, to confider
44 whether this may not be the primary ufe of the fa-
44 rina foecundans, to attraft or unite with elaflic or
44 other refined aCtive particles. That this farina
44 abounds with fulphur, and that a very refined fort,
44 is probable from the fubtile oil which chymifls ob-
44 tain from the chives of Saffron ; and if this be the
44 ufe of it, was it poffible that it could be more aptly
44 placed for the purpofe on very moveable apices
44 fixed on the (lender points of the ftamina, whereby
44 it might eafiiy, with the lead breath of wind, be
44 difperied in the air, thereby 'Unrounding the plant,
44 as it were, with an atmofphere of iu mimed fulphu-
44 reous pounce ? for many trees and plants abound
44 with it, which uniting with the air particles, may,
44 perhaps, be infpired at feveral parts of the plant,
44 and especially at the piftillum, and be thence con-
44 veyed to the capfula feminalis, efpecially towards
44 evening, and in. the night, when the beautiful pe-
44 tala of the flowers are clofed up, and they, with all
44 the other parts of the vegetable, are in a ftrongly
44 imbibing Hate. And if to thefe united, fulphureous
44 and aereal particles, we fuppofe fome particles of
44 light to be joined (for Sir Ifaac Newton has found,
44 that fulphur attracts light ftrongly ;) then the re-
44 fult of thefe three by far the moil aCtive principles
44 in nature, will be a punCtum faliens to invigorate
44 the feminal plant ; and thus we are at laft con-
44 duCted, by the regular analyfis of vegetable nature,
44 to the ftrft enlivening principle of their minuteft
44 origin.”
GENISTA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 766. Tourn. Inll. R. H«
643. tab. 412. Broom; in French, Genet.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is ofl one leaf , tubulous , and
divided into two lips ; the upper lip is deeply cut into two,
and the under into three equal parts. T 'he flower is ofl the
butterfly kind ; the ftandard is oval , acute, and remote
from the keel , being wholly reflexed ; the wings are a little
fhorter than the ftandard , and are loofle : the keel is eredl ,
and longer than the ftandard , and is indented at the top.
It hath ten ftamina joined in two bodies , which are fituated
in the keel , terminated by fingle flummits. In the center is
an oblong germen , fupporting an afeending ftyle , crowned
by an acute twiftedftigma. The germen afterward becomes
a roundijh turgid pod with one cell , opening with t-wb
valves , inclojing kidney-fhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feClion of
Linmeus’s feventeenth clafs, v/hich includes the plants
with flowers having ten ftamina, joined ‘in two bodies ;
and to this he adds fome of Tournefort’s fpecies of
Spartium, and the Geniftella of Tournefort.
The Species are,
1. Genista ( Sagittalis ) ramis ancipitibus articulatis; fo-
lks ovato-lanceolatis. Hort. Cliff’. 355. Jointed Broom i
with two-edged branches , and jointed, oval, fpear-jhaped
leaves . Chamae Genifta fagittalis. C. B. P. 395. Dwarf
arrow-jhaped Broom.
2. Genista (-Florida) foliis lanceolatis, ramis ftriatis te-
retibus racCmis fecunbis. Hort. Cliff. 355. Broom with
fpear-jhaped leaves , and eredi taper branches abounding
with flowers. Genifta tinCloria Flifpanica. C. B. P. 395,
Spanijh Dyers Broom.
3. Genista ( Tindioria ) foliis lanceolatis glabris ramis
ftriatis teretibus ereCtis. Hort. Cliff. 355. Broom with
jpear-floaped leaves which are acute, and taper channelled
branches proceeding from the fide ofl the ftalk. Genifta
tinCloria Germanica. C. B. P. 395. Common Dyers
Broom , or Wood-waxen.
4. Genista (Pufgans) ipinis terminalibus, ramis tereti-
bus ftriatis, foliis lanceolatis fimplicibns pubefeem
tibus. Lin.Sp. 999. Broom with taper freaked branches
terminated by jpines, and fimple, fpear-jhaped, hairy leaves .
Genifta five fpartium purgans. J. B. 1. p. 404.
5. Genista ( Candicans ) foliis ternatis fubtus viliofis, pe-
dunculis lateralibus fubquinqueftbris foliatis, legumi-
nibus hirfutis. Amcen. Acad. 4. p; 284. Trifoliate Broom
with hairy leaves , foot-ftalks from the fide cfl the branches
having five flowers , and hairy pods. Cy til us Monfpef-
fulanus, mediae folio, liliquis denfe congeftis & vil-
iofis. Tourn Inft. 648.
6. Genista ( Tridentata ) ramis triquetris fubarticulatis,
foliis tricufpidatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 710. Broom with
three-cornered jointed branches , and leaves ending in three
points. Geniftella fruticofa Luiitanica. Tourn. Inft.
646. Shrubby Portugal Dyers Broom.
7. Genista (Pilofa) foliis lanceolatis obtufis, cauie tu-
berculato decumbente, Hort. Cliff, 355.. Broom with
ebiufe
G E N
flbtufle fpear -Jh aped leaves , and a declining ftalk having
tubercles. This is the Genifta ramofa, foliis Hyperici.
C. B. P. 395. Branching Broom with leaves like St.
Johnfwort.
•8. Genista ( Anglic a ) fpinis fimplicibus, ramis floriferis
inermibus, foliis lanceolatis. Hort. Cliff. 355. Broom
with Jingle J pines , flower-branches without fpines , and
fpear -flhaped leaves. Genifta fpartium minus Anglicum.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 645. Small Englijh Broom , called
Petty Whin.
9. Genista ( Hiflpanica ) fpinis decompofitis, ramis flo-
riferis, inermibus, foliis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
7 1 1 . Broom with decompounded flpines , flower-branches
without flpines , and narrow hairy leaves. Genifta fpinofa
minor Hifpanica villofiffima. C. B. P. 395. Moflt hairy,
finally Spanifh, prickly Broom.
The firftffort grows naturally in France, Italy, and
Germany. This plant fends out feveral ftalks from
the root, which fpread flat on the ground, and divide
into many flat branches which are jointed, and their
two fides are edged like a broad fword ; thefe are
green and herbaceous,- but are perennial. At each of
the joints is placed one frnali fpear-fhaped leaf, with-
out any foot-ftalk. The flowers are produced in clofe
fpikes at the end of the branches ; they are yellow,
and of the Pea-bloom kind, and are fucceeded by
Abort hairy pods, which contain three or four kidney-
fhaped feeds. The plants flower in June, and the
feeds ripen in September.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in
the autumn, the plants will come up the following
fpring but when they are fown in the fpring, the
plants rarely come up the fame year : when the plants
come up, they will require no other culture but to
keep them clean from weeds, and thin them where
they are too clofe at Michaelmas they may be tranf-
planted where they are deftgned to remain, and after
that they will only require to be kept clean, for they
are very hardy, and will live feveral years.
The fecond fort rifes with ligneous ftalks about two
or three feet high, fending out many taper channelled
branches which grow eredt, garnifhed with fmall fpear-
fhaped leaves placed alternate, and are terminated by
feveral fpikes of yellow flowers, which are of the Pea-
bloom kind ; thefe are fucceeded by Ihort pods, which
turn black when ripe, and contain four or five kid-
ney- fhaped feeds. It flowers in June and July, and
the feeds ripen in autumn.
The third fort grows naturally in England. This hath
fhrubby ftalks, which rife about three feet high, gar-
nifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves, which are broader,
and end in fharper points than thofe of the former ?
the branches come out from the fide of the ftalks, al-
moft their whole length, and do not grow fo upright
as thofe of the fecond thefe are terminated by loofe
fpikes of yellow flowers, which are fucceeded by pods
like thofe of the fecond fort. It flowers, and the feeds
are ripe about the fame time as the former. The
branches of the plant are ufed by the dyers, to give a
yellow colour, from whence it is called Dyers Broom,
Green- wood. Wood- waxen, or Dyers-weed.
The fourth fort grows naturally about Montpelier.
This rifes with fhrubby, ftriated, taper ftalks four
feet high, fending out feveral branches which are
terminated by fpines ; the leaves are fpear-fhaped,
Angle, and hairy j the flowers are produced in fpikes
at the end of the branches, they are larger than thofe
of the other forts, and are of a paler yellow colour.
They appear in June and July, and are fucceeded by
pods like the former forts.
This fort is tender, and in fevere frofts is often killed
in England, where the plants are not protected.
The fifth fort grows naturally about Montpelier.
This rifes with a wmody ftalk to the height of feven
or eight feet, fending out many Gender branches,
garnifhed with trifoliate leaves, hairy on their under
fide ; the upper part of thefe branches, for more than
a foot in length, fend out fmall flowering branches
on their fide, fupporting five yellow flowers. Thefe
GEN
I
appear in June and July, and the feeds ripen in au-
tumn.
The fixt.h fort hath a low fhrubby ftalk, which feldom
is more than a foot high, fending out feveral weak
branches which arc jointed? garnifhed with final! leaves
ending in three acute parts. The flowers are produced
in loofe fpikes at the top of the branches, they are of
a pale yellow colour, and appear the latter end of
June and in July, and the feeds ripen in September.
This plant grows naturally in Portugal.
The feventh fort hath a fhrubby ftalk which declines
toward the ground, and is fet over with tubercles - it
divides into a few fmall branches, which are garnifhed
with fmall obtufe leaves. The flowers are difpofed in
fmall loofe fpikes at the end of the branches j they
are fmall, of a pale yellow colour, and are fucceeded
by fhort pods filled with kidney-fhaped feeds. It
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.- This
grows naturally in Germany and France.
The eighth fort grows naturally upon open heaths in
many parts of England. It hath a fhrubby ftalk
which rifes about two feet high, fending out many*
flender branches, which are armed with long Angle
fpines, and garnifhed with very fmall fpear-fhaped
leaves, placed alternate on every fide the branches :
the flower-branches have no fpines ; thefe are fhort,
and have five or fix yellow flowers growing in a clut-
ter at the end. They come out in April and May,
and are fucceeded by fhort turgid pods, which con-
tain four or five fmall kidney-fhaped feeds. Thefe
ripen in July.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Spain. This hath
a low fhrubby ftalk, which fends out many ligneous
branches, armed with branching thorns, competed
of feveral fharp thorns, which come out from each
other, but the Ihort branches which produce the flow-
ers have no fpines ? thefe are garnifhed with fmall
hairy leaves of different forms, feme of them being
as narrow as hairs, and others are of the fpear-fhape ,
the branches are terminated by clufters of yellow
flowers, which are fucceeded by fhort, compreffed,
hairy pods, filled with kidney-fhaped feeds. The:
whole plant has much the appearance of the common
Furz or Gorfe, but is very hairy, and the flower-
branches being without thorns, are the moft obvious
diftincftions.
All thefe forts of Brooms are propagated by feeds,
which, if fown in the autumn, will fucceed much
better than if fown in the fpring, and a year will be
thereby faved ; as thefe plants fend out long, ftringy,
tough roots, which run deep into the ground, they
do not bear tranfplanting well, efpecialiy if they are
not removed young ; therefore the belt way is to few
a few feeds in thofe places where the plants are de-
figned to remain, and to pull up all except the moft;
promifing plants as foon as they are paft danger after
this the plants will require no other culture, but to
keep them clean from weeds : but where this cannot
be praflifed, the feeds may be fown thin upon a bed
of light earth, and when the plants come up, they
muft be kept clean from weeds till the following au-
tumn, when the plants fhould be carefully taken up
and tranfplanted where they are defigned to remain.
They are all very hardy plants except the fourth, fifth,
and ninth forts, which muft have a warm flickered
fituation and dry foil, otherwife they will not live
through the winter, but the others will grow in almoft
any foil or fituation.
GENISTA S FI NOS A, the Furz, Whins, or
Gorfe. See Ulex.
GENTIAN A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 285. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 80. tab. 40. [takes its name from Gentius, a
king of Illyrium, who firft difeover'ed the virtues of
this plant.] Gentian, or Fellwortj in French, Gen*
tiane.
The Characters are,
It hath a permanent empalement , which is cut into five
acute fegments. Phe flower hath one petal, which is tu-
hulous , cut into five parts at the top , which are flat. It
hath
GEN
hath five awl-Jhaped fiamina , which are ft or ter than the
petal , terminated by Jingle fummits. In the center is
fituated an oblong cylindrical germen , having no fiyle ,
is crowned by two oval ftigmas. The germen af-
terward becomes an oblong taper-pointed capful e, with one
cell , containing many j mall feeds fafiened to the valves of
the capjule.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitle i Pentandria Digynia,
which includes the plants whofe flowers have five fta-
mina and two ftigmas.
The Species are,
i. Gentian a ( Lutea ) corollis quinquefidis rotatis ver-
ticillatis, calycibus fpathaceis. Flail. Helv. 479. Gen-
tian with quinquefid wheel-Jhaped petals growing in whorls ,
and hood-like empalements. Gentiana major lutea. C.
B. P. 187. Greater yellow Gentian.
I . Gentiana ( Pneumonathe ) corollis quinquefidis cam-
panulatis oppofitis pedunculatis, foliis linearibus.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 228. Gentian with bell-fhaped quinque-
fid petals placed oppofite upon foot -jialks, and very nar-
row leaves. Gentiana auguftifolia autumnalis major.
C. B. P. 188. Greater narrow-leaved autumnal Gentian.
q. Gentiana ( Afclepiades ) corollis quinquefidis cam-
panulatis oppofitis feftilibus, foliis amplexicaulibus.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 227. Gentian with bell-jhaped quinquefid
petals fitting clofe to the /talk oppofite , and leaves em-
bracing the jlalk. Gentian Afclepiades folio. C. B. P.
187. Gentian with a Swallow-wort leaf.
4. Gentiana ( Acaulis ) corolla quinquefida campanil-
lata, caulem excedente. Lin. Sp. Plant. 228. Gen-
tian with a bell-jhaped quinquefid petal exceeding the jlalk.
Gentiana Alpina latifolia, magno flore. C. B. P. 187.
Broad-leaved Alpine Gentian with a large flower , com-
monly called Gentianella.
5. Gentiana {Nivalis) corollis quinquefidis infundibu-
liformibus, ramis unifloris alternis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
229. Gentian with funnel-jhaped quinquefid petals, and
alternate branches having one flower. Gentiana annua,
foliis Centaurii minoris. Tourn. Inft. 81. Annual Gen-
tian with lejfer Centaury leaves.
6 . Gentiana ( Cruciata ) corollis quadrifidis imberbibus
verticillatis feftilibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 231. Gentian
With quadrifid petals without beards , growing in whorls
clofe to the jialks. Gentiana cruciata. C. B. P. 188.
Crojfwort Gentian.
7. Gentiana ( Cilliata ) corollis quadrifidis margine ci-
liatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 231. Gentian with a four-pointed
petal , whofe border is hairy. Gentianella caerulea oris
pilofis. C. B. P. 188. Blue Gentian with hairy brims.
8. Gentiana ( Utriculofa ) corollis quinquefidis hypo-
crateriformibus, calycibus plicatis alatis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 229. Gentian with falver-jhaped quinquefid petals,
and winged plaited empalements. Gentiana utriculis
ventricofis. C. B. P. 188. Gentian with a ventricofe
tube.
9. Gentiana ( Centaureum ) corollis quinquefidis infun-
dibuliformibus caule dichotomo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 229.
Gentian with a funnel-jhaped, five-pointed petal, and a
forked Jlalk. Centaurium minus. C. B. P. 278. Lejfer
Centaury.
10. Gentiana ( Perfoliatum ) corollis odlifidis, foliis per-
foliatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 232. Gentian with an eight-
pointed petal, and Thorough-wax leaves. Centaurium lu-
te'um perfoliatum. C. B. P. 278. Yellow perfoliate Cen-
taury. . 1
II. Gentiana ( Spicata ) corollis quinquefidis floribus
alternis feftilibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 230. Gentian with
funnel-jhaped five-pointed petals , flowers growing alter-
nate, and fitting clofe to the Jialks. Centaurium minus
ilpicatum album. C. B. P. 278. Lejfer Centaury with
a white fpiked flower.
12. Gentiana {Exalt at a) corollis quinquefidis co-
ronatis crenatis, pedunculo terminali longiflfno di-
chotomo. Lin. Sp. 331. Gentian with a five-pointed
petal , a very long foot-jialk, and forked branches.
Centaurium minus maritimum amplo flore casruleo.
Plum. Cat. 3. Lejfer maritime Centaury with a large
blue flower.
The firft fort is the common Gentian of the [hops,
whofe root is one of the principal ingredients in
bitters.
This plant has a large thick root of a yellolvilh
brown colour, and a very bitter tafie •, the lower
leaves are of an oblong oval fhape, a little pointed
at the end, ftiff, of a yeliowifh green, and have five
large veins on the back of each, and are plaited. The
ftaik riles to the height of three or four feet, which
is garnifhed with leaves, growing by pairs at each
joint, almoft embracing the ftaik at their bafe 5
thefe are of the fame form with the lower, but di-
minfth gradually in their fize to the top. The flowers
come out in whorls at the joints, toward the upper
part of the ftalks, ftanding on Abort foot-ftalks, whofe
origin is from the wings of the leaves thefe are of
a pale yellow, and have one petal, which is divided
almoft to the bottom, having an oblong cylindrical
germen, which afterward fwells to an oblong taper
capfule, which is bifid at the point, and opens in two
cells, filled with fmall feeds.
It grows naturally in the paftures in Switzerland, and
in the mountainous parts of Germany, from whence
the roots are brought to England for medicinal ufe ;
there is a compound water, and an extradt made of
them. The root of the Gentian is alfo one of the
principal ingredients in bitters, and is frequently ufed
in many diforders.
But a few years ago, there was a mixture of Henbane
roots brought over with Gentian, which was unhap-
pily ufed, and occafloned great diforders in the perfons
to whom it was adminiftered ; upon which great en-
quiry was then made to find out what that root could
be, lbme ftifpedring it to be the root of Deadly
Nightfhade, and others believing it to be fome of the
poifonous umbelliferous roots, but on comparino- it
with fome dried roots of the Henbane, I found they
were the fame. We have likewife an account of the
noxious quality of thefe roots, printed in the Synopfis
Stirpium Hibernicarum, which was communicated to
the author by Dr. Thomas Molyneux, phyflcian to
the, ftate p it was as follows :
The Dean of Clonfert was making fome alterations
in his garden, and, looking over his workmen, he ob-
ferved them to dig up many roots, which he took for
Skirrets, and therefore ordered fome of them to be
carried in and drefied for dinner, which was accord-
done ; but all thofe who eat of them were in
a fhort time feized with dizzinefs in their head, fick-
nefs at the ftomach, attended with an unufual heat
and drinefs in their throats-, and two, who had eaten
a larger fhare than the reft, loft the ufe of their rea-
fon, and became delirious, which continued for fome
days ; and as it appeared evident thefe diforders were
occafioned by the roots, the Dean caufed fome of them
to be planted, that he might be afiured what the plant
was whofe roots had this bad quality ; and in the
fpring, when they put out their leaves, they proved
to be the Henbane, which has been noticed by old
writers to be poflefted of thefe qualities. And as the
diforders which were occaficned by thefe fuppofed
Gentian roots, were nearly the fame^ as is above re-
lated, I thought it might be of ufe to infert it here,
to caution others againft eating of roots which they
are unacquainted with*
This plant delights in a light loamy foil and a fhady
fituation, where it will thrive much better than in a
light dry foil, or in an open expofure. It is propa-
gated by feeds, which fhould be fown in pots foon
after it is ripe, for if it is kept till the fpring, it will
not fucceed ; thefe pots fhould be placed in a fhady
fituation, and kept clean from weeds. In the fpring;
the plants will appear, when they mu ft be duly wa-
tered in dry weather, and kept clean from weeds
till the following autumn ; then they fhould be care-
fully fhaken out of the pots, fo as not to break or
injure their roots and a fhady border of loamy
earth fhould be well dug and prepared to receive
them, into which the plants Ihould be planted at about
fix inches diftance each way, obferving to let the
top of the roots be a little below the furface of the
6 B ground.
(
\
ground, then prefs the earth clofe to the roots ; af-
ter this they will require no farther care, but to keep
them conftantly clean from weeds; and if the fol-
Jowing fpring fliotil’d prove dry, they fhould be
duly watered, which will greatly forward their
growth. In this border the plants may ftand two
years, by which time they will be lit to tranfplant
where they are defigned' to remain ; therefore in au-
tumn, fo foon as their leaves decay, they may be re-
moved ; but as the roots of thefe plants run deep into
the ground, like Carrots, there muft be great care
taken in digging them up, not to cut or break their
roots, for that will greatly weaken, if it does not kill
them. After the plants are well fixed in their places,
they require no other culture, but to dig the ground
about them early in the fpring before they begin to
ihoot, and in the fummer to keep them clean ffrom
weeds. The roots of thefe plants will continue
many years, but the ftalks decay every autumn ; the
fame roots do not flower two years together, nor fel-
dom oftener than every third year ; but when they
flower ftrong, they make a fine appearance ; and as
thefe delight in fiiady moift .ground, where but few
ornamental plants will thrive, fo they fhould not be
wanting in good gardens.
The fecond fort grows naturally in moift paftur.es in
many parts of England, but particularly in the north ;
this riles with an upright ftalk about a foot high,
glrnifhed with frnooth leaves an inch and a half
long, and lefs than a quarter of an inch broad ; they
are placed oppofite, and have no foot-ftalks. The
flowers are produced on the top of the ftalk, three or
four in number, ftanding upon foot-ftalks alternately
above each other ; they are large, bell-fhaped, and
divided into five points at their brim, and are of a
deep blue colour, fo make a fine appearance ; thefe
come out the latter end of July in the warm parts
of England, but in the north they are full a month
later.
It may be propagated by feeds in the fame manner as
the firft fort, and the plants may be treated in the
fame way ; but as this fort does not fhoot its roots
deep into the ground, it may be tranfplanted with lefs
. hazard ; however, if thefe are removed with a ball of
earth to their roots, they will not feel their removal
fo much as when the earth is all taken from them.
This fort fhould be planted in a ftrong, moift, loamy
foil, in which the plants will thrive and flower annu-
ally, but in a warm dry foil they will not thrive or
flower. ,
The third fort grows naturally upon the Helvetian
mountains ; this rifes with an upright ftalk near a
foot high, garnifhed with frrlooth leaves about two
inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad at
their bafe, where they embrace the ftalk, but they end
in acute points ; they are placed oppofite, and are of
a fine green, and diminifh in their fize as they are
nearer the top ; they have five longitudinal veins,
which join at both ends, but diverge from each other
in the middle. The flowers come out by pairs op-
pofite, from the bottoms of the leaves, ftanding on
fhort foot-ftalks ; they are pretty large, bell-fhaped,
and of a fine blue colour, fo make a fine appearance
when they are open. This fort flowers in June and
July.
It may be propagated by feeds in the fame manner
as the firft fort, and the plants may be treated in the
fame way, but they muft have a moift loamy foil,
otherwife they will not thrive. It may alfo be pro-
pagated by offsets, which may be divided from the
roots ; thefe fhould be taken off in autumn, which
Is the belt feafon for removing all thefe forts of .
plants ; but thefe fhould not be removed, or parted
oftener than every third year, where they are expe&ed
to produce ftrong flowers.
The fourth fort grows naturally on the Alps and
Helvetian mountains, but has been long cultivated
in molt of the curious gardens in Europe ; this is com-
monly known by the title of Gcntianella. It is a low
plants the ftalks feldom growing more than three or
i- • r •
tour incites high ; they are garnifhed with frnooth
leaves placed oppofite, which are two inches long,
and half an inch broad, fitting clofe to the 'ftalk. The
flowers grow creed on the top of the ftalk, To ftand
quite above them; thefe are often Angle, but fom'e-
times, when the plants are ftrong, there will be four
or five at tfie end of each ftalk ; they are large, belh
Draped, and of a deep azure blue, fo is the fineft of
that colour of any flower yet known. It ufually
flowers in May, but fometimes the plants flower
again in autumn.
'I his is commonly propagated by parting of the roots,
in the fame manner as is before directed for the third
fort, but thefe muft not be often tranfplanted, or
parted, if they are wanted to flower ftrong ; this fort
fhould have a foft loamy foil and a fhady fitua-
tion, where the plants will thrive and flower well
every year.
It may alfo be propagated by feeds, which, in a
good foil, the plants will produce in plenty ; thefe
fhould be fown in autumn, in the fame manner as is
before directed for the firft fort ; and if the plants
are planted in a good foil, they will be ftrong enough
to flower the fecond year after they come up, and
thefe feedling plants will flower much ftronger than
thofe which are propagated by offsets.
The fifth and eighth forts are low annual plants,
which grow naturally upon the Alps and other moun-
tainous places in Europe, and are very rarely cultivated
in gardens. The fifth feldom rifes more than two inches
high, branching out from the root into feveral flender
ftalks, garnifhed with very fmall leaves placed by
pairs, and each ftalk is terminated by one fmaller blue
flower ftanding ereft. The eighth fort grows about
four inches high, with a Angle upright ftalk of a pur-
ple colour. The leaves at the root are oval, but
thofe upon the ftalk are narrow, and ftand oppofite.
The ftalk is terminated by one blue flower, with a
large bellied empalement, which is plaited, and the
petal of the flower rifes but a little above the empale-
ment, fo does not make much appearance. After the
top flower decays, there are frequently two fmaller
flowers which come out from the fide of the ftalk, at
the two upper joints ; thefe flower after each other,
the upper one coming firft, fo that there is a fucceffion
of flowers till autumn.
As thefe plants ufually grow upon moift fpongy
ground, it is very difficult to cultivate them in gar-
dens ; for unlefs they have a foil approaching near to
that in which they naturally grow, they will not
thrive ; the only method to obtain them is, either to
low their feeds in pots, or upon a moift boggy ground
in autumn, but it muft be in the fliade ; and when
the plants come up, they may be thinned, and the
furface of the ground about them covered with
mofs, which fhould be conftantly kept moift ; with
this management I have feen the plants thrive and
flower very well.
The fixth fort is a perennial plant, which, grows na-
turally upon the Appenines and the Helvetian moun-
tains ; this rifes with an upright ftalk about fix inches
high, garnifhed with frnooth fpear-fhaped leaves
about two inches long, and one broad in the middle,
fitting clofe to the ftalk ; they are placed oppofite,
and each pair of leaves crofs one another, from whence
it is called Croffwort Gentian. The flowers are pro-
duced in whorls round the ftalks at the tipper joints,
fitting very clofe to the ftalks, and at the top there
is a large duller growing in the fame form ; thefe
are of a light blue colour, and appear in May. This
may be propagated by feeds, or offsets, in the fame
manner as the third and fourth forts, and the plants
muft be treated in the fame way.
The feventh fort grows naturally upon the Alps, and
other mountainous parts of Europe ; this is a low pe-
rennial plant,- whole ftalks are very flender, and rarely
rife more than three or four inches high, garnifhed
with fmall, narrow, acute-pointed leaves, placed in
pairs ; each ftalk is terminated by one large blue
flower, which is hairy on the infide at the Trim. This
' . flowers
G E R
G E R
flowers in July and Auguft, and may be propagated
and treated in the fame manner as the third and fourth
forts. ^ , .
The ninth fort is the Leffer Centaury of the fhops-,
this grows naturally upon dry paftures in moft parts
of England, where it rifes in height proportionable to
the goodnefs of the foil •, for in good land it is ire-
quently a foot high, but in poor foils not more than
three or four inches. It is an annual plant, with upright
branching ftalks, garnifhed with fmall leaves placed
by pairs. The flowers grow in form of an umbel at
the top, and are of a bright purple colour ; they
come out in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
This plant cannot be cultivated in the gardens.
The tenth fort grows naturally upon chalky grounds
in many parts of England. It is an annual plant, rifing
with an upright ftalk a foot high, garniilied with oval-
pointed leaves, whofe bafe furrounds the ftalk *, they
grow by pairs, and are of a gray colour •, the ftalks
and leaves are very fmooth. The flowers grow
in form of an umbel on the top of the ftalk •, they
are of a bright yellow colour, and are cut into eight
parts at the top. Thefe appear in July, and the feeds
ripen in autumn.
The eleventh fort is an annual plant, which grows
naturally in the fouth of France and in Italy ; this rifes
with an upright ftalk about a foot high, fending out
feveral branches toward the top, which are garnifhed
by fmall leaves placed oppoflte. The flowers are
produced from the fide and at the top of the ftalk,
in formofloofe irregular umbels •, they are white,
and about the fize of thofe of the common Centaury.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
where it was difcovered by Father Plumier, and the
late Dr. Houftoun found it growing in plenty at La
Vera Cruz, in low moift places where the water ftag-
nates, but at a remoter diftance from the fea. The
feeds of this plant he fent to England, which fuc-
ceeded in the Chelfea garden •, this rifes with an up-
right branching ftalk near two feet high, garnifhed
with oblong, fmooth, acute-pointed leaves, placed
oppoflte •, the upper part of the ftalk divides into fe-
veral forks, between which are fix or feven long na-
ked foot-ftalks, each fuftaining one large blue flower,
divided into five fegments at the brim. The flowers
are fucceeded by oblong capfules with one cell, filled
with fmall feeds.
This is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown
on a hot-bed foon after they are ripe, and the plants
afterward treated in the fame manner as other tender
annual plants from warm countries, being too tender
to thrive in the open air in England. If the feeds of
this plant are fown in autumn, in pots placed in the
tan-bed of the ftove, they will fucceed better than
when they are fown in the fpring, and the plants will
flower early, fo good feeds may be obtained.
GENTIANELLA. See Gentiana.
GERANIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 346. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 266. tab. 142. [takes its name from
Gr. a crane, orftork, becaufe its fruit refembles the
bill of a Crane.] Crane’s-bill-, in French, Bee de Grue.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a permanent empalement , compofed of
jive fmall oval leaves. 'The- flower hath five petals,
which are oval, or heart-floaped , fpreading. open thefe are
in fome fpecies equal, and in others, the upper two are
much larger than the three lower. It hath ten ftamina,
which are alternately longer, but' are floor ter than the pe-
tals, and are terminated by oblong fummits. In the bot-
tom of the flower is fituated a five-cornered gerrnen , fup-
porting an awl-fhaped ftyle longer than the ftamina,
which is permanent, crowned by five reflexed fligmas. The
flower is fucceeded by five feeds , 'each being wrapped up in
the hufk of the beak, which is extended the length of the
ftyle, where they are twifted together at the point , fo as
to form the refemblance of a ftork’s beak.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion of
Linnaeus’s fixteenth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have ten ftamina, and the male and fe-
male organs are joined in one body. Tournefort
places it in the fixth fectlon of his fixth clafs. In which
he ranges the herbs with a Rofe flower, whofe pointal
becomes a fruit with feveral capfules.
The Species are,
1. Geranium ( Pratenfe ) pedunculis bifloris, folds fub-
peltatis multipartitis pinnato lacimatis rugofis acutis,
petalis integris. Hort. Cliff. 344. Crane’s-bill with two
flowers on each foot-ftalk , target-Jhaped leaves cut into
many acute fegments, and entire petals. Geranium ba-
trachiodes, Gratia Dei Germanorum. C. B. P. Crane’s-
bill with a Crow-foot leaf, and large blue flowers.
2. Geranium ( Macrorrhizum ) pedunculis bifloris, caly-
cibus inflatis, piftillo longiflimo. Hort. Cliff. 343.
Crane s-bill with two flowers on each foot-ftalk, inflated
empalement s, and a very long pointal to the flower. Gera-
nium batrachioides, longius radicaturn, odoratum.
J. B. Long-rooted fweet -fuelling Crane’ s-bill, with a
Crow-foot leaf.
3. Geranium ( Sanguineum ) pedunculis unifloris, folds
quinquepartitis trifidis orbiculatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
685. Crane’s-bill with one flower on each foot-ftalk, and
orbicular leaves, which are trifid and divided into five
parts. Geranium fanguineum, maximo flore. Pi. Ox.
Bloody Crane’s-bill with a larger flower.
4. Geranium ( Lancaftrenfe ) pedunculis unifloris, fo-
lks quinquepartitis laciniis obtufis brevibus, caulibus
decumbentibus. Crane’s-bill with one flozver upon each
foot-ftalk, leaves divided into five parts , whofe fegments
are fhort, blunt , and declining ftalks. Geranium has-
matodes Lancaftrenfe, flore eleganter ftriato. Rail
Plift. Bloody Crane’s-bill with a variegated flower.
5. Geranium {Nodofum ) pedunculis bifloris-, foliis cau~
Unis trilobis integris lerratis, furnmis fubfeffilibus.
Hort. Cliff. 343. Crane’s-bill with two flowers on each
foot-ftalk, the leaves upon the . ftalks having three entire
flawed lobes, the upper leaves fitting clofe to the ftalk.
Geranium 5. nodofum. Plateau. Club Hilt. Knotty
Crane’s-bill.
6 . Geranium ( Phaum ) pedunculis bifloris, foliifque al-
ternis, calycibus lubariftatis, caule erefto, petalis un-
dulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 681. Crane’s-bill with two
fliovoers on each foot-ftalk, alternate leaves, bearded, em-* ,
palements, an eredl ftalk, and waved petals to the flower.
Geranium phteum five fufeum, petalis reflexis, folio
non maculofo. H. L. Brown Crane’s-bill with reflexed
petals , and leaves not fpotted.
7. Geranium ( Fufeum ) pedunculis bifloris, foliis quin-
quelobatis inciiis, petalis reflexis. Crane’s-bill with two
flowers upon each foot-ftalk, leaves divided into five lobes ,
which are cut, and the petals of the flowers reftexed.
Geranium phaeum five fufeum,. petalis reftis feu pla-
nis, folio maculato. H. L. Brozvn Crane’s-bill with
plain petals, and fpotted leaves.
8. 'Geranium ( Striatum ) pedunculis bifloris, altero'bre-
viore, foliis quinquelobis medio dilatatis, petalis bilo-
bis venofo reticulatis. Burm. Ger. Crane’s-bill with two
flowers upon each foot-ftalk, one bigger than the other,
leaves having jive lobes, and flowers with two lobes . Ge-
ranium Romanum, verficolor five ftriatum. Park. Par.
Roman Crane’s-bill with flriped flozvers.
9. Geranium ( Sylvaticum ) pedunculis bifloris, foliis
fubpeltatis quinquelobis incifo-ferratis, caule erecto,
petalis emarginatis. Flor. Lapp. 266. Crane’s-bill with
two flowers on each foot-ftalk , tar get -ft: aped leaves with
five lobes deeply flawed, an eredl ftalk, and indented petals
to the flower. Geranium batrachioides montanum
noftras. Ger. Mountain Crane’s-bill with a Crow-foot
leaf. 1
10. Geranium {Oriental ) pedunculis bifloris, foliifque
oppofitis, petalis integris, calycibus brevioribus. Eaft-
' ern Dove’s-foot Crane’ s-bill, with oppoflte leaves, tzvo
flowers on each foot-ftalk , and a fhort empalement. Ge-
ranium Orientaie columbinum, fibre maximo, afpho-
deli radice. T. Cor. Oriental Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill,
with an Jfphodel root and large flowers .
11. Geranium {Perenne) pedunculis bifloris, folds in-
ferioribus quinque-partito-multifidis rotundis, fuperi-
oribus trilobis, caule ereefto. Hudf. Flor. Ang. 265.
Crane’s-bill with two flowers on each foot-ftalk, ihs
lower leaves having five many-pointed lobes, the upper
three ,
i/
G E R
three, and an ereft ftdk. Geranium Cokimbinum pe-
fenne Pyrenaicum maximum. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
268. Great eft 'perennial Dove’ 5-foot Crane’ s-bill of the
Pyrennes.
12. Geranium {Alpinum) pedunculis longifflmis multi-
floris, calycibus ariftatis, foliis bipinnatis. Crane’s-
bill with very long foot-ftalks fuftaining many flowers ,
bearded empalements , and double wing-pointed leaves.
Geranium Alpinum Coriandri folio, longius radica-
tum, flore majore purpureo. Michel. Alpine Crane’s-
bill with a Coriander leaf a long root , and a larger pur-
ple flower.
13. Geranium ( Argent sum ) pedunculis bifloris, foliis
fufapeltatis feptempartitis trifidis tomentofo-fericeis,
petalis emarginatis. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 324. Crane’s-
bill with two flowers on each foot-Jialk , t ar get -flo aped
leaves divided into f even parts, which are Jilvery , and the
petals of the flower indented. Geranium argenteurn
Alpinum. C. B. P. 318. Silvery Alpine Crane’s-bill.
14. Geranium ( Maculatum ) pedunculis bifloris, caule
dichotomo erecto, foliis quinquepartitis incilis fum-
mis feflilibus. f lor. Virg. 78. Crane’ s-bill with two
flowers on each foot-ftalk , upright Jtalks divided by pairs ,
and cut leaves divided into five parts , the upper fitting
clofe to the ftalk. Geranium batrachioides America-
num maculatum, floribus obfolete cmruleis. Hort.
Elth. 158. American fpotted Crane’s-bill with obfolete
blue flowers.
15. Geranium ( Bohemicum ) pedunculis bifloris petalis
emarginatis arillis hirtis cotyledonibus trifidis medio
truncatis. Burm. Ger. 4. Crane’ s-bill with two flowers
on each foot-ftalk , indented petals to the flower , hairy
beards , and a trifid leaf. Geranium annuum minus ba-
trachiodes Bohemicum, purpuro-violaceum. Mor.
Hift. 2. 51 1. LeJJer annual Crane’ s-bill of Bohemia-, with
a purple Violet flower.
16. ^ Geranium ( Sibiricum ) pedunculis fubunifloris, fo-
liis quinquepartitis acutis foliolis pinnatifidis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 683. Crane’s-bill with one flower on a foot-
ftalk^ leaves divided into five acute parts, and the fmall-
er leaves wing-pointed.
17. Geranium ifMofchatum) pedunculis multifloris, fio-
ri'bus pentandris foliis pinnatis incifis cotyledonibus
pinnatifidis. Burm. Ger. 22. Crane’ s-bill with many
flowers on each foot-ftalk , having five ftamina to the
flowers , and cut winged leaves. Geranium cicutae folio,
rnofchatum. C. B. P. Mufked Crane’s-bill, frequently
called Mufcovy.
18. Geranium ( Gruinum ) pedunculis fub multifloris,
floribus pentandris, foliis ternatis lobatis. Burm.
Ger. 32. Crane’s-bill with many flowers on a foot-ftalk,
five ftamina to the flotver, and ternate lobed leaves.
Geranium latifolium annuum, cseruleo flore, acu lon-
giffima. H. Ox. Broad-leaved annual Crane’s-bill with a
blue flower, and a very long beak.
19. Geranium ( Ciconium ) pedunculis multifloris, caly-
cibus pentaphyllis, floribus pentandris, foliis pinna-
tis acutis finuatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 680. Crane’s-bill
with many flowers on each foot-ftalk , having five-leaved
empalements, five ftamina to the flowers, and acute, finuated,
winged leaves. Geranium Cicutas folio, acu longiffima.
C. B. P. 319. Crane’ s-bill with a Hemlock leaf , and very
long beaks to the feed.
20. Geranium ( Vifcofum ) pedunculis multifloris, caly-
cibus pentaphyllis, floribus pentandris, foliis bipin-
natis multifidis -caule erecto. Crane’ s-bill with many
flowers on each foot-ftalk, having five-leaved empale-
ments, flowers with five ftamina , and many -pointed
winged leaves. Geranium cicutae folio vifcofum erec-
tum, acu longiffima. Juflieu. Ere hi vifcous Crane’s-bill
with a Hemlock leaf, and very long beaks to the feed.
21. Geranium ( Cucullatum ) calycibus monophyllis, fo-
liis cuculatis dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 345. Crane’s-bill
with an empalement of one leaf, and indented hooded leaves.
Geranium Africanum arborefcens, ibifci folio rotun-
da, carlinse odore. H. L. African-tree Crane’s-bill with
a round Marfhmallow leaf, and fmell of the Carline
Thiftle.
22. Geranium {Angulofum) calycibus monophyllis, fo-
liis cuculatis anguioljs, acute dentatis.. Crane’s-bill
GER
with a one-Uaved empalement , and angular hooded leaves
Jharply indented . Geranium Africanum' arborefcens,
/olio angulofo, floribus amplis purpureis. Phil
Irani. 388. African-tree Crane’s-bill with an 'angular
Marflomallow leaf, and large purple flowers.
23. Geranium ( Zonale ) calycibus monophyllis, foliis
cordato-orbiculatis incifis zona notatls. Hort. Upfa-L
190. Cr ane s-bill with a one-leaved empalement , and
round heart-floaped leaves, which are cut, and marked
wito a circle. ~ Geranium Africanum arborefcens, ai-
chimillae hirfuto folio, floribus rubicundis. Com.
Prc^.1. African-tree Grand s-bill with ana hairy Ladies
Mantle leaf, and red flowers.
24. ^Geranium ( Inquinans ) calycibus monophyllis, fo-
liis 01 biculato-remformibus tomentofis crenatis inte-
griulculis, caule fruticofo. Hort. Upfal. 195. Crane’s-
bill with a one-leaved empalement , and round kidney-
fljaped leaves which are woolly, crenated , entire , and a
Jhrubby ftalk. Geranium Africanum arborefcens, mal-
vas folio piano lucido, flore elegantiffime kermefino.
Di van Leur. Boerh. Ind. African-tree Crane’s Bill,
with a p’.am, flovnmg, LTallow leaf, and an elegant fear-
let flower. * " J
25. Geranium ( Capitatum ) calycibus monophyllis, fo-
liis lobatis undatrs villofis, caule fruticofo. Hort.
Upfal. 196. Crane’s bill with empalements of one leaf. \
leaves divided into lobes, which are waved, and hairy , and
a florubby ftalk. Geranium Africanum frutefeens,
raaivas folio odorato laciniato. H. L. African jhrubby
Crane’s-bill with a jagged, fiveet- fuelling , Mallow leaf.
26. Geranium ( Vitifolium ) calycibus monophyllis, fo-
liis adfeendentibus lobatis pubefeentibus, caule fruti-
cofo. Hort. Upfal. 196. Crane’s-bill with one-leaved
empalements, afeending leaves which have lobes , are co-
vered with foft hairs, and a florubby ftalk. Geranium
Africanum frutefeens, malvas folio laciniato, odo-
rato inftar meliffas, flore purpurafeente. Boerh. Ind.
African florubby Crane’s-bill, with a jagged Mallow leaf
fuelling like Balm , and a purplijh coloured flower.
27. Geranium ( Papileonaceum ) calycibus monophyllus,
corollis papilionaceis, alis carinaque minutis, "foliis
angulatis, caule fruticofo. Llort. Cliff. 345. Crane’s-
, bill with an empalement of one leaf. \ a butterfly flower ,
whofle wings and keel are very flmall, and a Jhrubby
ftalk. Geranium Africanum arborefcens, malvse fo-
lio mucronato, petalis florum inferioribus vix con-
fpicuis. Phil. Tranf. African-tree Crane’s-bill with a
pointed Mallow leaf, and the under petals of the flower
fcarce difcernible.
28. Geranium jAcetofum) calycibus monophyllis, foliis
glabris ' obovatis carnofls crenatis, caule fruticofo.
Hort. Cliff. 345. Crane’s-bill with empalements of one
leaf, flmooth, oval, flefhy leaves, which are crenated, and
a Jhrubby ftalk. Geranium Africanum frutefeens,
folio craffo & glauco, acetofse fapore. Com. Pnel.
African florubby Crane’s-bill with a thick glacuous leaf,
and an acid tafte like Sorrel.
29. Geranium ■{Carnofum) calycibus monophyllis, caple
fruticofo, articulis carnofo gibbofis, foliis pinnatifidis
laciniatis, petalis linearibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 67.
Crane’s-bill with an empalement of one leaf, a florubby
ftalk with flefhy knees, wing-pointed leaves, and very
narrow petals to the flower. Geranium Africanum
frutefeens, chelidonii folio, petalis florum anguftis
albidis, carnofo caudice. Phil. Tranf. Geranium Afri-
canum, folio alceae, flore albo. Boerh. Ind. alt. Afri-
can Jhrubby Crane’s-bill with a leaf like the Alcea, the
petals of the flower white and narrow, and a flefhy ftalk.
30. Geranium (Gibbofum) calycibus monophyllis, caule
fruticofo, geniculis carnofls gibbofis, foliis fubpin-
natis appends. Lin. Sp. Plant. 677. Crane’s-bill with
a one-leaved empalement , jhrubby ftalk with fiefloy knees ,
and winged leaves placed oppofite. Geranium Africa-
num noftu olens, tuberofum & nodolum, aquilegise
foliis. LI. L. African Crane’s-bill fmelling flweet in the
night , with knotty tuberous j talks , and leaves fike Co-
lumbine. '
31. Geranium ( Fulgidum ) calycibus monophyllis, fo-
liis tripartitis incifis, intermedia majore Umbellis, ge-
minis, caule fruticofo carnofa. Lin. Vir. 67. Crane’s-
bill
\
G E R
bill with one-leaved empalements , leaves cut into three
fegments , the middle one being the largeft , double foot-
ftalks with flowers growing in umbels , and a Jhrubby
flejhy ftalk. Geranium Africanum, folio alceas, flore
coccineo fulgidifiimo. Boerh. Ind. ait. i. p. 264.
African Crane 1 s-bill -with a Vervain Madow leaf , and a
deep fcarlet flower.
32. Geranium {Pelt at um) calycibus monophyllis, fo-
bs, quinquelobis integerrimis glabris peltatis, caule
fruticofo. Hort. Cliff. 345. Crane's-bill with empale -
ments of one leaf and fmooth target-foaped leaves , hav-
ing five lobes, which are entire. Geranium Africanum
foiiis inferioribus afari, fuperioribus ftap.hidifagrias,
maculatis, fplendentibus, & acetofe lapore. ^ Com.
Prael. African Crane's-bill with the under leaves like Afa-
rabacca , and the upper leaves like Stavefacre, Jhining , ,
fpotted , and tafting like Sorrel.
33. Geranium ( Alchimilloides ) calycibus monophyllis,
foiiis orbicularis palmatis incifis pilofis, caule her-
baceo. Lin. Vir. 67. Crane's-bill with empalements of
one leaf \ roundifh hand-jhaped leaves , which are divided ,
hairy , and an herbaceous flalk. Geranium Africanum,
alchimillae hirfuto folio, floribus albidis. H. L. Afri-
can Crane's-bill with a hairy Ladies Mantle leaf , and
whitifh flowers.
34. Geranium {Odoratijflmum) calycibus monophyllis,
caule carnofo breviflimo, ramis herbaceis longis foiiis
cordatis. Hort. Cliff 345. Crane's-bill with empale-
ments of one leaf a very fhort flefhy ftalk , long her-
baceous branches , and heart-floaped leaves. Gerani-
um Africanum, folio malvte craflo molli odoratil-
fimo, flofculo pentapetalo albo. Boerh. Ind. alt. Afri-
can Crane's-bill with a thick , foft , fweet-fmelling Mal-
low leaf and a fmall white flower compofed of five
leaves.
35. Geranium ftrifte) calycibus monophyllis, feflili-
bus fcapis bifidis monophyllis. Lin. Sp. 950. Crane's-
bill with feflile empalemerJs of one leaf \ a bifid ftalk , and
a roundifh root. Geranium Americanum, nodu olens,
radice tuberosa, trifle. Corn. H. Ox. American tube-
rous-rooted Crane's-bill , fuelling fweet in the night.
36. Geranium ( Myrrhifolium ) calycibus monophyllis,
foiiis bipinnatis, inferioribus cordatis lobatis, caule
herbaceo, calycibus flrigofis. Burm. Ger. 59. Crane's-
bill with empalements of one leaf, doubly wing-pointed
leaves, the lower heart-floaped with lobes, and an herba-
ceous ftalk. Geranium Africanum tuberofum, ane-
mones folio, incarnato flore. Par. Bat. Puberous-
rooted African Crane's-bill with an Anemony leaf , and a
pale, flefh-coloured flower.
37. Geranium ( Paftinactefolium ) calycibus monophyllis,
foiiis decompofitis pinnatifidis, acutis pedunculis lon-
giflimis. Crane's-bill with empalements of one leaf de-
compounded leaves ending in acute winged points , and
very long foot-ftalks to the flower. Geranium Africa-
num nodlu olens, radice tuberosa, foiiis paflinacse
incanis lanuginofls latioribus, flore pallide fiavefeente.
H. L. B. Night-fmelling Crane's-bill with a tuberous
root, broad, woolly , hoary, Parfnep leaves, and a pale
yellowifh flower.
38. Geranium ( Villofum ) calycibus monophyllis, foiiis
pinnatifidis villofls, laciniis linearibus. Crane' s-bill with
empalements of one leaf, hairy wing-pointed leaves , having
very narrow fegments. Geranium /Ethiopicum, nodfu
olens, radice tuberosa, foiiis myrrhidus anguflioribus.
Breyn. Cent. Night fweet-fmelling Ethiopian Crane's-
bill with a tuberous root, and narrow Cicely leaves.
39. Geranium ( Lobatum ) calycibus monophyllis, caule
truncato, fcapis lubradicalibus, umbella compofita.
Lin. Sp. 950. Crane's-bill with empalements of one
leaf, a truncated ftalk, fcot-ftalks arifing from the root,
and a compound umbel of flowers. Geranium Africa-
num nodtu olens, folio vitis hirfuto, tuberofum. H.
L. Night fweet-fmelling African Crane's-bill with a
hairy Vine leaf and a tuberous root.
40. Geranium ( Coriandri folium ) calycibus monophyllis,
foiiis bipinnatis linearibus fquarrofis, caule her-
baceo Iseviufcuio. Lin. Sp. 949. Crane's-bill with
a one-leaved empalement , doubly winged rough leaves ,
and a very fmooth ftalk. Geranium Africanum, folio
GER
coriandri, floribus incarnatls, minus. H. L. Lefler
African Crane's-bill with a Coriander leaf and a flejh ■*
coloured flower.
41. Geranium ( Romanum ) pedunculis mifltifloris, flo-
ribus pentandris, foiiis pinnatis incifis, fcapis radica-
libus. Burm. Ger. 30. Crane' s-bill with many flowers on
each foot-ftalk , cut winged leaves, and foot-ftalks fifing
from the root. Geranium myrrhinum tenuifolium,
amplo flore purpureo. Barrel, rar. 563;
42. Geranium ( Groffularoides ) calycibus monophyllis,
foiiis cordatis fubrotundis lobatis crenatis, caule her-
baceo laevi. Burm. Ger. 53. Crane's-bill with empale-
ments of one leaf, roundifh heart-floaped leaves which
are crenated, and herbaceous fmooth ftalks. Geranium
Africanum, uvm crifpae folio, floribus exiguis rubel-
lis. H. L. African Crane's-bill with a Gooftberry leaf,
and fmall reddifh flowers.
43. Geranium ( Betulinum ) calycibus monophyllis, fo-
iiis ovatis intequaliter ferratis planis, caule fruticofo.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 679. Crane' s-bill with one-leaved empale-
ments, and oval plain leaves unequally flawed, and a
Jhrubby ftalk. Geranium frutefeens, folio lato den-
tato, flore magno rubente. Burm. Afr. 92. tab. 33.
Shrubby Crane's-bill with a broad indented leaf, and large
reddifh flower.
44. Geranium ( Chium ) pedunculis multifloris, floribus
pentandris, foiiis cordatis incifis, fuperioribus lyrato-
pinnatifidis. Burm. Ger. 35. Crane's-bill with many
flowers on each foot-ftalk, heart-floaped cut leaves at bot-
tom, the upper lyre-fhaped and winged . Geranium
chium vernum Caryphyllatse folio. Tourn. Cor. 20.
45. Geranium ( Malacoides ) pedunculis multifloris, flo-
ribus pentandris foiiis cordatis fublobatis. Hort.
Cliff. 344. Crane's-bill with many flowers on each ftalk „
and heart-floaped lobed leaves. Geranium folio Althaese.
C. B. P. 318.
46. Geranium ( Glaucophyllum ) pedunculis multifloris,
floribus pentandris, foiiis ovatis ferratis incanis line-
aris. Lin. Sp. 952. Crane's-bill with many flowers ort
each ftalk , and oval flawed leaves. Geranium fEgyp-
tiacum glailcophyllon, roftris lohgiflknis plumofls.
47. Geranium ( Carolinianum ) pedunculis bifloris, caly-
cibus ariflatis, foiiis multifidis, ariliis hirfutis. Prod.
Leyd. 351. Crane's-bill with two flowers cm each ftalk ,
bearded empalements, many pointed leaves, and hairy
beaks. Geranium columbinum Carolinum, capfulis
nigris hirfutis. Hort. Elth. 162.
48. Geranium ( Althaoides ) calycibus monophyllis, fo-
iiis cordato-ovatis plicatis flnuatis crenatis, caule her-
baceo proftrato. Hort. Cliff. 354. Crane's-bill with a
one-leaved empalement, oval heart-fhaped plaited leaves,
which are indented, and a proftrate herbaceous ftalk.
Geranium folio Althasse. Africanum odore meliffse.
Boerh. Ind. 1. p. 263.
The firft fort grows naturally in moift meadows in
many parts of England, but is frequently planted in
gardens for the beauty of its large blue flowers ; of
this there is a variety with white flowers, and another
with variegated flowers *, but thefe are apt to dege-
nerate to the common fort, if they are railed from feeds,
but by parting of their roots they may be continued.
It hath a perennial root, which fends up many ftalks,
which rife near three feet high, garnifned with tar-
get-fhaped leaves, divided into fix or feven lobes ;
thefe are cut into feveral acute fegments, after the
manner of winged leaves, ending in many points.
The flowers are produced at the top of the ftalks,
each foot-ftalk fuftaining two flowers, whofe petals
are large and equal , they are of a fine blue colour,
and appear in May and June.
The varieties of this may be prefer ved by parting of
their roots in autumn ; they may be planted in aim oft:
any foil or fituation, and require no other culture but
to keep them clean from weeds. They may alfo be
propagated by feeds, but by this method they are very
apt to vary in the colour of their flowers. If the feeds
of thefe plants are permitted to Latter, the' plants will
come up without any farther care.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Germany and
Switzerland j this hath a thick, flefhy, perennial root,
6 C from
\
G E R
from which arife feveral branching Halles, which grow
about one foot high, garnifhed with 'leaves at each
joint, which are divided into five lobes •, and are di-
vided at the top into many fhort iegments, which are
crenated on their edges; they are of a light green, and
fmooth. The flowers are produced at the end of the
brandies, many growing together in a bunch, but
each fhort fpot-ftalk fuflains two flowers. The flowers
have fwollen empalements, refembling inflated blad-
ders. The petals are pretty large, equal, and of a
fine bright purple colour, and the ftamina and ftyle
are much longer than the petals ; the whole plant,
when rubbed, emits an agreeable odour. This flowers
about the fame time with the firft fort, and may be
propagated and treated in the fame manner, the plant
being equally hardy.
The third fort grows naturally in many parts of Eng-
land, but is often admitted into gardens *, this hath
pretty thick, fleftiy, fibrous roots, which grow to a
large head, from which arife many {talks, gar-
nifned with leaves, divided into five lobes, which
are again divided almoft to the midrib. The flowers
Hand upon long hairy foot-ftalks, which come out
from the fide of the (talk, each fuftaining one flower,
compofed of five broad regular petals, which are of a
deep purple colour. This fort flowers in June and Ju-
ly •, there are two varieties mentioned of this fort as
diftindt fpecies, one whofe {talks grow more eredl, and
the other hath leaves more deeply divided ; but the
plants whi,ch I have raifed from feeds of thefe do not
come up the fame as the parent plants, fo they are
only feminal varieties.
This hath a perennial root, which may be parted in
autumn, and thereby propagated ; or it may be pro-
pagated by feeds, and the plants treated in the fame
manner as the firft:.
The fourth fort hath been fuppofed by fome to be
only a variety of the third, but it is undoubtedly a
diftinbl fpecies for I have frequently raifed the
plants from feeds, which have always proved to be
the fame. The ftalks of this plant are fhorter than
thofe of the third, and fpread fiat on the ground ;
the leaves are much lefs, and not fo deeply divided,
and the flowers much fmaller and of a pale colour,
marked with purple ; it grows naturally in Lancafliire
and Weftmoreland, where I faw it in plenty. This
may be propagated and treated in the fame manner
as the others.
The fifth fort is a perennial plant, of fmaller growth
than either of the former. It rifes with branching
ftalks about fix inches high, garnifhed with leaves,
having three pretty broad lobes, which are undi-
vided, and crenated on their edges : thofe on the
lower part of the ftalks are placed oppofite, upon
pretty long foot-ftalks, but the upper leaves fit dole
to the ftalks and arefingle. The flowers are produced
at the end of the ftalks, {landing together upon two
fhort foot-ftalks ; they are of a dirty purple colour,
and appear in June. It grows naturally in France.
This fort may be propagated and treated in the fame
manner as the firft.
The fixth fort grows naturally on the Alps and Hel-
vetian mountains, and is found in fome places in the
North of England : this hath a perennial root, from
which arife feveral ftalks near a foot high, with
leaves whieh are divided into five or fix lobes, which
are laciniated on their edges •, thofe which grow near
the root have long 'foot-ftalks, but thofe on the up-
per part of the ftalk fit clofe ; the ftalk branches out
at the top into three or four diviflons, each being
terminated by two or three foot-ftalks, fuftaining two
flowers of a dark purple colour, with eredl petals.
This flowers in June, and may be propagated by feeds
or parting of the roots, in the lame manner as the
firft fort.
The feventh fort is very like the fixth, but the
leaves are larger, the lobes {hotter, broader, and not
fo much cut they are ftriped with black ; the ftalks
rife higher, the flowers are larger, and the petals are
telexed. Thefe differences are permanent, fo are
G E R
fufficient to conftitute a ipecific difference between
them. This may be propagated and treated in the
fame manner as the firft lort. It grows naturally on
the Alps.
i he eighth fort hath a perennial root, which fends
up many branching ftalks a foot and a half high,
garnifhed with light green leaves ; thofe on the
lower part of the ftalk hath five lobes, and Hand
upon long foot-ftalks ; but thofe on the upper part
have but three lobes, fit clofer to the ftalks, and
are fharply indented on the edges ; the flowers ftand
upon long {lender foot-ftalks, each fuftaining two
flowers, compofed of five obtufe petals, which are
deeply indented at the top ; they are of a dull white,
with many purple {tripes running longitudinally thro*
them. Thefe appear in June, and in cool feafons
there will be a iucceftion of flowers a great part of
July. This fort is very hardy, fo may be propagated
by dividing of the roots, or from feeds, in the lame
manner as the firft fort.
The ninth fort grows plentifully in the meadows in
Lancafliire and Weftmoreland ; this hath a perennial
root, which fends out three or four upright ftalks
about nine inches high, garnifhed wkh leaves, having
five lobes, which are fawea on their edges ; they are
placed oppofite on the ftalks ; thofe on the lower
part have pretty long foot-ftalks, but thofe on the
upper part fit clofer. The flowers are fituated
on the top of the ftalks, {landing upon fhort foot-
ftalks, each fuftaining two pretty large blue flowers,
with entire petals. This flowers in May and June*
and may be propagated and treated in the fame way
as the firft fort. v
The tenth fort was difeovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the Levant, from whence he fent the feeds to the Royal
Garden at Paris ; this hath a perennial root, from
which arife a few weak ftalks about nine inches long,
garnifhed with leaves which are round, and divided
into five lobes, which are indented at the top, and
placed oppofite on the ftalks. The flowers ftand upon
pretty long foot-ftalks, which come Angle from
the joints of the ftalks, each fuftaining two purplifli
flowers with entire petals, having very fliort empale-
ments. It flowers in June, and may be propagated
either from feeds, or by parting of the roots in the
fame manner as the firft fort, but the plants require a
drier foil and a warmer fltuation ; for although in
common winters it will live in the open air, yet in fe-
ver£ froft thefe plants are fometimes killed, efpecially
when they are planted in moift cold land.
The eleventh fort grows naturally on the Pyrenean
mountains ; this hath a perennial root, from which
arife many branching ftalks a foot and a half high,
garniflied with round leaves, divided into many ob-
tufe fegments at the top, placed oppofite. The
flowers are produced upon fliort foot-ftalks, which
come out at the divifions on the fides, and at the top
of the ftalks ; they are in fome of a pale purple co-
lour, and in others white. The petals of the flowers
are bifid, like thofe of the common Dove’s-foot
Crane’s-bill, to which the whole plant bears fome re-
femblance ; but the ftalks are eredl, the leaves and
flowers much larger, and the root is perennial ; this
will propagate itfelf fall enough by its fcattered feeds
where it has once got pofleflion, and will thrive in any
foil or fltuation.
The twelfth fort grows naturally upon the Alps. The
feeds of this were fent me by Sig. Micheli, of Flo-
rence ; this hath a perennial root, which runs very
deep into the ground. Thp lower leaves of the plant
have very long foot-ftalks, they are doubly winged
and fmooth. The ftalks rife a foot and a half high,
which are garniflied with leaves of the fame form as
the lower, but fmaller, and ftand oppofite. The
flowers grow many together upon very long foot-
ftalks ; they are purple. This flowers in June, but
has never ripened any feeds in England. The plant
is hardy, and lives in the open air, but as the root
puts out no offsets, nor perfects feeds here, we have
not been able to propagate it.
/
The
G E
The thirteenth fort grows naturally on the Alps ; this
hath a very thick perennial root, from which come
cut roundifti leaves, divided into many parts, (landing
upon pretty long foot-ftalks •, they are very filvery,
and fhining like filk. The flower-ftalks rife about
four or five inches high, garnifhed with one or two
filial 1 leaves like thofe below, which fit clofe to the
(talk. The ftalks are terminated by two pretty large
pale flowers, whofe petals are entire, and fpread open
flat. It flowers in June, but rarely ripens feeds here ;
it may be propagated by parting of the roots in the
fame manner as the firft, and mud have a fhady fi-
tuation.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally in North Ame-
rica, from whence the feeds were lent to England ;
this hath a perennial root, from which arife feveral
(talks about one foot high, which divide by pairs, and
from the middle of the divisions come out the foot-
ftalks of the flowers, which are pretty long and naked,
each fuftaining two pale purple flowers with entire
petals. The leaves are divided into five parts, which
are cut on their edges, and are placed oppofite, the
' lower having pretty long foot-ftalks, but the upper
fit clofe to the ftalks. It flowers in June, and fre-
quently ripens feeds, from which the plant may be
propagated ; it thrives very well in the open air, and
requires no other culture but to keep it clean from
weeds.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in Bohemia; this
is an annual plant, which fends out many ftalks, di-
viding into feveral fmaller, which are garnifhed with
leaves divided into five lobes, crenated on their edges;
they ftand upon long foot-ftalks, and are for the moft
part oppofite. The flowers ftand by pairs upon pretty
long (lender foot-ftalks, which come out from the fide
of the ftalk ; they are of a fine blue colour, and are
fucceeded by feeds, whofe capfules and beaks are
black. It flowers moft part of fummer, and the feeds
ripen foon after, which, if permitted to fcatter, there
will be a fupply of plants, which want no other care
but to keep them dean from weeds.
The fixteenth fort grows naturally in Siberia. The
feeds of this plant were fent me by Sir Charles Lin-
naeus, profeftbr of botany at Upfal ; this fort hath a
perennial root. The leaves are divided into five acute
lobes, which are cut into many (harp wing-like (fig-
ments on their edges ; they are placed oppofite, and
have long (lender foot-ftalks. The foot-ftalks of the
flower come out from the wings of the ftalk ; they
are pretty long, (lender, and each fuftain one pale
purplilh flower. This fort flowers in June, and per-
feels its feeds very well, fo may be eafily propagated;
it will grow on any foil, or in any fituation.
The feventeenth fort is an annual plant, which is
fometimes found growing naturally in England, but
is frequently preferved in gardens for the mufky odour
of the leaves, which in dry weather is very ftrong.
The leaves of this are irregularly winged, the lobes
grow alternate, and are cut into many obtufe fegments
on their edges. The ftalks branch into many divi-
fions, and frequently decline to the ground. The
flowers are produced in umbels upon long foot-ftalks,
which arife from the wings of the ftalks ; they are
fmall, blue, and have but five ftamina in each, their
empalements are compofed of five leaves. It flowers
in May, June, and July, and the feeds ripen foon
after ; which, if permitted to fcatter, there will be a
fupply of plants without care, which will require no
other culture but to keep them clean from weeds,
and thin them where they are too clofe ; it will thrive
on any foil, or in any fituation.
The eighteenth fort grows naturally in Crete ; this is
an annual plant with very broad leaves, which are cut
on their fides regularly, in form of winged leaves, and
are crenated on their borders. The flowers are pro-
duced on pretty long foot-ftalks, which come out
from the wings of the ftalk ; they have five-leaved
empalements, and are compofed of five entire blue
petals ; thefe are fucceeded by the larged and longed
beaks of any fpecies of this genus yet known. It
G E R
flowers in June and July ; this ripens feeds very well,
and if they are permitted to fcatter, the plants will
come up without care ; or they may be fown in the
fpring where they are defigned to remain, and will
require no other culture but to thin them where they
are too clofe, and keep them clean from weeds.
The nineteenth fort grows naturally in Germany and
Italy ; this is an annual plant, which hath feveral
proftrate ftalks near a foot long, garnifhed with
winged leaves, cut into feveral acute parts, placed
oppofite. The flowers come out from the wings of
the ftalk, upon foot-ftalks about three inches long ;
Come of thefe fuftain many flowers, but others have
no more than two ; they are of a pale blue colour, and
are fucceeded by very long beaks, but not fo long
or large as thofe of the former fort ; but the feeds of
this are frequently ufed for hygrometers, to (hew the
moifture of the air : if the feeds of this are permitted
to fcatter, the plants will come up and thrive without
any other care than to keep them clear from weeds,
and the plants which come up in autumn will flower
early in May, but thofe which are fown in the fpring
feldom flower till July. Dr. Linnaeus fuppofes this
and the former fort to be the fame, but whoever has
leen the two plants, cannot doubt of their being diftinCt
fpecies.
The feeds of the twentieth fort were fent to the Chel-
fea garden by Dr. Juflieu, profeflbr of botany at Pa-
ris ; this is an annual plant, which hath upright ftalks
near two feet high, which are garniflied with double
winged leaves, ending in many points ; thefe are very
vifeous, and ftand oppofite. The flowers are produced
on long naked foot-ftalks, (landing many together
upon each ; they are of a pale blue colour, and have
but five ftamina ; their empalements are compofed of
five leaves, which end with awns. It flowers in May,
June, and July, according to the times when the
feeds are fown, and the feeds ripen a month after;
this requires no other culture than the two former
forts.
There, are feveral other forts of annual Geraniums,
fome of which grow naturally in England, and are
troublefome weeds in a garden, others grow naturally
in France, Spain, Italy, and Germany, and are pre-
ferved in botanic gardens for the fake of variety ; but
as they are plants of little beauty, they are rarely ad-
mitted into other gardens, therefore I (hall not trouble
the reader with an enumeration of the fpecies, which
would fwell this article too much ; fo I (hall next treat
of the African Crane’s-bills, which are preferved in
moft of the curious gardens, where there is conveniency
to fereen them from' the froft in winter.
The twenty-firft fort grows naturally near the Cape
of Good Hope ; this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk eight
or ten feet high, fending out feveral irregular branches,
garnifhed with roundifti leaves, whofe fides are eretft,
fo form a fort of hood by the hollow cavity made in
the leaf. The bafe of the leaves are cut in form of
a heart- fhaped leaf, and from the foot-ftalk run many
nerves a fifing from a point, but diverge toward the
fides ; the borders of the leaves are (hafply indented,
thofe on the lower part of the branches have long
foot-ftalks, and are placed without order on every fide,
but thofe on the upper part have (horter foot-ftalks,
and ftand oppofite. The flowers are produced in
large panicles on the top of the branches ; their em-
palements are of one leaf, deeply cut into five feg-
ments, and clofely covered with foft hairs. -The pe-
tals are large, entire, and of a purple blue colour. It
flowers in June, July, Auguft, and September, and
the flowers are fucceeded by feeds, having fhort hairy
beaks.
The twenty-fecond fort has fome appearance of the
twenty-firft, but the leaves are of a thicker fubftance,
divided into many acute angles, having purple edges,
which are acutely indented. The ftalks and leaves
are very hairy. The branches are not fo irregular as
thofe of the former, nor are the bunches of flowers
near fo large; thefe differences are permanent in the
plants which are railed from feeds, fo it is undoubtedly
a diftimft
t
\
a (Min& fpecies, though Dr. Linnaeus fuppofes them
to be the fame.
The twenty-third fort comes from the Cape of Good
Hope, but is one of the oldeft, and the molt common
fort in the Englifh gardens ; this rifes with a fhrubby
ftalk four or five feet high, and divides into a great
number of irregular branches, fo as to form a large
head, which is often eight or ten feet high. The
branches are garnifhed with roundifh heart-fhaped
leaves, indented on their edges in feveral obtufe feg-
ments, which are cut into fhort teeth at their brims ;
thefe have a purplifh circle, or mark, like a horfe-
fhoe, through the leaf, going from one fide of the
bafe to the other, correfponding with the border of the
leaf ; thefe leaves when gently rubbed, have a fcent
like fcalded Apples. The flowers are produced in
pretty clofe bunches, ftanding upon foot-ftalks about
five or fix inches in length, which come out from the
wings of the ftalk, toward the end of the branches ;
they are of a reddifh purple colour, and continue in
fucceflion great part of fummer ; there is a variety of
this with fine variegated leaves, which is preferred, in
moft of the Englifh gardens for the beauty of its
leaves ; but as this accidentally came from the other,
it is not a diftindt fpecies, therefore I have not enu-
merated it.
The twenty-fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape
of Good Hope •, this rifes with a foft fhrubby ftem to
the height of eight or ten feet, fending out feveral
branches, which are generally ereft •, thefe are gar-
nifned with roundifh kidney-fhaped leaves, which are
of a thick fubftance, and of a lucid green, ftanding
ojy pretty long foot-ftalks ; they are covered with foft
hairs on their under fide, and are placed without any
order. The flowers grow in loofe bunches upon long
ftiff foot-ftalks, which come out from the wings of
the ftalk ; they are of a bright fcarlet colour, fo make
a fine appearance, and there is a fucceflion of thefe
flowers during all the fummer months.
I he twenty-fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of
Good Hope, but has been many years an inhabitant
or the Englifh gardens ; this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk
four or nve feet high, dividing into feveral weak ir-
regular branches, garnifhed with leaves divided into
three unequal lobes, which are hairy and waved on
their edges ; they are placed alternate on the branches,
and ftand upon hairy foot-ftalks. The flowers grow
in clofe roundifh heads on the top of the foot-ftalks,
forming a fort of corymbus ; they are of a purplilh
blue colour, and continue in fucceflion great part of
the fummer. T he leaves of this fort, when rubbed,
have an odour like dried Rofes, from whence many
have given it the title of Rofe Geranium.
The twenty-fixth fort is a native of the Cape of Good
Hope ; this rifes with an upright fhrubby ftalk to the
height of feven or eight feet, fending out many pretty
ftrong branches, garnifhed with leaves fhaped fome-
what like thoie of the Vine ; thofe on the lower part
ftand upon long foot-ftalks, but the upper have fhort
ones ; when the leaves of this are rubbed, they have
a fcent of Balm. The flowers grow in compact cluf-
ters on the top of long naked foot-ftalks, which come
out from the wings of the ftalk, but rife much higher
than the branches ; they are fmall, and of a pale blue
colour, fo make no great figure, but there is a fuc-
ceflion of them moft part of the fummer.
The twenty-feventh fort rifes with an upright fhrubby
ftalk feven or eight feet high, fending out feveral
fide branches, garnifhed with large, angular, rough
leaves, ftanding upon long foot-ftalks. The flowers
are produced in large panicles at the end of the
branches ; thefe are fhaped fomewhat like a Butterfly-
flower, the two upper petals, which are pretty large,
turn upward like a ftandard in the leguminous
flowers^ thefe are finely variegated, but the three
under petals are fo fmall, as not to appear at a fmall
diftance ; thefe are reflexed downward, fo are fcreened
from light, unlefs the flowers are viewed near. This
fort flowers in May, at which time the plants make a j
fine appearance, but they are not fucceeded by any j
more afterward, as moft of the other forts are ; this
grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope.
The twenty-eighth fort is from the fame country ; this
rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fix or feven feet" hio-h,
fending out feveral fide branches, garnifhed with ob-
long, oval, flefliy, fmooth leaves, of a gray colour,
which are crenated on their edges, and have an acid
tafte like Sorrel. The flowers ftand upon pretty long
foot-ftalks, which arife from the wings of the ftalks^
each fuftaining three or four flowers, whole petals are
narrow and unequal in fize ; they are of a pale blulh
colour, with fome ftripes of a light red ; thefe con-
tinue in fucceflion moft part of the fummer. There
is a variety of this with fcarlet flowers, which is faid
to have been raifed from the feeds of this fort. The
leaves of it are larger, and feem to be an intermediate
fpecies between this and the twenty-fourth fort, for the
flowers are larger than thofe of the twenty-eighth fort,
and are of a pale fcarlet colour.
The twenty-ninth fort hath a thick, flefliy, knotted
ftalk, which rifes about two feet high, fending out a
few {lender flefhy branches, garnifhed thinly with
double winged leaves, which, on the lower part of
the ftalk, ftand upon foot-ftalks, but thofe above fit
clofe to the branches. The flowers are produced in
fmall clufters at the end of the branches ; thefe have
five narrow white petals, which make no appearance,
and continue in fucceflion moft part of the fummer.
It grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope.
The _ thirtieth fort hath a round flefliy ftalk with
fwelling knots at the joints, which rife about three
feet high, and fend out leveral irregular branches,
which are fmooth ; they are thinly garnifhed with
fmooth, flefhy, winged leaves, ending in obtufe points;
they are of a gray colour, and ftand upon fhort foot-
ftalks. The flowers ftand four or five upon each foot-
ftalk, which arifes from the wings of the ftalk, and
are of a dark purple colour. The petals are broader
than thofe of the former fort, and have a very agree-
able fcent in the evening, after the fun has left them
fome time ; this and the former fort are fuppofed to
be one fpecies by Dr. Linnteus, but they are very dif-
ferent in many particulars, which are permanent in
the plants which come up from feeds.
The thirty- firft/ort hath a flefhy ftalk which feldom
rifes a foot high, and puts out very few branches ;
thefe are garniftied with fmooth, light, green leaves,
divided into three lobes, the middle fegrnent being
much larger than the others. The flowers ftand upon
fhort foot-ftalks, each fuftaining two or three flowers
on the top, which are of a very deep fcarlet colour,
and have unequal petals ; this fort is not regular in its
feafon of flowering, fometimes it is in fpring, at other
times in fummer, and frequently in autumn. The
leaves of this fort fall off, fo that the ftalks are fre-
quently deftitute of them for three or four months
in fummer, and appear as if they were dead, but in
autumn they put out frefh leaves again.
The thirty-fecond fort hath many weak fhrubby ftalks,
which require fupport to prevent their falling on the
ground ; thefe extend to the length of two or three
feet, and are garnifhed with flefliy leaves, divided into
five obtufe lobes, which are entire ; thefe have (lender
foot-ftalks, which are fattened to the middle of the
leaf like the handle of a target. The leaves are
fmooth, of a lucid green, and have a circular purple
mark in their middle; they have an acid flavour, and
are placed alternate on their branches. The flowers
are produced upon pretty long foot-ftalks, which come
out from the wings of the ftalk, each foot-ftalk fuf-
taining four or five purple flowers, competed of five
unequal petals. This fort continues a fucceflion of
flowers moft of the fummer months, and frequently
ripen feeds here.
The thirty-third fort fends out feveral herbaceous
ftalks about a foot and a half in length, which trail
upon the ground if they are not fupported ; thefe are
garnifhed with roundifh. hand-fnaped, leaves, which
are cut into many parts, and are very hairy. The
flowers are of a pale blufh colour-, and ftand feveral
together
G E R
i . - -J
together upon very long foot-ftalks ; there is a fuc-
ceffion of thefe during all the fummer months, and
the feeds ripen accordingly about a month after the
flowers are fallen : there is a variety of this fort which
has a dark circle in the middle of the leaves, which is
mentioned as a diftind fpecies, but I find it is apt to
vary from feeds.
The thirty-fourth fort hath a very fhort fiefhy ftalk,
which divides near the ground into fever al heads, each
having many leaves, which ariJe on feparate foot-
ftalks from the heads ; thefe are heart-fhaped, foft,
and downy, and have a ftrong fcent like Anifeed ;
from thefe heads come out feveral (lender ftalks near
a foot in length, which lie proftrate on the ground,
and are garnifned with rounder leaves than thofe near
the root, but are of the fame texture, and have the
like odour. The flowers are produced from the fide
of thefe ftalks, three, four, or five Handing together
upon (lender foot-ftalks ; they are very fmall and
white, fo make little appearance, but the plant is pre-
ferved in gardens for the fcent of its leaves.
The thirty-fifth fort hath a thick, roundifh, tuberous
root, from which arife feveral hairy leaves, which are
finely divided, almoft like thofe of the Garden Carrot;
thefe fpread near the ground, and between thefe come
out the ftalks, which rife about a foot high, which
are garniflied with two or three leaves of the fame fort
with thofe below, but are fm after, and fit clofer to the
ftalks •, from thefe arife two or three naked foot-ftalks,
which are terminated by a bunch ofyellowifli flowers,
marked with dark purple fpots, which fmell very fweet
after the fun hath left them ; thefe are frequently fuc-
ceeded by feeds, which ripen in autumn. This is the
fort which has been long cultivated in the gardens,
and is known by the title of Geranium noctu olens,
or Night-fcented Crane’s-bill.
The thirty-fixth fort hath a knobbed tuberous. root like
the laft, from which come out feveral pretty large
leaves, cornpofed of many lobes, fet along the mid-
rib in the form of a winged leaf; thefe are narrow at
their bale, but are very much enlarged at their ends,
which are rounded, and cut aft along their fide
and top into many acute points ; the ftalks which
fuftain the flowers arife immediately from the root,
and fometimes have one cr two fmall leaves toward
the bottom, where they often divide into two naked
foot-ftalks, each being terminated by a bunch of pale
reddifti flowers, which fmell fweet at night.
The thirty-feventh fort hath oblong tuberous roots,
from which come out feveral decompounded winged
leaves, ending in many acute points; the fegments of
thefe leaves are broader than thofe of the thirty-fifth
fort, and the leaves are very hairy. The ftalks rife
a foot and a half high, which are garnifhed with a
fingle leaf at the two lower joints ; thefe are fingly
winged, and the lobes are narrow, Handing at a wider
diftance, and the fegments are more acute than thofe
of the lower leaves ; at the two lower knots or joints,
arife two long naked foot-ftalks, each being termi-
nated by a bunch of yellowifti flowers, which have long
tubes, and fmell fweet in the evening when the fun
has left them. This grows naturally at the Cape of
Good Hope.
The thirty-eighth fort hath a tuberous root like the
former, from which fpring out many hairy leaves,
which are finely divided like thofe of the Puifatilla,
which have a hoary appearance, and rife immediately
from the root, fpreading on every fide near the ground.
The foot-ftalk of the flower is naked, and riies from
the root ; this grows about nine inches high, and is
terminated bv a loofe bunch of flowers, which are. of
a very dark purple colour, and fmell fweet in the
evening.
The thirty-ninth fort hath fiefhy tuberous roots like
thofe of the former forts, from which come out three
or four broad leaves, divided on their borders into
feveral lobes, in form of a Vine leaf ; thefe fpread flat
on the ground ; they are hairy, and crenated on their
edges, (landing upon fhort foot-ftalks. The foot-
ftalks of the flowers arife immediately from the root.
and grow about a foot high ; they are naked, and are
terminated by abunch ofdarkpurple flowers, with long
tubes, fitting clofe to the foot-ftalks, which have a
very agreeable odour in the evening.
The four firftlbrts of tuberous-rooted Crane’s-bill, are
by Linnaeus fuppofed to be but one fpecies; but' I have
propagated them from feeds feveral times, and have
never found either of them vary from their parent
plants, fo I make no doubt of their being diftindt fpe-
cies, for their difference of leaves is as great as in anv
of the other fpecies.
The fortieth fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally at the Cape of Good Hope ; this rifes with
herbaceous branching ftalks near a foot high, which
are garniflied with doubly-winged leaves at each joint;
the lower leaves Hand upon long foot-ftalks, but thofe
on the upper part fit clofe to the ftalks. The flowers
(land upon naked foot-ftalks, which proceed from the
fide of the ftalks, on the oppofite fide to the leaves ;
they grow three or four together upon fhort feparate
foot-ftalks ; thefe are ihaped fomewhat like a papili-
onaceous flower; the two upper petals, which are
large, form a kind of ftandard, the other three petals
are narrow, and reflexed downward ; they are of a
pale fiedi colour, appearing in July, and the feeds
ripen in September, foon after which the plants
decay.
The forty-firft fort hath a pretty thick tuberous root,
from which is fent out feveral irregular ftalks, which
divide into branches, and grow diffufed ; thefe have
fwelling joints, and are fomewhat ligneous ; they are
garniflied with one double winged leaf at each of the
joints, and oppofite to the leaves come out the foot-
ftalks of the flowers ; thofe which are fituated on the
lower part of the ftalk, are very long and naked, but
thofe which terminate the branches are {hotter, and
have one or two fmall leaves fet at their bafe ; thefe
foot-ftalks are terminated by a fmall bunch of flowers,
fhaped like thofe of the former fort, but larger, and
of a paler colour; thefe continue in fucceflion mod
part of the fummer : this and the former fort are fup-
pofed to be the fame by Dr. Linnaeus, but the former
is an annual plant in every country, perifhing foon
after the feeds are perfeded, and the latter is an
abiding plant with ligneous ftalks.
The forty-fecond fort is a biennial plant, which grows
naturally at the Cape of Good Hope ; this fends out
a great number of very (lender trailing ftalks, which
are proftrate on the ground, and extend a foot and a
half in length, garniflied with fmall, roundifh, hand-
fhaped leaves, which are crenated on their edges.
The flowers (it upon fliort (lender foot-ftalks, which
come out at every joint from the fide of the ftalks ;
they are very fmall, and of a reddifh colour ; fome-
times they are fingle, and at other times there are
two or three flowers upon a foot-ftalk. They con-
tinue in fucceflion all the fummer, and the feeds ripen
in about five weeks after the flowers decay.
The forty-third fort hath a llirubby ftalk/ which rifes
to the height of four or five feet, fending out feveral
branches, which are garniflied with oblong leaves,
indented, and unequally fawed on their edges ; the
flowers (land upon long foot-ftalks, which come out
from the fide of their branches; they are large, of a
red colour, and the two upper petals are larger than
the other; this fort flowers in June and July.
The . forty-fourth fort grows naturally in the i fie of
Chio in the Levant. This is an annual plant, which
fends out feveral branches a foot long; the lower leaves
are almoft heart-fhaped, but thofe on the branches
are formed in the fliape of an ancient lyre. Thefe are
placed alternate on the branches ; the foot-ftalks of
flowers are produced on the fide of the branches, thefe
are fix inches long, fuftaining many bright purple
flowers at the top, which are iucceeded each by five
feeds, having long {lender beaks ; thefe ripen in five
or fix weeks after the flowers fall away, and if they
are permitted to fcatter, the young plants will come
up in the autumn ; and if the winter is favourable,
they will live in the open air, fo will flower early the
6 D following
Following fpring : but if thefe fhould be killed ifl the
winter, fome feeds fhould be fown in the fpring, on
a border of light ground,, and when the plants come
up they fhould be thinned, and kept clear from weeds ;
thefe will flower in July, and their feeds will ripen in
Auguft:.
The forty-fifth fort grows naturally in Portugal and
Spain ; this is an annual plant, whofe lower leaves are
heart-fhaped, and divided into three lobes •, the foot-
ftalks of the flowers are placed on the fide of the
branches, which extend a foot and a half each way •,
thefe incline to the ground. The foot-fcalks fuftain
many bright red flowers, which are fucceeded each by
five feeds, having pretty long beaks. This flowers
and feeds about the fame time as the former fort, and
requires the fame culture.
The forty-fixth fort grows naturally in Egypt. This
is an annual plant, having oval fawed leaves of a gray
colour ; the branches extend a foot in length, adorned
with fmall leaves placed alternate, and toward the end
have three or four foot-ftalks produced from their
fides, fuftaining feveral pale blue flowers, which are
each fucceeded by five feeds, having long feathery
beaks.
This fort is much tenderer than the two former, there-
fore if the feeds are fown on a moderate hot-bed in the
fpring, and when the weather becomes warm, the
plants are carefully tranfplanted on a Iheltered border,
then? will be greater certainty of their perfecting
feeds. , *
The forty-feventh fort grows naturally in Carolina,
and is an annual plant, greatly refembling our common
Dove’s-footCrane’s-bill, but is fmaller, and the branches
are fhorter •, the flowers are very fmall, of a pale blue
colour; thefe are fucceeded by five feeds, having Ihort
ereCt beaks, which are black. If the feeds of this fort
are permitted to fcatter, the plants will arife without
farther care; and if thinned and kept clean from
weeds, will produce flowers and feeds.
The forty-eighth fort has fome refemblance of the
forty-fifth, but the leaves are more of an oval heart-
Ihape ; the flowers are alfo of a bright red colour.
This grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope; the
plant is tender, therefore will require the fame treat-
ment as the forty-feventh fort, with which they will
produce flowers and feeds, after which the plants
decay.
All the forts of African Crane’s-bill may be propa-
gated by feeds ; thefe may be fown upon a bed of
light earth toward the end of March, where the plants
will appear in a month or five weeks after, and by
the beginning of June the plants will be fit to remove;
when they fhould be carefully taken up, and each
planted into a feparate pot, filled with light kitchen-
garden earth, and placed in a fhadv fltuation till the
plants have taken new root; then they may be removed
into a fheltered fltuation, and placed among other of
the hardier green-houfe plants, where they may remain
till autumn, when they mull be removed into the
green-houfe, and treated in the fame manner as other
hardy kinds of green-houfe plants.
But thefe who are defirous to have their plants large,
and flower foon, fow the feeds upon a moderate hot-
bed in the fpring, on which the plants will come up
much fooner, and will be fit to remove long before
thofe which are fown in the open air ; but when thefe
plants come up, there muft be great care taken not to
draw them up weak ; and when thefe are tranfplanted,
the pots fhould be plunged into another moderate hot-
bed, obferving to fhade them from the lun till they
have taken new root; then they muft be gradually
inured to bear the open air, into which they fhould be
removed the beginning of June, and placed in a fhel-
tered fltuation with other exotic plants. If thefe
plants are brought forward in the fpring, moft of
the forts will flower the fame fummer, and the plants
will be very ftrong before the winter, fo will make a
better appearance in the green-houfe.
The fnrubby African Geraniums, from the twenty-
firft to the thirty-fecond inclu five, and alfo the for-
ty-firft and forty-third forts, are commonly propa-
gated by cuttings, which, if planted in a fhady bor-
der in June or July, will take good root in five or fix
weeks, and may then be taken up and planted into
feparate pots, placing them in the fhade till they have
taken new root ; after which they may be removed in-
to a fheltered fltuation, and treated in the fame man-
ner as the feedling plants. The twenty-ninth, thir-
tieth, thirty-firft, and thirty-fecond forts, have more
fucculent ftalks than either of the other, fo the cut-
tings of thefe forts fhould be planted into pots filled
with light kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a
very moderate hot-bed, where they fhould be fhaded
from the fun in the heat of the day, and fhould have
but little water ; for thefe are very apt to rot with
much moifture, fo they muft only be gently refreilied
now and then with water. When thefe are well root-
ed, they may be feparated and planted in pots filled
with the fame fort of earth, and placed in the fhade
till they have taken new root ; then they may be re-
moved into a fheltered fltuation, where they may re-
main till autumn. Thefe four forts fhould be fparing-
ly watered at all times, but efpecially in the winter,
for they are apt to take a mouldinefs with moifture,
or in a damp air : they will thrive much better in an
airy glafs-cafe than in a green-houfe, becaiffe in the
former they will have more lun and air than in the
latter, fo will not be fo liable to have a mouldinefs or
rot. But all the other fhrubby forts are proper furni-
ture for the green-houfe, where they will only require
protedtion from froft, but fhould have a large fhare
of free air when the weather is mild ; they will re-
quire water every week, in mild weather once or twice,
but it fhould not be given them in too great plenty,
efpecially in frofty weather. Thefe plants fhould be
hardened in the fpring gradually, and toward the
middle or latter end of May, they may be taken out
of the green-houfe, and at firft placed under the Shelter
of trees, where they may remain a fortnight or three
weeks to harden ; then fhould be removed into a fl-
tuation where they may be defended from ftrong
winds, and enjoy the morning fun till eleven o’clock,
where they will thrive better than in a warmer
fltuation.
As thefe fhrubby forts grow pretty faft, fo they foon
fill the pots with their roots ; and if they ftand long
unremoved in fummer, they frequently put out their
roots through the holes at the bottom of the pots into
the ground, and then the plants will grow vigoroully;
but when they are buffered to grow long in this
manner, it will be difficult to remove them, for if
their roots are torn off, all the younger branches will
decay, and many times the plants are killed. There-
fore the pots fhould be moved once in a fortnight of
three weeks, in the fummer months, and the roots
which may be then pufhing through the holes in the
pots cut off, to prevent their ftriking into the ground.
Thefe plants will alfo require to be new potted at leaft
twice in the fummer ; the firft time fhould be after
they have been three weeks or a month out of the
green-houfe ; the lecond fhould be towards the end
of Auguft, or the beginning of September, that the
plants may have time to eftabhfh their new roots be-
fore they are removed into the green-houfe.
When thefe are new potted, all the roots on the out-
fid e of the balls of earth fhould be carefully pared
off, and as much of the old earth drawn away from
the roots, as can be done with fafety to the plants j
then if they require it, they fhould be put into pots a
fize larger than thofe out of which they were taken,
putting a quantity of frefh earth into the bottom of
the pot ; then place the plants upon that, being care-
ful the ball about the roots of the plant is not fo high
as the rim of the pot, that fome room may be left to
contain the water which may be given to the plants*
Then the cavity all round the ball fhould be filled up
with frefh earth, which fhould -be gently preffed down,
and the bottom of the pot beaten upon the ground,
to fettle down the earth; then the plant fhould be well
watered, and the item fattened to a rail, to prevent
5 the
GER
the wind from difplacing of the root before they are
fixed in the new earth.
The compoft in which I have always found thefe
plants thrive belt (where there has not been a conve-
niency of getting fome good kitchen-garden earth)
was freffi hazel loam from a pafture, mixed with a
fourth or fifth part of rotten dung •, if the earth is
inclinable to bind, then a mixture of rotten tan is
preferable to dung ; but if it is light and warm, then
a mixture of neat’s-dung is bell: this compoft fhould
be mixed three or four months before it is ufed, and
fhould be turned over three or four times, that the
parts may be well mixed and incorporated ; but where
a quantity of good kitchen-garden earth can be had,
which has been well worked, and is clean from the
roots of bad weeds, there will need no compofttion,
for in that they will thrive full as well as in any mix-
ture which can be made for them, efpeeially if the
earth has lain in a heap for fome time, and has been
two or three times turned over to break the clods,
and make it fine : thefe plants fhould not be planted
in very rich earth, for that will caufe them to grow
very luxuriant, but they will not flower fo well as in
a poorer foil.
The thirty-third fort hath herbaceous ftalks, fo is belt
propagated by feeds, which the plants produce in
great plenty, but the cuttings of this will take root as
freely as either of the other, but the feedling plants
are preferable to thofe propagated by cuttings •, and
where the feeds of this and many other of the African
forts are permitted to fcatter, there will be a fupply
of young plants come up the fpring following, pro-
vided the feeds are not buried too deep in the ground.
The thirty-fourth fort may be propagated by feeds,
or from heads flipped off from the fliort flefhy ftalk ;
thefe heads fhould have their lower leaves ftripped off,
that the ftalk which is to be planted may be clear of
leaves *, then they may be planted lingle into a fmall
pot, or if the heads are fmall, there may be two or
three put into one fmall pot; then they may be plunged
into a very moderate hot-bed, which will forward
their putting out roots, and if they are fhaded from
the fun and gently refrefhed with water, they will
take root in a month or five weeks, when they muft
be hardened gradually, and removed into the open air,
where they may remain till autumn, when they muft
be removed into fhelter for the winter feafon.
The thirty-fifth, thirty-fixth, thirty-feventh, thirty-
eighth and thirty-ninth forts are generally propagated
by parting of their roots ; the beft time for doing
this is in Auguft, that the young roots may be efta-
blifhed before the cold comes on. Every tuber of
thefe roots will grow, provided they have a bud or
eye to them ; they may be planted in the fame fort of
earth as was before directed, and if the pots are
plunged into an old tan-bed, under a good frame in
winter, the plants will thrive better than in a green-
houfe ; the glaffes of the frame may be drawn off
every day in mild weather, whereby the plants will
enjoy the free air ; and if in hard froft the glaffes are
well covered fo prevent the cold penetrating to the
plants, it is all the fhelter they will require ; but in
this fttuation they fhould have but little wet in win-
ter, therefore the glaffes fhould be kept over them in
heavy rains to keep them dry ; but in mild weather
the glaffes may be raffed on the upper fide to ad-
mit the frefh air to the plants, which will give them
greater Hope to carry off the wet. With this ma-
nagement the roots will thrive and flower very ftrong
every yean Thefe forts may alfo be propagated by
feeds.
The fortieth font is an annual plant, and is only
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon a
gentle hot-bed in the fpring, to bring the plants for-
ward ; otherwife if the feafon fhould not prove very
warm, the plants will not perfect their feeds in this
country. When the plants are come up, and grown
ftrong enough to remove, they fhould be each planted
into a feparate fmall pot, and plunged into a moderate
hot-bed again, obferving to fbade them till they have
taken new root; then they muft be gradually hardened
to bear die open air, into which they fhould be re-
moved in June ; and when the plants have filled the
fmall pots with their roots, they fhould be fnaken 0114
and the ball of earth preferved to their roots, and put
into pots a fixe larger, in which they will flower and
ripen feeds, and foon after the plants will decay.
The forty-fecond fort is alio propagated by feeds,
which may be either fown upon a moderate hot-bed
in the fpring, or upon a bed of light earth in the open
air, where the plants will come up very well, though
they will not be fo forward as thofe on the hot-bed.
Thofe which are fown in the open air will require no
other care but to keep them clean from weeds, and
thin the plants where they are too clofe. Thefe plants
will flower in July and Auguft, and if the autumn
proves favourable, the feeds will ripen in September %
but if thefe fhould fail, thofe which were railed on the
hot-bed will come earlier to flower, fo there will be
no danger of their perfecting feeds ; and thefe plants,
if they are in pots, may be preferved through the
winter, if they are plunged into an old tan-bed under
a frame, and treated in the fame manner as the tu-
berous-rooted forts before mentioned-.
The fhrubby forts muft be looked over frequently
during the winter, while they are in the green-houfe,
to pick off all decayed leaves from them, which, if
left on, will not only render the plants unfightly, but
by their falling off, they will occafton litter among
the other plants ; and if they are fuffered to rot iirthe
houfe, they will occafion a foul, nafty, damp air,
which will be very prejudicial to all the plants; there-
fore to avoid this, they fhould be conftantly picked
off every week ; and during the fummer feafon, they
will require to be picked every fortnight or three
weeks to keep them clean from dead leaves ; for as
the branches advance, and new leaves are produced
on their top, the under ones as conftantly decay ; and
if left on till they drop off, will render the plants very
unfightly.
GERMANDER. See TEtrcRiuMi
GEROPOGON. Goat’s-beard.
The Characters are.
The empalement is Jingle, compofed t)f niarij keel-floaped
leaves which are longer than the corolla ; the flower is
compofed of fever al hermaphrodite florets , which are im-
bricated and Jhorter than the empalement , and are of one
petal , divided into five figments at the top. Thefe havt
each five floor t flamina, terminated by cylindrical fummits*,
and an oblong germen with a fender fly le, fupporting two
thread-like ftigma which are recurved ; the feeds are in-
cluded in the empalement, and are crowned by five bearded
flpr ending rays *
This genus of plants is tanged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intided Syrigenefia Poly-
gamia JEqualis, the florets having five conneded fta-
mina, and are fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Geropogon ( Glabrum ) folks glabris. Lin. Sp; lickp
Goaf s-beard with fmooth leaves. Tragopogon gramineo
folio glabrum, flore dilute incarnato. Raii Sup. 14 94
2. Geropogon ( Hirfutnm ) foliis pilofis; Lin. Sp. 1 ropj
Goaf s-beard with hairy leaves. Tragopogon gramineo
folio, fuave rubente flore. Col. Eephr. 1. p. 232.
The firft fort grows naturally in Italy; this hath an
ered ftalk more than a foot high, garnifhed with
fmooth, Grafs-like, long leaves; the ftalk branches up-
ward into two or three divifions, each being terminated
by one flefh-coloured flower, compofed of leveral
florets ;
The fecond fort grows naturally in Italy and Sicilyd
This rifes with an ered ftalk a foot high, garnifhed
with hairy narrow leaves, and feldom divides into
branches, but is terminated by one flower compofed
of four or five hermaphrodite florets, which are foe*
ceeded by fo many bearded feeds.
Thefe plants require the fame treatment as the Tra-
gopogon, to which article the reader is defired to
turn for their culture.
GESNERAc
l
ZrO
G E S
G EISNER A, Plunder Nov. Gen. 27. tab. 9. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 667. This plant was fo named by father
Plumier, who difcovered it in America, in honour of
Conrad Gefner, a very learned botanift, and natural
hiftorian.
The Character's are,
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, cut into five
acute parts at the top , and is permanent , in which is fi-
tuated the go-men-, the flower hath one petal which is tu-
hulous, and firfi bent inward , and afterward out again like
a bugle-horn ; the brim is divided into five obtufle fcgments
which are equal-, it hath four ftamina which are Jh or ter
than the petal, terminated by Jingle fummits the germen
which fits under the petal Jupports a fiingle crooked fiyle,
crowned by a headed ftigma. The germen afterward be-
comes a roundifh capfule with two cells, filled with fimall
feeds, which are fixed on each fide the partition.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia An-
giofpermia, which includes thole plants whole flowers
have two long and two fhorter ftamina, and the feeds
are included in a capfule.
The Species are,
1. Gesnera ( Tomentofa ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis crena-
tis hirfutis, pedunculis lateralibus longiffimis corym-
biferis. Hort. Cliff. 318. Gefnera with oval, hairy ,
crenated leaves , and long foot-j talks proceeding from the
fides of the ftalks, fupporting flowers in a corymbus. Gef-
nera arnplo digitalis folio tomentofo. Plume Gen. 27.
2. Gesnera ( Humilis ) foliis lanceolatis ferratis feffili-
bus, pedunculis ramofis multifloris. Lin. Sp. Plant.
612. Gefnera zvith fpear-Jhaped flawed leaves fitting do fie
to the Jlalks , and branching fcot-ftalks having many flowers.
Gefnera humilis fiore flavefcente. Plum. Nov. Gen.
27. Low Gefnera with a yellowifh flower.
The firft fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies ; the
feeds of this were lent me from Jamaica, which fuc-
eeeded in tlie Chelfea garden; this rifes with a fhrubby
Calk to the height of fix or feven feet, which divides
into two or three irregular branches, covered with a
rufiet wool, and garnifhed with hairy leaves which
are feven or eight inches long, and two and a half
broad in the middle, having a ruffet woolly midrib,
and the edges are crenated ; thefe are placed on every
fide the branches without order, and have fhort foot-
ftalks ; towards the end of the branches come out the
foot-ftalks of the flowers at every joint, arifing from
the wings of the italic-, they are naked, and nine inches
in length, branching at the top into many lmaller
foot-ftalks, each fuftaining a Angle flower, having a
fhort crooked tube, indented at the top in five obtule
parts, and of ah oblolete purple colour. Thefe are
Succeeded by roundifh capfules fitting clofe in the em-
palement, the divifions of which arife above the
capfule ; which Dr. Linnaeus, from Plumier’s figure,
has taken for the empalement fitting upon the capfule,
whereas the capfule is didPtncb from the empalement
and is inclofed by it. The capfule is divided into
tv/o cells which are filled with fmall feeds. It
flowers here in July and Auguft, but hath not ri-
pened feeds.
The fecond fort is a plant of humbler growth •, this
feldom riles more than three feet high ; the leaves are
much fmaller, are fawed on their edges, and fit clofe
to the ftalk the flowers ftand upon branching foot-
ftalks, each fuftaining many yellowifh flowers, which
are deeper cut at their brims than thofe of the firft
fort. This was found growing naturally by the late
Dr. Houftoun at Carthagena in New Spain.
There is a third fpecies of this genus mentioned
by Plumier, which grows to to a tree, and hath fpotted
and fringed flowers but this I have not feen in anv
of the Englifh gardens. Theie plants are propagated
by feeds, which muft be procured from the countries
where they grow naturally ; thefe fhould be brought
over in their capfules, which is the beft way to
preferve the feeds' good; for as they are very linall
and light, fo when they are feparated from the par-
tition to which they adhere, they foon lofe their j
vegetative quality ; for I have received the feeds fe-
G E U
veral times from America, which were taken out of
the veffels, but not one of them grew, till I pro-
cured fome to be fent in their veffels, which fucceecled
very well.
The feeds fhould be fown in pots filled with light
earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark
as loon as they arrive, for they fometimes lie long in
the ground ; thofe which I have fown in autumn,
came up the following fpring ; therefore when they
happen to arrive here at that feafon, the pots in which
the leeds are fown fhould be plunged into the tan-bed
in the ftove, and during the winter the earth fhould
be now and then gently watered to prevent its drying
too much, but it muft not be tpo moift. In the fpring
the pots fhould be removed out of the ftove, and
plunged into a frefh hot-bed, which will bring up the
plants foon after. When thefe are fit to remove, they
fhould be each planted into a feparate pot, and plunged
into a good hot-bed of tan, obferving to fhade them
till they have taken new root; then they muft be
treated in the fame way as other tender plants from
the fame countries.
In autumn they muft be plunged into the tan-bed
in the ftove, where, during the winter, they fhould
have but little water given to them ; for if they re-
ceive much wet, it will deftroy them. In this ftove
the plants muft conftantly remain, for they will not
thrive if they are kept out of the tan. In the fum-
mer, they fhould have free air admitted to them at
all times when the weather is warm ; and they muft be
frequently refrefhed with water during that feafon,
but it muft not be given to them in too great plenty.
As the plants advance in growth they will require
larger pots, but there muft be care taken not to
over-pot them, for they will not thrive in large pots.
With this management the plants will flower the
fecond year, and may be continued three or four
years, but they are not of long duration in their na-
tive country.
G E U M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 561. Caryophyllata. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 294. tab. 151. Avens, or Herb Bennet ;
in French, Benoite.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a one-leaved empalement , cut at
the top into ten fegments , which are alternately fmaller
than the other. The flower has five roundifh petals, which
are narrow at their bafle , where they are inferted in the
empalement it hath a great number of awl-fhaped fta-
mina, which are the length of the empalement, into which
they are inferted, and are terminated by broad obtufle fum-
mits. In the center of the flower is fituated a great number
of germen collected into a head ; thefe havejlyles inferted
in their fides, which are long , hairy , and crowned by Jingle
fligmas. The germen afterward become fo many flat rough
feeds , which are hairy, and have the ftyle which is bent
like a knee adhering to them ; thefe Jit in the common em-
palement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth feftion of
Linnaeus’s twelfth clals, intitled Icofandria Polygynia,
in which he places thofe plants whofe flowers have
more than twenty ftamina, and have many ftyles in-
ferted into the empalement.
The Species are,
1. Geum ( Urbanitm ) floribus ereftis, fruftu globofo,
ariftis uncinatis nudis, foliis lyratis. Hort. Cliff.
T9 5. Geum with ered flowers , a globular fruit, naked
hooked beards, and harp-fhaped leaves. Caryophyllata
vulgaris. C. B. P. '321. Common Avens, or Herb
Bennet.
2. Geum [Rivale , floribus nutantibus, fru<ftu oblongo,
ariftis plumofis. Hort. Cliff. 195. Geum zvith nodding
flowers , and an oblong fruit wit f feathery beards. Ca-
ryophyllata aquatica, nutante flore. C. B. P. 32 r.
Aquatic Herb Bennet with a nodding flower.
3. Geum (fiPyrenaicum) floribus nutantibus, fructu glo-
bofo, ariftis nudis, foliis lyratis, foliolis rotundiori-
bus. Geum with nodding flowers, a globular fruit with
naked beards , and harp- /leaped leaves with rounder lobes.
Caryophyllata Pyrenaica, arnpliflimo & rotundiori
folio, nutante flore, Tourn. Inft. R, H. 295. Pyrenean
6 Aveus
Averts with a very large and rounder leaf, and a nodding
flower.
4. Geum ( Montanum ) Acre erefto folitario fruftu oblongo,
ariftis plumofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 501. Geum with a
Jingle upright flower , and an oblong fruit with feathery
beards. Caryophyllata montana flore luteo magno. J.
B, 2. p. . 398. * Mountain Avens with a large yellow
fewer.
5. Geum (. Alpinum ) flore folitario ereclo, fructu globofo,
ariftis tenuioribus nudis. Geum with a fingle erehi
fewer, and a globular fruit with narrozver naked beards.
Caryophyllata alpina minor. C. B. P. 322. Smaller
Alpine Avens.
6 . Geum ( Virginianum ) floribus erectis, fructu globofo,
ariftis uncinatis nudis, foliis ternatis. Hort. Cliff. 195.
Geum with upright flowers , a globular fruit with naked
beards and trifoliate leaves. Caryophyllata Virginiana,
albo flore minore, radice inodora, H. L. hi. Vir-
ginia Avens with a fmaller white flower, and a root
without feent.
The firft fort grows plentifully by the fide of hedges,
and in woods, in moft parts of England, fo is rarely
admitted into gardens. This ftands in the lift of
medicinal plants ; the root is the only part ufed,
which is efteemed cephalic and alexipharmic, and is
manifeftly of a binding nature, fo is ufeful in all
fluxes, &c.
The fecond fort grows naturally in moift meadows
in the northern parts of England. This is of an hum-
bler growth than the firft, the lower leaves have two
pair of fmall lobes at bottom, and three large ones at
the top, that which terminates being the largeft. The
leaves upon the ftalks are compofed of three acute
lobes which fit clofe to the ftalk ; the flowers are of a
purplifh colour, and nod on one fide ; they appear in
May, and the feeds ripen in July.
The third fort grows upon the Alps, and alfo on
the mountains in the north ; this hath fome refem-
blance to the fecond, but the leaves are much
larger and rounder, and are indented on their edges ;
the flowers are larger and of a gold colour. This
flowers about the fame time as the fecond.
The fourth fort grows naturally upon the Alps *, this
hath leaves much larger than either of the other fpe-
cies ; the lower leaves are compofed of three or four
pair of fmall irregular pinnae fet along the midrib,
which is terminated by one very broad roundifh lobe,
which is crenated on the edge. The flowers are
large, of a bright yellow colour, {landing fingle on
the top of the ftalk, which feldom rifes more than
five or fix inches high. It flowers in May and June.
The fifth fort grows naturally on the Alps •, it is a
very low plant, the fiower-ftalks are about three
inches long, and bend on one fide •, they are each ter-
minated by one bright yellow flower, about the fize
of thofe of the common fort. This flowers about the
fame time as the former.
The flxth fort grows naturally in North America ;
the ftalks of this fort rife a foot and a half or two
feet high, and branch out at the top into fmall foot-
ftalks, each being terminated by a fmall white flower ;
the leaves of this fort are trifoliate, and the root
has no feent. Thefe are all very hardy plants which
require a lhady fituation, but will thrive in any foil ;
they may be eafily propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown in autumn ; for when they are fown in the
fpring, they do not grow the fame year.
GILLIFLOWER, or J U LY-F LOWE R. See
Dianthus.
GILLIFLOWER, or STOCK-GILLI-
F LOWER. See Cheiranthus.
GILLIFLOWER, the Queen’s or Dame’s Vi-
olet. See Hesperis.
GINGER. See Amomum.
GINGIDIUM. See Artedia.
GLADE is an open and light paffage made through
a wood, by lopping off the branches of trees along
that way.
GL A D I O L U S. Lin. Gen. Plant. 55. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 365. tab. 190. [takes its name of Gladius, bat.
fword j q. d. little fword 5 becaufe the leaves of this
plant refemble a fword.] Cornfiag ; in French, Glaicul.
The Characters are,
'The flowers are included in fheaths , which ftand at a -
diftance from each other •, the petal of the flower is cut into
fix parts, three of the upper are near together, the three
under fpreadopen, but they all form a floor t incurved tube
with their bafe •, they have three awl-floaped ftamina,
which are inferted into every other petal, and all of them
afeend to the upper petals , and are terminated by oblong
fummits. The germen is Jituated below the flower, J. up-
porting a fingle ftyle the length of the ftamina, crowned
by a concave trifid ftigma. The germen afterward
becomes an oblong , fwelling, three-cornered 'capfule, with
three cells , opening with three valves , filled with roundifh
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnteus’s third clafs, in titled Triandria Monogynia,
which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have three
ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Gladiolus ( Communis ) foliis enfiformibus, floribus
diftantibus, Lin. Sp. Plant. 36. Cornfiag with Sword-
fhaped leaves and flowers funding at a diftance. Gladio-
lus floribus uno verfu difpofitis. C. B. P. 41, Corn-
flag with flowers difpofed on one fide the ftalk.
2. Gladiolus (Italicus ) foliis enfiformibus, floribus an-
cipitibus. Cornfiag with fword-fhaped leaves , and flower is
funding on both fides the ftalk. Gladiolus utrinque
floribus. C. B. P. 41. Cornfiag with flowers on each
fide the ftalk.
3. Gladiolus {Byzantium) foliis enfiformibus, fpathis
longioribus. Cornfiag with fword-foaped leaves and
longer fheaths to the flowers. Gladiolus major Byzan-
tinus. C. B. P. 41. Greater Cornfiag of Byzantium.
4. Gladiolus ( Indicus ) foliis enfiformibus, floribus
maximis incarnatis. Cornfiag with fword-fhaped leaves,
and very large incarnate flowers. Gladiolus maxim us
Indicus. C. B. P. 41. Greateft Indian Cornfiag.
5. Gladiolus ( Anguflis ) foliis linearibus floribus dif-
tantibus, corollarum tubo limbis longiore. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 37. Cornfiag with very narrow leaves, flowers
funding at a diftance from each other , and the tube longer
than the margins of the petal. Gladiolus Africanus,
folio gramineo, floribus carneis, macuLm rhomboi-
deam inferiptis uno verfu pofitis. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2.
127. African Cornfiag, with a grajfy leaf, and fiejh-cc-
loured flowers , marked with a purple rhomboid fpot ranged
all on one fide the ftalk.
6 . Gladiolus ( Triflis ) foliis linear! cancellatis corollis
campanulatis. Cornfiag with very narrow channelled
leaves, and a ftalk bearing beil-fhaped flowers. Li-
lio-Gladiolus bifolius & biflorus, foliis quadrangulis*
Trew. tab. 39. Lily Cornfiag with two leaves and flowers,
and four-cornered leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally in arable land in moft
of the warm countries in Europe, and was formerly
cultivated in the Englifh gardens, v/here the roots
have multiplied fo greatly as to become a moft trou-
blefome weed, and are very difficult to eradicate 5
this hath a round, compreffed, tuberous root, which is
of a yellowifh colour, covered with a brown fur-
rowed fkin, like thofe of the large yellow vernal Cro-
cus •, from the root arife two flat fword-fhaped leaves,
which embrace each other at their bafe, and between
thefe arife the flower-ftalk, which grows near two feet
high, having one or two narrow leaves embracing it
like a fheath ; the , ftalks are terminated by five or fix
purple flowers, ftanding above each other at fome
diftance, and ranged on one fide of the ftalk ; each
of thefe has a fpatha (or fheath) which covers the
flower-bud before it expands, but fplits open length-
ways when the flowers blow, and fhrivel up to a dry
fkin, remaining about the feed-veflel till the feeds
are ripe. The flower hath one petal, which is cut
almoft to the bottom in fix parts, fo as to appear like
a flower of fix petals •, the three upper fegments ftand
near together, and rife like a labiated flower •, the under
one turns downward, and the two fide fegments form
the chaps of the flower, and fpread open at the top,
6 E but
G L A
but are curved downward at the bottom. They are
ranged along one fide of the ftalk, and are of a pur-
plifh red colour. This flowers the latter end of May,
and in June, and the feeds ripen the beginning of Au-
guft ; it requires no care, for when it is once planted
in a garden, it will multiply too fait, fo as to become
a troublefome weed.
There is a variety of this with white flowers, and
another with fielh -coloured flowers, which have ac-
cidentally rifen from feeds, fo are not different
fpecies.
The fecond fort differs from the firft, in having
the flowers ranged on both fides the ftalk, but in
other refpedts it is very like to that ; and of this
there is a variety with white flowers, but thele are
not fo common in the Englifn gardens as the former.
The third fort hath larger roots than either of the
former, but are of the fame form ; the leaves are
alfo much broader and longer, the veins or channels
of the leaves are deeper,- the flower-italics rife
higher ; the flowers are much larger, and of a deeper
red colour than thofe of the former forts, and the
fheaths are longer. This plant makes a fine appear-
ance in flower, fo is worthy of a place in every good
garden •, .and the rather, becaufe the roots do not in-
creafe fo faff as to become troublefome in the borders.
This is propagated by offsets, which are fent off from
the roots in the fame manner as Tulips. The roots
may be taken out of the ground the end of July,
when their ftalks decay, and may be kept out of the
ground till the latter end of September, or the begin-
ning of Oftobe.r; at which time they fhould be planted
in the borders of the flower-garden, where they will
thrive in any fituation, and being intermixed with
other flowers of the fame growth, they will add to
the variety.
The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence I have leveral times received the
feeds. This has been many years cultivated in the
Englifh gardens, but very rarely flowers here ; for
in near thirty years that I have cultivated this
fort, I have never feen it but once in flower, though
I have kept it in all fituations, and planted it in va-
rious foils. The roots increafe very faff, but will
not live in the open air through the winter in this
country. The roots of this fort are broader and
flatter than thofe of any of the other forts, and are
covered with a netted (kin ; the leaves come out in
the fame manner, embracing each other like the for-
mer forts ; they are longer, fmoother, and of a
brighter green, than any of the others •, thefe begin
to appear in September, and continue growing in
fize till after Chriftmas ; they begin to decay in
March, and the latter end of June are quite withered,
when the roots may be taken up, and kept out of
the ground till Auguft •, the time of its flowering is
in January. The flowers of this fort are placed on
each fide the ftalk, and fit clofe to it, like the
grains of the fiat Barley •, the (heaths between the
flowers are not fo long as thofe of the other forts,
and form a kind of fcaly covering to them. The
flowers are of a pale red colour without, but the three
lower fegments are yellow within toward their bafe,
with a few red (tripes. The flowers do not all open at
the fame time, but the lower ones decay before thofe
on the upper part of the fpike are in beauty ; however,
they make a good appearance at a feafon when all
flowers are valuable.
This fort propagates by offsets very faff ; thefe fhould
be planted in a warm border of kitchen-garden
earth, and in winter they fhould be covered with
glaffes or mats to guard them from froft ; for I have
with a flight fhelter preferved thofe which were in
pots under a common frame, and fome which were
planted in the full ground, when the froft has not
been fevere ; and I have always found that thofe
plants which were hardily treated, grew much ftronger
than thofe which were placed in a moderate degree of
warmth ; fo that where there is a conveniency of co-
vering a warm border with glaffes in the winter, if
G L A
thefe roots are planted in the full ground, where they
may be protected from the froft, there will be a greater
probability of their flowering, than in any other me-
thod of culture.
The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence I received the feeds, which
fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, where the plants'
annually produce their beautiful flowers.
"1 his hath a round, fmooth, bulbous root, ■ which is
covered with a thin dark-coloured (kin, from which
come out in autumn two or three very narrow gra-fly
leaves, folded over each other at their bafe, but open
flat above, and rife near two feet high. In the fpring
of the year arifes a Angle ftalk from between the
leaves about two feet long, which always bend on
one fide ; toward the upper part of this come out two
or three flowers, ranged on one fide of the ftalk,
(landing upright, each having a narrow fpatha, or
hood, and long (lender tubes, which fwell large up-
ward, and are divided into fix parts, which are nearly
equal. The flower is of a dufky flefh colour, and
each fegment of the petal has a rhomboidal mark
of a dark red, or purple colour •, afterward the tube
of the flower opens, and the deep divifion of the
petals is feen, and the three (lamina with their fum-
mits appear, attended by the ftyle with its trifid
ftigma, arifingfrom the germen. This plant flowers
in May and the beginning of June ; as this plant is a
native of a warm country, it requires protection from
the froft in winter ; therefore the bulbs fhould be
planted in pots filled with light earth, and placed in
the green-houfe in winter; or, where there is not fuch
conveniency, they may be put under a hot-bed
frame during that feafon, where they may have air in
mild weather, and be fcreened from the froft ; in
fuch fituations I have had them thrive and flower very
well.
This is propagated by offsets from the root in the
fame manner as the laft, and alfo by feeds, which are
frequently perfected in England ; thefe fhould be fawn
the latter end of Auguft, in pots filled with light earth,
and placed in a fhady fituation till the middle of Sep-
tember ; then the pots fhould be removed where they
may have the fun great part of the day, and in Octo-
ber they mud be placed under a hot-bed frame, where
they may be protected from froft and great rains, but
enjoy the free air in mild weather. In the fpring the
young plants will appear, when they will require a
little water once in eight or ten days, but it fhould be
given them fparingly, for too much wet will rot thefe
tender bulbs. In May, when the danger of froft is
over, the pots fhould be removed to a (heltered fitua-
tion, where they may have the morning fun till noon ;
and, if the feafon proves dry, they muft be now and
then refreflied with water. Toward the latter end of
June, the leaves of thefe plants will decay ; then the
roots fhould be taken up, and may be mixed with
fand, and kept in a dry room till the end of Auguft,
when they (hould be planted again ; and as the roots
are fmall, four or five may be planted in each half-
penny pot, filled with light earth ; thefe (hould be
placed where they may have only the forenoon fun,
till the middle of September, when they (hould have
a warmer fituation ; and in October they muft be
placed under a hot bed frame as before, and treated
in the fame way during the winter feafon ; and in
the fpring they muft be placed in me open air till
their leaves decay, when they may be again taken
out of the ground, and treated in the fame' manner as
before ; but as the roots will have grown to a larger
fize, fo when they are planted again, they fhould
each have a feparate half-penny pot, becaufe now they
will be large enough to flower, fo may- be treated as
the old roots. -•
The fixth fort is alfo a native of the Cape- of Good
Hope, from whence I have feveral times received the
feeds ; the root of this fort is oval, not comprefled as
thofe of the common forts. The leaves are very long
and narrow, having two deep furrows running the
whole length, the midrib riling very prominent, fo as
to
I
GLE
•
to have the appearance of a four-cornered leaf. The
leaves are Angle, and wrapped clofe about the flower 1
ftalk at their bale to a confiderable length ; there are
feldom more than two of thefe leaves from one root ;
the ftalk is flender and round, and riles about two feet
high *, and the top is garnilhed with two flowers, 1
which are placed two inches and a half afunder on
the fame fide of the ftalk, each having a fhort fpatha,
or {heath, embracing the germen and the bafe of the
tube, which is long, narrow, and recurved, but en-
larges greatly before it is divided. The upper part
of the flower is cut into fix equal fegments, which
end in acute points of a purplifh colour, which form a
ftripe through the middle of each fegment. The petal
is of a cream colour, and fades to a lulphur colour
before it decays. This flowers in June, and fome-
times the feeds ripen well in England. This may be
propagated by offsets from the root, or by feeds in
the fame manner as the fifth fort, and the plants re-
quire the fame treatment.
GLANDIFEROUS trees, are fuch trees as bear
maft, as Acorns, &c.
GLANDULOUS roots, are fuch roots as grow
kernel-wife.
GLA N S is that fort of fruit which is contained within
a fmooth, but hard bark, having but one feed ; jts
hinder parts covered with a kind of cup, the fore-
part being bare, as Acorns ; but it is properly the
fruit without the cup.
GLASTENBURY THORN. See Mespilus.
GLAUCIUM. See Chelidonium.
GLAUX, Sea Chickweed, or Milkwort, and black
Saltwort, is a low trailing perennial plant, with leaves
fomewhat like Chickweed, but of a thickerconfiftence,
which fit clofe to the ftalks. The flowers come out
from the bofom of the leaves ; they are white, and
like thofe of Chickweed. This is feldom cultivated in
gardens, fo I fhall not trouble the reader with a fur-
ther account of it. This grows upon the fea-£hores in
rnoft parts of England.
G LE CHOMA, Ground Ivy, Gill go by the Ground,
Ale-hoof, or Turn-hoof.
This plant grows naturally under hedges, and upon
the fides of banks in moft parts of England, fo is
rarely cultivated in gardens, for which reafon I fhall
pafs over it, with barely mentioning it here.
GLEDITSIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1025. Acacia. Raii
Meth. 1 6 1 . Honey Locuft, or three-thorned Acacia.
The Characters are.
It hath male and hermaphrodite flowers in the fame
katkin , and female flowers in different plants. I’ he male
katkins are long , compadl , and cylindrical , and have each
a three-leaved fmall empalement they have three roundifh
petals , which fpread open in form of a cup •, thefe have
a turbinated neciarium , whofe mouth afterward grows to
the parts of f r unification \ they have fix flender flamina ,
which are longer than the petals , terminated by oblong
compreffed fummits. I he hermaphrodite flowers in the
fame katkin , are fituated at the end ; thefe have empale-
ment s, petals , and flamina like the male , and have a ger-
men , ftyle , and feeds like the female, which are fituated on
different trees , and are difpofed iu a loofe katkin ; thefe
have a five-leaved empalement, and have five oblong petals,
with two fhort thread-like neclariums , and a broad ger-
men longer than the petals , fupporting a fhort reflexed ftyle,
crowned by a thick ftigma. The germen afterward be-
comes a large flat pod, with fever al tranfverfe partitions ,
having a pulp in each divifion, furrounding one hard ronnd-
iflh feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feciion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-third clafs, intitled Polygamia
Bioeceia, which includes thofe plants which have male
and hermaphrodite flowers in the fame plant, and
female flowers in different plants.
The Species are,
2. Gleditsia ( 'Triacanthus ) fpinis triplicibus axillaribus.
Lin. Sp. 1509. Gleditfa with three thorns on the fide of
the branches. /Acacia Americana Abruas folio triacan-
thos, five ad axillas foliorum, fpina triplici donata.
Pluk. Mant. 1. Three-thorned ffmerican Acacia.
i. Gleditsia (Inerniis) fpinis paucioribus, fdlis bipiri-
nads, filiquis ovalibus. . Gleditfia with fewer fpines,
winged leaves , and oval pods. Acacia Abruas folio tri-
acanthos, capfu'la ovali unicum femen ciaudente. Ca-
tefb. Car. r. p. 43. Three-thorned Acacia with an Ab~
rus leaf \ and an oval pod containing one feed.
Thefe trees grow naturally in America ; the firft
fort is very common in moft parts of North America,
where it is known by the title of Honey Locuft ; this
has been many years cultivated in the Engliih gardens,
and is known among the gardeners by the title of
three-thorned Acacia. It rifes with an ered trunk
to the height of thirty or forty feet, and is armed with
long Ipines, which have two or three fmalier coming
out from the fide, and are frequently produced in
clufters at the knots on the ftems of the trees , they
are fometimes three or four inches long. The
branches of this tree are alfo armed with the fame fort
of fpines, and are garnilhed with winged leaves, com-
pofed of ten pair of fmall leaves which fit clofe to
the midrib, and are of a lucid green. The flowers
come out from the fide of the young branches in
katkins they 'are of an herbaceous colour, fo make
no figure. The hermaphrodite flowers arefucceeded
by pods near a foot and a half long, and two inches
broad, divided into many cells by tranfverfe parti-
tions, each containing one fmooth, hard, oblong feed,
furrounded by a fweet pulp.
The leaves of this tree feldom come out till June
in this country, and the flowers appear the latter end
of July, but they do not flower till they are of a large
fize : there was one tree in the Chelfea garden which
produced flowers feveral years, and there is one mow
growing in the Bifliop of London’s garden at Ful-
ham,, which produced pods in the year 1728, and
came to their full lize, but the feeds did not ripen.
The fecond fort hath much the appearance of the
firft, but it hath fewer fpines. The leaves are fmalier,
and the pods are oval, containing but one feed ;
this was difcovered by the late Mr. Catefby, in Ca-
rolina, from whence he fent the feeds to England,
by the title of Water Acacia, by which it is known
in the gardens.
Thefe trees are propagated by feeds, which muft be
procured from America, where the trees grow natu-
rally ; thofe of the firft fort are annually lent to Eng-
land in plenty, by the title of Locuft, or Honey Lo-
cuft, to diftinguilh it from the falfe Acacia, which is
frequently called Locuft-tree in America ; thefe feeds
may be fown upon a bed of light earth in the fpring,
burying them half an inch deep ; and if the fpring
fhould prove dry, they muft be frequently watered,
otherwile the plants will not come up the firft year,
for I have fometimes had the feeds remain two years
in the ground before they have come up ; therefore
thofe who are defirous to fave time, fhould fow the
feeds as foon as they arrive, and plunge the pots into
a moderate hot-bed, obferving to water them fre-
quently ; by this method moft of the plants will come
up the fame feafon, but thefe fhould be gradually
inured to bear the open air, for if they are continued
in the hot-bed, they will draw up weak ; during the
fummer feafon, thofe plants in pots will require fre-
quent waterings, but thofe in the full ground will
not dry fo fall, therefore need no water, unlefs the
feafon fhould prove very dry. In autumn, thofe in
the pots fhould be placed under a hot-bed frame to
protect them from froft, for thefe young plants ge-
nerally keep growing late in the fummer, fo the up-
per part of their (hoots is tender, and the early frofts
of the autumn often kill the ends of them, if they
are not protefited, and this frequently occafions great
part of the lhoots decaying in winter ; for which rea-
fon thofe plants in the full ground fnould be co-
vered with mats in autumn, on the firft appearance
of froft •, for a fmall froft in autumn will do more
mifchief to thefe young lhoots which are full of flip,
than fevere froft when the (hoots are hardened.
The following fpring the plants may be tranfplanted
into nurfery-beds, at a foot diftance row from row,
and.
rji
4
G L O
and fix inches afunder in the rows j but this fliould
not be performed till April, after the danger of
hard froft is over ; for as the plants do not put out
their leaves till very late, fo there will be no hazard
in removing them any time before May. If the fea-
fon fhould prove dry, they muft be watered ■, and if
the furface of the beds is covered with mofs, or mulch,
to prevent the earth from drying, it will be of great
fervice to the plants. In thefe beds the plants may
remain two years, during which time they muft be
conftantly kept clean from weeds and in the winter
there fliould be feme rotten tan, or other mulch, fpread
over the furface of the ground to keep out the froft.
If the plants thrive well, they will be fit to tranfplant
to the places where they are to remain after two
years growth, for they do not bear removing when
large ; the belt feafon for tranfplantlng of thefe trees,
is late in the fpring •, they thrive beft in a light deep
foil, for in ftrong fhallow ground they become molly,
and never grow large ; they fhould alfo have a fhel-
tered fituation, for when they are much expofed to
winds, their branches are frequently broken in the
fummer feafon, when they are fully clothed with
leaves.
GLOBULAR I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 106. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 466. tab. 265. Blue Daify.
The Characters are.
It hath a fewer compofed of many florets , which are
included in one common fcaly empalement ; each floret has
an empalement of one leaf, which is tubulous , and cut into
five flegments at the top. The florets have one petal,
whofle bafle is tubulous, but the brim is cut into four parts
the upper flegment , which is the leaf;, is reflexed -, they
have four ft lamina the length of the petal, terminated by
diftinbl flmmits •, in the bottom of the tube is fituated an
oval germen fupporting a Jingle Jlyle, crowned by an ob-
tufle Jligma. The germen afterward becomes an oval feed,
fitting in the common empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fecfion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetandria Mono-
gynia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have
four ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Globularia ( Vulgaris ) caule herbaceo, foliis radi-
calibus tridentatis, caulinis lanceolatis. Flor. Suec.
109. Globularia with an herbaceous ftalk, the lower
leaves divided into three points , and thofe on the ftalks
fpear-Jhaped. Globularia vulgaris. Tourn. 467. Com-
mon Globularia.
2. Globularia (. Nudieaulis ) caule nudo, foliis integer-
rimis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 97. Globularia with
a naked ftalk, and fpear-Jhaped entire leaves . Globu-
laria Pyrenaica, folio oblongo, caule nudo. Tourn.
467. Pyrenean Globularia , with an oblong leaf and
naked ftalk.
g. Globularia ( Alypum ) caule fruticofo, foliis lance-
latis tridentatis integrifque. Prod. Leyd. 190. Globula-
ria with a Jhrubby ftalk , fpear-Jhaped leaves, feme ending
in three points , and others are entire. Globularia fruti-
cofa, myrti folio tridentato. Tourn. 467. Shrubby
Globularia with a trifid Myrtle leaf.
4. Globularia ( Spinofa ) foliis radicalibus crenato-acu-
leatis, caulinis integerrimis mucronatis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 96. Globularia with lower leaves crenated and
prickly , thofe on the ftalks entire , ending in a point.
Globularia fpinofa. Tourn. 467. Prickly Globularia.
5. Globularia {Cor difolia') caule fubnudo, folis cune-
iformibus tricufpidatis, intermedio minimo. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 96. Globularia with a naked ftalk , and wedge-
Jhaped leaves ending in three points, whofe middle feg-
ment is the leaf. Globularia Alpina minima, origani
. folio. Tourn. 467. Smalleft Alpine Globularia with a
wild Marjoram leaf.
6 . Globularia {Orientalis) caule fubnudo, capitulis
alternis feflilibus, foliis lanceolato-ovatis integris. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 97. Globularia with a naked ftalk , alternate
heads fitting clofe to the flalks, and oval, fpear-Jhaped,
entire leaves. Globularia Orientalis, floribus per cau-
lem fparfis. Tourn. Cor. 35 - Eaftern Globularia with
flowers flattered along the ftalks.
G I, .O
The firft of thefe plants grows plentifully about Mont-
pelier, as alfo at the foot of the mountains jura and
Saleva, and in many other parts of Italy, and in Ger-
many j this plant hath leaves very like thole of the
Daify, but are thicker and fmoother. The fiower-
ftalks rife about fix inches high, fupporting a glo-
bular head of flowers, compofed of feveral florets,
which are included in one common fcaly empalement - t
they are of a fine blue colour, and appear in June j
thefe are fucceeded by feeds, which fit in the empale-
ment, and ripen in autumn.
The fecond fort grows plentifully in the woods, near
the convent of the Carthufians, and on the Pyrenean
mountains •, this is much larger than the former, and
hath a Ihrubby ftalk a foot and a half high ; the foot-
ftalk is quite naked. The leaves are narrower, and
much longer.
The firft fort may be propagated by parting of the
roots after the manner of Daifies. The beft feafon
for parting and tranfplanting of the plants is in Sep-
tember, that they may take new root before the frofty
weather comes on. They fhould be planted in a
fhady fituation, and require a moift loamy foil, in
which they will thrive much better than in a light
ground and an open fituation ; but the plants fhould
not be removed oftener than every other year, if they
are required to flower ftrong.
The third fort grows about Montpelier in France,
and in V alentia, and feveral other parts of Spain. This
has a hard woody ftem, which nfes about two feet
high, having many woody branches,- befet with leaves
like thofe of the Myrtle-tree. On the top of the
branches the flowers are produced, which are of a
blue colour, and globe-fhaped ; this plant may be
propagated by cuttings, which fhould be cut off in
April, juft before they begin to make new fhoots ; the
cuttings fhould be planted into pots filled with light
frefh earth, and then placed into a very moderate hot-
bed, obferving to water and fliade them until they have
taken root, when they may be taken out of the bed,
and inured to bear the open air by degrees. In fum-
mer thefe plants may be expofed with other hardy ex-
otic plants, and in winter they fhould be placed under
a hot-bed frame, where they may enjoy the free air
in mild weather, but fliould be fereened from hard
froft, which will deftroy them, if they are expofed
thereto, but in mild winters they will live in the open
air. This plant never produces good feeds in this
country.
The fourth fort was found in the mountains of Gra-
nada, by Dr. Albinus •, this plant is of low growth,
and may be propagated as the firft ; as may alfo the
fifth fort, which is the leaf! of all the forts, and the
moft hardy ; therefore fhould have a fhady fituation,
and a cool moift foil.
The fixth fort was found by Dr. Tournefort in the
Levant ; this is fomewhat tender, and fliould be fhel-
tered from the froft in winter, under a frame, but in
fummer it fhould be expofed with other hardy exotic
plants, and will require to be frequently watered in
dry weather. This may be propagated by feeds, or
by parting of their roots, as was direfted for the firft
fort.
GLORIOSA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 374. Methonica.
Tourn. Acad. R. Scien. 1706. The Superb Lily.
The Characters are,
The flower hath no empalement it hath fix long fpear-
Jhaped petals , which are waved, and reflexed to the foot-
Jlalk. It hath fix ftamina, which fpread open each way ,
and are terminated by pr oft rate fummits. In the center is
fituated a globular germen , fupporting a fender inclining
ftyle, crowned by an obtufe triple Jligma. The germen af-
terward becomes an oval thin capfule having three cells ,
filled with globular feeds, difpofed in a double range.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
which includes the plants whofe flowers have fix fta-
mina and one ftyle.
1. Gloriosa ‘{ Superba ) foliis longioribus capreolis ter-
minalibus. Superb Lily with longer leaves ending with
clafpers.
2
GLO
clafpers. Methonica Malabarorum. Hort. Lugd. 688. j
Methonica of Malabar, and the Lilium Zeylanicum
fuperbum. Hort. Amft. i. p. 69. Superb Lily of
Ceylon. .
2. Gloriosa {Car idea) foliis ovato-lanceolatis acutis.
Superb Lily ‘with oval, fpeam-fhaped, acute leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally on the coaft of Malabar,
and alfo in Ceylon, from whence it was firft brought
to the o-ardens in Holland, where it has been many
years cultivated •, this hath a long fielhy root of a
whitifh colour, and a naufeous bitter tafte, from the
middle of which arifes a round weak ftalk, which
requires fupport to prevent its trailing on the ground.
The ftalk s grow to the height of eight or ten feet,
garnilhed with leaves placed alternate on every fide,
which are fmooth, about eight inches long, and one
inch and a half broad at the bafe, growing narrower
till within two inches of the end, which runs out in
a narrow point, ending with a tendril, or clafper,
by which it fallens to the neighbouring plants for
fuoport. At the upper part of the ftalk the flower
is "produced from the fide, Handing upon a flender
foot-ftalk •, it is compofed of fix oblong petals, end-
ing with acute points, which, on their firft opening,
are of an herbaceous colour, and fpread wide open •,
the flower hanging downward as the Crown Imperial
and Fritillary, but afterward the petals turn quite
back, and change to a beautiful red flame colour,
their acute points meeting at the top •, thefe petals
are finely waved on their edges. The fix ftamina
fpread out every way almoft horizontal, and are ter-
minated by proftrate fummits. In the center of the
flower is fituated a roundilb germen, fupporting an
inclining ftyle, crowned by a triple ftigma. This
plant flowers in June and July, but feldom perfects
feeds in this country. The llalks decay in autumn,
and the roots remain inadtive all the winter, and the
new ftalks come out in Marcm The roots and every
part of this plant is very poifonous, fo Ihould not be
put in the way of children.
The feeds of the fecond fort were fent me by Monf.
Richard, gardener to the French king at Trianon ;
thefe were"brought from Senegal by Monf. Adanfon,
who difcovered this plant growing there naturally ;
this is faid to have a blue flower, but the plants Which
are in the Chelfea garden have not yet flowered. This
hath a climbing ftalk, which is garnilhed with fmooth
leaves about three inches long, and two broad, end-
ing in acute points, but have no tendril or clafper. The
ftalks as yet have not grown more than two feet high
here, but have the appearance of climbing like the
other fort. The leaves have a ftrong difagreeable
fcent on being handled, fo as to be troublefome to the
head if too near, or long fmelt to.
As thefe plants rarely produce feeds in this coun-
try, they are generally propagated by their roots ;
thofe of the firft fort creep and multiply pretty fall,
but the fecond hath not as yet put out any offsets ;
but as the plants are young, we cannot as yet fay how
they may increafe when they are of a proper age.
Thefe roots may be taken out of the ground when
their ftalks are decayed, andpreferved in fand during
the winter feafon, but they mull be kept in the Hove,
or a warm room, where they can receive no injury
from the cold •, and in the fpring they rnuft be
planted in pots filled with light earth, and plunged
into the tan-bed in the ftove ; but others chufe to let
the roots continue in the ground all the winter, keep-
ing the pots always in the tan-bed : where this is
pradtifed, the roots Ihould have very little water
in the winter ; for as they are then in an inadtive
ftate, fo moifture at that time frequently rots the
roots.
Toward the latter end of March, or the beginning of
April, their ftalks will appear, when there Ihould be
fome tall flicks put down by them to fupport them,
otherwife they will trail over the neighbouring plants,
and the firft fort will fallen to the plants by the ten-
drils., which are at the end of the leaves. The ftalks
of this fort will rife ten or twelve feet high, if the
G L Y
roots are ftrong, and fome of the ftalks will produce
two or three flowers, which come out from the wings
of the ftalk near the top thefe flowers make a fine
appearance in the ftove, during their continuance,
which is feldom more than ten days or a fortnight.
In fummer, when the plants are growing, they will
require frequently to be -watered, but they rnuft not
have it in too large quantities, for they are ^ery
fubjedt to rot with much wet at any feafon. Thofe
roots which are not taken out of the pots in winter,
fhould be tranfplanted and parted the beginning of
March, before they put out new fibres, or ftalks,
for they rnuft not be removed when they are in a
growing ftate •, the pots in which thefe roots are
planted Ihould not be too large ; for unlefs they are
confined, they will hot put out ftrong ftalks the
largeft roots may be planted in twopenny pots, but
the imall ones will require only pots of about five or
fix inches over at the top.
G LY CINE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 797. Apios. Boer. Ind.
alt. Knobbed-rooted Liquorice Vetch ,
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, divided
into two lips at the top, the upper lip being obtufe and
indented ; the lower lip is longer, trifid, and acute, the
middle indenture being 'extended beyond the others Lhe
flower is of the butterfly kind. Lhe ftandard is heart -
fhaped, deflexed on the fides, gibbous on the back, and in-
dented at the point . Lhe wings are [mall, oblong, and
oval toward their end, and bend backward. Lhe keel
is narrow, fickle-floaped , turning upward with its point to
the ftandard, where it is broadeft. It hath ten ftamina,
nine of which are joined in one body, and the other Jlandi
fingle , terminated by Jingle fummits. In the center is fiiu-
ated an oblong germen fupporting a fpiral cylindrical ftyle^
crowned by an obtufe ftigma. Lhe germen afterward be-
comes an oblong pod with two cells , inclofing kidneyjhaped
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedtion
of Linnmus’s feventeenth clafs, which includes the
plants whole flowers have ten ftamina joined in two
bodies. Tournefort places the firft fort under this ge-
nus of Aftragalus, which is ranged in the fifth fedlioil
of his tenth clafs, which includes the herbs with a
butterfly flower, whole pointal turns to a pod with
two cells.
The Species are,
i; Glycine {Apios) foliis impari-pinnatis ovato-lance-
olatis. Hort. Upfal. 227. Glycine with oval , fpear-
Jhaped, winged leaves. Aftragalus tuberofus fcandens,
Fraxini folio. Tourn. Inft. 415. Climbing tuberous
Milk Vetch with an Afh leaf-, and the Apios Ameri-
cana. Cornut. 200.
2. Glycine {Frutefcens) foliis impari-pinnatis caule pe-
renni. Hort. Cliff. 361. Glycine with winged leaves and
a perennial ftalk. Phafeoloides frutefcens, Caroliniana,
foliis pinnatis, floribus csruleis conglomerate Horn
Angl. tab. 15. Carolina Kidney-bean-tree^ with winged
leaves, and blue flowers growing in whorls.
3. Glycine ( Abrus ) foliis abrupto-pinnatis pinnis nu-
merofis obtufis. Lin. Sp. 1025. Glycine with abrupt,
winged leaves , whofe lobes arc obtufe. Grobus Ameri-
canos, frudtu coccineo nigra macula notato. Tourn i
Inft. 393. American Bitter Vetch with a fcarlet fruit i
marked with a black fpot , commonly called wild Liquorice
in the Weft-Indies.
4. Glycine ( Comofa ) foliis ternatis hirfutis, racemis
lateralibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 754. Glycine with hairy tri-
foliate leaves, and flowers growing in long bunches from
the fides, of the ftalks > Phafeoius Marianos feandens,.
floribus commofis. Pet. Muf. 453. Climbing Kidney-
bean of Maryland with fipiked flowers.
5. Glycine ( Lament of a ) foliis ternatis tomentofis, race-
mis axillaribus brevilllmis, ieguminibus difpermis,
Lin. Sp. Plant. 754. Glycine . with vooolly trifoliate
leaves, and very floor t fpikes of flowers proceeding from
the fides of the ftalks , with pods containing two feeds „
Anonis phafeoloides fcandens, floribus flavis feffilrbus.
Hort. Elth. 30. tab. 26. Climbing Refit-Harrow like
Kidney -bean, with yellow flowers fitting clofe to the ftalks*
'6 £ ' The
M)
*
%
G L Y
The fir ft fort grows naturally in Virginia •, this hath
roots compofed of feveral knobs, or tubers, which
hang to each other by fmall firings ; from thefe
come out in the fpring {lender twining ftalks, which
rife to the height of eight or ten feet, garnifhed with
winged leaves, compofed of three pair of oval fpear-
fhaped lobes, terminated by an odd one. The flowers
come out in fhort fpikes from the fide of the ftalks ;
they are of a Pea-bloflbm kind, of a dirty flefh-
colour, having little fcent. Thefe appear in Au-
guft, but do not produce feeds in England. The
ftalks decay in autumn, but the roots continue ; this
is propagated by parting of the roots, each of the
tubers being feparated from the principal root, will
grow ; the beft time for this is about the end of
March, or the beginning of April, before they put
out fhoots. The roots fhould be planted in a warm
fltuation, and in hard froft covered with tan or
mulch to prated them, otherwife they will not live
abroad in this country : where they have been planted
againft a fouth wall, they have thriven and flowered
extremely well, which they feldom do in any other
fltuation ; and thofe roots which are planted in
pots rarely flower, nor do their ftalks rife near fo
high as thofe which are planted in the full ground •,
fome ignorant perfons call this the Twickenham
Climber.
The fecond fort was brought from Carolina, but has
been ftnce obferved in Virginia, and fome other places
in North America ; this fort has woody ftalks, which
twift themfelves together, and alfo twine round any
trees that grow near, and will rife to the height of
fifteen feet, or more. The leaves are winged, and
in fnape fomewhat like the Afh-tree, but have a
greater number of pinnas. The flowers are produced
in clufters from the wings of the leaves, which are of
a purple colour ; thefe are fucceeded by long cylin-
drical pods, fhaped like thofe of the fcarlet Kidney-
bean, containing feveral kidney-fhaped feeds, but
thefe are never perfected in England.
This climbing fhrub is propagated in feveral nur-
feries near London, where it is known by the name of
Carolina Kidney-bean-tree. It is increafed by laying
down the young branches in October, which will be
rooted well by that time twelvemonth (efpecially if
they are duly watered in dry weather) and may then
be tranfplanted, either in a nurfery for a year to get
ftrength, or to the place where they are to remain for
good, which fhould be in a warm light foil and a
fheltered fltuation, where they will endure the cold
of our ordinary winters very well ; and if their roots
are covered with ftraw, Fern, Peas-haulm, or any
other light covering, there will be no danger of their
being deftroyed by the froft.
The third fort grows naturally in both Indies, and
alfo in Egypt. This is a perennial plant, with {lender
twining ftalks, which twift about any neighbouring
fupport, and rife to the height of eight or ten feet,
garnifhed with winged leaves, compofed of fixteen
pair of fmall, oblong, blunt lobes, fet clofe together;
thefe have the tafte of Liquorice, from whence the
inhabitants of the Weft-Indies have given it the name
of Wild Liquorice, and ufe the herb for the fame
purpofe as the Liquorice in Europe. The flowers are
produced from the fide of the ftalks in fhort fpikes or
bunches ; they are of a pale purple colour, and fhaped
like thofe of the Kidney-bean thefe are fucceeded by
fhort pods, each containing three or four hard round
feeds of a fcarlet colour, with a black fpot or eye on
that fide which is fattened to the pod. The feeds of
this plant are frequently ftrung, and are worn as or-
naments by the natives of thofe countries, where the
plants grow naturally : they are frequently brought
to England from the Weft-Indies, and are wrought
into various forms, with fhells and other hard feeds.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which muft be
fown upon a good hot- bed in the fpring ; but as the
feeds are very hard, fo unlefs they are foaked in water
twelve or fourteen hours before they are fown, they
frequently lie in the ground a whole year before they
G L Y '
vegetate * but when foaked, the plants will appear id
a fortnight after the feeds are fown, if they are good,
and the bed in a proper temperature of heat. When
the plants are two inches high, they fhould be each
tranfplanted into a feparate pot, filled with light earth,
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, where
they fhould be {haded from the fun till they have taken
new root ; after which they muft be treated in the
fame manner as other tender plants from the fame
countries, always keeping them in the bark-ftove, for
they are too tender to thrive in any other fltuation in
England. This fort will flower the fecond year from
feeds, and fometimes ripens feeds here.
There are two other varieties of this plant, one
with a white, and the other a yellow feed, but the
plants do not differ from the other in leaf or ftalk;
but as thefe have not as yet flowered in England, I
do not know how their flowers may differ.
The fourth fort hath a perennial root and an annual
ftalk, which decays in the autumn. This rifes from
two to three feet high, with {lender herbaceous ftalks,
which are garnifhed with trifoliate hairy leaves, fitting
clofe to the ftalks •, the fmall leaves or lobes, are of
the oval fpear-fhape, ending in acute points. The
flowers come out from the fide of the ftalks, at the
foot-ftalk of the leaves ; the naked part of the foot-
ftalk is about two inches long, and the fpike of
flowers is about the fame length, and is recurved ; the
flowers are of a Pea-bloffom kind, fitting clofe toge-
ther. They are fmall,- and of a fine blue colour,
coming out the beginning of June., and are fome-
times fucceeded by feeds in England, which ripen in
Auguft.
This fort grows naturally in North America, and is
hardy enough to live in the open air in England. It
may be propagared by feeds, or parting of the roots ;
the former is the beft method, where good feeds can
be obtained : thefe may be fown on a bed of light
earth in the fpring, and if the feafon fhould prove
dry, they muft be frequently refrefhed with water,
otherwife they will remain a long time in the ground
before they vegetate : when the plants come up, they
muft be kept clean from weeds in the fummer, and in
the autumn when their ftalks are decayed, if fome
rotten tanners bark is fpread over the furface of the
ground, it will prated the roots from being injured
by the froft. In the fpring, the roots fhould be
tranfplanted to the places where they are deflged to re-
main, which muft be in a warm fheltered fltuation, but
not too much expofed to the fun, and in a light foil,
where they will thrive and produce flowers annually.
If this is propagated by parting of the roots, it fhould
be done in the fpring, before the roots begin to fhoot,
which is the beft feafon for tranfplanting the plants :
but thefe roots fhould not be parted oftener than
every third year, for if they are often removed they
will not flower fo ftrong.
The fifth fort hath a perennial root and a climbing
ftalk, which rifes near four feet high, garnifhed with
woolly trifoliate leaves : the flowers come out in
fhort bunches from the fide of the ftalks ; they are
fmall, of a yellow colour, and are fucceeded by fhort
pods, which contain two roundifh feeds in each.
This flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
It grows naturally in America, but is too tender to
live in the open air in England. This is propagated
in the fame manner, and requires the fame treatment
as the third fort.
GLYCYRRHIZA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 788. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 389. tab. 210. [fo called of yXu>tuk,
fweet, and P Y£a, Gr. a root, q. d. fweet root: the
ancients called it Scythian Root, becaufe the Scy-
thians firft brought it into ufe.] Liquorice ; in French,
Reglttfe.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a -permanent tuhulous empalement of ons
leaf \ divided into two lips ; the upper lip is cut into
three parts , the middle one being broad and bifid , the
under lip is Jingle. The flower hath four petals , is of
the butterfly kind , having a long ereft ftandard , with
GLY
cblcng wings, and a two-leaved keel which is acute. It
hath ten Jlamina , nine joined and one ft an ding j ingle ; they
are longer than the keel , and terminated by roundijh fum-
mits. In the bottom is fituated a fhort germen , fupporting
an awl-Jhaped ftyle the length of the Jlamina, crowned by
a rifting obtufe ftigma. 'The germen afterward becomes an
oblong , or oval comprejfed pod with one cell , including two
or three kidney-Jhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedion of
Linnseus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De-
can dria, which includes thofe plants which have ten
ftamina joined in two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Glycyrrhiza ( Glabra ) leguminibus glabris. Hort.
Cliff. 490. Liquorice with fnooth pods. Glycyrrhiza fi-
' liquofa, vel Germanica. C» B. P. Common Liquorice.
2. Glycyrrhiza ( Echinata ) leguminibus echinatis. Prod.
Leyd. 386. Liquorice with prickly pods. Glycyrrhiza
capite echinato. C. B. P. Rough-podded Liquorice.
Glycyrrhiza ( Llirfuta ) leguminibus hiriutis. Prod.
Leyd. 386. Liquorice with hairy pods. Glycyrrhiza
Orientalis, filiquis hirfutiffimis. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern
Liquorice with hairy pods.
The firft fort is that which is commonly cultivated in
England for medicine ; the other two kinds are pre-
ferved in curious botanic gardens for variety, but their
roots are not fo full of juice as the firft, nor is the
juice fo fweet ; though the fecond fort feems to be
that which Diofcorides has defcribed and recom-
mended, but I fuppofe the goodnefs of the firft has
occafioned its being fo generally cultivated in Europe.
The roots of this run very deep into the ground, and
creep to a confiderable diftance, efpecially where they
are permitted to ftand long unremoved ; from thefe
arife ftrong herbaceous ftalks, four or five feet high,
garnifbed with winged leaves, compofed of four or
five pair of oval lobes, terminated by an odd one-, the
leaves and ftalks are clammy, and of a dark green -,
the flowers come out in fpikes from the wings of the
ftalks, ftanding ered -, they are of a pale blue colour,
and are fucceeded by fhort compreffed pods, each con-
taining two or three kidney-fhaped feeds. It flowers
the latter end of July, but the feeds do not ripen in
England.
This plant delights in a light fandy foil, which fhould :
be three feet deep at leaft, for the goodnefs of Li-
quorice confifts in the length of the roots : the greateft
quantity of Liquorice which is propagated in England,
is about Pontefrad in Yorkfhire, and Godalmin in
Surry -, though of late years there hath been a great
deal cultivated in the gardens near London : the
ground in which you intend to plant Liquorice,
fhould be well dug and dunged the year before you
plant it, that the dung may be perfectly rotted, and
mixed with the earth, otherwife it will be apt to flop
the roots from running down ; and before you plant it,
the ground fhould be dug three fpades deep, and laid
very light ; when your ground is thus well prepared,
you fhould furnifh yourfelf with frefh plants taken
from the fides or heads of the old roots, obferving
that they have a good bud or eye, otherwife they are
fubjed to mifcarry -, thefe plants fhould be about ten
inches long, and perfedly found.
The beft feafon for planting them is in the be-
ginning or middle of March, which muft be done
in the following manner, viz. Firft ftrain a line
crofs the ground in which you would plant them,
then with a long dibble made on purpofe, put in the
fhoot, fo that the whole plant rriay be fet ftrait into
the ground, with the head about an inch under the
furface in a ftrait line, about a foot afunder, or more,
in the rows, and two feet diftance row from row ; and
after having finifhed the whole fpot of ground, you
may fow a thin crop of Onions, which being plants
that do not root deep into the ground, nor fpread
much above, will do the Liquorice no damage the firft
year; for the Liquorice will not fhoot very high the
firft feafon, and the hoeing of the Onions will alfo
keep the ground clear from weeds ; but in doing of
of this you muft be careful not to cut off the top fhoots
G N A
the Liquorice plants when they appear above grounds
which would greatly injure them ; and alfo obferve tO
cut up. all the Onions which grow near the heads of
the Liquorice ; and after your Onions are pulled up,
you fhould carefully hoe and clean the ground frond
weeds ; and in October, when the fhoots of the Li-
quorice are decayed, you fhould fpread a little very-
rotten dung upon the furface of the ground, which
will prevent the weeds from growing during the
winter, and the rain will wafii the virtue of the dung
into the ground, which will greatly improve the
plants.
In the beginning of March following you fhould
fiightly dig the ground between the rows of Liquorice^
burying the remaining part of the dung-, but in doing
of this, you fhould be very careful not to cut the roots.
This ftirring of the ground will not only preferve it
clean from weeds a long time, but alfo greatly
ftrengthen the plants.
The diftance which I have allowed for planting thefe
plants, will, I doubt not; by fame, be thought too
great ; but in anfwer to that, I would only obferve,
that as the largenefs of the roots is the chief advan-
tage to the planter, fo the only method to obtain this,
is by giving them room; and befides, this will give
a greater liberty to ftir and drefs the ground, which
is of great fervice to Liquorice ; and if the plantation
defigned were to be of an extraordinary bignefs, I
would advife the rows to be made at leaft three feet
diftant, whereby it will be eafy to itir the ground with
a breaft plough, which will greatly leffen the expence
of labour.
Thefe plants fhould remain three years from the time
of planting, when they will be fit to take up for ufe;
which fhould not be done until the ftalks are perfebtly
decayed ; for when it is taken up too foon, it is fub-
jed to fhrink greatly, and lofe of its weight.
The ground near London being rich, increafes the
bulk of the root very faft ; but when it is taken up;
it appears of a very dark colour, and not near fo
lightly as that which grows upon a fandy foil in an
open country.
The fecond fort grows naturally in fome parts of Italyj
and in the Levant ; the ftalks and leaves of this are
very like thole of the firft, but the flowers are pro-
duced in fhorter fpikes, and the pods which fucceed
them are very fhort, broad at their bafe, ending in
acute points, and are armed with fharp prickles. This
flowers about the fame time as the firft, and in warm
feafons will perfed feeds in England.
The third fort grows naturally in the Levant, from
whence the feeds were fent to the royal garden at
Paris, by Dr. Tournefort. This hath much the ap-
pearance of the other two fpecies, but the pods of it
are hairy, and longer than thofe of the other. Both
thefe forts may be propagated in the fame manner as
the firft, or from feeds, which may be fown in the
fpring on a bed of light earth; but as neither of thefe
are tiled, fo they are feldom propagated unlefs for thfi
fake of variety. . ' .
GN APHALIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 850. Elichry-
fum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 452. tab. 259. Goldylocks^
or Eternal Flower ; in French, Immortelle .
The Characters are,
It hath a compound flower , made up of hermaphrodite
florets and female half florets , included in one fcaly empale -
ment ; the hermaphrodite florets are tubulous, funnel-Jhaped,
and cut into five parts at the brim , which are reflexed ;
thefe have five Jhort hairy ftamina , terminated by cylin :■*
drical fummits. In the center is fituated a germen , fup*
porting a flender ftyle the length of the ftamina, ct owned
by a bifid ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes a Jingle
feed , which in fome fpecies is crowned with a hairy down$
and in others a feathery down. The female flowers which
are intermixed with thefe have no ftamina , but a germen
fupporting a flender ftyle, crowned by a bifid reflexed ftig-
ma. Thefe are in fome fpecies fruitful, and in others they
are barren. The empalement of the flower is permanent
and Joining.
si 34
r ! his genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, which includes thofe plants
which have hermaphrodite and female flowers inclofed
in one common empalement, and are fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Gnaphalium ( Stcechas ) fruticofum foliis linearibus,
ramis virgatis, corymbo compofito. Hort. Cliff. 401.
Goldilocks with a Jhrubby Jtalk gar nijhed with very narrow
leaves , and a compound cory mbits of flowers, Elichryfum
feu ftoechas citrina anguftifolia. C. B. P. 264. CaJJi-
dony , or narrow -leaved Goldylocks.
2. Gnaphalium (. Anguftijfmum ) foliis linearibus, caule
fruticofo ramolb, corymbo compofito. Hort. Cliff.
40 1 . Goldy locks with a branching fhrubby Jtalk , and very
narrow leaves , with a compound , corymbus of flowers. -
Elichryfum anguftiffimo folio. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
452; GoUylocks with beery narrow leaves.
3. Gnaphalium ( Uniflorum ) foliis alternis, acute den-
tatis, fubtus villofis, pedunculis longiffimis unifloris.
Goldylocks with alternate leaves Jharply indented , woolly
on their under fide, with very long foot-ftalks fuflaining
one flower. Elichryfum fylveftre latifolium, flore par-
vo fingulari. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 452. Broad-leaved wild
Goldy locks, with a -Jingle J mall floiver.
4. Gnaphalium [Luteo- album) foliis femiamplexicaulibus
enfiformibus, repandis obtufis, utrinque pubefcenti-
bus, floribus conglomeratis. Prod. Leyd. 149. Goldy-
locks with fword-floaped leaves half embracing the folks ,
which are obtufe , reflexed , woolly on both fides , and flowers
growing in clufters. Elichryfum fylveftre latifolium ca-
pitulis' conglobatis. C. B. P. 264. Broad-leaved wild
Goldy locks, with heads growing in clufters.
5. Gnaphalium (. Aquaticum ) eaule ramofo diffufo, flo-
ribus confertis. Flor. Lapp. 300. Goldy locks with a
diffiifed branching Jtalk , and flowers in clufters at the top.
Elichryfum aquaticum, ramofum, minus, capitulis,
foliaceis. Tourn. Inft. 452. Leffer branching aquatic
Goldy locks, with leafy heads.
6 . Gnaphalium (fylvaticum) caule fimpliciffimo, flo-
ribus fparfis. Flor. Lapp. 298. Goldylocks with a fnigle
Jtalk, and flowers growing feat ter ingly. Elichryfum fpi-
catum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 453. Spiked Goldylocks.
7. Gnaphalium ( 'Dioiciim ) caule fimpliciffimo corymbo
fimplici terminali, farmentis procumbentibus. Hort.
Cliff. 400. Goldylocks with a Jingle Jtalk terminated by a
fingle corymbus , and trailing branches. Elichryfum mon-
tanum flore rotundiori candido. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
453. Mountain Goldylocks with a rounder white flower.
8 . Gnaphalium ( Montanum ) foliis radicalibus cuneifor-
mibus, caulinis acutis feflilibus, caule fimpliciffimo,
capitulo terminali aphyllo, floribus oblongis. Goldy-
locks with the lower leaves wedge-Jhaped, thofe on the
Jtalks acute, and fitting clofle , a fingle Jtalk without leaves,
terminated by oblong flowers. Elichryfum montanum
longiore folio & flore albo. Tourn. Inft. 453. Moun-
tain Goldylocks , with a, longer leaf and white flower.
9. Gnaphalium ( Chryfocomum ) humile, caule fuffruti-
cofo, foliis linearibus fubtus argenteis, fquamis caly-
ciiiis longioribus acuminatis. Low Goldylocks with a
fhrubby Jtalk , very narrow leaves , Jilvery on their under
fide, and longer acute-pointed feales to the empalement.
Ghamafeehryfocoma prselongis purpurafcentibufque
Jackie capitulis. Barrel. Icon. 406. Dwarf Goldylocks
with longer andpurpjijh heads like Knapweed.
10. Gnaphalium [Orient ale) fubherbaceum, foliis li-
neari-lanceolatis Teffilibus, corymbo compofito, pe-
dunculis elongatis. Lin. Sp. 195. Herbaceous Goldy-
locks with 'narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, and a compound
clufter of flowers. Elichryfum Orientale, C. B. P. 264.
Eaftern Goldylocks, called Immortal Flower.
11. Gnaphalium ( Ignefcens) fruticofum, foliis fublan-
ceolatis tomentofis feflilibus, corymbis alternis con-
globatis, floribus globofis. Prod. Level. 149. Shrubby
Goldylocks , with fpear-fhaped woolly leaves fitting clofe
to the Jtalks , and alternate clufters of globular flowers. Eli-
chryfum Germanicum, calyce ex aureo rntilante.
.Tourn. Inft." R. H. 452. German Goldylocks having a
reddijh gold- coloured empalement .
12. Gnaphalium ( Margaritaceum ) herbaceum' foliis li-
neari-lanceolatis acuminatis, alternis, caule fuperne
A
ramofo corymbis fafttgiatis. Hort. Cliff. 401. Herba-
ceous Goldylocks with narrow , fpear-fhaped , pointed leaves
placed alt e? nate, and the upper part of the jtalk branching,
with a compact corymbus of flowers. Elichryfum' Ame-
ricanum latifolium. Tourn. Inft. R; H. 453. Broad-
leaved American Goldylocks.
13. Gnaphalium (Fcetidum) herba'ceiirri foliis amplexi-
caulibus, integerrimis- acutis fubtus tomentofis, caule
ramofo. Hort. Cliff. 402. Lin. Sp. Plant. 850. Her-
baceous Goldylocks with entire leaves embracing the Jtalks ,
woolly on their under fide , and a branching ft alk.
Elichryfum Africanum foetidiffimum, ampfiffimo
folio. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 454. Mojl ftinking African
Goldylocks with a large leaf.
14. Gnaphalium ( Argent eum ) foliis amplexicaulibus in-
tegerrimis ovatis nervofis utrinque tomentofis, caule
ramofo. Hort. Clift. 402. GoUylocks with entire acute
leaves embracing the Jtalks, woolly on both fides, and a
branching jtalk. Elichryfum Africanum feetidiflimum
ampliflimo folio calyce argenteo. Tourn. Inft. 454,,
Mojl ftinking African Goldylocks, with a very large leaf \
and a ftlvery empalement to the flower.
15. Gnaphalium ( Undulatum ) herbaceum foliis decur-
rentibus lanceolatis acutis, undatis, fubtus tomentofis,
caule ramofo. Hort. Cliff. 402. Goldylocks with acute
running leaves which are waved, and woolly on their under
fi.de, and a branching Jtalk. • Elichryfum graveolens
acutifolium, caule alato. Hort. Elth. 130, Stinking
Goldy locks, with an acute leaf and winged Jtalk.
16. Gnaphalium ( Cymofum ) herbaceum foliis lanceo-
latis trinerviis fupra glabris caule inferne ramofo ter-
minali. Hort. Cliff. 401. Goldylocks with fpear-fhaped
leaves, having three veins , fmooth on their upper fide, and
the under branches terminated with flowers. Elichryfum
Africanum folio oblongo, fubtus incano, fupra viridi,
flore luteo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 12 1. African Goldylocks
with an oblong leaf, hoary on the under fide, and green
above , with a yellow flower.
17. Gnaphalium {AMricanum) caule herbaceo fimpli-
ciftimo, foliis lanceolatis obtufis tomentofis, floribus
fpicatis lateralibufque. Goldylocks with a fingle herba-
ceous Jtalk , obtufe , fp ear-Jh aped, woolly leaves , and flowers
growing in fpikesfrom the fides of the Jtalks. Gnaphalium
adfloechadem citrinam accedens. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 125.
Cudweed like golden Caflidony.
18. Gnaphalium ( Rutilans ) herbaceum foliis lineari-
lanceolatis, caule inferne ramofo, corymbo compofito
terminali. Hort. Cliff. 401. Herbaceous Goldylocks with
narrow fpear-fhaped leaves , the under part of the Jtalk
branching, and a compound corymbus terminating the
branches. Elichryfum Africanum, folio oblongo an-
gufto, flore rubello poftea aureo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 12 1.
African Goldylocks with an oblong narrow leaf and a
reddijh flower , which is afterwards yellow.
19. Gnaphalium ( Sanguineum ) herbaceum, foliis de-
currentibus lanceolatis tomentofis planis apiculo nudo
terminali. Amoen. Acad. 4. p. 78. HerbaceousGoldylocks ,
with fpear-fhaped , woolly, running leaves, terminated by
a naked point. Chryfocoma Syriaca, flore atrorubente.
Breyn. Cent. 146.
20. Gnaphalium ( Fruticofum ) frutefeens foliis inferne
lanceolatis caulinis lineari-lanceolatis, utrinque tomen-
tofis, corymbo compofito terminali. Shrubby Goldylocks
with the under leaves fpear-fhaped, thofe on the Jtalks
narrow, fpear-fhaped , woolly on both fides, and the Jtalks
terminated by a corymbus of flowers. Elichryfum Af-
ricanum frutefeens, anguftis & longioribus foliis in-
canis. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 109. Shrubby African Goldy-
locks, with longer and narrower leaves which are hoary . ,
21. Gnaphalium (i Odor at ijf mum ) foliis decurrentibus
obtufis inferne villofis, corymbis conglobatis termi-
nalibus. Goldylocks with obtufe running leaves, hoary on
their under fide, and a clujtered corymbus of flowers ter-
minating the jtalk. Elichryfum foliis linearibus decur-
rentibus, fubtus incanis, floribus corymbofis. Fig.
Plant, tab. 13 1. fob 2. Goldylocks with narrow running
leaves, hoary on their under fide , and flowers growing in
a corymbus.
22. Gnaphalium {Plant agini folium) farmentis procum-
bentibus eaule fimpliciffimo, foliis radicalibus ovatis
Hiaximis,
*
f
G M A
maximis, farmentis procurnbentibus. Eiri. Sp. Plant.
8 50. Goldylocks with a Jimple Jlalk , large oval leaves at
bottom , and trailing runners. Gnaphalium plantaginis
folio, Virginianum. Pluk. Aim. 171. Virginia Goldy-
locks with a Plantain leaf.
23. Gnaphalium ( Obtufifolium ) herbaceum foliis lan-
ceolatis, caule tomentofo paniculato terminalibus glo-
meratis conicis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 851. Goldylocks with
Jpear-floaped leaves , a woolly Jlalk , terminated by a conical
dujlcr of flowers. Elichryfum obtufifolium, capitulis
argenteis conglobatis. Hort. Elth. 130. Blunt-leaved
Goldylocks , with filvery heads growing in cluflers.
24. Gnaphalium ( Spicatum ) foliis lanceolatis decurren-
ftbus tomentofis, floribus fpicatis terminalibus latera-
iibufque. Goldylocks with fpear-Jhaped . , woolly , running
leaves , and flowers growing in fpikes at the ends and fldes
of the flalks. Elichryfum caule alato, floribus fpi-
catis. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 125. Goldylocks with a zvinged
Jlalk and fpiked flowers.
The firfl fort hath a fhrubby ftalk, which rifes about
three feet high, branching out into long (lender flalks
irregularly j the lower branches are garnifhed with ob-
tufe leaves, two inches and a half long, and an eighth
of an inch broad at the point, but thofe upon the
fiower-ftalks are very narrow, ending in acute points ;
the whole plant is very woolly : the flowers terminate
the flalks in a compound corymbus ; their empale-
jnents are of a filvery colour at firfl, and very neat,
but afterward turn of a yellowifh fulphur colour. If
thefe are gathered before the flowers are much opened,
the heads will continue in beauty many years, elpe-
cially if they are kept from the air and duft. The
plants begin to flower in June, and there is a fuc-
ceflion of flowers all the fummer, fome of which will
continue in beauty moft part of the winter. This is
generally fuppofed to be the true golden Caflidony of
the fhops, but the fecond fort is ufually fubftituted for
it in England.
It is propagated by flips or cuttings, which may be
planted in June or July, in a bed of light earth, and
covered with glafles, or fliaded with mats, oblerving
to refrelh them frequently with water, but it muft not
■be given in large quantities ; thefe cuttings will put out
roots in fix or eight weeks, then they Ihoulcl be taken
up and planted in pots filled with light earth, and
placed in a fhady fituation till they have taken new
root, when they may be removed to an open fituation,
and placed among other hardy exotics, till about the
middle or end of Odtober ; at which time they ihould
be placed under a common frame, where they may
be protected from froft, but in mild weather they
fhould be expofed to the open air. With this ma-
nagement in winter, the plants will be much ftronger
than thofe which are kept in the green-houfe, where
they generally draw too weak ; for this fort only wants
to be flieltered from hard froft, being fo hardy as in
very mild winters to live abroad in warm borders
near walls, with little fhelter.
The fecond fort hath a flirubby ftalk, which divides
into many flender branches, covered with a white
bark ; thefe form a thick bulky under flirub, and rife
near three feet, garniftied with very narrow leaves,
hoary on their under fide, but green on their upper,
placed without order on every fide the flalks •, the
flowers are produced in a compound corymbus at the
end of the branches *, their heads are fmall, and are
qf a yellow colour when fully blown ; thefe are con-
tinued in fucceflion moft part of fummer. This grows
naturally in France and Germany, and is hardy enough
to live in the open air in England. It is propagated
by flips or cuttings, which may be planted in a fhady
border during any of the fummer months, and in the
autumn they may be tranfplanted into the places
where they are defigned to remain. This fhould have
a dry undunged foil, in which it is rarely injured un-
lefs in the moft fevere froft.
The third fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in Italy and Sicily ; this hath an herbaceous
ftalk, which rifes little more than a foot high, gar-
nifhed with acute indented leaves, which are hoary on
G N A
their under fide j the flowers Hand upon long foot-
flalks, which rife far above the branches, each fuftain-
ing one fmall whitifh flower. Thefe appear in July,
and the feeds ripen in September. It is propagated
by feeds, which fhould be fown in autumn upon a bed
of light earth, where the plants are defigned to re-
main j and when the plants come up in the fpring,
they fhould be thinned where they are too clofe, and
kept clean from weeds, which is all the culture they
require.
The fourth fort is an annual plant with woolly leaves,
which rife with woolly flalks about eight inches high,
garniftied with oblong leaves which embrace the flalks
with their bafe ; the flowers grow in clofe cluflers at
the top, and from the fide of their flalks, which are
included in dry filvery empalements.
There is another fpecies of this with narrower leaves,
not quite fo woolly ; the flalks rife higher, and are
more branched ; the flowers grow in clofe bunches on
the top of the flalks, and are of a pale yellow colour.
Both thefe forts will come up better from the flattered
feeds, than when they are fown by art ; but if the
feeds are fown, it muft be foon after they are ripe,
otherwife they will not fucceed. The plants requi e
no other care but to keep them clean from weeds, and
thinned where they are too clofe. They flower in
July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The fifth fort is an annual plant, which grows natu-
rally in many parts of England, on places which are
covered with water in the winter ; this is a low
branching plant, with filvery leaves and dark heads of
flowers, but being of no ufe is not cultivated in gardens.
The fixth fort is alfo an annual plant with narrow
leaves, which are hoary on their under fide $ the flalks
grow eredt about a foot high, and at every joint is
produced a fhort fjpike of white flowers, with dark-
coloured empalements. This is found growing na-
turally in fome parts of England, fo is not often ad-
mitted into gardens. If the feeds of this fort are per-
mitted to flatter, the plants will come up in the fpring
with greater certainty than if Town, and they will re-
quire little culture. Thefe flower in July, and the
plants decay foon after they have ripened their feeds*
I he flventh fort grows naturally in the northern parts
of England, upon the tops of hills and mountains,
where the fhoots which are fent out from every fide
of the plant put out roots, whereby it is propagated
in great plenty : the leaves of this grow clofe to the
ground, they are narrow at their bafe, but rounded
at the end where they are broad ^ they are near an
inch long, and hoary on their under fide ; the (talks
are Angle, and rife about four inches high, terminated
by a corymbus of flowers which is Angle. This
flowers in May and June.
There are two varieties of this, one with a purple and
the other a variegated flower, which have rifen ac-
cidentally from feeds, but continue their difference in
the gardens. They are cafily propagated by offsets,
which fhould be planted in the autumn, in a fhady
fituation, where they will require no other care but to
keep them clean from weeds. This plant is called
Pes Cati, or Catsfloot.
The eighth fort grows naturally on the Alps. This
is a low plant, with under leaves like the laft men-
tioned ; the flalks are Angle, and rife about fix inches
high, garnilhed with very fmall acute leaves, and
terminated by four or five oblong flowers, which in
fome plants are white, and in others of a purpliih co-
lour. They appear about the fame time as the for-
mer fort, and the plants may be propagated and treated
in the fame manner.
The ninth iort grows naturally in Spain and Italy.
This is a low plant with a ligneous ftalk, which fel-
dom riles more than fix inches high, garnilhed with
very narrow leaves, white on their under fide ; the.
flowers are produced from the fide qf the flalks, each
Handing upon a feparate foot-ftalk •, their empalements
are flaly and long, ending in acute ftiff points, and are
of a purpliih colour. This fort flowers in July, but
feldom perfects feeds in this country.
S G ' The
The' tenth fort is fuppofed to have been brought hr ft
from India to Portugal, where it has been long pro-
pagated for the beauty of its golden heads of flowers,
which, if gathered before they are too open, will con-
tinue in beauty feveral years •, fo that in the winter
feafon they ornament their churches with thefe flowers,
and many of them are annually brought to England,
and fold for ornaments to the ladies- T hefe plants
have a fbort fhrubby ftalk, felclom rifing more than
three or four inches high,, putting out many heads ;
the leaves are narrow and woolly on both iides, and
come out without order ; the flower-ftalks arife'fram
thefe heads ; they grow eight or ten inches high, are
garni feed all ‘the way with narrow hoary leaves, and
terminated by a compound corymbus of bright yellow
flowers with large heads. Thefe begin to flower in
May, and there is a iuccefikm of them moil part of
hammer. This is propagated by flipping off the heads
during any of the furnmer months, and after ftripping
off the lower leaves, they fhould be planted in a bed
of light earth, covering them with hand-glaffes, which
muff be (haded every day when the fun is warm •, and
the cuttings muff be fupplied with water, which fhould
be often repeated, but not in too great quantities ;
when thefe are rooted they fhould be planted in pots,
and treated in the fame manner as hath been directed
for the firft fort. Thefe plants in mild winters will
live abroad in a very warm border with little fhelter,
and the hardier they are treated, the greater number
of flowers they will produce ; for when they are drawn
weak in a green-houfe, they never flower lo ftrong.
The eleventh fort hath very woolly (talks and leaves,
which are much longer than thofe of the tenth ; the
(talks rife a foot high, fending out a few fide branches;
thefe are terminated by a compound corymbus of
flowers, whole heads are lmall, and of a gold colour,
changing a little red as they fade. This is propagated
by flips in the fame manner as the laft mentioned, but
the plants will live in the open air, if they are planted
on a dry foil.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in North America,
but has been long in the Englifti gardens. This hath
a creeping root, which fpreads far in the ground, lo
as to become a troubled) me weed very often, unleis
it is kept within bounds ; the (talks of this are woolly,
rifing a foot and a half high, garnifhed with long
leaves ending in acute points, which are placed alter-
nate, and are woolly on their under fide'; the upper
part of the ftalk branches into two or three divifions,
each being terminated by a clofe corymbus of flowers,
with pretty large fllvery empalements, which, if ga-
thered and properly dried, will retain their beauty fe-
veral years. This fort will thrive in almoft any foil
or fituation, and is eafily propagated by its creeping
roots. It flowers in June and July, and the (talks
decay in autumn.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally at the Cape of
Good Hope. This is an annual plant, which fends
out many oblong blunt leaves near the root ; the (talks
rife a foot and a half high, garnifhed with leaves placed
alternate, which are broad at their bafe where they
embrace the (talks, but end in acute points ; they are
woolly, and when handled, emit a very rank odour;
the (talks are terminated by a corymbus of flowers, -in
large fllvery empalements, which will retain their
beauty feveral years.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally at the Cape of
Good Hope, and is an annual plant, very like the
former fort, but the leaves are of a yellowifh green
on their upper fide, and woolly on their under ; the
(talks branch, and the heads of flowers . are of a bright
yellow colour, and thefe differences are permanent.
Both thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which, if
fown in the autumn on a warm border, will more cer-
tainly fucceed, than when they are iown in thefpring;
or if the feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants will
come up without care, and may be tranfplanted while
they are young, to the places where they are defigned
to rerqain : when the plants have taken root, they
will require no other care but to keep them clean from
weeds. They flower in July, and the feeds ripen Mi
autumn.
The fifteenth fort grows in Africa, and alfo in North
America, from both thefe countries I have received
the feeds. It is an annual plant, with oblong leaves
at the bottom, which are a little waved, and hoary on
their under fide. The (talks rife about a foot high,,
and are garnifhed with acute-pointed leaves ; from
their bafe runs a border or wing along the ftalk ; the
whole plant has a difagreeable odour. The flowers
grow in a corymbus on the top of the (talks, they are
white, and appear in July. The feeds ripen in the
autumn, which, if permitted to fcatter, the plants
will come up without care, as the two former forts.
The fixteenth fort rifes with a (hrubby ftalk three or
four feet high, fending out many branches from the
lower part, garnilhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves,
which half embrace the ftalks with their bafe; they
are of a dark green on their upper fide, but are hoary
on -their under ; the ftalks are terminated by a com-
pound corymbus of yellow flowers, whofe heads are
(mail : thefe continue in fucceflion great part of the
furnmer, but are rarely fucceeded by feeds in England.
It is eafily propagated by cuttings in any of the fum-
mer months, which may be planted in a fhady border,
and duly watered. Thefe will take root in a month
or five weeks, and may then be taken up and planted
in pots, placing them in a fliady fituation till they
have taken frefli root ; then they may be removed to
a fheltered fituation, and placed with other hardy
green-houfe plants till autumn, when they muft be
carried into the green-houfe, where, during the winter
feafon, they fhould have as much free air as poffible
in mild weather, for they only require protection from
froft, fo they fhould be treated in the fame manner as
other hardy green-houfe plants.
The feventeenth fort is an annual plant, which grows
naturally in France, Italy, and Spain. This hath a
woolly herbaceous ftalk, which rifts fix or eight inches
high, garnifhed with obtufe, fpear-fhaped, woolly
leaves. The flowers are produced in fhort fpikes from
the fide, and at the top of the ftalks ; they are of a
filvery colour, and appear in June and July. The
feeds ripen in autumn, which, if permitted to fcatter,
the plants will come up without care, and require no
other culture, but to keep them clean from weeds.
The eighteenth fort grows naturally at the Cape of
Good Elope ; this rifes with a (lender (hrubby ftalk,
which fends out many lateral branches below ; thefe
are garnifhed with very narrow leaves, which are hoary
on their under fide. The flowers are produced in a
compound corymbus at the end of the branches ; they
are at their firft appearance of a pale red colour, but
afterward change to a gold colour ; the empalements
of this fort are (mail, and dry like the other fpecies of
this genus. This fort is propagated by cuttings, in
the fame manner as the fixteenth, and the plants re-
quire the fame treatment.
The nineteenth fort grows naturally in Egypt and Pa-
leftine. This is a perennial plant, whofe under leaves
fpread near the ground; they are woolly on their under
fide ; the ftalks rife about fix inches high ; the leaves
upon thefe are fpear-fhaped, ending in acute points ;
the ftalks and leaves are woolly, and the ftalk is ter-
minated by a large corymbus of flowers fitting very
clofe ; thefe are of a fine foft red colour, fo make a
pretty appearance in the month of June, when they
are in beauty.
This fort is propagated by offsets in the fame manner
as the feventh and eighth forts, but this doth not
produce them in plenty, fo is very uncommon in the
Englifh gardens at prefent : it requires a drier foil than
the feventh, and a warmer fituation, but not too
much expofed to the mid-day fun, fo fhould be planted
to a fouth-eaft afpeci.
The twentieth fort grows naturally at the Cape of
Good Fiope, but has been long preferred in many
curious gardens in Europe ; the ftalk rifes three or
four feet high, fending out feveral long irregular
branches, which' are terminated by a compound co-
rymbus
rymbus of flowers. The heads of this fort are com-
peted of leaves, which are much longer than thofe of
any other fort ; the heads of the flowers are of a bright
filver colour. This is propagated by cuttings, which
fhould be planted in the fame manner as hath been
directed for' the tenth fort, and the plants fhould alfo
be treated in the fame way.
The twenty-firft fort was raifed from feeds in the
Chelfea garden, which came from the Cape of Good
Hope ; the lower leaves of this are oblong and blunt.
The {talks are fhrubby, and divide into many irregular
branches, which rife about three feet high •, theft are
o-arnifhed with oblong blunt-pointed leaves, hoary on
their under fide, but of a dark green above •, from the
bafe of the leaves runs a border along the ftalk, like
a wing, of the fame confidence with the leaves, fo is
what the former botanifts termed a winged ftalk, but
Dr. Linnaeus calls it a running leaf. The ftalks are
terminated by a compound corymbus of flowers, which
are very clolely joined together, and are of a bright
gold colour, but the flowers are fmall, and change to
a darker colour as they fade ; there is a fucceflion of
thefe flowers moft part of the fummer, and the early
flowers are frequently fucceeded by feeds in Engla id.
Thi sfort may be propagated by flips, or cuttings, in
the fame manner as the tenth, and the plants may
be treated in the fame manner as is diredted for that. It
is engraven in the 131ft plate of the figures of plants.
The twenty-fecond fort grows naturally in North
America, from whence the feeds have been brought
to England ; this is a perennial plant, whofe lower
leaves are large and oval ; from the main ftalk there
come out runners, which take root in the ground, and
have young plants at their extremity. The ftalks are
Angle, and garnifhed with narrower woolly leaves, ’
placed alternate. The flowers are produced at the top
of the ftalks in a corymbus, they are of a white co-
lour and fmall. They appear in June and July, and
fometimes are fucceeded by feeds, but the plants pro-
pagate fo faft by offsets, that the feeds are little re-
garded ; this will thrive in the open air, if planted in
a dry foil and a warm fituation.
The twenty-third fort grows naturally in North Ame-
rica ; it is an annual plant, with woolly obtufe leaves.
The ftalks are Angle, and rife about nine inches high.
The flowers grow in fpikes from the fide of the ftalks ;
they are of a dirty white colour, fo make no great
appearance. If the feeds of this are permitted to
fcatter, the plants will rife without trouble, and only
require to be kept clean from weeds.
The twenty-fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica,
and other of the hot parts of America •, this riles with
a fhrubby ftalk about two feet high, garnifhed with
leaves about the ftze and fhape of thofe of Sage, but
woolly on their under fide, and much veined ; from
the bafe of each leaf runs a border along the ftalk.
The flowers are produced in fpikes from the fide, and
at the end of the ftalk ; thefe are long, and clolely
joined in the fpike. It flowers in July and Auguft,
but never perfedts feeds in England.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown on a
hot-bed in pots, becaufe the plants do not often rife
the fame year ; therefore when it fo happens, the pots
fhould be placed in the ftove in winter, and the fol-
lowing fpring put upon a frefh hot-bed to bring up
the plants -, when thefe appear they muft be planted
into pots, and kept conftantly in the hot-bed, other-
wife they will not thrive in England.
GNAPHALGDES. See Micropus.
GNIDI A.
The Characters are.
It hath a funnel-fhaped empalement of one coloured leaf
with a long tube divided into four fegments •, the flower
hath four plain petals floor ter than the empalement infer ted
to it, and eight briftly erebl ftamina , terminated by fimple
fummits, and an ovalgermen fupporting a fender ftyle on the
fide inferred with the ftamina , crowned by a flinging ftig-
maf the germen afterward becomes one oval oblique-pointed
feed , inclofed in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft order of
Linnaeus’s eighth clafs, intitled Octandria Monogyms,
the flower having eight ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
1. Gnidia ( Pinifolia ) folks fparfis lineari-fubulatis, flo-
ribus verticillatis, aggregatis terminalibus. Lin. Sp,
512. Gnidia with linear awl-fhaped leaves , and flowers
placed clofely in whorls terminating the branches. Kapun-
culus foliis nervofis linearibus, floribus arsenteis non
galeatis. Burm. Afr. 112.
This plant grows naturally in ^Ethiopia. It hath a
low fhrubby ftalk, which rifes three or four feet high,
fending out a few fide branches, garnifhed with narrow,
oblong, acute-pointed leaves, which are green on their
upper fide, but pale on their under, with a ftrong
longitudinal nerve, refembling the leaves of Kofemary :
the flowers come out almoft in whorls from between
the leaves on the extremitv of the branches, {landing
on fhort foot-ftalks ; they have long flender tubes, and
are divided at the top into four fegments which ipread
horizontally, having eight very fhort ftamina in the
bottom of the tube, and an oval germen with a flender
ftyle fattened to the fide of the ftamina ; the germen
is afterward fucceeded by one oval-pointed feed.
There are two varieties of this, one with a white, and
the other hath a blue flower.
This is ufually propagated here by cuttings, which if
carefully planted during the fummer months, in pots
filled with light earth, plunged into a very moderate
hot-bed, covering the pots clofely with either bell or
hand-glaffes to exclude the air, being careful to fhade
the glaflfes daily, the cuttings will put out roots in fix
weeks, when they fhould be gradually inured to the
open air. In winter the plants fhould be placed in a
dry airy glafs-cafe, where they may enjoy free air in
mild weather, but protected from frolt and damp air.
GOMPHRENA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 2 79. Amaran-
thoides. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 654. tab. 420.
The Characters are,
I he flower hath a large three-leaved empalement , which is
coloured and permanent. The petal is ereffi , and cut into
five parts at the top ■, it hath a cylindrical tububus em-
palement the length of the petal , cut into five fmall parts
at the brim, which flpread open *, it hath five ftamina
fcarcely difcernible, fituated in the brim of the ncBarium,
terminated by fummits, flout up in the mouth of the nec-
tarium. In the center is fituated an oval-pointed germen ,
with two fmall ' ftyle s, crowned with Jingle ftigma the length
of the ftamina. The germen afterward becomes one large
roundijh feed , inclofed in a thin cruft ed capfule with one
cell.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
which includes the plants whole flowers have five fta-
mina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Gomphrena ( Globofa ) caule eredto, foliis ovato-lan-
ceolatis, capitulis folitaris, pedunculis diphyllis. Hart,
Cliff. 86. Gomphrena with an erebl ftalk, oval flpedr-
jhaped leaves. Jingle heads , and foot-ftalks having two
leaves. Amaranthoides Lychnidis folio, capitulis pur-
, pureis. Tourn. Inft, R. H. 654. Globe Amaranthus with
purple heads.
2. Gomphrena (Serf at a) caule eredto, fpica interrupt;!.
Prod. Leyd. 419. Gomphrena with an ere hi ftalk, and an
interrupted fpike of flowers.
3. Gomphrena ( Perennis ) foliis lanceolatis, capitulis di-
phyllis, flofeulis perianthio proprio diftindtis. Lin. Sp,
Plant. 224. Gomphrena with fpear-fhaped leaves , two
leaves to the heads, and each floret having its proper em-
palement. Amaranthoides perenne, floribus ftramineis
radiatis. Hort. Elth. 24. tab. 20. Perennial Globe Arna-
ranthus with radiated ftr aw -coloured flowers.
The firft fort grows naturally in India, from whqnce
the feeds were brought to Europe, and the plants have
been many years cultivated in all the curious gardens :
it is an annual plant, which rifes with an upright
branching ftalk about two feet high, garnifhed with
fpear-fhaped leaves placed oppofite. The branches
alfo come out oppofite, and the foot-ftalks of the
flowers, which are long and naked, having two fhort
leaves.
i
G O M
G O R
leaves, clofe under each head of flowers arifes from
the forks of the branches. The heads at their ap-
pearance are globular, but as they increafe in fize be-
come oval-, thefe are compofed of dry fcaly leaves
or petals, placed imbricatim like the lcales of fifli;
under each of thefe is fituated a tubulous flower,
which juft peeps out of the covering, but thefe are
uot much regarded by the generality of people ^ for
the fcaly empalement which covers them is lo beau-
tiful, and thefe if gathered before they are too much
faded, will retain their beauty feveral years. After
the flowers are paft, the germen, which is fituated in
the bottom of each, becomes a large oval feed, in-
clofed in a chaffy covering, which ripens late in au-
tumn, and the plants decay foon after.
There are two varieties of this fort, one with fine
bright purple heads, the other hath white or filvery
heads, and thele never alter from feeds, fo that they
are permanent varieties, though in other refpects they
do not differ : thefe is alfo one with mixed colours,
but whether this arofe accidentally from the feeds of
either of the former, I cannot determine, for this va-
riety continues from feeds, and the other two I have
cultivated more than thirty years, and have never
found either of them vary.
There are alfo two varieties of thefe which grow na-
turally in the Weft-Indies, one with purple, and the
other with white heads, which are much fm aller and
rounder than thofe before-mentioned. The plants
grow much larger, and fpread more into branches, and
they are later before they flower, fo that in cold feafons
the feeds rarely ripen in England ; thefe are called
Bachelors Buttons by the inhabitants of America, but
whether they are fpecifically different from the others,
I cannot with certainty determine.
The fecond fort hath much flenderer ftalks than the
firft, which grow taller, and are irregular. The leaves
are fmaller, but of the fame fhape. The flowers grow
in fpikes at the end of the branches, which are broken,
or divided into three or four parts with fpaces between
them. The (pikes are fmall, and of a pale purple
colour. The feeds of this fort were fent me by the
late Dr. Houftoun from Campeachy.
The third fort hath (lender upright ftalks, which are
garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves placed oppoflte •,
they are hairy, and fit clofe to the ftalks, which alfo
are hairy, and terminated by fmall heads of flowers,
which fpread open from each other, fo as that the em-
palement appear diftindt ; thefe are of a pale draw co-
lour, and appear in July. The feeds femetimes will
ripen in England, but the plants will live two or three
years, if they are preferved in a ftove.
The two forts with large heads of flowers which are
firft mentioned, one with purple, and the other which
is filver-coloured, are very ornamental plants in gardens,
and are now very commonly cultivated in the Eng-
lifti gardens. In Portugal, and other warm countries,
they are cultivated, to adorn their churches in the
winter ; for if thefe are gathered when they are fully
grown, and dried in the (hade, they will retain their
beauty a long time, efpecially if they are not expofed
to the air , thefe plants are annual, fo are only pro-
pagated by feeds, which (hould be fown on a good
hot-bed the beginning of March ; but if the feeds are
not taken out of their chaffy covering, it will be proper
to foak them in water for twelve hours before they are
fown, which will greatly facilitate their growing.
When the plants are come up half an inch high, they
Ihould be tranfplanted on a frefh hot-bed, at about
four inches diftance, obferving to fliade them till they
have taken root ; then they (hould have frefh air ad-
mitted to them every day, in proportion to the warmth
of the feafon ; they will alfo require to be frequently
refrefiied with water. In about a month’s time, if
the hot-bed is of a proper warmth, the plants will
have grown fo large, as to nearly meet, therefore
they will require more room, otherwife they will
draw up weak then a frefh hot-bed fhould be pre-
pared, into which there (hould be a fufficient num-
ber of three farthing pots plunged, filled with light
rich earth, and when the bed is in a proper ternptrak
ture of warmth, the plants (hould be carefully taken-
tip with balls of earth to their roots, and each planted
into a feparate pot, obferving to (hade them till they
have taken new root, afterward they muft be treated
I in the fame manner as other tender exotic plants;
When the plants have filled thefe pots with their roots,
they fhould be ftiaken out of the pots, and their roots
on the outfide of the ball of earth muft be carefully
pared off ; then they fhould be put into pots a fize
larger, and when there is conveniency of a deep frame,
to plunge the pots into another gentle hot- bed, it will
bring the plants early to flower, and caufe them to
grow much larger than thofe which are placed abroad.
In July the plants (hould be inured gradually to bear
the open air, into which they may be removed about
the middle of that month, and intermixed with other
annual plants to adorn the pleafure-garden ; but it will
be proper to keep a plant or two of each fort in fhelter
for feeds, becaufe when the autumn proves cold or
wet, thofe plants which are expofed abroad, feldom
produce good feeds.
GOOSEBERRY. See Grossularia.
GORTERI A.
The Characters are,
1 The empalement of the flower is ft iff, fcaly , ending inbriftly
fpines ; the flower is compofed of hermaphrodite florets in
the diflk , and female in the rays or border the hermaphro-
dite florets are funnel-fhaped, five-pointed, having five floor t
ftamina terminated by cylindrical fummits , with a hairy
germen flupporting a fender ftyle , crowned by a bifid ftigma-,
the germen afterward becomes one roundifh feed , furrounded
by fine hairs. ’The female florets are tongue-fhaped , have
no ftyle or ftigma , and are barren.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedlion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly-
gamia fruftranea, the flowers being compofed of her-
maphrodite florets in the difk which are fruitful, and
female florets in the border, having neither ffyle 6r
ftigma, fo are barren.
The Species are,
i. Gorteria ( Ringens ) fcapis unifloris, foliis lanceolatis
pinnatifidis, cauie depreffo. Amcen. Acad. 6. p. 86 .
Gorteria with one flower on each foot-ftalk , flpear-Jhaped ,
"mug-pointed leaves , and a depreffed ftalk. Ardlotis ra-
mis decumbentibus, foliis lineari-lanceolatis rigidis
fubtus argenteis. Ed. prior.
2. Gorteria (Fruticofa) foliis lanceolatis integris den-
tato-fpinofis fubtus tomentofis, cauie fruticofo. Lin.
Sp. 1284. Gorteria with entire fpear-fhaped leaves, whofe
indentures end in fpines , woolly on their under fide , and a
Jhrubby ftalk. Carthamus Africanus frutelcens, folio
ilicis, flore aureo. Walth. Hort. 13. tab. 7.
The firft fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Elope ; it is a low fpreading plant, with ligneous ftalks
fix or eight inches long trailing on the ground, having
two or three fide branches, each terminating in a
clofe head of leaves, which are narrow, green on their
upper fide, but filvery on their under, cut into three
or fivefegments at their ends. The foot-ftalks of the
flowers arife from the heads, and are fix inches long,
naked, fupporting one large Orange-coloured flower
at the top, compofed of feveral hermaphrodite florets
in the di(k, which are fruitful •, but the female half
florets on the border are tongue-fhaped, fpreading
open, each having a dark mark toward their bafe, with,
a white fpot intermixed. The flowers appear in May
and June, but are feldom fucceeded by feeds iq
England.
This plant is eafily propagated by cuttings planted
in a fhady border during any of the fummer months,
and the plants muft be afterward treated as is directed
for Arctotis.
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope. This riles with a fhrubby (lender ftalk three
feet high, fending out a few weak branches, garnifhed
with oblong leaves fitting dole to the branches •, they
are fmooth on their upper fide, woolly underneath,
and indented on their edges, each indenture ending
with a weak fpine. The flowers terminate the ftalks,
having
t
GOS
having leafy empalements ending ...with Ipines ; the
itowers are yellow, and appear in the fummer months,
but are net fucceeded by feeds in England.
It is propagated by planting ofthefmall heads at the
end of the branches, in June or July, which mull be
clofely covered with either bell or hand-glaffes, or
they will not fucceecl, andfhould be carefully fereened
from the fun. When thefe are well rooted, they fhould
be put each into a ftnall pot, and in winter fhould
be placed in an airy glafs-cafe fecure from damps.
GORZ. See Ulex.
GOSSYPIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 755. Xyion.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 10 1. tab. 27. Cotton.
The Characters are,
fflje flower has a double empalement ; the outer is large ,
cf one leaf and cut halfway into three fegments ; the in-
ner is cup-Jhaped , of one leaf , cut into five obtufe feg-
ments at the top. It hath five plain heari-fhaped petals ,
which join at their bafe , and fpread open. It hath a
great number of ftamina , which are joined at botto?n in
a column , but are twfe above, and infierted into the petals \
thefe are terminated by kidney-fljaped fummits. It hath a
round ger men, fuppor ting four flyles, joined in the column,
and are the fame length cf the jiamina, crowned by four
thick ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes a roundifh
capfule, ending in a point , having four cells, which are
filled with oval feeds, wrapped up in- down.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedtion
of Linnaeus’s fixteenth clafs, inticled Monodelphia
Polyandria, which includes the plants whole flowers
have many ilamina, which are joined together with
the flyles in one column or body.
The Species are,
1. Gossypium ( Herbaceum ) foliis quinquelobis, caule
herb-aceo lsevi. Ido it. Upfal. 203. Cotton with leaves
having five lobes, and a fmooth herbaceous ftalk. Gof-
fypium. Camer. Epit. 203. The common herbaceous
Cotton.
2. Gossypium ( Barbadenfe ) foliis trilobis integerrimis
fubtus biglandulofis. Hort. Upfal. 205. Cotton-tree
with entire leaves, having three lobes with three glands
under their fide. Gofiypium frutefeens annuum, folio
trilobo Barbadenfe. Pluk. Aim. 172. tab. 188. Shrub-
by annual Barbadoes Cotton, with leaves having three lobes.
3. Gossypium ( Arbor eum ) foliis palmatis, lobis lanceo-
latis, caule fruticofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 693. Cotton
with handfioaped leaves, having five fpear-jhaped lobes ,
and a jhrubby ftalk. Xyion arboreum, flore flavo.
T ourn. Inll. R. H. 1 o 1 . Tree Cotton with a yellow flower.
4. Gossypium ( Hirfutum ) foliis trilobis & quinquelobif-
que acutis, caule ramofo hirfuto. Cotton with leaves
having three and five lobes, ending in acute points, and
a hairy branching ftalk. Xyion Americanum praeftan-
tiflimum, femine virefeente. Lign. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 1 o 1 . Tine ft American Cotton with a green feed.
The firft fort is the' common Levant Cotton, v/hich
is cultivated in feveral Elands of the Archipelago, as
alfo in Malta, Sicily, and the kingdom of Naples ; it
is lown in tilled ground in the fpring of the year, and
is ripe in about four months after, when it is cut
down in harveft as Corn is in England; the plants
always perifh foon after the feeds are ripe : this plant
grows about two feet high, with an herbaceous ftalk,
garnifhed with fmooth leaves divided into five lobes.
Theftalks fendout afewweak branches upward, which
are garnifhed with leaves of the fame form but fmaller.
The flowers are produced near the extremity ol the
branches, at the foot-ftalks of the leaves ; thefe have
two large empalements, the outer is cut into three
parts, and the inner into five. The petals of the
flower are of a pale yellow colour; inclining to white ;
thefe are fucceeded by oval capfules, which open in
four parts, having four cells, which are .filled with
feeds wrapped up in down, which is the Cotton.
The fecond fort grows naturally in feveral iflands of the
Weft-Indies ; this riles with a fhrubby fmooth ftalk
four or five feet high, lending out a few fide branches,
which are garnifhed with fmooth leaves, divided into
three lobes. The flowers are produced toward the
end of the branches, which are fhaped like thole of
G R A
the former fort, but are larger, and of a deeper
yellow colour. The pods are larger, and the feeds
are black.
The third fort hath a perennial fhrubby ftalk, which
rifes fix or eight feet high, and divides into many
fmooth branches, garnifhed with hand-lhaped leaves,
having four or five lobes. The flowers- are produced
toward the end of the branches ; thefe are larger than
thofe of the two former forts, and are of . a deep yel-
low colour. The pods of this fort are larger than
thofe of the former.
The fourth fort is a native of the Eaft and Weft-
Indies, from whence the feeds have been brought
to Europe ; this is alfo an annual plant, which perukes
foon after the feeds are ripe. It rifes to the height of
three feet or more, and fends out many lateral branches,
which extend to a great diftance, where they are al-
lowed room to grow ; thefe are hairy, and gar-
nifhed with leaves, having in fome three, and others
five acute-pointed lobes, with fhort hairy down
on their furface. The flowers are produced from the
fide, and at the end of the branches ; thefe are large,
of a dirty fulphur colour, each petal having a large
purple foot at the bafe, and are fucceeded by oval
pods, which open into four cells, which are filled with
oblong green feeds wrapped up in a foft down. Where
the plants have room to fpread, their branches will
produce four or five pods of Cotton upon each, fo that
from a fingle plant, thirty or more pods may be pro-
duced ; and each of thefe are as large as middling Ap-
ples, fo there will be a much greater produce from this
than from any other fort, and the ftaple is much finer ;
therefore it is well worth the attention of the inhabitants
of the Britifh colonies in America to cultivate and im-
prove this fort, fince it will fucceed in Carolina, where
it it has been cultivated for fome years ; and might be
a commodity worthy of encouragement by the pub-
lic, could they contrive a proper gin to feparate the
Cotton from the feeds, to which this fort adheres
much clofer than any of the other forts, the Cotton
from this fhrub being preferable to any other yet known.
All thefe forts are very tender plants, therefore will
not thrive in the open air in. England, but they are
frequently fown in curious gardens for variety,: the firft
and fourth forts will produce ripe feeds in England, if
their feeds are fown early in the fpring, upon a good
hot-bed ; and when the plants are come up, planted
each into feparate pots, and plunged into a hot-bed of
tanners bark to bring them forward ; and when they
are grown too tall to remain under the frames, re-
moved into the tan-bed in the Hove, and fhifted into
larger pots, when their roots have filled the other ;
with this management I have had their flowers appear
in July, and toward the end of September the feeds
have been perfectly ripe, and the pods as large as
thofe produced in the Eaft and Weft-Indies but if
the plants are not brought forward early in the
fpring, it will be late in the fummer before the flowers
will appear, and there will be no hopes of the pods
coming to perfection.
The Shrub-cotton will rife from the feeds very eafily,
if they are fown upon a good hot- bed ; and when
they are fown early in the fpring, and brought forward
in the fame manner as hath been direfted for the for-
mer forts, the plants will grow to be five or fix feet
high the fame fummer; but it is difficult to preferve
the plants through the winter, unlefs they are harden-
ed gradually in Auguft during the continuance of the
warm weather ; for when they are forced on at that
time, they will be fo tender, as to render them inca-
pable of re filling the lead injury. The plants of this
fort mull be placed in the bark-ftove in autumn,
and kept in the firft clafs of heat, other wife they will
not live through the winter in England.
GRAFTING is the taking a,fhoot from .one tree,
and inferring it into another, in fuch a manner, as
that both may unite clofely, and become one tree ;
this is called by the ancient writers in hufbandry and
gardening, incifion, to diftinguifh it from inoculat-
ing, or budding, which they call inferere oculos,
6 H The
The life of grafting is to propagate any curious
forts of fruits, fo as to be certain of the kinds, which
cannot be done by any other method ; for as all the
good fruits have been accidentally obtained from feeds,
fo the feeds of thefe, when fown, will many of them
degenerate, and produce inch fruit as are not worth
cultivating j but when flioots are taken from fuch
trees as produce good fruit, thefe will never alter
from their kind, whatever be the dock, or tree, on
which they are grafted ; for though the grafts receive
their nouriihment from the docks, yet their varieties
are never altered by them, but continue to produce
the fame kind of fruit as the tree from which they
were taken-, the only alteration is, that when the
docks on which they are grafted do not grow fo
fad, and afford a fufficient fupply of nouriihment
to the grafts, they will not make near fo great
progrefs as they otherwife would do, nor will the
fruit they produce be fo fair, and fometimes not fo
well flavoured.
Thefe Ihoots are termed cions, or graffs ; in the
choice or thefe the following directions fliould be care-
fully obferved. id. That they are flioots of the for-
mer year, for when they are older, they never fuc-
ceed well. 2dly, Always to take them from healthy
fruitful trees, for if the trees are fickly from whence
they are taken, the grafts very often partake fo much
of the didemper as rarely to get the better of it, at lead
for fome years -, and when they are taken from young
luxuriant trees, whofe veffels are generally large, they
will continue to produce luxuriant dioots, and are fel-
dom fo fruitful as thofe which are taken from fruitful
trees, whofe fhoots are more compaCt, and thejoints
clofer together ; at lead it will be a great number of
years before the luxuriant grafts begin to produce
fruit, if they are managed with the greated fkill.
3dly, You diould prefer thofe grafts which are taken
from the lateral, or horizontal branches, to thofe from
the drong perpendicular flioots, for the reafons before
given.
Thefe grafts, or cions, fliould be cut off from the
trees before their buds begin to fwell, which is gene-
rally three weeks or a month before the feafon for
grafting therefore, when they are cut off, they fliould
be laid in the ground with the cut downwards, bury-
ing them half their length, and covering their tops
with dry litter, to prevent their drying ; if a frnail
joint of the former year’s wood is cut off with the
cion, it will preferve it the better, and when they are
grafted, this may be cut off 5 for at the fame time the
cions mud be cut to a proper length before they are
inferted in the docks ; but, till then, the fhoots
fliould remain their full length, as they were taken
from the tree, which will preferve them better from
fhrinking if thefe cions are to be carried to a con-
fiderable didance, it will be proper to put their ends
into a lump of clay, and to wrap them up in mofs,
which will preferve them frefii for a month, or longer ;
but thefe fliould be cut off earlier from the trees than
thofe which are to be grafted near the place where
the trees are growing.
Having given directions for the cions and grafts,
we next come to that of the dock, which is a term
applied to the trees intended for grafting thefe are
either fuch old trees as are already growing in the
places where they are to remain, whofe fruit is intended
to be changed, or young trees, which have been
raifed in a nurfery for a fupply to the garden ; in the
former cafe there i$ no other choice, but that of the
branches, which fliould be fuch as are young, healthy,
well fituated, and have a frnooth bark if thefe trees
are growing againd walls, or efpaliers, it will be
proper to graft fix, eight, or ten branches, ac-
cording to the fize of the trees, by which they will
be much fooner furnifhed with branches again, than
when a lefs number of cions are put in ; but in
ftandard-trces, four, or at mod fix cions will be dif-
fident.
in the choice of young docks for grafting, you
fliould always prefer fuch as have been raifed from the
5
feed, and that have been once or twice tranfplanted.
Next to thefe, are thofe docks which have been raifed
from cuttings, or layers, but thofe which are fuckers
from the roots of other trees diould always be re-
jected, for thefe are never fo well rooted as the others,
and condantly put out a great number of fuckers
from their roots, whereby the borders and walks
of the garden will be always pedered with them dur-
ing the dimmer feafon, which is not only unfightly,
but they alfo take off part of the nouriihment from
the trees.
If thefe docks have been allowed a proper didance
in the nurfery where they have grown, the wood will
be better ripened, and more compadt than thofe which
have grown clofe and have been there drawn up to
a greater height ; the wood of thefe wiil be foft, and
their veffels large, fo that the cions grafted into them
wiil fnoot very drong, but they will be lefs difpofed to
produce fruit than the other and when trees acquire
an ill habit at fird, it will be very difficult to reclaim
them afterward.
Having directed the choice of cions and docks, we
come next to the operation, in order to which you
mud be provided with the following tools.
1. A neat fmall hand-faw to cut off the heads of large
docks.
2. A good drong knife with a thick back, to make
clefts in the docks.
3. A fharp penknife to cut the grafts.
4. A grafting chiffel and a fmall mallet.
5. Bafs drings, or woollen yam, to tie the grafts
with, and fuch other indruments and materials as you
fhould find neceffary, according to the manner of
grafting you are to perform.
6. A quantity of clay, which fliould be prepared a
month before it is ufed, and kept turned and mixed,
like mortar every other day, which is to be made af-
ter the following manner :
Get a quantity of drong fat loam (in proportion
to the quantity of trees intended to be grafted, then
take fome new done-horfe dung, and break it in
amongd the loam, and if you cut a little draw, or
hay, very fmall, and mix amongd it, the loam will
hold together the better ; and if there be a quantity
of fait added, it will prevent the clay from dividing
in dry weather ; thefe mud be weil dirred together,
putting water to them after the manner of making
mortar ; it fhould be hollowed like a difh, and filled
with water, and kept every other day dirred but it
ought to be remembered, that it diould not be ex-
pofed to the frod, or drying winds, and the oftener it
is dirred and wrought the better.
Of late years fome perl'ons have made ufe of another
compofition for grafting, which they have found to
anfwer the intention of keeping out the air, better
than the clay before deferibed. This is compofed of
turpentine, bees-wax, and rofin, melted together,
which, when of a proper confidence, may be put on
the dock round the graft, in the fame manner as the
clay is ufually applied ; and though it be not above a
quarter of an inch thick, yet it will keep out the air
more effectually than the clay j and as cold will harden
this, there is no danger of its being hurt by frod,
which is very apt to caufe the clay to cleave, and fome-
times fall off ; and when the heatef dimmer comes on,
this mixture will melt, and fall off without any trou-
ble. In udng of this, there fliould be a tin, or cop-
per-pot, with conveniency under it to keep a very
gentle fire v/ith fmall-coal, otherwife the cold will
foon condenfe the mixture but you mud be careful
not to apply it too hot, led you injure the graft. A
perfon who is a little accudomed to this compofition,
will apply it very fad, and it is much eafier for him
than clay, efpecially if the feafon fliould prove cold.
There are feveral ways of grafting, the principal of
which are four :
1. Grafting in the rind, called alfo fhoulder-grafe-
O m _ w ^ ^
ing, which is only proper for large trees ; this is
called crown-grafting, becaufe the grafts are fet in
form of a circle, or crown, and is generally per-
formed
formed about the latter end of March, or the be-
ginning of April.
2. Cleft-grafting, which is alfo called flock, or Hit-
grafting *, this is proper for trees or flocks of a leffer
fize, from an inch, to two inches or more diameter ,
this grafting is to be performed in the months of Fe-
bruary and March, andfiipplies the failure of the efcut-
cheomvay, which is praftifed in June, July, and Auguft.
3. Whip-grafting, which is alfo called tongue-graft-
ing ; this is proper for fmall flocks of an inch, half
an inch, or lefs, diameter ; this is the moft effectual
way of any, and which is moil in ufe.
4. Grafting by approach, or abla&ation $ this is
to be performed when the flock you would graft on,
and the tree from which you take your graft, Hand
fo near together, that they may be joined , this is
to be performed in the month of April, and is alfo
called inarching, and is chiefly ufed for Jafmines,
Granges, and other tender exotic trees.
We come next to the manner of performing the fe-
deral ways of grafting.
The firft method, which is termed rind, or fhoulder-
grafting, is feldom pradifed but on large trees,
where either the head, or the large branches, are cut
off horizontally, and two or four cions put in, accord-
ing to tire fize of the branch, or idem ■, in doing of
this, the cions are cut flat on one fide, with a flioul-
der to reft upon the crown of the flock , then the
rind of the flock muft be railed up, to admit the cion
between the wood and the bark of the flock, which
muft be inlerted about two inches, fo as the fhoulder
of the cion may meet, and clofely join the crown of
the flock •, and after the number of cions are inferred,
the whole crown of the flock fhould be well clayed
over, leaving two eyes of the cions uncovered there-
with, which will be fufficient for fhooting , this me-
thod of grafting, was much more in practice formerly
than at prefent , the difcontinuance of it was occafion-
ed by the ill fuccefs it was attended with , for as
thefe cions were placed between the rind of the flock
and the wood, fo they are frequently blown out by
ftrong winds, after they had made large fhoots,
which has fometimes happened after five or fix years
growth •, fo that whenever this method is praftifed,
there fhould be fome flakes fattened to fupport the
cions, until they have almoft covered the Hock.
The next method is termed cleft, or flock-graft-
ing ; this is pradifed upon flocks, or trees, of a
fmaller fize, and may be ufed with fuccefs, where the
rind of the flock is not too thick, whereby the inner
bark of the cion will be prevented joining to that of
the flock , this may be performed on flocks, or
branches, which are more than one inch diameter , in
the doing of this, the head of the flock, or branch,
muft be cut off with a flope, and a flit made the con-
trary way, in the top of the flope, deep enough to
receive the cion, which fhould be cut Hoping like a
wedge, fo as to fit the flit made in the flock, being
careful to leave that fide of the wedge, which is to be
placed outward, much thicker than the other , and in
putting the cion into the flit of the flock, there muft
be great care taken to join the rind of the cion to
that of the flock •, for if thefe do not unite, the grafts
will not fucceed : when this method of grafting is
ufed to flocks which are not ftrong, it will be proper
to make a ligature of bals, to prevent the flit of the
Hock from opening •, then the whole fhould be clayed
over, to prevent the air from penetrating the flit, fo
as to deftroy the grafts, only leaving two eyes of the
cions above the clay for fhooting.
The third method is termed whip, or tongue-graft-
ing, which is the moft commonly pradifed of any by
the nurferymen near London, efpeciaily for fmall
flocks, becaufe the cions much fooner cover the flocks
in this method than in any other.
This is performed by cutting off the head of the
flocks Hoping , then there muft be a notch made in
the Hope toward the upper part downward, a little
more than half an inch deep, to receive the cion, which
muft be cut with a flope upward, and a flit made in
this flope like a tongue, which tongue muft be in-
flated into the flit tnade in the flope of the ftock,* Mel
the cion muft be placed on one fide of the ftock, fd
as that the two rinds of both cion arid ftotk may be
fcqual, and join together exadly , then thefe fliotlld be
a ligature of bafs to fatten the cion, fo as that it may
hot be eafily' difplaCed, and afterward clay it over,' a£
in the former methods. .
The fourth fort of grafting is termed inarching-
grafting by approach, or abladation. This is only
to be performed when the flocks,’ which are defigned.
to be grafted, and the tree from which the graft is
to be taken, Hand fo near together, or may be brought
fo near together, as that their branches may be united j
this method of grafting is commonly pradifed on ten-
der exotic plants, and fome other forts which do hot
fucceed in any of the other methods.
In performing this operation, a part of the flock,-
or branch, rnuft be flit off about two inches in length*
obferving always to make choice of a fmooth part of
the ftock •, then a fmall notch fhould be made in this
flit of the ftock downward, in the fame manner as hath:
been directed for whip-grafting •, then the branch of
the tree defigned to be inarched, fhould have a part
flit off in like manner as the ftock, and a flit made
upward in this, fo as to leave a tongue ; which tongue
fhould be inferted into the flit of the ftock* obferving
to join their rinds equally, that they may unite well
together-, then make a ligature of bafs, to keep them
exadly in their fituation, and afterward day this part
of the ftock over well, to keep out the air ; in this
method of grafting, the cion is not feparated from
the tree, until it is firmly united with the flock, nor
is the head of the ftock, or branch, which is grafted,
cut off till this time, and only half the wood pared
off with a flope, about three inches in length, and
the fame of the cion, or graft.
This method of grafting’ is not performed fo early in
the feafon as thofe of the other, it being done in
the month of April, when the fap is flowing, at which
time the cion and ftock will join together, and unite
much fooner than at any other feafon.
The Y/alnut, Fig, and Mulberry, will take by this
method of grafting, but neither of thefe will fucceed
in any of the other methods ; there a.re alfo feveral
forts of Evergreens, which may be propagated by this
method of grafting ; but all the trees which are graft-
ed in this way are weaker, and never grow to the fize
of thofe which are grafted in the other methods j
therefore this is rarely pradifed, but on fdcli forts
of trees as v/ill not take by the other methods.
The next thing which is neceffary to be known, by
thofe who would pradife this art, is, what trees will
take and thrive by being grafted upon each other , and
here there have been no fure diredions given by any of
the writers on this fubject, for there will be found
great miftakes in all their books, in relation to this
- matter but as'it would fwell this article too great, if
all the forts of trees were to be here enumerated, which
will take upon each other by grafting, I fhall only men-
tion fuch general directions, as, if attended to, will be
fufficient to inftrud perfons, fo as they may fucceed.
All fuch trees as are of the fame genus, i. e: which
will agree in their flower and fruit, will take upon
each other : for inftance, all the Nut-bearing trees may-
be fafely grafted on each other, as may all theTIumb-
bearing trees, under which head I reckon not only
the feveral forts of Plumbs, but alfo the Almond*
Peach, Nectarine, Apricot, &c. which agree exadly
in their general charaders, by which they are dif-
tinguifhed from all other trees , but as many of thefe
are very fubjed to emit large quantities of gum from
the parts of the trees as are deeply cut and wounded,
fo the tender trees of this kind, viz. Peaches and Nec-
tarines, which are moft fubject to this, it is found to
be the fureft method to bud or inoculate thefe forts of
fruits, for which fee Inoculation.
Then all fuch trees as bear cones will do well ilpoii
each other, though they may differ in one being ever-
green, and the other fhedding its leaves in winter ; as
is obiervbale in the Cedar of Libanus, and the Larch-
tree, which are found to fucceed upon each other very
well *3
' "Well •, but thefe moft be grafted by approach, for they
abound with a great quantity of refin which is apt to
evaporate from the graft, if ieparated from the tree
before it is joined with the flock, whereby they are
often, deicroyed ; as alfo the Laurel on the Cherry, or
the Cherry on the Laurel. All the maft-bearing trees
will alfo take upon each other, and thofe which have
a tender foft wood will do well if grafted in the com-
mon way • but thofe that are of a more firm contex-
ture, and are flow growers, fliould be grafted by ap-
proach.
By Acridly obferving this rule, we fhall feldom mif-
carry, provided the operation be rightly, performed,
and at a proper feafon, unlefs the weather fhould prove
• very bad, as it fometimes, happens, whereby whole
quarters of fruit-trees mifcarry ; and it is by this rne-
. thod that many kinds of exotic trees are not only
propagated, but alfo rendered hardy enough to en-
dure the cold of our climate in the open air ; for,
being grafted upon flocks of the fame fort which are
hardy, the grafts are rendered more capable to endure
the cold, as hath been experienced by moft of our
valuable fruits now in England, which were formerly
tranfp|inted here from more foutherly climates, and
were at firft too impatient of our cold to fucceed
well abroad, but have been, by budding or grafting
upon more hardy trees, rendered capable of refilling
our fevered: cold.
And thefe different graftings feem to have been greatly
in uie among the ancients, though they were certainly
miftaken in the feveral forts of fruits which they
mention to have fucceeded upon each other ; as the
Fig upon the Mulberry, the Plumb, upon the Cheft-
nut, with many others of the like kind •, moft of which
1 have already tried, and find they will not fucceed •,
therefore what has been advanced on this head by the
ancients, is not founded on experience •, or at leaft
they did not mean the fame plants, which at prefent
are called by thofe names ; though J cannot help
thinking we are apt to pay too much deference to the
writings of the ancients, in fuppofmg them feldom to
be miftaken, or to affert a falfnood ; whereas, if their
works are carefully examined, it will be found, that
they have often copied from each other’s writings,
without making experiments to prove the truth of
their affertions : and it is well known, that the ranging
of plants' before Cadalpinus’s time (which is about
170 years fince) was, by their outward appearance,
or from the fuppofed virtues of them, which me-
thod is now juftly exploded; and it hath been ob-
ferved, from many repeated trials, that however
plants may refemble each other in the Ihape and make
of their leaves, manner of {hooting, &c. unlefs they
agree in their fruit, and their other diftindive cha-
rade rs, they will not grow upon each other, though
performed with ever fo much art.
G R A M E N. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 516. tab. 297. Raii
Meth. Plant. 171. Grafs-, in French, Chien-dent.
To enumerate ail the fpecies of Grafs which are found
growing naturally in England, would fwell this arti-
cle greatly beyond the defign of the work therefore
I , fhall only take notice of a few fpecies, which are ei-
ther ufed in medicine, or cultivated for fodder for
there is fcarce a pafture in this country, where at
leaft twenty different fpecies are not to be found in-
termixed, and in moft of them more than twice that
number. Thefe were, by the former writers on bo-
tany, all included under the common denomination of
Gramen, but were divided into different fedions.
Mr. Ray has ranged them in the following order,
Gramen Trkicum, i. e. Wheat-grafs. Gramen Seca-
linum, i. e. Rye-grafs. Gramen Loliaceum, i. e. Dar-
neffgrafs. Gramen Paniceum, i. e. Panic-grafs. Gra-
men Phalaroides, i, e. Canary-grafs. Grarnen Alope-
curoides, 1. e. Fox-tail-grafs. Gramen Typhinum,
i. e. Cat’s-tail-grafs. Gramen Echinatum, i. e. Hedge-
hog-grafs. Gramen Criftatum, i. e. Crefted-grafs.
Gramen Avenacium, i. e. Oat-grafs. Gmamen Dac-
tylon, i. e. Cock’s-foot-grafs. Gramen Arundina-
ceum, i. e, Reed-grafs. Gramen Milieacem, i. e.
Millet-grafs.' And under each of thefe fe&ibns there
are many fpecies. And there are many others, which,
by older writers, were included under this general
title, fome of which have no relation to this clafs %
but there are others which are near nearly allied to it,
as the Cyperus and Cyprels Grades, &c. Thefe Dr.
Linnaeus has divided into genera ; but by this method
of claffing them, he iitiS Ieparated them to a great
cliftance from each. other ; for all thole whofe. flowers
have three (lamina, are ranged in his third clafs ; and
others ^ which have male and female flowers, are re-
moved to his twenty-firft clafs. However, it would
have^been much better to have kept them together, as
Dr. Van Royen has done in the Prodromus of the
Leyden garden, under one general tide to the clafs
of Graminea.
As the feveral genera under which the different foe-
cies of Grafs are ranged, have different characters by
which they are diftinguifhed, fo it would be to little
purpofe to give them all in this work ; and as there
are no general charaderiftics by which the whole clafs
can be known, lb I fhall not trouble the reader with
any of them here, but proceed to enumerate a few of
the fpecies.
1. Gramen fpica triticea repens vulgare, can in urn
d ilium. Raii Syn. 2. p. 247. Common creeping Grafs
with a fpike like Wheat , called Dog-grafs. "'Trki-
cum calycibus fublatis trifloris acuminatis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. Wheat with an awl-fhaped pointed empalemenl
including three flowers, commonly called Couch , Couch-grafs ,
or Quick-grafs. J
2. Gramen loliaceum, anguftiore folio & fpica. C.
B. P. Darnel-grafs , with a narrower leaf and flpike . .
Lolium fpica mutica. Lin. Sp. Plant. 83. Darnel with
a chaffy flpike , commonly called Ray , or Rye-grafs.
3. Gramen pratenfe, paniculatum majus anguftiore
folio. C. B. P. 2. Meadow-grafls with larger panicles and
a narrower leaf. Poa panicula diffusa, fpiculis qua-
drifioris pubefeentibus, culmo eredo tereti. Ffor.
Suec. 77. Poa with a difflufled panicle, the flmaller flpikes
having flour hairy flowers , and a taper erect fir aw'..
4. Gramen pratenfe, paniculatum majus, latiore folio.
C. B. P. 2. Meadow-grafs with a larger panicle arid
broader leaf. Poa panicula diffufa fpiculis trifloris pfla-
bris, culmo eredo tereti. Flor. Suec. 76. Poa with a
diflfufed panicle, frnall flpikes with three flowers, and an up-
right ftraw.
5. Gramen avenacium pratenfe elatius panicula flave-
feente, locuftis parvis. Raii Syn. 407. Patter Mea-
dow Oat-grafs, with ay ellowifh pdnicle and fmallhnfts.
Avena panicula laxa, calycibus trifloris brevibss,
flofeulis omnibus ariftatis. Prod. Leyd. 66. Oat-grafs
with a loofe panicle, three flowers in each empalement,
which is floort, and all the flowers having awns. .
6. Gramen fecalinum. Ger. Emac. lib. 1. cap.' 22. n. 4.
Pall Meadow Rye grafs.
7. Gramen tremulum maximum. C. B. P. 2. Great eft
Quaking-graft, or Ccwqnakes. Briza fpiculis cordatis,
flofeulis feptendecim. Hort. Cliff. 23. Briza with
heart-ftoaped little fpikes , and feventeen flowers in each.
- The firft fort of Grafs is that which is direded to be
ufed in medicine ; the roots of this are chiefly ufed,
and are accounted aperitive and diuretic, opening ob-
ftrudions of the reins and bladder,' provoking urine,
and are of fervice againft the gravel and ftone. The
juice of the leaves andftalks was greatly efteemed by
Dr. Boerhaave, who generally preferibed this in all
cafes where he fuppofed there were any obftrudions
in the bile conduit.
This hath a creeping root, which fpreads far in the
ground, and is a very troublefome weed in gardens
and arable land for every fmali piece of the root
will grow and multiply exceedingly, fo it is very dif-
ficult to extirpate where it once gets pofiefiion : in
gardens, the common method of deftroying it is, to
fork out the roots as often as the blades appear above
ground where this is two or three times carefully
repeated, it may be totally rooted out ; but when the
furface of the ground is very full of the roots cf this
Grafs, the fhorteft way cf deftroying it, is to trench
the
G R A
the ground two fpits and a (hovelling deep, turning
all the couch into the bottom, where it will rot, and
never (hoot up ; but this can only oe piattiied, where
there is a fufficient depth of foil ■, for in fh allow ground
the roots cannot be buried fo deep, as to li - belov/
the depth to which they naturally (hoot.
Where the roots of this Grafs get poffeffion in ara-
ble fields, it is very difficult to root out again j the
ufual method is by laying the land fallow in fummer,
and frequently harrowing it well over to draw out the
roots : where this is carefully pradtifed, the ground
may be fo well cleaned in one fummer, as that the
roots cannot much injure the crop which may be fown
upon it ; but iuch land (hould be cropped with Beans,
Peas, or fuch things as require the horfe-hoeing cul-
ture •, for where the land can be frequently ftirred and
harrowed afterward, it will be of great Service in
cleaning it from the roots of this Grais and other bad
weeds. The blade of this Grafs is fo rough, that cat-
tle will not feed upon it.
The fecond fort is frequently cultivated,^ efpecially
in ftrong cold land, upon which this Grais will Suc-
ceed better than any other fpecies, and is an earlier
feed in the fpring but this is a very coarfe Grafs,
and unlefs it is cut very early for hay, it becomes hard
and wiery in the (talks, fo that few cattle care to eat
it ; for this fpecies has but few leaves, running all to
ftalk, fo is ufually called Bents, and in Tome counties
Bennet •, when this grafs is fed, it will be proper to
mow off the Bents in the beginning of June, other-
wife they will dry upon the ground, and have the ap-
pearance of a ftubbie field ail the latter part of fum-
mer •, fo that it' will not only be very difagreeable to
the fight, but alfo be trcublefome to the cattle that
feed on it, by tickling their noftrils ; fo that the
want of better pafture only, will force them to eat of
the young Grafs which fprings up between thefeBents,
for thofe they will not touch •, therefore thofe who
fuppofe that thefe are eaten in Scarcity of feed by the
cattle, are greatly miftaken •, for I have many years
clofely attended to this, and have always found thefe
Bents remaining on the ground untouched, till the
froft, rain, and winds, deftroy it in winter ; and, by
permitting thefe to (land, the after-growth of the
Grafs is greatly retarded, and the beautiful verdure
is loft for three or four months ; fo that it is good
hufbandry to mow them before they grow too dry,
and rake them off the ground : if thefe are then
made into the hay, it will ferve for cart-horfes or
cows feed in winter, and will pay the expence of mow-
ing it.
There is another fpecies of this Grafs called Red Dar-
nel, which is of a worfe nature than the firft, the
(talks growing hard much fooner, and having nar-
rower leaves. This is very common in moft pafture
grounds, for as it comes early to (lower, fo the feeds
are generally ripe before the hay is cut, and from the
falling feeds the ground is fupplied with plenty of
this iort ; therefore thofe who are defirous to keep
their paitures as clear from this Grafs as poffible,
(fiould always mow it before the feeds are ripe.
This Grafs is ufually fown with Clover, upon fuch
lands as are defigned to be ploughed again in a few
years, and the common method is to fow it with
Spring Corn ; but from many repeated trials, I have
always found, that by fowing thefe feeds in Auguft,
when there has happened a few (howers to bring up
the Grafs, that the crop has anfwered much better than
any which has been fown in the common way •, for the
Grafs has often been fo rank, as to afford a good feed
the fame autumn *, and the following fpring there has
been a ton and a half of hay per acre mowed very
early in the feafon, and this has been upon cold four
land ; fo that I am convinced of that being the bed
feafon for fowing thefe Graffes, though it will be very
difficult to perfuade thofe perfens to alter their prac-
tice, who have been long wedded to old cuftoms. The
quantity of feeds which I allow to an acre is about
two bufhels, and eight pounds of the common Clover,
which, together, will make as good plants upon the
ground as can be defired ; but this is nor to be pram
tiled upon Inch lands where .the beauty of the verdure
is principally regarded, therefore is fit for thole who
have only profit in view.
The third and fourth forts are the two bed fpecies
of Grafs for paitures, io that if the feeds of there were
carefully collected and (own leparately without any
other mixture of Grafs-feeds, they would not only af-
ford a greater quantity of leed on the fame (pace of
land, but the Graft would alfo be better, the hay
fweeter, and the verdure more lading than of any
other forts ; but there requires feme attention to the
faving of thefe feeds pure without mixture. I have
tried to lave the feeds of feverai fpecies of Grafs (se-
parately, in order to determine their qualities, but
have found it very difficult to keep them diftindl in
gardens where the feeds of other (arts of Grais have
been fcattered : the only method in which I could (uc-
ceed, was by fowing each fpecies in a diftindt pot,
and when the plants came up, to weed out all the
other kinds of Grais which came up in the pots ; by
this means I preferved a great variety of the graffy
tribe feverai years, but not having ground enough
to propagate the moft ufeful fpecies in any quantity,
I was obliged to abandon the purfuit : but I muft re-
commend this to perfons of ieifure and (kill who have
a fufficient quantity of land for the purpofe, to carry
this project into execution, which may be of lingular
benefit to the public for we have an inftance of the
advantage which the inhabitants of the Netherlands
have made, by faving the feeds of the White Clover,
or Honeyfuckle Trefoil, which is a plant common to
moft of the Engliffi paitures ; yet few perfons in this
country ever gave themielves the trouble to collect
the feeds from the fields for fowing, but have pur-
chafed vaft quantities of this feed annually, at a con-
fiderable price from Flanders, where the peafants have
been fo induftrious, as to collect the feeds and fow
great quantities of land with it, with a view of (ale to
this country only. This is not an inconsiderable ar-
ticle in hufbandry, but deferves the attention of all
thofe, who, by choice or otherwife, are engaged in
the bufinefs of agriculture •, for one acre of land will
produce as much feeds of this fpecies of Trefoil, as
will fell for 12 1. wheie it is well planted and laved
from the fpring crop ; and if the Grafs-feeds before-
mentioned were Separately fown, and carefully weeded
from all other fpecies, and permitted to (land till
their feeds were ripe, it might be of equal advan-
tage with the other, efpecially now, when every gen-
tleman is endeavouring to improve the verdure near
their habitations.
The fifth and fixth forts are alfo, very good Graffes
for paftures, and have perennial roots, fo are the next
bed forts for fowing to thole before-mentioned, which,
in my opinion, delerve the preference to all the
other; but as it will be difficult to lave a fufficient
quantity of feeds of thofe alone, to Supply the de-
mand which may be for their Seeds •, So thefe two fpe-
cies may be admitted in aid of the other, as they are
very leafy kinds of Grafs, and their ftaiks do not be-
come (tiff and harfh like many other fpecies, but with
proper care may be made very fine ; and, if duly
rolled, their roots w 11 mat and form a very dole
fward, therefore thefe (fiould be included in the num-
ber of fown Graffes.
The feventh fort is mentioned for the fake of variety,
and not for uSe ; this hath an annual root, which fends
up many broad hairy leaves, between which arife (len-
der (tiff ftaiks from a foot to near two two feet high,
dividing upward into a large look panicle, garnifhed
with heart Shaped Small Spikes, each having about Se-
venteen Small flofcules or florets ; thefe, after the
flowers are paft, have a Single Seed Succeeding them ;
the heads hang by (lender long foot-ftalks, which are
moved by every wind. So that they generally appear
(Baking, from whence it had the title of Quaking
Grafs. There arc four fpecies or this Grafs, two of
them grow naturally in England •, and thefe Graffes
coming to head m May, occasioned the following
6 I Englii'k
i
JJ3
G R A
Englifh proverb. May come foe early come foe late, .makes
the cow quake. The large fort here mentioned, grows
naturally in the fouth of France and Italy, and- is only
preferred in feme Engiith gardens for the fake of
variety.
If the feeds of this fort are fown in the autumn, or
permitted to fcatter when ripe, the plants will come
up ftronger, and flower much earlier, than when they
are fown in the fpring, fo good feeds may always be
expected from them, which can feldom be attained
from the fpring plants in England •, and as two or
three plants of this fort will be full enough in a garden
for variety, fo thefe fhould be allowed to fpread ; for
where they grow at a diftance from each other, the
roots will fend out a great number of ftalks, which will
be ftronger, and produce much larger panicles than
thole which are too near together.
The Cock’s- foot Grafs, Capon’s-tail Grafs, and Mil-
let Grades are too coarfe todeferve attention in Eng-
i land, though feme of their fpecies are very ufeful in the
warm parts of America, where there is a great fear-
city of finer Grafs •, and feme of thefe are much bet-
ter adapted to thofe warm countries, than any of our
European Graffes, for many of them lie flat on the
ground, and emit roots from their joints, fo are well
prepared for heat •, their ftalks are large and juicy, fo
will live in heat where few of the European Graffes
can be made to thrive.
The land on which Grafs-feed is intended to be fown,
fnould be well ploughed, and cleared from the roots
of noxious weeds, fuch as Couch-grafs, F ern, Rufties,
Heath, Gorfe, Broom, Reft-harrow, &c. which, if
left in the ground, will foon get the better of the
Grafs, and over-run the land. Therefore in fuch places
where either of thefe weeds abound, it will be a good
method to plough up the furface in April, and let it
lie feme time to dry ; then harrow the roots into fmall
heaps, and burn them. The allies fo produced, when
fr fad on the land, will be a good manure for it. The
method of burning the roots is particularly direbled
under the article Land, which fee : but where Couch-
grafs, Fern, or Reft-harrow is in plenty, whole roots
run far under ground, the land mult be ploughed
two or three times pretty deep in dry weather, and
the roots carefully harrowed off after each ploughing,
which is the riofbfure method to deftroy them. Where
the land is very low, and of a ftiff clayey nature,
which holds water in winter, it will be of Angular fer-
vice to make feme under-ground drains to carry off the
wet ; which, if detained too long on the ground, will
render the Grafs four. The method of making thefe
drains is preferibed under the article Land, which
fee.
Before the feed is fown, the furface of the ground
fhould be made level and fine, otherwife the feed will
be buried unequal. When the feed is fown, it muft
be gently harrowed in, and the ground rolled with a
wooden roller, which will make the furface even, and
prevent the feeds being blown in patches. When the
Grafs comes up, if there fhould be any bare fpots,
where the feed has not grown, they may be fown
again, and the ground rolled, which will fix the
feeds ; and the firft kindly fhowers will bring up the
Grafs, and make it very thick.
Where the land is defigned to continue in pafture, it
fhould be fown with the belt forts of Grafs-feeds, and
white Dutch Clover, or what is commonly called Ho-
neyfuckle Grafs in many parts of England, but there
is a great difficulty of procuring hay-feeds which are
good ; for in all the good paftures near London, which
abound with the belt forts of Grafs, the hay is com-
monly cut before the feeds of the Grafs are ripe ; fo
that thofe feeds which are procured from the ftables
where the horfes are fed with the belt fort of hay, are
little more than chaff, or at beft are only fuch as are of
the early kinds of Grafs, -wi th a great quantity of Plan-
tain and other weeds : which has difeouraged many
gentlemen from fowing them, nor has any one at-
tempted to lave thefe feeds properly; and as it requires
longer time, and more attention, to fave a quantity of.
G R A
feeds of the purer fort of Grafs than the generality
of people care to beftow, fo I would recommend the
letting feme of thole upland paftures, which .are
cleaneft from weeds, and have the fweeteft herbage
afide, to Hand for feeds ; and although by lb doing
the hay will be lefs valuable, yet from the fale of
the feeds, it may anfwer better to tiie pofieffor, than
to mow it merely for the hay ; for any gentleman who
has' regard to the beauty of his land, had better give
fix times the price for fuch feeds, as is ufually paid
for the ordinary feeds, fince the firft expence of feeds
is not to be put in competion with the beauty and' ad-
vantage of having fuch as are good •, for when the land
is brought to a good fward (which may be done in
one year, where it is properly prepared and fown with
good feeds) it may be kept in good order, and by
good management improved annually, and 'will con-
tinue fo, as long as proper care is taken of it. I
know feme land which was fown in the method here-
after directed above forty years ago, which are now
as good paftures as any I have feen, and may be al-
ways continued fo.
Thefe grounds abounded with many bad weeds, fo
they had a winter andfummer’s fallow, in which time
they were five times ploughed and ten times harrowed
in order to deftroy the weeds, and make the furface
of the ground fine ; in Auguft they were fown with
the belt Grafs-feeds as could be procured, three bufh-
els of this, and nine pounds of the white Dutch Clo-
ver-feeds were allowed to each acre ; as there happened
rains foon after the feeds were fown, fo the Grafs came
up well ; but among it were a great number of weeds,
which were drawn up and carried off the ground, and
in the beginning of Obuober the fields were rolled with
a Barley roller •, in the fpring the fields were again
weeded, and afterward roiled, and that fummer there
was more than two tons of hay per acre mowed off
the land ; and by conftant weeding twice a year,
fweeping it with a buffi-harrow, rolling and dreffmg
of the land, the Grafs has been greatly improved fince,
and is now as good pafture as any in England : and
fince I have laid down great quantities of land in the
fame manner, and with equal fuccefs ; therefore from
many years experience can recommend it, as the fureft
method of having good paftures.
But I know the generality of farmers will objeeft to
the firft lofs of their crop, and alfo to the after ex-
pence of weeding, rolling, &c. as too great for com-
mon praftice : however, I am well fatisfied from ex-
perience, that whoever will be at the expence, will
find their account in it ; for the crops of hay will be
fo much better, and the after pafture alfo, that it will
more than pay the expence, as from many exact ac-
counts, which have been kept of the whole, is fuffici-
ently demonftrated, and the verdure of thefe paftures
is charming to all thofe who have any tafte of natural
beauties.
The proper management of pafture land is the leaft
underftood of any part of agriculture ; the farmers
never have attended to this, being more inclined to
the plough, though the profits attending that have
not of late years been fo great as to encourage them
in that part of hufbandry ; but thefe people never
think of laying down land for pafture, to continue
longer than three years, at the end of which time
they plough it up again, to few it with grain.
There is a fort of ffriped Grafs which is preferved in
many gardens for the beauty of its variegated leaves,
which continue frelli the greateft part of the maimer.
This fort is eafily propagated by parting^ the roots,
either in fpring or autumn, for every offset will in-
creafe to be a large root in one year’s time. It, will
grow on any foil or in any fituation, therefore may be
planted in any abje& part of the garden, where it will
thrive, and afford an agreeable variety. _ This fort is
by many perfons called ■ Ribband-grafs, from the
ftripes of white and green, which run the whole
length of the blade, like the ftripes in feme rib-
bands.
For
G R A
For the further management of Grafs in fields, fee
Pasture and Meadow; and for that in gardens, fee
Grass.
Clover-grafs. See Irifolium.
Saint-foin. See Onpbrychis, or Hedysarum.
La Lucerne. See Medica.
Nonefuch, See Melilot-us, or Trifolium.
Trefoil. See Trifolium.
Spurry. See Spergula.
GRANADILLA. See Passiflora.
GRAPES. See Vitis.
GRASS. The Englifti Grafs is of la good a qua-
lity for walks or Grafs-plats, that if they be kept in
good order, they have that exquilite beauty that they
cannotcome up toin b ranee, andfeveralothei countries.
But green walks and green plats are, for the moft
part, not made by fowing tne Grais-ieed, but by lay-
ing turfs ; and, indeed, the turfs from a fine common
or down, are much preferable to fown Grafs.
In fowing a fine green plat, there is a difficulty in get-
ting good feed ; it ought not to be fuch as is taken
out of the hay-loft without diftindtion ; for that feed
ffiooting too high and making large ftalks, the lower
part will be naked and bare ; and although it be mow-
ed ever fo often, it will never make handfome Grafs ;
but, on the contrary, will come to nothing but tufts
of weeds and Quick-grafs, very little better than that
cf the common fields.
If walks or plats be made by fowing, the beft way
is to procure the feed from thofe paftures where the
Grafs is naturally fine and clear, or elfe the trouble of
keeping it from fpiry and benty Grafs will be very
great, and it will Icarce ever look handfome.
In order to fow Grafs-feed, the ground muft be firft
dug or broken up with a fpade ; and when it has been
dreffed and laid even, it mult be very finely raked
over, and all the clods and ftones taken off, and co-
vered over an inch thick with good mould, to facili-
tate the growth of the feed ; this being done, the feed
is to be fown pretty thick, that it may come up clofe
and ffiort ; and it muft be raked over again to bury
and cover the feed, that if the weather Ihould hap-
pen to be windy, it may not be blown away.
As to the feafon of fowing Grafs, the middle or lat-
ter end of Auguft is a good time, becaufe the feed
naturally requires nothing but moifture to make it
grow : if be" not fown till the latter end of February,
or the beginning of March, if the weather proves dry,
it will not fo foon make the walks or quarters green.
It is alfo beft to fow it in a mild day, and inclining to
rain ; for that, by finking down the feed in the earth,
will caufe it to fhoot the looner. But where Grafs is
fown in gardens, either for lawns or walks, there
ihould always be a good quantity of the White 1 re-
foil or Dutch Clover fown with it, for this will make
a fine turf much fooner than any other fown Grafs,
and will continue a better verdure than any of the
Grafs tribe.
After the feed is well come up, and the Grafs is very
thick and of a beautiful green, it will require a con-
ftant care to keep it in order : this confifts in mowing
the Grafs often, for the oftener it is mowed, the
thicker and handfomer it grows ; it muft alfo be rolled
with a cylinder or roller of wood, to level it as much
as pcffible.
If Grafs be neglected, it will run into Quick-grafs
and weeds ; and if it does fo, there is no way to re-
cover it, but either by fowing it, or laying it over
again, and that once in every two years ; but if the
ground be well cleared from the roots of ftrong weeds,
and the turf be taken from a fine level common, it
will continue handfome for feveral years, provided it
be well kept.
In order to keep Grafs-plats or walks handfome and
in good order, in autumn you may fow fome freffi
feed over any places that are not well filled, or where
the Grafs is dead, to renew and furnifh them again ;
but there is nothing which improves Grafs fo much as
conftant rolling and polling it, to deftroy wormcafts,
and thereby the turf is rendered fine .
G R A
It is a general practice when turf is laid in gardens, ia
cover the furface of the ground under the turf, either
with fand or very poor earth ; the defign of this is to
keep the Grafs fine, by preventing its growing too
rank. This' is proper enough for very rich ground,-
but is not fo for fuch land as is but middling or poor ;
for when this is practifed in fuch places, the Grafs
will foon wear out, and decay m patches.
When turf is taken from a common or down, there
fhould be regard had to the cieannefs of it, and' not
to take fuch as is full of weeds : for it will be a very
tedious piece of work, to weed them out after the
turf is laid ; and unlels this is done, the Grafs will ne-
ver appear handfome.
Where turf is defigned to remain for years without
renewing, there ihould be dreffing laid upon it every
other year, either of very rotten dung, afhes, or, where
it can be eafily procured, very rotten tan, is a good
dreffing for Grafs ; but thefe dreffings ihould be laid
on early in winter, that the rain may waih them into
the ground, before the drought of the fpring comes
on, otherwife they will occafion the Grafs to burn
when the warmth of fu turner begins. Where Grafs is
fo dreffed, and kept well rolled and mowed, it may
be kept very beautiful for many years ; but where it is
not dreffed or fed with fheep, it will rarely continue
handfome more than eight or ten years.
GRATIOLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 27. Raii Meth.
Plant. 90. Digitalis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 165. Hedge
Hyffop.
The Characters are,
! The flower hath a permanent empalement , which is cut
into five parts ; it hath one petal of the grinning kind ,
with a tube longer than the empalement , cut at the top
into four J mall figments , the upper being broader and in-
dented at the end zvhere it is reflexed ; the other three are
erett a.nd equal. It hath five awl-floaped ftamina , three
of which are Jhorter than the petal , and fleril ; the other
two are longer , and adhere to the tube of the petal ; thefe
are fruitful in male dufl ; they are terminated by roundifh
fummits. In the center is fituated a conical germcn, flip-
porting an ere It ftyle , crowned by a fiigma with two
lips , which clofe after being fecundated. I'he germen af-
terward becomes an oval capfule aiding in a pointy having
two cells which are filled with f mall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fecond clafs, intitled Diandria Monogynia,
which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have! but
two ftamina and one ftyle, for he does not efteera
the three barren ftamina as worthy notice.
The Species are,
1. Gratiola {Officinalis) fioribus pedunculatis, foliis
lanceolatis ferratis. Lin. Mat. Med. 18. Hedge Hyffiop
with flowers funding on foot-flalks , and fpear-foaped
leaves. Digitalis minima Gratiolata di&a. Mor. Hift.
2. 479. Leaf Foxglove , called Gratiola.
2. Gratiola ( Virginiana ) foliis lanceolatis obtufis fub
dentatis. Flor. Virg. 6. Hedge Hyffiop with obtufl in-
dented leaves. *
3. Gratiola {Peruviana) fioribus fubfeffilibus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 17. Hedge Hyffiop with flowers fitting clofe to the
branches. Gratiola latiore folio flore albo. FeuilL
Peruv.
The firft fort grows naturally on the Alps, and other
mountainous parts of Europe. This hath a thick,
fleffiy, fibrous, creeping root, which propagates very
much when planted in a proper foil and fituation, from
which arife feveral upright fquare ftalks, near a foot
high, garnifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves placed
oppofite ; the flowers are produced on the fide of the
ftalks at each joint, they are Inaped like thofe of the
Foxglove, but are fmall, and of a pale yellowifh co-
lour. Thefe appear in July, but are feldom fuc-
ceeded by feeds in England.
It is eafily propagated by parting of the roots ; the
beft time to do this is in the autumn, when the ftalks
decay ; the plants fhould have a moift foil and a fliady
fituation, in which they will thrive exceedingly ; but
in dry ground they often decay in fummer, unlefs they
are plentifully watered.
Ji®
This
G R A
This Hands in the lift of medicinal plants, but is very
rarely ufed in England, though it is recommended by
fotne good writers as a purger of ferous and choleric
humours.
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America,
from whence I received the feeds. This .grows natu-
rally in moift places, where it riles more than a foot
high, but in England I have not feen it more than
eight inches ; the leaves are blunt, and indented at
their extremities ; the flowers are white, and come
cut from the fide of the ftalks, like thofe of the other,
but are not iucceeded by feeds here. It may be pro-
pagated in the fame manner as the firft fort, and re-
quires the fame treatment.
The feeds of the third fort were fent me from Car-
thagena, where it was found growing naturally in
places where there had been Handing waters, which
were then dried up ; this plant grew about nine inches
high, with a weak ftalk, and the leaves placed oppo-
fite ; they were about three quarters of an inch long,
and half an inch broad, fawed on their edges •, the
flowers came out Angle on each fide the ftalk •, they
were white, and much fmaller than thofe of the firft
fort, but were not fucceeded by feeds, fo the plant
was loft here.
GRAVEL and Grafs are naturally ornaments to a
country-feat, and the glory of the Englifh gardens,
and things in which we excel all other nations, as
France, Holland, Flanders^ &c.
There are different forts of Gravel, but for thofe who
can conveniently have it, I approve of that Gravel on
Blackheath, as preferable to moft that we have in
England •, it confifting of fmooth even pebbles, which,
when mixed with a due quantity of loam, will bind
exceeding clofe, and look very beautiful, and conti-
nue handfome longer than any other fort of Gravel
which I have yet feen.
Some recommend a fort of iron-mould Gravel, or
Gravel with a little binding loam amongft it, than
which nothing, they fay, binds better when it is dry
but in wet weather it is apt to ftick to the heels of
one’s Ihoes, and will never appear handfome.
Sometimes loam is mixed with Gravel that is over
fandy or fharp, which muft be very well blended to-
gether, and let lie in heaps, after which it will bind
like a rock.
There are many kinds of Gravel which do not bind,
and thereby caule a continual trouble of rolling, to lit-
tle or no purpofe ; as for fuch.
If the Gravel be loofe or fandy, you ffiould take one
load of ftrong loam, to two or three of Gravel, and fo
caft them well together, andturnthismixtureoverthree
or four times, that they may be well blended toge-
ther ; if this is done in proper porportion, it will bind
well, and not ftick to the feet in wet weather.
There are many different opinions about the choice
of Gravel ; feme are for having the Gravel as white as
pofiible, and in order to make the walks more fo, they
roll them well with ftone rollers, which are often hewn
by the mafons, that they may add a whitenefs to the
walks ; but this renders it very troublefome to the
eyes, by reflecting the rays of light fo ftrongly, there-
fore this fhould ever be avoided •, and luch Gravel as
will lie fmooth, and refled the leaft, fhould be pre-
ferred.
Some fereen the Gravel too fine, which is an error
for if it be caft into a round heap, and the great ftones
only raked off, it will be the better.
Some are apt to lay Gravel-walks too round, but this
is likewife an error, becaufe they are not fo goo'd to
walk upon, and befides, it makes them look nar-
row •, one inch rife is enough in a crown for a walk
of five feet *, and it will be fufficient, if a walk be ten
feet wide, that it lies two inches higher in the middle
than it does on each fide •, if fifteen feet, three inches ;
twenty feet, four ; and fo in proportion.
For the depth of Gravel-walks, fix or eight inches may
do well enough, but afoot thicknefs will be fufficient
for any ; but then there fhould always be a depth of
rubbifh laid under the Gravel, efpecially if the
$
G R A
ground is wet •, in which cafe there cannot be too
much care to fill the bottom of the walks with large
ftones, flints, brick rubbifh, chalk, or any other mate-
rials which can be belt procured, which will drain off
the moifture from the Gravel, and prevent its being-
poachy in wet weather •, but as it may be difficult in
iome places to procure a fufficient quantity of thefe
• materials to lay in the bottom of the walks, fo there
may be a bed of Heath, or Furze, which ever can be
procured at the leaft expence, laid under the Gravel to
keep it dry : and if either of thefe are ufed green,, they
will lie a long time, as they will be covered from air,
and thefe will prevent the Gravel from getting down
into the clay, and will always keep the Gravel dry ;
and where there is not this precaution in the firft lay-
ing of the Gravel upon clay, the water being detained
by the clay, will caufe the Gravel to be poachy when-
ever there is much rain.
In making of Gravel-walks, there muft be great re-
gard had to the level of the ground, fo as to lay the
walks with eafy defeents toward the low parts of the
ground, that the wet may be drained off eafily ; for
when this is omitted, the water will he upon the walks
a confiderable time after hard rains, which will ren-
der them unfit for life, efpecially when the ground is
naturally wet or ftrong ; but where the ground is level,
and there are no declivities to carry off the wet, it will
be proper to have fink-ftones laid by the Tides of the
walks, at convenient diftances, to let off the wet and
where the ground is naturally dry, that the water will
foon foak away, the drains of the fink-ftones may be
contrived fo as to convey the water in feffpools,
from which the water will foak away in a Ihort time ;
but in wet land there fhould be under-ground drains,
to convey the wet off, either into ponds, ditches, or
the neareft place to receive it ; for where this is not
well provided for, the walks will never be fo hand-
fome or fo ufeful.
The month of March is the propereft time for laying
Gravel ; it is not prudent to do it fooner, or to lay
walks in any of the winter months before that time.'
Some indeed turn up Gravel-walks in ridges in De-
cember, in order to kill the weeds •, but this is very-
wrong, for befides that it deprives them of the be-
nefit of them all the winter, it does not anfwer the end
for which it is done, but rather the contrary for
though it does kill the weeds for the prelent, yet it
adds a fertility to them, as to the great future in-
creale of both them and Grafs.
If conftant rolling them after the rains and froft will
not effe&ually kill the weeds and mofs, you fhould
turn the walks in March, and lay them down at the
fame time.
In order to deftroy worms that fpoil the beauty of
Gravel, or Grafs-walks, fome recommended the water-
ing them well with water, in which Walnut-tree
leaves have been fteeped, and made very bitter, efpe-
cially thofe places moft annoyed with them ; and this
they lay, as foon as it reaches them, will make {hem
come out haftily, fo that they may be gathered •, but
if, in the firft laying of the walks, there is a uood bed
of lime rubbifh laid in the bottom, it is the moft ef-
fectual method to keep out the worms, for they do
not care to harbour near lime.
G R E E N-H OUSE, or Confervatory.
As of late years there have been great quantities of
curious exotic plants introduced into the Englifh gar-
dens, fo the number of Green-houfes, or Con fury a to- '
ries, have increafed-, and not only a greater flrilj in the
management and ordering of thefe plants has increafed
therewith, but aifo a greater knowledge of the ftruc-
ture and contrivance of thefe places, fo as to render
them both ufeful and ornamental, hath been acquired ;
and fince there are many particulars to be obler/ed in
the conftruttion of thefe houfes, whereby they will be
greatly improved, I thought it neceffary not only to
give the heft inftrudions for this I was capable of, but
aifo to give a defign of one in the manner I would
chule to erebt it, upon the annexed copper-plate.
2
As
i
\
GRI
G R E-
As to the length of thefe houfes, that muft be pro-
portioned to the number of plants they are to contain,
or the fancy of the owner ; but their depth fhould
never be greater than their height in the clear, which
in fmall,^ or middling houfes, may be fixteen or
eighteen feet, but for large ones, from twenty to
twenty-four feet, is a good proportion •, for if the
Green-houfe is long, and too narrow, it will have a
bad appearance both within and without, nor will it
contain fo many plants, if proper room be allowed
for paffing in front, and on the backfide: of the Hands
on which the plants are placed ; and on the other hand,
if the depth of the Green-houfe is more than twenty-
four feet, there muft be more rows of plants placed
to fill the houfe, than can with conveniency be reached
in watering and cleaning ^ nor are houfes of too great
depth fo proper for keeping of plants, as thofe of
moderate fize.
The windows in front fhould extend from about one
foot and a half above the pavement, to within the
fame diftance of the deling, which will admit of a
cornice round the building, over the heads of the
windows. As it is neceflary to have thefe windows fo
long, it will be impoffible to make them in proportion
as to their breadth •, for if in the largeft buildings the
fafhes are more than feven, or feven feet and a half
broad, they will be fo heavy and troublefome to move
up and down, as to render it very difficult for one
perfon to perform •, befides, their weight will occafion
their foon decaying. There is alfo another incon-
venience in having the windows too broad, which is
that of fixing proper fhutters to them, in fuch a
manner as that they may fall back clofe to the piers,
fo as not to be incommodious, or when open to ob-
ftrud any part of the rays of light from reaching the
-plants. The piers between thefe windows fhould be
as narrow as poffible to fupport the building, for which
reafon I fhould chufe to have them of ftone, or of
hard well-burnt bricks ; for if they are built with fine
rubbed bricks, thofe are generally fo foft, that the
piers will require to be made thicker, and the building
will be lefs ftrong, efpecially if there are any rooms
over the Green-houfe ; which is what I would always
advife, as being of great ufe to keep the froft out in
very hard winters. If thefe piers are made of ftone, I
would advife them to be two feet and a half in dia-
meter, worked as columns cylindrical, whereby the
rays of the fun will not be taken off, or obftrufled
by the corners of the piers, which it would be if they
were fquare ; but if they are built with bricks, it will
be proper to make them three feet in front, other-
wife they will be too weak to fupport the building ;
thefe I would alfo advife to be floped off toward the
infide to admit the fun.
At the back of the Green-houfe there may be erefted
a houfe for tools, and for many other purpofes, which
will be extremely ufeful, and will alfo prevent the froft
from entering the houfe on the backfide, fo that the
wall between thefe need not be more than two bricks
and a half in thicknefs; whereas were it quite expofed
behind, it ftiould be at leaft three bricks, or three and
a half in thicknefs •, and by this contrivance, if you
are willing to make a handfome building, and to have
a noble room over the Green-houfe, you may make
the room over the tool-houfe, and carry up the ftair-
cafe in the back, fo as not to be feen in the Green-
houfe, and hereby you may have a room twenty-five
or thirty feet in width, and of a proportionable length ;
and under this ftair-cafe there ftiould be a private door
into the green-houfe, at which the gardener may enter
In hard frofty weather, when it will not be fafe to open
any of the glaftes in the front. The floor of the Green-
houfe, which fhould be laid either \yith Bremen
fquares, Purbeck ftone, or broad tiles, according to
the fancy of the owner, muft be raifed two feet above
the furface of the ground whereon the houfe is placed,
which in dry ground will be fufficient ; but if the fi-
tuation is moift and fpringy, and thereby fubjeft to
damps, it fhould be raifed at leaft three feet above the
furface ; and if the whole is arched with low brick
arches under the floor, it will be of great fervice in
preventing the damps rifing in winter, which are often
very hurtful to the plants, efpecially in great thaws,
when the air is often too cold to be admitted into the
houfe, to take off the damps; Under the floor, about
one foot from the front, I would advife a flue of one
foot in width, and two feet deep, to be carried the
whole length of the houfe, which may be returned
againft the back wall, and carried up in proper fun-
nels adjoining to the tool-houfe, three times over each
other, by which the fmoke may pafs off. The fire-
place may be contrived at one end of the houfe, and
the door at which the fuel is put in, as alfo the afh-
grate, may be contrived to open into the tool-houfe,
fo that it may be quite hid from the fight, and be in
the dry, and the fuel may be laid in the fame Hied,
whereby it will always be ready for ufe.
I fuppofe many people will be furprifed to fee me di-
rect the making of flues under a Green-houfe, which
has been difufed fo long, and by moft people thought
of ill confequence, as indeed they have often proved,
when under the direction of unfkilful managers, who
have though t it neceflary, whenever the weather was cold
to make fires therein ; but however injurious flues may
have been under luch management, yet when fkilfully
looked after they will be found of very great fervice ;
for though perhaps it may happen, that there will be
no neceffity to make any fires in them for two or three
years together, as when the winters prove mild there
will not, yet in very hard winters they will be ex-
tremely ufeful to keep out the froft, which cannot be
effedted any other way, but with great trouble and
difficulty.
Withinfide of the windows, in front of the Green-
houfe, you fhould have good ftrong fhutters, which
fhould be made with hinges to fold back, that they
may fall back quite clofe to the piers, that the rays
of the fun may not be obftrudted thereby. Thefe
fhutters need not be above an inch and a half thick,
or little more when wrought, which if made to join
clofe, will be fufficient to keep out our common froft j
and when the weather is fo cold as to endanger the
freezing in the houfe, it is but making a fire in the
oven, which will effedtually prevent it ; and without
this conveniency it will be very troublefome, as I have
often feen, where perfons have been obliged to nail
mats before their windows, or to fluff the hollow fpace
between the fhutters, and the glafs with Straw, which
when done, is commonly fuffered to remain till the
froft goes away-, which if it fhould continue very long,
the keeping the Green-houfe clofely fhut up, will
prove very injurious to the plants ; and as it fre-
quently happens, that we have an hour or two of the
fun-fhine in the middle of the day, in continued frofts,
which is of great fervice to plants, when they can en-
joy the rays thereof through the glaftes, fo when there
is nothing more to do than to open the fhutters, which
may be performed in a very fhort time, and as foon
fhut again when the fun is clouded, the plants may
have the benefit thereof whenever it appears j whereas,
where there is fo much trouble to uncover, and as
much to cover again, it would take up the whole time
in uncovering and fhutting them up, and thereby the
advantage of the fun’s influence would be loft. Be-*
fides, where there is fo much trouble required to keep
out the froft, it will be a great chance if it be not
negledled by the gardener, for if he be not as fond
of preferving his plants, and as much in love with
them ^s his mafter, this labour will be thought too
great py him ; and if he takes the pains to cover the
glafte^ up with mats, &c. he will not care to take
them away again until the weather alters, fo that the
plants will be fhut up clofe during the whole con-
tinuance of the froft.
There are fome people who commonly make ufe of
pots filled with charcoal to fet in their Green-houfe in
very fevere frofts, but this is very dangerous to the
perfons who attend thefe fires, and I have fometimes
known they have been almoft fuffocated therewith,
and at the fame time they are very injurious to the
6 K plants 5
G R E
plants 5 nor is the trouble of tending upon thefe fmall,
and the many hazards to which the ufe of thefe fires
is liable, have juftly brought them into difufe with all
fkilful perfons; and as the contrivances of flues, and
of the fires, are but fmall charges in their firft -ere&ing,
they are much to be preferred to any other method
for warming the air of the houfe.
The wall on the back part of the houfe fhould be
either laid over with ftucco, or plaftered with mortar,
and white-wafhed, for otherwife the air in fevere froft
will penetrate through the walls, efpecially when the
froft is attended with a ftrong wind, which is often
the cafe in moft fevere winters. There are fome per-
fons who are at the ‘expence of wainfcotting their
Green-houfes, but when this is done, it is proper to
plafter the walls with lime and hair behind the wainf-
cot, to keep out the cold ; and when they are lined
with wainfcot, they fhould be painted white, as fhould
the deling, and every part withinfide of the houfe ;
for this refleds the rays of light in a much greater
quantity than any other colour, and is of fignal fer-
vice to plants, efpecially in the winter, when the houfe
is pretty much clofed, and but a fmall fhare of light
is admitted through the windows •, for at fuch times
I have obferved, that in fome Green-houfes which
have been painted black, or of a dark colour, the
plants have caft moft of their leaves.
Where green-houfes are built in fuch places as will
not admit of rooms over them, or the perfon is un-
willing to be at the expence of fuch buildings, there
muft be care taken to keep out the froft from entering
through the roof. To prevent which it will be very
proper to have a thicknefs of Reeds, Heath, or Furz,
laid between the deling and the tiles •, in the doing
of which there muft be care taken in framing the
joifts, fo as to fupport thefe, that their weight may
not lie upon the ceiling, which might endanger it ;
for thefe fhould be laid a foot thick at leaft, and as
fmooth as pofiible, and fattened down well with laths
to prevent their riling, and then covered over with a
coat of lime and hair, which will keep out the air, and
alfo prevent mice and other vermin from harbouring
in them, which, if left uncovered, they would cer-
tainly do. For want of this precaution there are many
Green-houfes built, which will not keep out the froft
in hard winters, and this is many times attributed to
the glafles in front admitting the cold, when the fault
is in the roof-, for where there is only the covering,
either of tiles or Hates, over the cieling, every fevere
froft will penetrate through them.
In this Green-houfe you fhould have trufiels, which
may be moved out and into the houfe, upon which
you fhould fix rows of planks, fo as to place the pots
or tubs of plants in regular rows one above another,
whereby the heads of the plants may be fo fituated,
as not to interfere with each other. The loweft row
of plants, which fhould be the forwardeft towards the
windows, fhould be placed about four feet therefrom,
that there may be a convenient breadth left next the
glafles to walk in front ; and the rows of plants fhould
rife gradually from the firft, in fuch a manner that the
heads of the fecond row fhould be entirely advanced
above the firft, the ftetns only being hid thereby ;
and at the back fide of the houfe there fnould be al-
lowed a fpace of at leaft five feet, for the conveniency
of watering the plants, as alfo to admit of a current
of air round them, that the damps occafioned by the
perfpiration of the plants, may be the better diflipated,
which, by being pent in too clofelv, often occafions
a mouldinefs upon the tender (hoots and leaves, and
when the houfe is dole {hut up, this ftagnating rancid
vapour is often very deftruftive to the plants; for
which reafon alfo you fhould never croud them too
dole to each other, nor fhould you ever place Sedums,
Euphorbiums, Torch Thiftles, and other tender fuc-
culent plants, amongft Oranges, Myrtles, and other
Evergreen trees for, by an experiment which I made,
anno 1729, I found that a Sedum placed in a Green-
houfe among fuch trees, almoft daily increafed its
weight, although there was no water given to it the
G R E
whole time ; which increafe of weight was owing to
the moifture imbibed from the air, which, being re-
plete with the rancid vapours perfpired from the other
plants, occafioned the leaves to grow pale, and in a
fhort time they decayed and dropped off ; which I
have often obferved has been the cafe with many other
fucculent plants, when placed in thofe houfes which
were filled with many forts of Evergreen trees, that
required to be frequently watered.
Therefore, to avoid the inconvenience which attends
the placing of plants of very different natures in the
fame houfe, it will be very proper to have two wings
added to the main Green-houfe, which, if placed in
the manner exprefled in the annexed plan, will greatly
add to the beauty of the building, and alfo colled a
greater fhare of heat. In this plan the Green-houfe is
placed exadly fronting the fouth, and one of the wings
faces the fouth-eaft, and the other the fouth- weft ; fo
that from the time of the fun’s firft appearance upon
any part of the building, until it goes off at night, it
is conftantly refieded from one part to the other, and
the cold winds are alfo kept off from the front of the
main Green-houfe hereby ; and in the area of this place
you may contrive to place many of the moft tender
exotic plants, which will bear to be expofed in the
fummer feafon.; and in the fpring, before the weather
will permit you to fet out the plants, the beds and
borders of this area may be full of Anemonies, Ra-
nunculufes, early Tulips, &c. which will be paft.
flowering, and the roots fit to take out of the ground
by the time you carry out the plants, which will render
this place very agreeable duringthefpringfeafon, when
the flowers are blown : and here you may walk and
divert yourfelf in a fine day, when perhaps the air in
moft other parts of the garden will be too cold for
perfons not much ufed thereto, to take pleafure in
being out of the houfe.
In the center of this area may be contrived a fmall
bafon for water, which will be very convenient for
watering of plants, and add much to the beauty of
the place ; befides the water being thus fituated, will
be foftened by the heat which will be refledted from
the glafles upon it, whereby it will be rendered
much better tfian raw cold water for thefe tender
plants.
The two wings of the building fnould be contrived fo
as to maintain plants of differing degrees of hardinefs,
which muft be effedted by the fituation an^l extent of
the fire-place, and the manner of condu&ing the flues,
a particular account of which will be exhibited under
the article of Stoves. But I would here obferve, that
the wing facing the fouth-eaft fhould always be pre-
ferred for the warmeft ftove, its fituation being fuch,
as that the fun, upon its firft appearance in the morn-
ing, fhines diredtly upon the glafles, which is of great
fervice in warming the air of the houfe, and adding
life to the plants, after having been {hut up during
the long nights in the winter feafon. Thefe wings
being in the draught annexed, allowed fixty feet in
length, may be divided in the middle by partitions of
glals, with glafs- doors to pafs from one to tire other.
To each of thefe there fhould be a fire-place, with
flues carried up againft the back wall, through which
the fmoke fhould be made to pafs, as many times the
length of the houfe, as the height will admit of the
number of flues; for the longer the fmoke is in pafling,
the more heat will be given to the houfe, with a lefs
quantity of fuel, which is an article worth confidera-
tion, efpecially where fuel is dear. By this contri-
vance you may keep fuch plants as require the fame
degree of heat in one part of the houfe, and thofe
which will thrive in a much lefs warmth in the other
part, but this will be more fully explained under the
article of Stoves.
The other wing of the houfe, facing the fouth-weft,
may alfo be divided in the lame manner, and flues
carried through both parts, which may be ufed ac-
cording to the feafons, or the particular forts of plants
which are placed therein; fo that here will be four di~
vifions in the wings,, each of which may be kept up
to
GRE
to a different degree of warmth, which, together with
the Green-houfe, will be fufficient to maintain plants
from all the feverai countries of the world ; and with-
out having thefe feverai degrees of warmth, it will be
impoffible to preferve the various kinds of plants from
the feverai parts of Africa and America, which are
annually introduced into the Englifh gardens ; for
when plants from different countries are placed in the
fame houfe, fome are deftroyed for want of heat, while
others are forced and fpoiled by too much of it; and
this is often the cafe in many places, where there are
large colleflions of plants.
In the building thefe wings, if there are not fheds
running behind them their whole length, the walls
fhould not be lefs than three bricks thick; and if they
are more, it will be better, becaufe where the walls
are thin, and expofed to the open air, the cold will
penetrate them, and when the fires are made, the heat
will come out through the walls, fo that it will require
a larger quantity of fuel, to maintain a proper tem-
perature of warmth in the houfe. The back part of
thefe houfes having Hoping roofs, which are covered
either with tiles or Hates, fliould alfo be lined with
Reeds, &c. under the covering, as is before directed
for the Green-houfe, which will keep out the cold air,
and fave a great expence of fuel ; for the clofer and
better thefe houfes are built, and the glaffes of the
Hope, as alfo in front, well guarded by Abutters, or
Reeds in hard froft, the lelstuel will be required to
warm the houfes ; fo that the firft expence in building
thefe houfes properly, will be the cheapeft, when the
after-expence of fires is taken into confideration.
The Hoping glaffes of thefe houfes Ihould be made
to Hide and take off, fo that they may be drawn down
more or lefs in warm weather, to admit air to the
plants ; and the upright glaffes in front may be fo con-
trived, as that every other may open as doors upon
hinges, and the alternate glaffes may be divided into
two°; the upper part of each fhould be contrived fo as
to be drawn down like faflies, fo that either of thefe
may be ufed to admit air, in a greater or lefs propor-
tion, according as there may be occafion.
But befides the Conservatories here mentioned, it will
be proper to have a deep hot-bed frame, fuch as is
commonly ufed to raife large annuals in the fpring,
into which may be fet pots of fuch plants as come from
Carolina, Virginia, &c. while the plants are too fmall
to plant in the open air, as alfo many other forts from
Spain, &c. which require only to be fcreened from the
violence of frofts, and ihould have as much free air
as poffible in mild weather ; which can be no better
effected than in one of thefe frames, where the glaffes
may be taken off every day when the weather will per-
mit, and put on every night ; and in hard frofts the
glaffes may be covered with mats, Straw, Peas-haulm,
or the like, fo as to prevent the froft from entering
to the pots to freeze the roots of the plants, which is
what will many times utterly deftroy them, though a
flight froft pinching the leaves or fhoots, very feldom
does them much harm ; if thefe pits are funk a foot or
more, below the furface of the ground, they will be
the better, provided the ground is dry, otherwife they
muft be wholly above ground ; the Hides of this frame
fliould be built with brick, with a curb of wood laid
round on the top of the wall, into which the gutters,
on which the glaffes Hide may be laid ; the back w r all
of this frame may be four feet high, and two bricks
and a half thick, the front one foot and a half ; the
' width of the infide of the frame about fix feet, and
the length in proportion to the number of plants to
be containd therein.
GREWIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 914. This genus of
plants was conftituted by Dr. Linnaeus, who gave it
this name in honour of Dr. Grew, F. R. S. who pub-
Lfhed a curious book of the anatomy of plants.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a thick leathery empalement , compofed of
five fpear-jhaped leaves , which are coloured , and fpread
open. ' The flower hath five petals of the fame form , but
fmaller , and are indented at their bafe , where is f iliated
a fcaly ntciarium to each petal , which is thick and in-
curved, inclining to the border , to which the fiyle is fixed %
it hath many ftamina , which are briftiy , the length
of the petals , terminated by roundifh fummits. In the
center is fituated the roundijh germen , which is lengthened
to a column , fupporting a fender fiyle , crowned by a four-
cornered obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes
four-cornered berry with four cells , each inclofing one glo-
bular feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fe&ion
of Linnaeus’s twentieth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whole flowers have many ftamina joined to the
ftyle, forming a column of one body.
The Species are,
1. Grewia [Occident alis) foliis fubovatis crenatis. Grewia
with oval crenated leaves. Ulmi facie arbufcula, fEthi-
opica, ramulis alatis, floribus purpurafcentibus. Hort,
Amft. i.p. 165. tab. 85. Ethiopian Shrub with the ap-
pearance of Elm , winged branches , and purplifh flowers.
2. Grewia ( Africanus ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis ferratis.
Grewia with oval fpear-fhaped leaves which are flawed.
The firft fort has been long preferved in many curious
gardens, both in England and Holland, and is fi-
gured by Dr. Plukenet, by the title of Ulmifolia ar-
bor Africana baccifera, floribus purpureis; but by
Dr. Boerhaave it was fuppofed to be one of Father
Plumier’s American plants, intitled Guidonia Ulmi
foliis, flore rofeo ; but the charaders of this do not at
all agree with thofe of the Guidonia, that particular
fpecies of this genus being in the royal garden at Paris,
which is extremely different from this. It grows na-
turally at the Cape of Good Hope, from whence I
have received the feeds, which have fucceeded in the
Chelfea garden.
This will grow to the height of ten or twelve feet,
and has a ftem and branches very like thofe of the
fm all-leaved Elm, the bark being fmooth, and of the
fame colour as that of Elm when young ; the leaves
are alfo very like thofe of the Elm, and fall off in
winter ; the flowers are produced fingly along the
young branches from the wings of the leaves, which
are of a bright purple colour ; thefe appear toward
the end of July, and continue in Auguft, and the be-
ginning of September, but are never fucceeded by
fruit in this country.
This may be propagated from cuttings or layers ; the
cuttings fliould be taken off, and planted in April,
before the buds fwell, for they do not fucceed
well after; thefe cuttings fhould be planted in
fmall pots filled with loamy earth, and the pots fliould
be plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark,
where, if they are duly watered, and in the heat of
the day Ihaded from the fun, they will take good root
in about two months, and may then be gradually in-
ured to bear the open air, into which they fliould be
removed in June, and placed in a flickered fituation,
where they may remain till autumn, when they muft
be removed into the green-houfe ; the beft time to lay
down the layers of this plant is in the fpring, before
the buds come out, and thefe will be rooted by the
fame time the following year, when they may be cut
off from the old plants, and planted each into a fe-
parate pot filled with a foft loamy foil.
The beft time to remove or tranfplant this plant is,
either in the fpring, juft before the buds begin to
fwell, or in autumn, when the leaves begin to drop %
for in fummer, when the plants are in full leaf, it will
be very improper to difturb them.
In winter thefe plants fhould be placed in the green-
houfe, for they are too tehder to live abroad in Eng-
land ; but they fhould have as much free air as poffible
in mild weather, for they only require to be protected
from froft, and after their leaves are fallen, they will
require very moderate watering ; but in fummer they
fliould be conftantly watered three or four times a week
in dry weather, and placed in a flickered fituation,
with other hardy green-houfe plants, where they will
add to the variety.
The feeds of the fecond fort were lent me by Monf.
Richard, gardener to the King of France at Mar-
fellies.
G R I
feilles, which were brought from Senegal in Africa,
by Monf. Adanfon •, this rifes in this country with a
fhrubby ftalk five or fix feet high, fending out many
lateral branches, which are covered with a brown hairy
bark, and garnifhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves,
about two inches long, and one inch and a quarter
broad in the middle, having feveral tranfverfe veins
from the midrib to the fides, where they are fawed ;
thefe are placed alternately on the branches, having
very ftiort foot-ftalks, and continue in verdure through
the year •, the plants are young, fo have not as yet
flowered in England, therefore I can give no further
account of them.
This fort is tender, fo will not live through the win-
ter in England, unlefs it is placed in a warm ftove ;
nor do thofe plants thrive well, which are placed on
fhelves in the dry ftove ^ therefore the only method
to have them fucceed, is to place them in the bark-
bed in the tan-ftove, where the plants have grown
very well for fome years. In fummer thefe plants
require a good fhare of free air to be admitted to
them, and fttouid have water three or four times a
week in warm weather •, but in winter they muft be
fparingly watered, and require to be kept warm.
G R I A S. Lin. Gen. 659. Anchovy Pear.
The Characters are,
I he empalement is cup-Jhaped , of one leaf cut into four
equal fegments •, the flower has four leathery concave petals,
and many briflly flamina which are inferted to the recep-
tacle terminated by roundifh fummits , and a depreffed ger-
men immerfed in the empalement , having no ftyle, crowned
by a four-cornered crofs-Jhaped ftigma , which afterward
becomes a flejhy berry, with a large nut having eight fur-
rows, and one cell containing a large pointed feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft order of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mono-
gynia, the flower having many ftamina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
1. Grias ( Cauliflora ). Lin. Sp. 732. Anchovy Pear. Pal-
mis affinis malus Perfica maxima, caudice non ramo-
fa, foliis longiflimis, flore tetrapetalo pallide luteo,
frudu ex arboris trunco prodeunte. Sloan. Hift. Jam.
. 2. p. 122.
This plant grows naturally in Jamaica, and in many
other warm parts of America, where it rifes with a
ftrait undivided ftem about twenty feet high, having
a gray bark, marked with the veftigia of the fallen
leaves ; the top of the ftem is garnilhed with leaves
near two feet long and fix inches broad, fitting clofe
without foot-ftalks ; thefe have one longitudinal mid-
rib with feveral tranfverfe veins, and are of a lucid
green ; the flowers come out from the ftem below the
leaves, having no foot-ftalk, in fome places one, and
in others they are in clufters, each having four thick
yellow petals, and a great number of ftamina which
are fixed to the empalement of the flower ; the ger-
men is included in the empalement, which afterward
becomes a large oval Plumb, including a large pointed
nut. '
The fruit of this tree is by the Spaniards in the Weft-
Indies pickled and fent to old Spain as prefents, who
eat them as Mango’s, and fome fay the ripe fruit is
eaten as a defart.
The plant is propagated by planting of the ftones,
which Ihould be put into the ground foon after the
fruit is gathered, and the plants muft be conftantly
kept in the bark-bed in the ftove, otherwife it will
not thrive in this country.
G R O N O V I A. Martyn. Cent. 4. Lin. Gen. Plant.
284. The name of this genus was given by the late
Dr. Houfton, in honour of Dr. Gronovius, a learned
' botanift at Leyden.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, which
is coloured, and cut to the middle into five fegments. It hath
Jive fmall petals which are fixed to the cuts of the em-
palement, and five hairy ftamina the length of the petals,
which are inferted into the empalement, and are placed al-
ternate with the petals , terminated by twin fummits which
are ereht. The germen is fituated under the flower , fup-
" 2
porting ' a Jlender ftyle which is longer them- the ftamina ,
crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward be-
comes a roundifh-coloured fruit with one cell, inclofmg one
large roundifh feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
which includes thole plants whofe flowers have five
ftamina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Gronovia (1 Scandensf Llort. Cliff. 74. Gronovia fcan-
dens lappacea, pampinea fronde. Houft. Climbing
burry Gronovia .
This plant was difeovered by the late Dr. Houftoun
at La Vera Cruz, from whence he fent the feeds to
Europe, which have fucceeded in many gardens. It
is an annual plant, which fends forth many trailing
branches like thofe of the Cucumber, which are
clofely fet with broad green leaves, in fhape like thofe
of the Vine ; but they are covered with fmall fpines
on both ftdes, which fting like the Nettle: the
branches have many tendrils or clafpers, by which
they fallen themfelves to whatever plants they grow
near, and will rife to the height of fix or eight feet ;
the flowers are fmall, and of a greenilh yellow colour,
fo make no great appearance.
This being a very tender plant, muft be raifed on a
hot-bed early in the fpring, and afterward placed in
the bark-ftove, and treated in the fame way as the
Momordica, with which management it will produce
ripe feeds ; but this having neither ufe or beauty, is
rarely cultivated but in botanic gardens for the fake
of variety.
GROSSULARIA. Raii Meth. Plant. 145. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 639. tab. 409. Ribes. Lin. Gen. Plant.
247. Goofeberry • in French, Grofelier.
This and the Currant are by Tournefort placed in
the fame genus, under the title of Groffularia •, they
are alfo joined together by Dr. Linnseus, under the
title of Ribes, for in their principal charaders they
agree ; fo according to the fyftems of botany, they
fhould be included in the fame genus j but this may
not be quite fo proper in a body of gardening, for as
thefe fruits have always paffed under different deno-
minations, jfo if they are here joined together, it may
occafion fome confufion among thofe who do not enter
into the ftudy of botany. Mr. Ray has feparated thefe
into different genera, and makes the difference of
Goofeberry from the Currant, to confift in the firft
having thorns on the branches, and the fruit growing
Angle j whereas the latter hath fmooth branches, and
the fruit growing in long bunches ; and although
thefe differences may not be ftridly fcientific, yet it
may be allowed fufficient to diftinguifh them among
gardeners.
The Characters are.
The flower has a permanent entpalement of one leaf, cut
into five fegments at the top, which is flwollen, concave ,
and coloured. It hath five [mall, obtufe, erehl petals ,
which rife from the border of the empalement •, and five
awl-jhaped ftamina, which are inferted into the empale-
ment, terminated by compreffed proftrate fummits. The
germen is fituated below the flower, having a bifid ftyle
crowned by an obtufe ftigma, and afterward becomes a glo-
bular berry having a navel, with one cell, which is filled
with roundifto compreffed feeds included in a pulp.
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnseus in the
firft fedion of his fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mo-
nogynia, which contains thofe plants whofe flowers
have five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Grossularia ( Reclinatum ) ramis reclinatis aculeatis,
pedunculis triphyllis. Goofeberry with reclining branches .
armed with fpines , and a three-leaved foot-ftalk. Grof-
fularia fpinofa, frudu obfeure purpurafeente. J. B. 1.
48. Prickly Goofeberry with a dark purplifh fruit.
2. Grossularia (Hirfuta) • ramis aculeatis, baccis
hirfutis. Goofeberry with prickly branches and hairy berries.
Groffularia frudu maximo hifpido margaritarum fere
colore. Raii Hift. 1484, Goofeberry with a very large
rough fruity almofi of a pearl colour.
■ 3. Gaos-
GRO
3. Grossularia (Uva Crifpa) ramis actileatis, ereftis,
5 baccis glabris. Goofeberry with ereft prickly branches ■,
and fmooth berries. Groffularia fnnplici acino, vel fpi-
nofa lylveftris. C. B. P. 455. Goofeberry with a fingle
fruit , or wild prickly Goofeberry.
4. Grossularia ( Oxyacanthoia.es ) ramis undique acu-
leatis. Goofeberry whofe branches are armed on all jtdes
with pines. Groffularia oxyacanthas foliis amplionbus
e finu Hudfonis. Pluk. Amalth. 212. Goofeberry with
larger Hawthorn leaves from Hudfords Bay.
5. Grossularia ( Cynofbati ) aculeis fubaxillaribus, baccis
aculeatis racemofis. Goofeberry with fpincs on the lower
'■ part of the branches , and prickly berries growing in cluf-
ters. Ribes aculeis fubaxillaribus, baccis aculeatis
racemofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 202. Currant with fpines on
the lower part of the branches , and prickly berries growing
in bunches.
The forts which are here enumerated, are fuppofed
to be diftinff fpecies ; but there are feveral other va-
rieties which have been obtained from feeds, and are
propagated for fale in the nurferies ; moft of thefe are
titled from the perfons who raifed them, as Lamb’s
Goofeberry, Hunt’s Goofeberry, Edwards’s Goofe-
berry, &c. and as there are frequently new varieties
obtained, it is needlefs to enumerate them here, there-
fore I Ihall proceed to their culture.
Thefe are propagated either by fuckers taken from
the old plants, or by cuttings ; the latter of which I
prefer to the former, becaufe thofe plants which are
produced from fuckers are always more difpofed to
ihoot out a greater number of fuckers from their roots,
than fuch as are raifed from cuttings, which generally
form much better roots.
The beft feafon for planting thefe cuttings is in au-
tumn, juft before their leaves begin to fall ; obferving
always to take the handl'omeft fhoots, and from fuch
branches as generally produce the greateft quantity of
fruit j for if you take thofe which are produced from
the ftem of the old plants (which are commonly very
luxuriant) they will not be near fo fruitful as thofe
taken from bearing branches: thefe cuttings ftiould be
about fix or eight inches long, and muft be planted
in a border of light earth,- expofed to the morning
fun, about three inches deep, obferving to water them
gently when the weather proves dry, to facilitate
their taking root ; and in the fummer, when they have
put out branches, you fhould rub off all the under
Ihoots, leaving only the uppermoft or ftrongeft, which
ftiould be trained upright, to form a regular ftem. In
Oflober following thefe plants may be removed ; at
which time you ftiould prepare an open fpot of frefli
earth, which ftiould be well dug, and cleanfed from
all noxious weeds, roots, &c. and being levelled, you
fhould proceed to take up your plants, trimming their
roots, and cutting off all lateral fide branches •, then
plant them at three feet diftance row from ro w, and
one foot afunder in the rows, obferving to place fome
fhort flicks to the plants, in order to train their ftems
upright and regular. In this place they may remain
one or two years, being careful to keep them clear
from weeds, as alfo to trim off all lateral fhoots which
are produced below the head of the plant, fo that the
ftem may be clear about a foot in height above the
furface of the earth, which will be full enough ; and
as the branches are produced commonly very irregular
in the head, you muft cut out fuch of them as crofs
each other, or thin them where they are too clofe,
whereby the head of the plant will be open, and ca-
pable of admitting the air freely into the middle,
which is of great ufe to all kinds of fruits.
After thefe plants have remained in this nurfery one or
two years at moft, they will be fit to tranfplant to the
places where they are defigned to remain for it is not
fo well to let them grow in the nurferies too large
which will occafion their roots to be woody, whereby
the removing of them will not only hazard the growth
of the plants, but fuch of them as may take very well
will remain ftin^d for two or three years, before, they
will be able to recov er their check. T he foil in which thefe
plants thrive to the greateft advantage, is a rich light
earth j though they will do very well upon middling
foils, which are not too ftrong or moift, and in all ft-
tuations; but where the fruit is cultivated, in order
to procure it in the greateft perfedlion, they ftiould
never be planted in the lhade of other trees,- but muft
have a free open expofure. The diftance they ought
to be planted is eight feet row from row, and fix feet
afunder in the rows. The beft feafon for tranfplanting
them is in October, when their leaves begin to decay ,
obferving, as was before directed, to prune their roots,
and trim off all lateral fhoots, or fuch as-crofs each
other, fhortening all long branches, fo as to make the
head regular.
In the pruning of thefe fhrubs moft people make ufe
of garden-fhears, obferving only to cut the head round,
as is pradtifed for Evergreens, &c. whereby the
branches become fo much crowded, that what fruit
is produced, never grows to half the ftze as it would
do were the branches thinned, and pruned according
to art ; which ftiould always be done with a priming-
knife, fhortening the ftrong fhoots to about ten inches,
and cutting out all thofe which grow irregular, thin-
ning the fruit-bearing branches where they are too
thick, obferving always to cut behind 4 leaf bud. With
this management your fruit will be near twice as large
as thofe which are produced upon fuch bufhes as are
not thus pruned, and the fhrubs will continue in vi-
gour much longer ; but you muft obferve to keep
the ground clear from weeds, and dig it at leaft once
a year ; and every other year you fhould beftow a
little rotten dung upon it, which will greatly improve
the fruit.
It is a common pradtice with the gardeners near Lon-
don, who have great quantities of thefe bufhes In
order to fupply the markets, to prune them foon after
Michaelmas, and then to dig up the ground between
the rows, and plant it with Coleworts for fpring ufe,
whereby their ground is employed all the winter, with-
out prejudicing the Goofeberries ; and in hard winters
thefe Coleworts often efcape, when thofe which are
planted in an open expofure are all deftroyed ; and
thefe are generally pulled up for ufe in February or
March, fo that the ground is clear before the Goofe-
berries come out in the fpring •, which is a piece of
hufbandry well worth practifmg where ground is dear,
or where perfons are confined for room.
GROVES are the greateft ornaments to a garden, nor
can a garden be complete which has not one or more
of thele. In fmall gardens there is fcarce room to ad-
mit of Groves of any extent, yet in thefe there ftiould
be at leaft one contrived, which Ihould be as large as
the ground will allow it and where thefe are fmall,
there is more Ikill required in the difpofition, to give
them the appearance of being larger than they really
are.
Groves have been in all ages held in great veneration:
the ancient Romans had a fort of Groves near feveral
of their temples, which were cqnfecrated to fome God,
and were called luci by antiphrafis, a non lucendo,
as being Ihady and dark •, and thefe were dedicated to
holy ufes, being places of folitude and retirement, and
were never to be violated with the ax.
Thefe Groves are not only great ornaments to gar-
dens, but are alfo the greateft relief againft the violent
heats of the fun, affording lhade to walk under in the
hotteft part of the day, when the other parts of the
garden are ufelefs ; fo that every garden is defective
which has not lhade.
Groves are of two forts, viz. open and clofe Groves :
open Groves are fuch as have large fhady trees, which
Hand at fuch diftances, as that their branches may ap-
proach fo near each other, as to prevent the rays of
the fun from penetrating through them *, but as fuch
trees are a long time in growing to a proper fize for
affording a fhade, fo where new Groves are planted,
the trees muff be placed clofer together, in order to
have fhade as foon as poftible ; but in planting of thefe
Groves, it is much the beft way to difpofe all the trees
irregularly, which will give them a greater magnifi-
cence, and alfo form a fhade fooner, than when the
6 L trees
"254
G U A
trees are planted in lines ; for when the fun dimes
between the rows of trees, as it tnuft do feme part of
the day in fummer, the walks between them will be
expofed to the heat at fuch times, until the branches
of thefe trees meet ; whereas in the irregular, planta-
tions, the trees intervene, and obftrud the direct rays
of the fun.
W hen a perfon who is to lay out a garden, is fo
happy as to meet with large full grown trees upon the
fpot, they fhould remain inviolate, if poffible •, for it
will be better to put up with many inconveniencies,
than -to deftroy thefe, which will require an age to re-
trieve ; fo that nothing but that of offending the ha-
bitation, by being fo near as to occafion great damps
or obftru&ing fine views, fhould tempt the cutting
of them down.
Moft of the Groves which have been planted either
in England, or in thofe celebrated gardens of France,
are only a few regular lines of trees ; many of which
_ are avenues to the habitation, or lead to fonje build-
ing, or objedfc ; but thefe do not appear fo grand,
as thofe which have been made in woods where the
trees have grown accidentally, and at irregular dis-
tances ; and jvhere the trees have large fpreading
heads, and afe left at fuch a diftance, as to permit
the Grafs to grow under them, then they afford the
greateft pleafure : for nothing is more noble than
fine fpreading trees with large ftems, growing through
Grafs, efpecially if the Grafs is well kept, and has a
good verdure •, befides, moft of thefe planted Groves
have generally a gravel-walk, made in aftrait line be-
tween them, which greatly offends the fight of perfons
who have true tafte : therefore whenever a gravel-
walk is abfolutely necCffary to be carried through
thefe Groves, it will be much better to twift it about,
according as the trees naturally ftand, than to attempt
regularity ; but dry walks under large trees are not fo
ufeful as in open places, becaufe the dropping of the
trees will render thefe walks ufelefs after rain, for a
confiderable time.
Clofe Groves have frequently large trees Handing in
them, but the ground is filled under thefe with fhrubs,
or under-wood ; fo that the walks which are made in
them are private, and fereened from winds, whereby
they are rendered agreeable for walking, at fuch times
when the air is too violent or cold for walking in the
more expofed parts of the garden.
Thefe are often contrived fo as to bound the open
Groves, and frequently to hide the walls, or other in-
clofures of the garden ; and when they are properly
laid out, with dry walks winding through them, and
on the Tides of thefe fweet-fmelling fhrubs and flowers
irregularly planted, they have a charming effedl ; for
here a perfon may walk in private, fheltered from the
inclemency of cold or violent winds, and enjoy the
greater fweets of the vegetable kingdom : therefore
where it can be admitted, if they are continued round
the whole inclofure of the garden, there will be a much
greater extent of walk ; and thefe fhrubs will appear
the belt boundary, when there are not fine profpects
to be gained.
Thefe clofe Groves are by the French termed bof-
quets, from the Italian word bofquetto, which fignifies
a little wood, and in moft of the French gardens there
are many of them planted ; but thefe are reduced to
regular figures, as ovals, triangles, fquares, and ftars ;
which have neither the beauty or ufe which thofe
have that are made irregularly, and whole walks are
not fhut up on each fide by hedges, which prevents
the eye from feeing the quarters ; and thefe want
the fragancy of the fhrubs and flowers, which are
the great delight of thefe private walks : add to this,
the keeping of the hedges in good order is attended
with a great expence, which is a capital thing to be
confidered in the making of gardens.
' GUAI ABARA. See Coccolobos.
GUAJACANA. See Diospyros.
GUAJACUM. Plum. Nov. Gen. 39. tab. 1 7. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 465. Lignum Vitae, orPockwood.
G U A
The Characters are,
The flower hath a concave empalement of one leaf, \ which
is quinquefid. It hath five oblong , oval, concave petals,
which are inferted in the. empalement and fpread open , and
ten erebl ftamina inferted in the empalement , terminated by
[mall fummits. The ftyle is long and fender the ger-
men is oval and pointed , and the fiigma is Jingle and
fender. The germen afterward becomes a berry which is
roundijh , with an oblique point, and deeply furrowed, in-
cloftng an oval hard feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
Linnaeus s tenth clafs, mtitled Decandna Ivlonogynla,
which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have ten
ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Guajacum ( Officinale ) foliolis bijugatis obtufis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 381. Guajacum with obtufie lobes placed by
pairs. Guajacum flore casruleo, frudu fubrotundo.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 391. Guajacum with a blue flower
and a roundijh fruit.
2. Guajacum ( Sanffum ) foliolis multijugatis obtufis, Lin.
Sp. Plant. 382. Guajacum with many pair of obtufe
< lobes. Guajacum flore cseruleo fimbriato, frudu te-
tragono. Plum. Nov. Gen. 391. Guajacum with a blue
fringed flower , and a four-cornered fruit.
3. Guajacum (. Afrum ) foliolis multijugatis obtufis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 382. Guajacum with many pair of acute-
pointed lobes. Guilandinoides. Hort. Cliff. 489. and
the Afra arbor acacias fimilis, foliis myrti aculeatis
fplendentibus. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. p. 57. African-tree
like the Acacia, with fhining, acute-pointed. Myrtle leaves.
The firft fort is the common Lignum Vitae, or Gua-
jacum, which is ufed in medicine, and grows naturally
in moft of the iflands in the Weft-Indies, where it rifes
to be a very large tree, having a hard, brittle, brown-
ifh bark, not very thick ; the wood is firm, folid, and
ponderous, appearing very refinous, of a blackifh yel-
low colour within, and of a hot aromatic tafte ; the
fmaller branches have an Afh-coloured bark, gar-
nifhed with leaves, which are divided by pairs, each
pair having two pair of fmall, oval, 'blunt leaves
(or pinnae) of a ftiff confiftence, and a lucid green ;
the flowers are produced in clufters at the end of the
branches, compofed of five oval concave petals, of
a fine blue colour ; in the center of thefe is fixed a
ftyle with an oval germen, crowned by a flender ftig-
ma ; and round this is fituated from ten to twenty
ftamina, which are as long as the ftyle, terminated by
fickle-fhaped fummits. Dr. Linnaeus fuppofes the
flowers to have but ten ftamina, whereas they cer-
tainly have near twenty.
The bark and wood of this tree are much of the fame
nature, only the wood is accounted hotter ; they are
ufed in diet-drinks to purify and cleanfe the blood,
and to caufe fweating ; they are efteemed good for the
gout and dropfy, the king’s-evil, and particularly
tor the French pox. The gum or refin, which is black,
fhining, and brittle, and when powdered, of a green-
ifh white colour, of an aromatic fmell, and poignant
tafte, is fomewhat cathartic, and a good purge in
rheumatic cafes, to the quantity of two fcruples
mixed with the yolk of an egg, and given in a con-
venient vehicle.
The wood of this tree is fo hard as to break the tools
in felling them, fo they are feldom cut down for
fire- wood, being difficult to burn ; but the wood is of
great ufe to the fugar-planters, for making of wheels
and cogs for the fugar-mills, &c. It is aifo frequently
brought to Europe, and wrought into bowls, and other
utenfils are made of the wood.
This tree can only be propagated by feeds, which
muft be procured from the countries where it naturally
grows ; thefe muft be freih, otherwife they will not
grow ■, when they arrive, they fhould be fown in pots
filled with light earth, and plunged into a good hot-
bed : if the feeds are good, and the bed -in which they
are plunged is of a proper temperature of heat, the
plants will appear infix weeks or two months after; and
in fix weeks will grow to be of ftrength enough more
for
for transplanting •, then they fhould be carefully taken
out of the feed -pots, fo as to preferve their roots as
entire as poffible, and each planted in feparate fmall
pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a new
hot-bed of tanners bark, where they muft be fhaded
from the fun till they have taken frefn root •, then they
muft be treated in the fame manner as other tender
exotic plants from warm countries, admitting a large
ifi are of free air to them when the weather is warm :
they will require to be frequently refrefhed with water
in warm weather, but it muft be given them with cau-
tion, for too much wet will infallibly deftroy them.
While the plants are young, they may be kept during
the fummer feafon in a hot- bed of tanners bark un-
der a frame ; but in the ' autumn they muft be re-
moved into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the hot-
bed of tan, where they fhould conftantly remain, and
muft be treated in the fame manner as other tender
plants, being careful not to give them too much wa-
ter in the winter, when it is very prejudicial to them,
and in fummer they fhould have a large ftiare of free
air admitted to them every day. With this treatment
the plants will thrive very well, but they are plants of
flow growth in their own country, fo cannot be ex-
pedted to make great progrefs in Europe.
The fecond fort has many fmall leaves placed along
the midrib by pairs, which are rounded and obtule
at their ends, but narrow at their bafe : they are of
the fame confidence with thofe of the former fort,
but of a darker green colour ; the flowers are pro-
duced in loofe bunches toward the end of the
branches, which are of a fine blue colour, and their
petals are fringed on their edges. This is called in
fome of the iflands Baftard Lignum Vitae ; I received
it from Antigua by that title. It requires the fame
treatment as the firft fort, and is propagated by feeds
in the fame way.
I have alfo received fpecimens from the ifland of
Barbuda of one, which feems different from either of
thofe before-mentioned : the branches have the fame
appearance with thofe of the firft fort, but the leaves
are larger and indented at their extremities, and are
placed all round the branches, on very fhort foot-
ftalks •, the flowers were broken off, fo I cannot de-
termine the difference between them, but by all ap-
pearance they leem to be of the fame genus.
The third fort has been long an inhabitant in fome
of the curious gardens in England and Holland, but
feldom produces flowers in Europe. This grows na-
turally at the Cape of Good Hope, from whence the
feeds were brought firft to Holland, where it paffed
for a fpecies of Acacia, until it produced its flowers •,
which, by the account given of them by the late Dr.
Boerhaave, were of the butterfly kind; but whether
Dr. Linnmus has feen the flowers or not, I cannot fay ;
however, he has removed it from that clafs of plants,
and has added it to this genus ; and as I have not yet
feen the flowers, fo I do not know if it is rightly placed.
The plants retain their leaves all the year, and will live
in a good green-houfe in winter, but in fummer muft
be placed abroad with other green-houfe plants. It is
of flow growth, and is with difficulty propagated by
layers.
GUAJAVA. See Psidium.
GUANABANUS. See Annona.
GUAZUMA. See Theobroma.
GUIDONIA. See Samvda.
GUILikNDINA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 464. Bonduc.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 25. tab. 39. The Nickar-tree.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf is bell-fhaped ,
and, cut at the top into five equal fegments : the flower
has five concave fpear-fhaped petals which are equal , and
fit clofe to the empalement , into which they are inferted.
It hath ten awl -flo aped ftamina which are ere hi , and in-
ferted in the empalement , being alternately fhorter than
each other , and terminated by obtufe fummits. In the
center is fituated an oblong germen , fupporting a flender
jlyle the length of the ftamina , crowned by a fingle ftig-
ma . The germen afterward becomes a rhomboid pod n with
a convex future on the upper fide it is /welling and com -
preffedj having one cell including oval hard feeds , which
are fepar at ed by partitions.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feblion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, in v/hich he includes the plants
whole flowers have ten ftamina and one ftyie.
The Species are,
1. Guilandina ( Bonduc ) acukata pinnis ovatis foliolis
aculeis folitariis. Lin. Sp. 545. Prickly Guilandina with
oval-winged leaves , whofe fmall leaves are armed with
fingle fpines. Bonduc vuigare majus polyphyllum.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 25. Common greater Bonduc , having
many leaves , called yellow Nickar.
2. Guilandina ( Bonducella ) aculeata, pinnis oblongo-
ovatis foliolis aculeis geminis. Lin. Sp. 545. Prickly
Guilandina with oblong oval leaves , having fpines by pairs .
Bonduc vuigare minus polyphyllum. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 2 5. Smaller common Bonduc , or Nickar-tree having
many leaves , called gray Nickar.
3. Guilandina ( Glabra ) inermis folks bipinnatis, foli-
olis ovatis acutis alternis. Smooth Guilandina with dou-
ble winged leaves , whofe fmall leaves are oval-pointed and
alternate.
4. Guilandina ( Moringa ) inermis, foliis fubpinnatis,
foliolis inferioribus ternatis. Flor. Zeyl. 155. Smooth
Guilandina^ with winged leaves , whofe under fmall leaves
are trifoliate. Moringa Zeylanica, foliorum pinnis
pinnatis, flore majore, fruftu angulofo. Burm. Zeyl.
162. tab. 75. Morunga of Ceylon^ with double-winged
leaves , a larger flower , and an angular fruit.
5. Guilandina fDioica ) inermis foliis bipinnatis bail
apieeque fimpliciter pinnatis. Lin. Sp. 546. Guilandina
with flmooth branches , doubly winged leaves , whofe bafe
and tops are fingle winged. Bonduc Canadenfe poly-
phyllum, non fpinofum, mas &fcemina. DuLIamel.
Canada Nickar-tree having many leaves , which have no
fpines , and are male and female in different plants.
The firft and fecond forts grow naturally in moft of
the iflands in the Weft-Indies, where they twine their
ftalks about any neighbouring fupport, and rife to the
height of twelve or fourteen feet. The leaves of the
firft fort are near a foot and a half long, and are
compofed of fix or fev^n pair of pinnae, or wings,
each of which has as many pair of lobes, or fmall
leaves fet along the midrib ; thefe are oval and en-
tire ; the foot-ftalk or principal midrib of the leaf,
is armed witff fhort, crooked, fingle thorns, which are
placed irregularly ; the ftalks are clofely armed with,
the like thorns, which are larger. The ftalks at firft
grow erefl, but afterward they twine about the neigh-
bouring trees or ffirubs, being too weak to ftand with-
out fupport : the flowers come out in long fpikes
from the wings of the ftalk •, they are compofed of
five concave yellow petals, which are equal ; in the
center is fituated the oblong germen, furrounded by
ten ftamina. After the flower is paft, the germen
becomes a broad thick pod, about three inches long
and two broad, clofely armed with flender fpines,
opening with two valves, each incloflngtwo hard feeds
about the flze of children’s marbles, of a yellowifti
colour.
The fecond fort differs from the firft, in having
much fmaller leaves, which are fet clofe together ; and
below each pair of lobes are fituated two fhort ftiff
crooked fpines, which are placed oppoflte ; the flow-
ers are of a deeper yellow colour than thofe of the firft
fort, and the feeds are of an Afti-colour.
• The third fort was difeovered by the late Dr. Hou-
ftoun at Campeachy, from whence he fent the dried
famples to England, but there was no fruit on the
trees at the time when he was there ; but he mentions
that this fort had an upright ftem, which was of a large
flze, dividing into many branches ; thefe are garnifhed
with double winged leaves, which are fmooth the
wings come out altenrnate, each leaf being compofed
of four pair, but the lobes are placed oppoflte upon
the middle rib ; they are oval, but end in a point,
and are of a light green colour.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the ifland of
Ceylon, and in feveral places on the Malabar eoaft,
from
GUN
from whence the feeds were brought to England.
This in its native country rifes to the height of twenty-
five or thirty feet, with a ftrong ftem, covered with a
fmooth bark, which in the young branches is green,
but on the older it is of an Afh-colour ^ the root grows
knobbed, and very thick. This, when young, is fcraped
and ufed by the inhabitants as Horfe-radifh is in Eu-
rope, having much the fame fharp tafte •, the branches
are garnifhed with decompounded winged leaves ;
thofe which are fituated at the bafe have but three
leaves, but above, the leaves are branched out into fe-
veral divifions, which are again divided into fmaller,
having each live or fix pair of oval lobes, terminated
by an odd one ^ they are of a light green, and a little
hoary on their under fide. The flowers are produced
in loofe bunches from the fide of the branches •, they
are compofed of an unequal number of petals, from
five to ten •, they have ten fhort ftamina furrounding
the germen, which afterward turns to a long taper
pod, including feveral angular feeds, covered with a
thin membrane. Thefe have a flavour like the root.
Thefe four forts are natives of warm countries, fo
will not live through the winter in England, unlefs
they are placed in a warm ftove, and the pots plunged
into the tan-bed. They are propagated by feeds, but
thofe of the two firft forts are fo hard, that unlefs they
are foaked two or three days in water before they are
put into the ground, or placed under the pots in the
tan-bed to foften their covers, they will remain years
in the ground without vegetating : when the plants
come up, they will be fit to tranfplant in a Ihort time ;
then they Ihould be each tranfplanted into a lmall pot
filled with light freffi earth, and plunged into a mo-
derate hot-bed of tanners bark, fhading them till they
have taken freffi root ; then they mull be treated in
the fame manner as other tender exotic plants, giv-
ing them a large {hare of air in warm weather, and
but little water j and when the plants have ad-
vanced to be too tall to remain in the frames, they
muft be removed into the bark-ftove and plunged in-
to the hot-bed, where they will make great progrefs,
provided they have not too much water, efpecially
during the winter feafon, for thefe plants are very im-
patient of moifture in cold weather.
The fourth fort requires the fame treatment as thofe
before-mentioned, but the feeds will grow without be-
ing fteeped in water ; and the plants are with diffi-
culty fhifted from one pot to another, for their roots
are large, fleffiy, and have but few fibres ; fo that un-
lefs great care is taken, all the earth will fall away
from them, which often caufes their ftalks to decay
almoft to the root, and fometimes occafions the lofs
of the plants. This plant muft be fparingly watered
at all times, but particularly in cold weather, when
moifture will caufe them to rot in a fhort time.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Canada, from whence
the plants were brought to Paris, where it has been
fome years cultivated ; but about fourteen years paft,
it was firft brought to England. This, in the country
where it naturally grows, rifes with an erecft ftem to
the height of thirty feet or more, dividing into many
branches, which are covered with a bluiffi Affi-colour-
ed bark very fmooth, and garniffied with large decom-
pounded winged leaves which are of the oval ffiape,
very fmooth and entire, but are ranged alternate on
the midrib ■, thefe fall off in the autumn, and new
ones come out late in the fpring.
There are male and female of this fort indifferent
plants j as thefe have not as yet flowered in any of
the Englifh gardens, fo 1 can give no farther account
of them nor of the fruit, having never feen any of
them. This fort lives abroad in the open air, and
is never hurt by froft. It is propagated by cutting off
fome of the horizontal roots, which will caufe them to
{hoot upward, fo it may be taken from the old root,
and 'planted in pots, whereby the plant may be mul-
tiplied, or by fuckers from the root. It requires a
light foil, not too moift.
Q U N D E LI A. Tourn. Cor. 51. tab. 586. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 828. Hacub. Vaill Ac. Reg. Scien. 1718.
This plant was fo named by Dr. Tourneforc, in ho-
nour of Dr. Gundelfcheimer, who found it in his tra-
vels in company with Dr. Tourneforc in the Levant.
The Characters are, '
It hath an uniform tubulous flower, compofed of many
hermaphrodite florets , which are incirded, by leaves .
They have but one petal which is clofled at the bottom , but
fat ells at the top , where it is flight ly cut into five fleg-
ments : they have five floor t hairy ^jiamina, terminated by
long cylindrical fummits. 'The oval germen is fituated
at the bottom of the flower , crowned by j mall fcales , fluD-
poriing a fender Jlyle which is longer than the petal, ter-
minated by two revolving ftigmas. The germen afterward
becomes a roundijh Jingle feed inclofled, in the common recep-
tacle, which is conical, and the feeds are fleparated by a
chaffy down .
This genus of plants is by Tournefort referred to his
twelfth clafs, which contains the herbs with flofcu-
lous flowers. Dr. Linnaeus ranges it in the fifth flec-
tion of his nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly-
gam ia fegregata, which includes thofe plants whofe
flowers have a common empalernent, and each of the
florets are included in another.
We have but one diftind Species of this genus at
prefent in England, viz.
Gundelia. Lin. Sp. Plant. 814. There is no Engliffi
title to this plant, but there are two varieties of it
mentioned by Tournefort, which are fuppofed to
arife from the fame feeds, as they were found grow-
ing promifcuoufly together. Thefe are,
1. Gundelia [T ourneflortii) Orientalis acanthi aculeati
foliis, floribus intense purpureis, capite araneosa ianu-
gine obfito. Tourn. Cor. 51. Eajlern Gundelia with
prickly Bead s-breech leaves , deep purple flowers , and a
head covered with a down like a cobweb.
2. Gundelia ( Glabro ) Orientalis, acanthi aculeati fo-
lio, capite glabro. Tourn. Cor. 5s. Eajlern Gundelia
'with a prickly Bear 1 s-breech leaf, and a fmooth head.
This plant was difeovered by Dr. Gundelfcheimer,
in company with Tournefort, near Baibout in Arme-
nia, but has fince been foundgrowing naturally in fe-
veral places in the Levant, where it is generally found
in dry ftrong land. The ftalks of this plant feldom
rife more than a foot and a half high ; the under leaves
are long, narrow, and fawed on their edges, their
teeth ending in a fpine ; the other leaves are broader,
which are irregularly flafhed to the midrib, and
armed at the points with {harp prickles •, the ftalks
divide upward into feveral branches, which are armed
with leaves of the fame form, but are narrower ; and
each is terminated by a conical head of flowers, refem-
bling thofe of Fuller’s Thiftle, being furrounded at
the bafe by a circle of long, narrow, prickly leaves :
thefe heads are compofed of many hermaphrodite
florets, which are {hut up in the fcales, each having an
empalernent, and a germen with five ftamina furround-
ing it •, but there are few of the feeds which ripen
perfectly in each head, in the natural places of its
growth. If rain happens at the time when the plants
are in flower, the germen perifhes, which is the cafe
with feveral other of thofe plants whofe flowers are
colledted into heads.
Thefe plants are propagated by feed, which ffiould
be fown the beginning of March, in a warm dry bor-
der of freffi, but lean earth, in the place where the
plants are defigned to remain. When the plants come
up, they muft be carefully cleared from weeds ; as
they grow large, they ffiould be thinned, leaving
the plants which are defigned to remain, about two
feet afunder, thapthey may have room to fpread. After
this there is no other culture required, but to keep
them clear from weeds ; and if the froft ffiould prove
fevere in winter, the plants fhould be covered with
ftraw or Peas-haulm to protedl them, but this cover-
ing muft be taken off in mild weather ^ in two years
they will produce their flowers, when they will
make a fine appearance amongft other hardy plants
in the pleafure-garden. They flower in May, and
the plants lofe their ftalks and leaves in autumn,
but their roots will abide many years.
GYP-
GYP
G Y P S OP. H Y LA. Lin. Gen. Plant, 498. We have
no Englifh. title for this genus.
The Chap-Acters are,
The flower hath a permanent , angular , bell- (hoped em-
palement , cut into jive ports at toe top. It hath jive oval
blunt petals . , which fpread open , and ten awl jh aped fta-
rnina, terminated, by toitndijh fummits. In the Lenten is
fixated a globular gerfnen , J upper ting two /lender ftyles,
crowned by Jingle jligmas. The germen afterward becomes
a globular co.pju.le with one cell , opening with five valves ,
filled with /mail roundlfo feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have ten ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. GypsorHYLA ( Aggregdta ) folds mucronatis recurva-
tis, floribus aggregates. Lin. Sp. Plant. 406. Gypfo-
phyla with pointed recurved leaves , and flowers gathered
in a head. Lychnis Hifpanica kali folio multiflora.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 338. Spanip Lychnis with a Glajf-
wort leaf and many flowers.
2. Gypsophyla ( Faftigiata ) foliis lance'olato-lineari-
bus, obfolete triquetris laevibus obtufis fecundis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 407. Gypfophyla with narrow fpear-
paped leaves , having three blunt angles , and fimooth ob-
tufie leaves in clufters. Saponaria caule fimpliri, foliis
linearibus ex alls foliorum confertis teretibus. Hort.
Cliff. 166. Sopewort with a Jingle ft'alk , very narrow
leaves, coming out in clufters from the wings of the
_ jtalks.
3. Gypsophyla {Profir at a) foliis. lanceolatis laevibus,
caulibus diffufls, piftillis corolla campanulas longio-
ribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. App. 1195- Gypfophyla with
fimooth fp ear -fio aped leaves , dtjfufed ftalks , and the point al
longer than the petal, which is bell-paped.
4. Gypsophyla (. Perfioliata ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, fe-
miamplexicaulibus . Lin. Sp. Plant. 408. Gypfophyla
with oval fp ear -fio aped leaves, half embracing the ftalks.
Lychnis Orientalis, faponarias folio & facie, flore par-
vo & multiplici. Tourn. Cor. 24. Eaftern Lychnis with
the leaf and appearance of Sopewort , having many fmall
flowers.
5. Gypsophyla ( Paniculata ) foliis lanceolatis fcabris,
floribus dioicis corollis revolutis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
407. Gypfophyla with rough , fipear-paped leaves , male
and female in different plants, and the petals of the
flowers recurved. . Alfine frutefeens caryophylli folio,
flore parvo albo. Gerb. Shrubby Chickweed with a Clove
Gillificwer leaf, and a fmall white flower.
The firft fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
Spain, and Italy, upon the mountains. This hath
a perennial root, from which arife many narrow leaves
GY P
ending in acute points, which are recurved ° the
ftalks rife about a foot high, garnifhed with nar-
rower leaves placed oppofite, and at fome of the
joints there are fmaller leaves growing from the ftalks
in clufters ; the upper part of the ftalk divides into
fmaller branches, each being terminated by a clofe
bunch of fmall white flowers. Thefe appear in July,
and are fucceeded by fmall oval capfules, filled with
fmall feeds.
The fecond fort is fome what like the firft, but the
leaves are much narrower, and alrnoft three-cor-
nered •, they are placed in clufters, which come out
from the fide of the ftalk; the bunches of the
flowers are fmaller, and not fo clofely joined. This hath
a perennial root, and grows naturally upon tL* Hel-
vetian mountains.
The third fort hatha perennial root, from which arife
fmooth fpear-fttaped leaves in clufters ; the ftalks are
near a foot long, but are proftrate on the ground ;
the flowers have a purplifh call, and the ftamina are
much longer than the petals of the flowers. This
flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the Levant, and
alfo in Spain. It hath a ftrong, flefhy, fibrous root,
which ftrikes deep in the ground, fending up feveral
thick, flefhy ftalks, which rife near two feet high,
garnifhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, which half
embrace the ftalks with their bale ; the upper part of
the ftalk divides into many fmaller branches, which
are terminated with loofe bunches of fmall white
flowers. Thefe open in July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Siberia and Tartary,
the feeds of it were fent me from Peterfburgh. This
hath a perennial root, from which arife many branch-
ing ftalks a foot and a half high, garnifhed with
narrow fmooth-pointed leaves, fhaped like thofe of
Gilliflowers •, at the top of the ftalks are produced
loofe clufters of very fmall white flowers, which ap-
pear at the fame time with the former forts, and the
feeds ripen in the autumn.
Thefe plants have no great beauty, fo are rarely cul-
tivated but in botanic gardens for the fake of va-
riety.
They are propagated by feeds, which Ihould be Town
in a bed of light earth, and when the plants are fit to
remove, they may be tranfplanted into the places where
they are defigned to remain, and will require no other
culture but to keep them dean from weeds ; for the
roots will continue feveral years, and annually pro-
duce flowers and feeds.
H.
H JE M
H iEMANTHUS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 657.
tab. 433. Lin. Gen. Plant. 394. Dracunculoi-
des. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. 226. [A jjwwO© 4 , of
fly, a, blood, and^AvO© 4 , flos, a flower, i. e.
Blood-flower,]
The Characters are.
The flower has a permanent empalement of fix leaves , which
is large , and paped like an umbel. It hath one ere hi petal,
which is cut into fix parts, having a port angular tube,
end fix awl-paped ftamina , which are infer ted in the petal.
H IE M
but are longer , terminated by oblong proftrate fummits.
The germen is fituated under the flower, fupporting a 'Jingle
fyle the length of the ftamina, crowned by a fingle ftigrna.
The germen afterward becomes a roundip berry with three
cells , each containing one triangular feed .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion of
Linnaeus’/ fixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
which includes the plants whofe flowers have fix fta~
mina and one ftyle.
The
6 M
H M M
The Species are,
i. H^manthus ( Cgccineus ) foliis- linguiformibus planis
Isevibus.Prod.Leyd. 42. Blood-flower with plain, tongue-
Jhaped , flmooth leaves. Haemanthus Africanus. H. L.
Bat. African Blood-flower , or Cape 'Tulip.
1. TI/EManthus ( Carinatus ) folds longioribus carinatis.
Blood-flower with longer keel-floaped leaves.
3, Haemanthus ( Puniceus ) toliis lanceolato ovatis un-
dulatis creeds. Hort. Cliff. 127. Blood-flower with fp car -
fhaped, waved , eredt leaves . Haemanthus colchici fo-
lds perianthio herbaceo. Hort. Elth. 167. Blood-flower
with Meadozv Saffron leaves , and an herbaceous involu-
crum. Dracunculoides. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2.226. Baftard
Dragon.
The firft fort has been many years in feveral curious
gardens in Europe, where it hath feldom flowered.
This hath a large bulbous root, from which in the
autumn comes out two broad flat leaves, of a flefhy
confidence, fhaped like a tongue*, which turn back-
ward on £ach fide, and lpread flat on the ground, fo
have a Angular appearance all the winter ; and in the
fpring thefe leaves decay, fo that from the end of May
to the beginning of Auguft,they are deftitute of leaves:
when thefe produce their flowers, it is always in the
autumn, juft before the new leaves come out. In the
books where this plant is figured, the flowers are re-
prefented growing upon a ftrong upright foot-ftalk ;
but all thofe which I have feen in flower, never have
rifen more than two or three inches from the bulb,
with a large clutter of bright red flowers, inclofed in
a common leafy-coloured empalement; thefe were
tubulous, with one petal cut into Ax parts, each having
Ax long ftamina, Handing out beyond the petal, and
in the center appears the germen fitting under the
flower, fupporting a Angle ftvle, crowned with a ftig-
' ma. The germen never ripens to a feed in England,
but decays with the flower, and then the green leaves
grow and fpread on the ground.
The fecond Art hath a large bulbous root like the
firft, which fends out three or four leaves, that grow
a foot long or more ; thefe are not flat like thofe of
the other, but are hollowed like the keel of a boat,
and ftancl more eredl than thofe of the former fort,
but are not quite fo broad *, the flowers of this are like
thofe of the firft, bu :re of a paler red •, this is cer-
tainly different from the other. I received the roots
of this from Dr. Van Royen, prcfeffor of botany at
Leyden.
The third fort hath roots compofed of many thick
flefhy tubers, which join at the top, where they form
a head, out of which arifes a flefhy fpotted ftaik,
like that of the dragon, which fpread s out at the top
into feveral fpear-fhaped leaves, which are waved on
their edges. The ftalks grow about afoot high, and
the leaves are fix or eight inches long, and two broad
in the middle ; from the fide of this ftaik near the
ground, breaks out a ftrong flefhy foot-ftalk, about
fix or eight inches long, fuftaining at the top a large
clufter of flowers, included in one common empale-
rnent or covering, which is permanent ; the flowers
are fhaped like thofe of the other forts, but are of a
yellowifh red colour. Thefe appear in May, June,
or July, and are fucceeded by berries which are of a
beautiful red colour when ripe.
The two firft forts are with difficulty propagated in
Europe, for their roots put out offsets but fpanngly, fo
the gardens in Holland are fupplied with them from
the Cape of Good Hope, where they naturally grow,
and produce feeds; the plants are too tender to thrive in
this country in winter in the open air, therefore the
roots muft be planted in pots filled with light loamy
earth, and, in the winter, placed in a dry glafs-
cafe, where, during that feafon, the leaves will be
in full vigour, fo will make a pretty appearance,
when intermixed y/ith other plants in the ftove ; and
though they feldom flower here, yet are they worthy
of a "place in every garden where there is conveni-
ency of keeping them. The roots may be taken
up when their leaves are decayed, and kept out of
the ground till Auguft, when they fliould be new pot-
h m-M
ted, and may remain abroad till the end of Sep-
tember, at which time they may be removed into the
glafs-cafe ; and during the time they are growing,
will require to have frequent waterings, but it muft
not be given to them in large quantities.
If a border is made either again ft the front of the
green-houfe or ftoves, which may be contrived fo
as to be covered with glaffes in winter, in which thefe
roots, with the African Gladiolus’s, Ixia’s, For flan
Cyclamens, &c. are planted in the full ground, they
will flower more conftantly, and the foot- ftalks will
rife much higher than thofe kept in pots.
The third fort is alfo a native of the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence it was firft brought to Holland,
where it has been propagated and difperfed over Eu-
rope ; this may be propagated by parting of the roots;
the beft time for this Is in the fpring, before the plants
put out new ftalks, which is alfo a right time to ifhift
and new-pot them ; but as the roots do not multiply
very fail in offsets, the beft way is to propagate them
from feeds, which they ripen plentifully in England ;
thefe fliould be fown loon after they are ripe, in pots
filled with light earth, and kept in the ftove all the
v/inter •, if thefe pots are plunged into the tan-bed in
the bark-ftove, in the vacancies between the plants,
the earth will be kept warm, and will not dry io faff,
as when they are placed in a dry ftove, fo the feeds
will be fooner prepared to vegetate ; in the fpring the
pots may be taken out of the ftove, and plunged into
a hot-bed, which will bring up the plants ; thefe muft
have air admitted to them every day in itiiid weather,
to prevent their drawing up weak •, and when they
are fit to remove, they may be each planted in a fepa-
rate fmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged into
the hot-bed again, to promote their taking new root ;
then they muft be gradually hardened, and afterward
may be removed into the dry ftove, where they fliould
conftantly remain, ctherwile the plants will not thrive
and flower in this country. In the winter feafon they
muft not have too much wet, for as their roots are
flefhy and fucculent, fo they &re apt to rot with
moifture. In the fummer they muft have a large
fnare of air in warm weather, and require to be fre-
quently watered, efpecially during the time of their
flowering.
HiEM ATOX YLUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 417.
Bloodwood, Logwood, or Campeachy Wood.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement , which is cut
into five oval fegments. It hath five oval petals which
are equal , and larger than the empalement , and ten awl-
Jhaped ftamina , which are longer than the petals , termi-
nated by fmall fummits. In the center is fituated an oblong
oval germen , fupporting a Jingle ftyle , crovoned by a thick
indented ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a com-
preffed obtufe cap file , with one cel ning with two
valves , containing two or three cl ■ rg Sidney -fhaped feeds .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s tenth dais, intitled Decandria Monogy-
nia, which includes thofe plants whole dowers have
ten ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this r mas, viz.
ELematcxylum [Camp e chi anum). Hort. Cliff. 161.
Logwood , Lignum Campechianum, fpecies quae-
dam. Sloan. Cat. Jam 213. Campeachy Wood.
This tree grows naturally in the Bay ot Campeachy,
at Honduras, and other parts of the Spanifh Weft-
Indies, where it riles from fixceen to twenty-four feet
high. The items are generally crooked, and very
deformed, and are feldom thicker than a man’s thigh.
The branches come out on every fide ; they are
crooked, irregular, and armed with ftrong thorns,
garnifhed with winged leaves, compofed of three or
four pair of lobes, which are obtufe, and indented at
the top. The flowers come out in a racemus from the
wings of the leaves, Handing erebt *, they are of a
pale yellowifh colour, with a purple empalement,
and are fucceeded by flat oblong pods, each containing
two or three kidney-fhaped feeds.
The
HAL
The wood of this tree is brought to Europe, where
it is ufed for dyeing purples, and for the fineft blacks,
fo is a valuable commodity ; but the Spaniards, who
claim a right to the pofielTicn of tnole places where it
naturally grows, are for excluding ail other countries
from cutmg of the wood, which has occasioned m^ny
diiputes with their neighbours, but particularly with
the Eno-hfh j this it is to be hoped will joon be ovei,
as there are fome of the planters in Jamaica, and the.
other i (lands in America, belonging to the crown of
Great-Britain, who have propagated this tree in fo
great plenty, as to have hopes or {applying the de-
mand for this wood in Britain in a very few years ; for
the trees grow fo faft tnere, as to oe nt for ule in ten
or twelve years years from iced •, and as they pioduce
great plenty of feeds in the Britifh colonies, io thole
feeds fcattering about, the plants come up in all the
neighbouring lands, therefore will loon be like an in-
digenous plant of the country.
Some of the planters in Jamaica have inclofed their
eftates with hedges formed of thefe trees, which are
very ftrong and durable-, but where the hedges are cut,
it will greatly retard the growth of the trees, fo that
thofe who propofe to make an advantage by the pro-
pagation of the wood, fxiould low the feeds upon
lwampy lands, which may be unfit for growing . of
fugar, and permit all their branches to remain, which
will be of great ufe in augmenting the bulk of their
Items and if, while the plants are young, they are
kept clean from weeds, &c. it will be of great advan-
tage in promoting of their growth. I have been cre-
dibly informed by fome of the planters in Jamaica,
that they have had fome plants of this fort upward ol
ten feet high in three years, fo that it requires but lew
years to raife a fupply of this wood, fufficient to an-
Iwer all the demands for it.
This plant is preferved in fome curious gardens in
England, for the fake of variety. The feeds are fre
quently brought from America, which, if frefh, rea-
dily grow when fown upon a good hot-bed and if the
plants are kept in a moderate hot-bed, they will grow
to be upward of a foot high the fame year, and,
while the plants are young, they are generally well
furnifhed with leaves ; but afterward they make but
little progrefs, and are frequently but thinly clothed
with leaves. Thefe plants are very tender, fo fhould
be conftantly kept in the bark-ftove, where, if they
are duly watered, and the (love kept in a good degree
of heat, the plants may be preferved very well.
There are fome of thefe plants now in England, which
are upward of fix feet high, and as thriving as thofe
in their native foil.
HALE SI A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 596.
The Characters are.
The ficwcr hath a f mall permanent empalement of one leaf,
indented in four parts it hath a bell-fhaped fuelling flower
of one petal , divided at the brim into flour lobes , and from
twelve to fixteen fiamina , floorter than the petal , termi-
nated by oblong erect fummits ; the germen is fituated be-
low , is oblong , fupporting a fender ftyle longer than the
petal , crowned by a fimple Jligma -, the germen afterward
becomes an oblong nut , narrowed at both ends , having
four angles, with two cells , inclofing a Jingle feed in each .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s eleventh clafs, intitled Dodecandria Mo-
nogynia, the flower having twelve fcamina and one
ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Halesia ( Tetraptera ) foliis lanceolato-ovatis, peti-
olis glandulofis. Lin. Sp. 636. Halefia with oval fpear-
Jhaped leaves, whofe foot-fialks are glandulous. Frutex
padi foliis ferratis, floribus monopetalus albis cam-
paniformibus, frudu craflo tetragono. Catefb. Hift.
Carol. 1. p. 64.
2. Halesia ( Dipt era ) foliis ovatis, petiolis Isvibus.
Lin. Sp. 636. Halefla with oval leaves having flmooth
foot-Jlalks.
This genus of plants received its title from the late
learned and reverend Dodor Hales, minifter of
Teddington, near Hampton-Court.
Both the -forts grew naturally in South-'C&rolina.; the firff
on the banks of Santee river, where it frequently comes
up with two or three (terns from the fame root, which
rife from fifteen to twenty feet high, fending out
branches toward their tops, gafnifhed with oval ipear-
fhaped leaves, fawed on theiredges : the flowers are pro-
duced on the fide of the branches in clutters, from two
or three to fix or feven in each ; they are bell-fhaped,
hanging downward, of one petal, white, which is
indented in four parts at the brim ; thefe are fucceeded
by oblong nuts, having four wings and four cells,
each containing one oblong feed.
The fecond fort hath much refemhlance fo the firft,
the leaves are oval, and the (oot-ftaiks are ffflfooth #
the fruit has but two angles.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, when they can
be procured frefh from the places of their natural
growth. Thefe (hould be fown in pots as loon as the
feeds arrive, plunging the pots into the ground, in a
fituation where they may have only the morning fun.
The feeds often remain a year in the ground,- therefore
the earth in the pots fhould not be difturhed, until
there is no probability of the feed growing. When
the plants appear, they fhould be fereened from the
fun, and frequently, but not too plentifully watered
for while the plants are young, much moifture will
rot their (banks. The following autumn, the pots
fhould be placed in a common frame, where the
plants may enjoy the free air in mild weather, and be
fereened from froft. The fpring following, before
the plants begin to (hoot, they (hould be each put
into a feparate final! pot, plunging them in a frame,
where, they fhould be (haded from fun •, and in' the
fummer placed in a fhady fituation, fereening them
in winter ; and the fpring following' they may be
turned out of the pots, and planted in the full ground
where they are defigned to remain.
H A LI C A C A B U M; See Physalis.
HALICACABUS PE RE GRIN A. SeeCAR-
DIOSFERMITM.
H A L I hi U S. See Atriplex.
HAL LERI A. Lin. Gent. Plant. 679. Caprifolium.
Boerh. Ind. alt 2. p. 226. African Fly Honey fickle.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf,
which is cut into three parts at the top, the upper feg-
ment being much broader than the other. It hath one pe-
tal of the grining kind. The bottom of the tube is romdifh.
The chaps are fwollen and inflexed, the brini is ereli and
oblique, cut into four fegments, the upper being longer than
the others , and is blunt, with an indenture at the top
the two Jide ones are floorter, and pointed, the lower is
very floor t and acute. It hath four fiamina, which are
briftly , two being longer than the other, terminated by
twin fummits. In the bottom of the tube is fituated an
oval germen , with a ftyle longer than the fiamina, crown-
ed by a Jingle Jligma. The germen afterward becomes a
roundijh berry with two cells , each containing one hard fend.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
of Linnteus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia An-
giofpermia, which includes the plants with a ringent
flower, which have two long and two (hotter (lamina,
and the feeds are included in a capfule.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Halleria ( Lucida ). Hort. Cliff. 323. This plant has
its title from Dr. Haller, who was profeffor of botany
at Gottingen, in Germany. Caprifolium Africanum
folio pruni leviter ferrato, (lore ruberrimo, bacca ni-
gra. Boerh, Ind. alt. 2. 226. African Fly Honey fuckle ,
with a Plumb leaf lightly fla wed, a very red flower, and
a black berry.
The Englifh name which I have here added, has
been given to this plant by fome gardeners, who ob~
ferved that the fhape of the flower had fome refem-
blance to that of the Upright, or Fly Honeyfuckle,
and for want of an English name gave this to it ; or
they might take it from the Latin name, by which it
was called by Dr. Boerhaave, who made it a fpedes of
Honeyfuckle.
This
H A M
Thife plan-? grows to the height of fix or eight feet,
having a woody ftem, which is well furnifhed with
branches ; thefe have oval fawed leaves, which are
placed oppofite, and continue green through the year;
: the flowers come out fingly., and are of a red colour,
but, being intermixed with the leaves, are not feen
unlefs they are looked after, for they grow fcatteringly
on the branches ; thefe come out in June, and the
feeds ripen in September; the leaves are green in win-
ter, fo the plants make a variety in the green-houfe
during that feal'on.
It may be propagated by cuttings, which, if planted in
pots filled with light earth in June, and plunged into
a gentle hot-bed, will foon take root ; thefe plants may
be expofed in fummer, and will require plenty of wa-
ter in that feafon ; in winter they mult be honied with
Myrtles, and other hardy exotic plants, which re-
quire a large fhare of air in mild weather.
HAMAMELIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 155. Trilopus.
Mitch. Gen. 22. The Witch Hazel.
The Characters are,
It is male and female in different plants ; the male flowers
have a four -leaved empalement , and four narrow ■petals ,
which are reflexed ; they have four narrow ftamina , which
are fhorter than the petals , terminated by horned reflexed
fummits. The female flowers have a four-leaved involu-
crum , in which are four flowers ; thefe have a four-leaved
empalement , which is coloured ; they have four narrow
petals , which are reflexed , and four neftariums adhering
to the petals. In the center is Jituated an oval hairy ger-
tnen, fupporting two flyles , crowned by headed ftigmas.
The germed, afterward becomes an oval capfule fitting in
the involucrum , having two cells , each containing one hard ,
oblong , fmooth feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion
of Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, but properly belongs to the
fecond fettion of his twenty-fecond clafs, which in-
cludes thofe plants which have male and female flowers
in different plants,' whofe female flowers have two
ftyles.
We have but one Species of this genus in the
Englifh gardens at prefent, viz.
Hamamelis ( Virginiana ). Flor. Virg. 139. The Witch
Hazel. Piftachia Virginiana nigra, coryli foliis.
Pluk. Aim. 296. Black Virginia Piftachia with Hazel
leaves.
This plant grows naturally in North America, from
whence the feeds have been brought to Europe, and
many of the plants have been raifed in the Englifh
gardens, where they are propagated for fale by the
nurfery gardeners. It hath a woody ftem, from two
to three feet high, fending out many fiender branches,
garnifhed with oval leaves, indented on their edges,
having great refemblance to thofe of the Hazel Nut,
placed alternately on the branches ; thefe fall away in
autumn, and when the plants are deftitute of leaves,
the flowers come out in clufters from the joints of the
branches ; thefe fometimes appear the latter end of
Gdtober, and often not till December, but are not
fucceeded by feeds in this country.
As the flowers of this fhrub make very little ap-
pearance, fo it is only preferved in the gardens of
the curious, more for the fake of variety than its
beauty.
This is propagated by laying down the young branches
in autumn, which will take root in one year, provided
they are duly watered in dry weather ; but many of
the plants which are in the gardens, have been pro-
duced from feeds which came from America ; thefe
feeds always remain a whole year in the ground, fo
they fhouid be fown in pots, which may be plunged
into the ground in a fhady part of the garden, where
they may remain all the fummer, and require no other
care but to keep the pots clean from weeds, and in
very dry weather to water them now and then ; in
autumn the pots may be removed to a warmer fitua-
tion, and plunged into the ground under a warm
hedge ; and if the winter fhouid prove very fevere,
they fhouid have fome light covering thrown over the
pots, which will fecure the feeds from being deftroyed.
H A S
In the fpring the plants will come up, therefore as tBfe
feafon grows warm, the pots may be removed where
they may have the morning fun till eleven o’clock ;
and if they are duly watered in dry weather, the plants
will have made good progrefs by autumn, when they
fhouid be tranfplanted, either into fmall pots, or in a
nurfery-bed, where in one, or at molt two years time,
they will be ftrong enough to plant where they are de-
figned to remain ; they love a mailt foil, and a fhady
fituation.
HAMELLIA. Lin. Gen. 232.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is fmall , permanent , and cut
into five acute figments ; the flower is of one petal having
a long tube , whofe brim is cut into five acute points ; it hath
five awl-fhaped ftamina inferted to the middle of the petals
terminated by linear fummits the length of the petal ; and
an oval gerrnen , whofe lower point is conical fupporting
a fender ftyle the length of the corolla , crowned by an ob-
tufe linear ftigma : the gerrnen afterward becomes an oval
furrowed berry , with five cells , filled with fmall comprejfed
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft order of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle,: it is
named in honour of Monfieur du HameidesMonceaux,
member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, and
fellow of the Royal Society of London; a gentleman
well known to the learned, by the many ufeful books
he has publifhed.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
1. Hamellia ( Patens ) racemis eredos. Jacq. Amer.
7 1 . Hamellia with ere hi fpikes of flowers.
This plant grows naturally in Africa, and alfo in the
warm parts of America : I received the feeds from
Paris, which were brought from Senegal by Mr.
Adanlon, with the title of Mortura on the paper ;
and before that, received a drawing of the plant in
flower, from the late Dr. Houftoun, who found ic
growing naturally in America, where it has lince been
found growing by Mr. Jacquin, who has figured it.
It rifes with a ligneous ftalk five or fix feet high,
fending out feverai eredt branches toward the top,
garnifhed with oval woolly leaves, placed by threes
round the branches, having red foot- italics ; the flow-
ers terminate the branches in fiender fpikes ; they are
tubulous, and cut at their brims into five fharp feg-
ments, ftanding erebt, of a bright red colour : thele
are not fucceeded by feeds in England.
This plant is propagated by feeds, when they can be
procured frefti from the countries where it grows na-
turally : thefe fhouid be fown in fmall pots, and
plunged into a moderate hot-bed : the plants gene-
rally appear in about five or fix weeks after, and
fhouid then be treated in the fame way as other plants
from the fame countries ; giving them proper air in
warm weather, and gently refrefbing them with wa-
ter ; and when they are fit to tranfplant, they fhouid
be each planted in a fmall pot, plunging them into
the hot-bed again, where they fhouid oe ltiaded rrom
the fun until they have taken new root, when they
fhouid have air and riioifture according to the warmth
of the feafon. In the autumn the plants muft be re-
moved into the tan-ftove, plunging the pots into the
bed, where they fhouid be always continued : this
flowers in July and Auguft, when it makes a pretty
appearance.
As the feeds of this plant are feldom brought to
England, fo the plant may be propagated by cut-
tings, which if planted in fmall pots, plunged into a
moderate hot-bed, and clofely covered with either
bell or hand-glaffes, will put out roots in about nx
weeks, and may then be treated in the fame way as
the feedling plants.
HARMALA, See Peganum.
HASSEL QJL 7 1 S T I A. Lin. Gen, 341.
The Characters are.
It is an umbelliferous plant , whofe univerfal umbel is cotn-
pofed of fix fpreading rays ; thefe are for the moft part
double ; the greater involucrum has many fhort briftly
2 leaves ;
HED
H ED
leaves ; the proper empaletnent is very finally and hath Jive
indentures •, the general umbel is half radiated ■, the outer
flowers are fruitful , but thofe in the dijk are barren ■, they
have five petals , and five J, lender ftamina longer than the
metals? terminated by roimdifh fummits : the turbinated
gerrnen is fiiuated under the flower , fupporting two jlen-
der recurved fiyles? crowned by obtufe Jligmas \ the germen
afterward becomes an orbicular fruit , compofed of two feeds
having borders.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond or-
der of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria
Digynia, the flowers haying five ftamina and two
ftyles.
It it named after Mr. Hafielquift, who was a pupil
of Dr. Linmeus.
1. Hasselquistxa ( Adgyptiaca ). Amcen, Acad. 4. p.
370. Egyptian Hajfelquiftip. Paftinaca Orientalss, fo-
lds eleganter incifis. Buxb. Cent. 3. p. 16.
This plant is bennial, and being a native of warm
countries, is with difficulty preferved in England - 3
for when the plants come up early in the fpring, they
do not perfect their feeds the fame year : and thofe
plants which arife in the autumn, feldom live through
the winter * therefore the fureft method to procure
good feeds in this country, is to fow the feeds in pots
about the 'middle of Auguft, placing the pots
where they may have the morning fun only, being
careful to water them duly ; and as weeds wall come
up in the pots to take them out, and where the
plants are too clofe, thin them *, in Odober re-
move the pots into a common frame, where they
may enjoy the free air in mild weather, but be fcreened
from froft : in the fpring following, if the plants are
carefully turned out of the pots, and planted in the
full ground, they will flower in June, and the feeds
will ripen in Auguft.
•HAWTHORN. See Mespilus.
HAZEL. See Corylus.
HED ERA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 249. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 612. tab. 384. The Ivy-tree.
The Characters are.
The flowers are difpofed in form of an umbel , having a
fmall involucrum indented in many parts. The empale-
ment is cut into five parts? and fits upon a germen. The
flower hath five oblong petals , which fipread open, whofie
points are incurved they have five awl-floaped ftamina?
terminated by profir ate fummits ? which are cut into two at
their bafie. The germen? which is fituated below the flower ?
fupports a fhort ftyle ? crowned by a fingle ftigma. The
germen afterward becomes a globular berry with one cell ?
inclofing four or five large feeds , convex on one fide ? and
angular on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have five ftamina and but one ftyle.
The Species are,
3. Hedera {Helix) foliis ovatis lobatifque. Flor. Lapp.
91. Ivy with oval lobed leaves. Hedera arborea.
C. B. P. 305. Tree Ivy \ and the Hedera communis
major. J. B. 2. hi. Great common Ivy.
2. Hedera {Qpinquefclia) foliis quinatis, ovatis, ferra-
tis. Hort. Cliff. 74. Ivy with leaves compofed of five
lobes ? which are flawed. Vitis quinquefolia Canaden-
iis fcandens. Tourn. Inft. 613. Climbing Canada
Vine with . five leaves ? commonly called Virginia Creeper.
. The firft fort grows naturally in moll parts of England,
where it meets with any neighbouring fupport. The
ftalks will fatten to it, and rife to a very great height,
fending out roots on every fide, which get into the
joints of walls, or the bark of trees, and thereby are
fupported ; or if there is no fupport near, the ftalks
trail upon the ground, and take root all their length,
fo that they clofely cover the furfaee, and are diffi-
cult to eradicate ; for where any fmall parts of the
ftalks are left,, they will foon fpread and multiply.
While thefe are fixed to arty fupport, or trail upon
the ground, their ftalks are (lender and flexible j but
when they have reached to the top of their fupport,
they fttorten and become woody, forming themfelves
into large bulky heads, and their leaves are larger,
more of an oval ftiape, and not divided into lobes like
the lower leaves, that it hath a different appearance,
which has occafioned forne to take them for diftinct
fpecies.
In the latter part of the laft century, when it was the
faffiion to fill gardens with all forts of fheered Ever-
greens, there were many of thefe plants trained into
round heads, which were clipped into balls, or in form
of a cone * and as thefe were fo hardy as not to be in-
jured by weather, and would grow in any foil, fo they
were then much efteemed •, but iince that unnatural
tafte has been exploded, thefe plants are feldom ad-
mitted into gardens, unlefs to cover walls, or run over
grottos, &c. for which purpofe there is no plant fo
well adapted.
There are two varieties of this, one with filver-ftriped
leaves, and the other with yellowiffi leaves on the top
of the branches * thefe are preferved in feme gardens
for the fake of variety.
Thefe plants are eafily propagated by their trailing
branches, which fend forth roots their whole length *
which branches being cut off, and planted, will grow
in almoft any foil or fituation, and may be trained up
to Items, or fuffered to remain as climbers, to cover
.walls, pales, &c.
They may alfo be propagated by feeds, which ffioulcl
be fown foon after they are ripe, which is in the begin-
ning of April : if thefe are kept moift and loaded,
they will grow the fame fpring, otherwife they will
remain a year in the ground ; therefore few perfons
trouble themfelves to propagate the plants in this way,
the other being much more expeditious.
While the ftalks of this plant trail, either on the
ground or upon walls, or other fupport, they do
not produce any flowers, which has occafioned its be-
ing called fterile, or barren Ivy but when the branches
get above their fupport, they produce flowers at the
end of every ffioot ; thefe appear in September* and
are fucceeded by berries, which turn black before
they are ripe, and are formed into round bunches,
which are called corymbi, and from thefe the epi-
thet of corymbus, fo frequently ufed by botanifts, is
taken.
The leaves of this plant are frequently applied to
iffues to keep them cool, and free from inflammations *
they are alio ufed for curing of fcabs, fores, and
feald heads. Mr. Boyle, in his Ulefulnefs of Expe-
rimental Philofophy, commends a large dofe of the
full ripe berries, as a remedy againft the plague ;
but Schroder fays, they purge upward and down-
ward. The gum of Ivy is cauftic, but is recom-
mended by fome to take fpots and freckles out of the
face.
There is mention made of another fpecies of Ivy,
which is titled Hedera Poetica, by Cafpar Bauhin *
this grows in many of the iflands of the Archipelago,
and produces yellow berries * but as I have not feen
this plant, I cannot determine if it is a diftind fpe-
cies. Dr. Linnaeus fuppofes it to be only a variety,
though he has not leen the plant ; but Tournefort,
who gathered it in the Levant, puts it down as a dif-
ferent fort.
The fecond fort grows naturally in all the northern
parts of America •, it was firft brought to Europe
from Canada, and has been long cultivated in the
Engliffi gardens, chiefly to plant againft walls, or
• high buildings to cover them, which thefe plants will
do in a fhort time, for they will fhoot almoft twenty-
feet high in one year, and will mount up to the top
of the higheft building ; but as the leaves fall off in
autumn, the plants make but an indifferent appear-
ance in winter ; and as it is late before they come out
in the fpring, they are not much efteemed, unlefs it
is for fuch fituations, where better things will not
thrive * for this plant will thrive in the midft of London,
and is not injured by fmoke, or the clofenefs of the
air, fo are very proper for fuch fituations. The ftalks
of thefe plants put out roots, which fatten themfelves
6 N
Z'i>
EE
BED
Into the joints of the walls, whereby they are fup-
ported.
This may be propagated by cuttings, which if planted
in autumn on a fhady border, will take root, and by
the following autumn will be fit to plant where they
are defigned to remain.
ED ERA TERRESTRIS. See Glechoma.
EDGES. Hedges are either planted to make
fences round inclolures, or to part off and divide the
feveral parts of a garden : when they are defigned as
outward fences, they are planted either with Haw-
thorn, Crabs, or Black Thorn, which is the Sloe •,
but thofe Hedges which are planted in gardens, either
to furround wildernefs quarters, or to fcreen the
other parts of a garden from fight, are planted with
various forts of plants, according to the fancy of the
owner j feme preferring ever-green Hedges, in which
cafe the Holly is belt, next the Yew, then Laurel,
Lauruftinus, Phillyrea, &c. others, who make choice
of the deciduous plants, prefer the Beach and Horn-
beam, Englifh Elm, or the Alder, to any other ; I
In all firft treat of thofe Hedges which are planted for
outfide fences, and afterward briefly touch on the
other.
Thefe Hedges are moft commonly made of Quick,
yet it will be proper, before planting, to confider the
nature of the land, and what forts of plants will
thrive beft in that foil, whether it be clay, gravel,
fand,&c. likewife what thefoil is from whence the plants
are to be taken •, for if the land they are taken from
is much better than that in which they are to be planted,
it will be more difficult to get them to grow. As for
the fize, the fets ought to be about the bignefs of a
goofe quill, and cut within about four or five inches
of the ground ; they ffiould be frefh taken up, ftrait,
fmooth, and well rooted. Thofe plants which are
raifed in the nurfery, are to be preferred to all
others, and if raifed on a fpot near the place, it will
be beft.
Secondly, If the Hedge has a ditch, it fhould be
made fix feet wide at top, and one foot and a half at
bottom, and three feet deep, that each fide may have
a proper Hope j for when the banks are made too up-
right, they are very fubjed to fall down after every
froft or hard rain ; befides, if the ditches are made
narrower, they are foon choked up in autumn by the
falling leaves, and the growth of weeds, nor are they
a fufficient fence, to the Hedge againft cattle, where
they are narrower.
Thirdly, If the bank be without a ditch, the fets
Ihould be fet in two rows, almoft perpendicular, at
the diftance of a foot from each other, in the quin-
cunx order, fo that in effed they will be but fix inches
afunder.
Fourthly, The turf is to be laid with the Grafs fide
downwards, on that fide of the ditch the bank is de-
figned to be made, and forne of the beft mould
ihould be laid upon it, to bed the Quick ; then the
Quick is to be planted upon it a foot afunder, fo
that the ends of the Quick may ftand upright.
Fifthly, When the firft row of Quick is planted, it
rnuft be covered with mould, and the turf laid upon
it as before j fo that when the bank is a foot high,
you may plant another row of fets againft the fpaces
of the lower Quick, and cover them as the former
was done *, and the bank is to be topped with the bot-
tom of the ditch, and a dry, or dead Hedge laid on
the other fide, to defend the under plantation from the
cattle.
In making of thefe dead Hedges, there fhould be
flakes driven into the loofe earth, at about two feet
and a half diftance, fo low as to reach the firm
ground.
Oak flakes are accounted the beft, and Black Thorn
and Sallow the next j then let the frnall bufhes be
laid at bottom, but not too thick, for that will caufe
the bufhes to rot •, but the upper part of the Hedge
fhould be laid with long bufhes to bind the flakes
in with, by interweaving them.
And, in order to render the Hedge yet ftronger, you
H E D
may edder it (as it is called,) i. e. bind the top of the
flakes in with fome frnall long poles, or flicks on each,
fide*, and when the eddering is finiilied, drive the flakes
anew, becaufe the waving of the Hedge and eddering
is apt to loofen the flakes.
The Quick muft be confrantly kept weeded, and fe~
fcured from being cropped by the cattle, and in Fe~
bruary it will be proper to cut it within an inch of the
ground, if it was not done before which will caufe it
to fhoot ftrong, and help it much in the growth.
When a Fledge is of about eight or nine years growth,
it will be proper to plafli it , the beft time for this
work is either in Oflober or February.
When a Hedge is grown old, i. e. of about twenty or
thirty years growth, and there are in it old Hubs as
well as new fhoots, the old ftubs fhould be cut dop-
ing off within two or three inches of the ground, and
the beft and longeft of the middle fize fhould be left to
lay down •, and fome of the ftrongeft, at the height of
five or fix feet, according as you defign the height of
the Hedge to be 6 may be left to ferve inftead of flakes,
and frefh flakes fhould be put in thofe places where they
are wanting-, the Hedge fhould be then thinned, fo as
to leave on the ftubs only fuch fhoots as are defigned
to be of ufe, that there may be room left to put a
fpade in between them ; the ditch alfo fhould be
cleanfed, and each fide of the Hopes kept as in a new
ditch ; and where the earth is wafhed from the roots
of the Quick, or is hollow, face it anew with fo much
of the firft fpit of earth that is dug out of the ditch, as
there is occafion for, and lay what is dug out at the
fecond fpit, on the top of the bank ■, for if it be kid
on the fide, or face of the bank, it will flip into the
ditch again when wet comes, and alfo take a great
deal of the bank along with it.
In plafhing Quicks, there are two extremes to be
avoided the firft is, laying it too low and too thick ;
becaufe it makes the fap run all into the fhoots, and
leaves the plafhes without nourifhment, which, with
the thicknefs of the Hedge, kills them.
Secondly, It muft not be laid too high, becaufe this
draws all the fap into the plafhes, and fo caufes but
frnall fhoots at the bottom, and makes the Hedge fo
thin, that it will neither hinder the cattle from going
through, nor from cropping of it.
When the fhoot that is defigned to be plafhed is bent,
give it a frnall cut with a bill, half through. Hoping a
little downwards, and then weave it about the flakes j
and when the whole is finifhed, trim off the frnall fu-
perfluous branches that ftraggle too far out on both
fides of the Hedge.
If the ftubs are very old, cut them quite down, and
fecure them with good dead Hedges on both fides, till
the young fhoots are got up tall enough to piafh, and
plant new fets in the void fpaces.
In making a Hedge, if it be fet with Crab Stocks,
it will be proper to leave one {landing uncut up at
every thirty or forty feet, if the ground on both
fides of the Hedge be your own ; which being done,
they may be fo ordered, by pruning or flaking, that
one may lean into one ground, and the other into ano-
ther, &c.
Thefe flocks fhould be pruned up every year, till they
are brought out of the reach of the cattle, and then
they may be grafted with the Red Streak, Gennet-
moil, or what other kind of cyder Apple you
pleafe.
If the flocks be of Apple kernels, they may ftand un-
grafted, for many of them will yield very good cyder
fruit ; but then fuch flocks as are not grafted, will be
longer before they bear ; and alfo when you do graft,
you may be certain of your kind but if you find a
very natural flock, which by leaf, fhoot, and bud,
appears likely, you may try it, and fo you may have
a new fine fruit ; and if you do not like it, you may
graft it when you pleafe.
As for the reft of the Hedge, when it has fhot four
or five years, you may lay it to make a fence
for the doing of which, take the following direc-
tions :
3
Firft
5 >
H E D
Hrft, At every laying to lay down fome old plalhes ;
or, if the Hedge be thin, young ones •, but they muft
be fo laid, as to point with their ends to the ditch fide
of the bank, the ends being kept low on the bank ;
by being fo ordered, they will the better thicken the
bottom of the Hedge, and keep up the earth of the
bank.
Secondly, To heighten the bank every time you lay
earth on it, fo as to cover the layers, all but the ends,
this earth will very much help the Quick ; and by
heightening the banks, and deepening the ditch, you
will render the fence the better.
Thirdly, Not to cut the plafhes too much, but juft
fo as they may bend down well ; nor to lay them too
upright, as fome do, but to lay them near to a level •,
for by fo doing, the fap will the better break out at
feveral places, and not run fo much to the ends, as it
will when they lie too much upon the (lope.
If you have much wood to fpare, you may cut up great
part of thofe that grow near the ditch, but then you
ought to hang the bank with bufhes, to prevent cattle
from cropping them the firft year ; thefe will ftioot
ftrong, fecure the Hedge, keep up the bank, and
thicken the bottom of the Hedge.
Fourthly, Take care to lay the Hedge pretty thick,
and turn the beard on the ditch fide •, but you muft
not let the beard hang uncut (though it makes a good
fhew at the firft making), but you muft cut off all the
ftraggling boughs within half a foot of the Hedge on
both fides, which will caufe it to fhoot ftrong at
thefe places, and make the Hedge much the thicker.
Fifthly, If the bank be high, make the Hedge fo
low, that it may juft ferve for a fence the firft year,
for it will foon grow higher; and the lower the Hedge
is made, the falter the Quick will grow, and alfo
will be the thicker at the bottom ; but care muft be
taken to preferve it from cattle on the field fide for
the two firft years that it is made.
Sixthly, If you would have a good Hedge, or fence,
you fhould new lay it once in fourteen or fifteen years,
and conftantly root out Elder, Travellers Joy (which
fome call Bull-bine), Briony, &c. and do not leave
too many high ftandards, or pollards in it, though the
Elm is one of the beft ; alfo no dead wood is to be left
in the bottom of the Hedges, for that will choke the
Quick ; but if there be a gap, the dead Hedge fhould
be made at a diftance.
The Crab is alfo frequently planted for Hedges, and
if the plants are raifed from the kernels of the fmall
wild Crab, they are much to be preferred to thofe which
are raifed from kernels of all forts of Apples without
diftin&ion ; becaufe the plants of the true fmall Crab
never fhoot fo ftrong as thofe of the Apples, fo may
be better kept within the proper compafs of a Hedge ;
and as they have generally more thorns upon them,
they are better guarded againft cattle, &c. than
the other ; befides, the plants of the Crab will grow
more equal than thofe which are raifed from the ker-
nels of various kinds of Apples, for thefe always pro-
duce a variety of plants, which differ from each other
in their manner of growth, as much as in the fize and
flavour of their fruits ; fo that Hedges made of thefe
will not appear fo well, nor can be fo well managed as
the other.
Some perfons intermix Crab with the White Thorn
in their Hedges, but this is not a good method ; for
the plants of the Crab will grow much ftronger than
thofe of the White Thorn, fo that the Hedge will not
be of equal growth ; which is not near fo beautiful or
ufeful, as when the plants of a Hedge keep pace in
their growth.
The Black Thorn, or Sloe, is alfo frequently planted
for Hedges, and is a ftrong durable plant for that pur-
pofe, efpecially as it is fo ftrongly armed with thorns,
that cattle felaom care to brouze upon it but where
this is planted, the beft way is to raife the plants from
the ftones of the fruit ; for all thofe which are taken
from the roots of old trees, fpawn, and put out
fuckers in fuch plenty from their roots, as to fpread
over, and fill the neighbouring ground to a confider-
H E D
able diftance on each fide of the Hedge ; and tilts
plenty of fuckers drawing away the nourifhmentfrom
the old plants of the Hedge, they never grow fo well
as where there are few or no fuckers produced, which
thofe plants which are propagated from the ftones
fend not forth, or at leaft but fparingly, therefore
may with little trouble be kept clear of them. The
beft method of railing thefe Hedges is, to few the
ftones in the place where theHedge is intended (where
it can be conveniently done), for then the plants will
make a much greater progrefs than thofe which are
tranfplanted ; but the objection to this method will
arife from the difficulty of fecuring the young plants
from the cattle ; but this can have little force, when it
muft be confidered, that if the Hedge is planted, it
muft be fenced for fome years, to prevent the cattle
from deftroying it ; therefore the fame fence will do
for it when Town, nor will this require a fence much
longer than the other. For the plants which Hand un-
removed, will make a better fence in feven years, than
that which is planted, though the plants Ihould be of
three or four years growth when planted ; which is
what I have feen two or three times, where the experi-
ment has been tried. The ftones of this fruit fhould
be fown early in January, if the weather will permit ;
but when they are kept out of the ground longer, it
will be proper to mix them with land, and keep them
in a cool. place. The bufhes of the Black Thorn are
by much the beft of any for making of dead Hedges,
being of longer duration, and having many thorns,
neither the cattle nor the Hedge-breakers, will care
to meddle with them ; thefe bufhes are alfo the beft to
be ufed for under ground drains, for the draining of
land, for they will remain found a long time when
the air is excluded from them.
The Holly is fometimes planted for Hedges, and is a
very durable ftrong fence ; but where it is expoled,
there will be great difficulty to prevent its being deftroy-
ed, otherwife it is by far the moft beautiful plant, and
being an Evergreen, will afford much better ihelter to
cattle in winter, than any other fort of Hedge-, and the
leaves being armed with thorns, the cattle will not
care to brouze upon it. Another objebtion to this plant
is the flow growth, fo that Hedges planted with this
plant, require to be fenced a much longer time than
moft others. This is a reafon which muft be admitted,
to prevent this being generally praflifed ; but in fuch
grounds as lie contiguous to, or in fight of gentlemen’s
houfes, thefe fort of Hedges will have an exceeding
good effebt, efpecially when they are well kept, as they
will appear beautiful at all feafons of the year ; and in
the fpring of the year, when the fharp winds render
it unpleafant to walk abroad in expofed places, thefe
Hedges will afford good fhelter, as they will effedual-
ly keep off the cold winds, if they are kept clofe' and
thick. The fureft method of raffing thefe Hedges is,
by fowing the berries in the place where they are to
ftand ; but thefe berries fhould be buried in the ground
one year before they are fown, by which method they
will be prepared to grow the following fpring. The
way of doing this is, to gather the berries about
Chriftmas (which is the time they are ufually ripe,)
and put them into large flower-pots, mixing fome land
with them ; then dig holes in the ground, into which
the pots muft be funk, covering them over with earth
about ten inches thick ; in this place they may remain
till the following Oftober, when they Ihould be taken
up, and fown in the place where the Hedge is in-
tended. The ground for this Hedge fhould be well
trenched, and cleared from the roots of all bad weeds,
bullies, trees, &c. Then two drills fhould be made
at about a foot diftance from each other, and about
two inches deep, into which the feeds fhould be flut-
tered pretty clofe, left fome fhould fail ; for it is bet-
ter to have too many plants come up, than to want, !
The reafon of my advffing two drills is, that the
Hedge may be thick to the bottom, which in a Tin-
gle row rarely happens, efpecially if there is not great-
care taken of them in the beginning. When the plants
come up, they muft be carefully weeded ; for ‘if the
weeds
I
1&3
HED
weeds are permitted to grow among them, they will
foon deftroy them, or weaken them fo much, that
they will not recover their ftrength in a long time.
This fhould be conftantly obferved, by every perfon
who is deli rous to have good Hedges of either fort *,
for when the weeds are fuffered to grow near the
plants, they will not only rob them ot a great part of
their nourifhment, but alfo prevent their putting out
fhoots near the ground, which will occafion the bot-
tom of the Hedge to be thin and naked.
When thefe Holly Hedges are defigned to be kept
very neat, they Ihould be fheered twice a year, in
May and Auguft •, but if they are only defigned as
fences, they need not be fheered oftener than once a
year, which ihould be about the latter end of June,
or the beginning of July ; and if this is well perform-
ed, the Hedges may be kept very beautiful.
The fences which are made to fecure thefe Hedges
from cattle while they are young, fhould be contrived
fo as to admit as much free air as poffible, which is
abfolutely neceffary for the growth of the plants •, for
when they are crowded on each fide with dead Hedges,
the plants feldom thrive well. The beft fort offences
for this purpofe, are thofe which are made with pofts
and rails ; or inftead of rails, three ropes drawn from
poft to poft, and holes made in the pofts to draw the
ropes through - 5 this is the cheapeft fence of this
kind, and will appear very handfome ; but if fheep
are not admitted into the fields, there will be occafion
for two ropes only, which will be enough to keep off
larger cattle •, and if the ropes are painted over with a
compofition of melted pitch, brown Spanifh colour,
and oil, mixed well together, they will iaft found fe-
veral years •, and thefe fort of fences never obftrud
the air, and the place, at the fame time being open
to view, the weeds will be better difcovered than
when the fences are clofe. In the latter cafe, the
Hedges are fometimes fuffered to be over-run with
weeds, by their being excluded from the fight, fo
are frequently forgotten, efpecially in moift weather,
when the weeds grow more luxuriant.
There are fome perfons who intermix Holly with the
White Thorn in making their Hedges, which if
rightly managed, will have a good effed, efpecially
when young * but when this is pradifed, the Holly
fhould be planted fo near, as that the Hedge may be
entirely formed of it as it grows up, when the White
Thorn ihould be quite rooted out ; for as thefe ad-
vance, they will not keep pace in their growth, fo
will not appear beautiful when intermixed.
When a Hedge of Holly is intended to be made by
plants, the ground fhould be well trenched, as was
before advifed for the feeds ; and (unlefs the ground
be very wet) the plants ihould be fet in Odober, but,
in wet ground, March is preferable. The plants
ihould not be taken from a better foil than that in
•which they are to be planted ; for when it fo happens,
the plants' are much longer before they recover this
change, than thofe are which are taken from a leaner
foil. If the plants have been before removed two or
three times, they will have better roots, and will be
in lefs danger of mifcarrying ; befides, they may be
removed with balls of earth to their roots. When
the froft comes on, if mulch be laid upon the
ground near the roots of the plants, it will prevent the
tender fibres, which may then have been put out,
from being deftroyed by the cold. I would never ad-
vife the planting of Hedges with Holly plants, of
above five or fix years growth from the berries ; for
when the plants are x older, if they take to grow, they
are longer before they form a good Hedge, than
plants which are much younger •, and if the plants
have been twice before tranfplanted, they will more
certainly grow.
I fhali next treat of Hedges for ornaments in gardens :
thefe are fometimes planted with Evergreens, efpe-
cially if they are riot intended to grow very high * in
•which cafe, they are planted with deciduous trees.
Evergreen Hedges are planted with Holly, Yew,
HED
Laurel, Lauruftinus, Phillyrea, Alaternus, evergreen
Oak, and fome others of lefs note. The Holly is
preferable to any other, for the reafons before given.
Next to this, moil: people prefer the Yew, on account
of its growing very clofe •> for when thefe Hedges are
well kept, they will be fo thick as that a bird cannot
get through them •, but the dead colour of the Yew,
renders thefe Hedges lefs agreeable. The Laurel is
one of the moft beautiful greens of any of the ever-
green trees, but then it (hoots fo luxuriant, as to
render it difficult to keep the Hedges which are plant-
ed with it, in tolerable fhape , befides* the leaves be-
, ing very large, if the Hedge is clipped with (beers,
the leaves will be cut through, which gives them a
bad appearance ; therefore where there are Hedges
of this kind, it will be the beft way to prune them
with a knife, cutting the ihoots juft down to, a leaf.
And although by this method the Hedge cannot be
rendered fo even as when cut with fheers, yet it will
bave a much better appearance than that of moft of
the leaves being cut through and (tubbed, in the man-
ner they muft be when fheered.
The Lauruftinus is alfo a very fine plant for this pur-
pofe, but the fame objection is to be made to this as
hath been to the Laurel •, and as one of the great beau-
ties of this plant is in its flowers, which are produced
in the winter and fpring, fo when thefe are fheered,
the flowers are generally cut off, by which their beau-
ty is loft. Nor can this be avoided, where the Hedge
is to be kept in clofe order, therefore this plant is not
fo proper for the purpofe •, but in fuch places where
walls or other fences are defigned to be hid, there is
not any plant better adapted than this, provided it is
rightly managed ; for the branches of this plant are
(lender and pliable, fo may be trained up clofe to the
fence, whereby it may be entirely covered ; and if,
inftead of clipping thefe with fheers, they are pruned
with a knife, they may be fo managed, as to have
them full of flowers from the ground upward. This
may be effefted by pruning them in April, when the
flowers are going off, cutting out thofe fhoots that
have flowered, or project too far from the fence j al-
ways cutting clofe to the leaf, that no ftubs may be
left : but thofe new fhoots of the fame fpring muft by
no means be fhortened, becaufe the flowers are always
produced at the extremity of the fhoots of the fame
year ; therefore when thefe are topped, as they muft
be by fheering, there can be few or no flowers upon
thefe plants, except toward the top, where the fheers
have not paffed. By this method of knife pruning,
the leaves will alfo be preferved entire, and the Hedge
may always be kept enough within compafs ; and fo
thick, as fully to anfwer the purpofe of covering the
fence ; and by the fhoots growing a little irregular, it
will make a much better appearance than any fhorn
Hedge whatever.
The fmall leaved and the rough leaved Lauruftinus-
are the beft forts for this purpofe, becaufe their
branches grow clofer together than thofe of the fhin-
ng leaved * they are alfo more hardy, and flower much
'better than the other, when growing in the open air.
The True Phillyrea is the next beft plant for Hedges £
it is by the gardeners called the True Phillyrea, to dif-
tinguiih it from the Alaternus, which they limply call
the Phillyrea. The branches of this are ftrong, the
leaves pretty large, and of a ftrong green colour.
And as this is a plant of middling growth, the Hedges
planted with this may be led up to the height of ten
or twelve feet * and if thefe Hedges are kept narrow
at the top, that there may not be too much width for
the fnow to lodge upon them, they may be rendered
very clofe and thick, and being a very good green,
will make a fine appearance.
The Alaternus was formerly much more cultivated
in the Englifti gardens than at prefent. This was of-
ten planted to form Hedges, but the branches, of this
plant are too pliant for this purpofe, being frequently
difplaced by ftrong winds, which render thefe Hedges
unfightly ; they alfo (hoot very irregular and thin, fo
H E D
that the middle of the Hedge is frequently open and
wide, and only the Tides of them can be kept tolerably
clofe, and that muft be by often clipping them. If
we add to this, ' their being frequently laid or broken
down by fnow in the winter, it muft be deemed an
improper plant for this purpofe.
The Ilex * or evergreen Oak, is alfo planted for
Hedges, and where thefe are defigned to grow pretty
tall, it is a fit plant for the purpofe 5 becaufe it is a
plant of large growth, efpecially the fort which is
moft common in England *, for there are two forts of
them which grow in the fouth of France and Italy,
* - that are of much humbler growth, fo are better adopt-
ed to this purpofe, efpecially where the Hedge is not
intended to be high, but thefe are not at prefent com-
mon here. When thefe Fledges are planted very
young, and kept clofe trained from the beginning,
they may be veiy clofe from the ground to the height
of twenty feet or more ; but thefe muft always be kept
narrower at the top than below, that there may not
too much fnow lodge upon them in the winter, which
is apt to break and diiplace the branches, whereby
the Hedges will be rendered unlightly.
There are alfo fame perfons who have planted the
Pyracantha, or evergreen Thom, Juniper, Box, Ce-
dar of Virginia, Bay, &c. as alfo the Halimus, or Sea
Purllane, and the Furz, Rofemary, and ieveral other
plants for Hedges •, but the five forts firft mentioned
having very pliant branches, which will require to be
fupported, and the three laft being often deftroyed by
fevere froft, renders them unfit for this purpofe ; nor
are there other forts of evergreen plants in the Eng-
life gardens, which arefo well adapted for Hedges, as
thofe before-mentioned,
The deciduous trees, which are ufually planted to form
Hedges in gardens, are the following forts.
The Hornbeam is much efteemed for this purpofe,
efpecially in fuch places where they ^.re not required
to be very high, or not wanted to grow very faft ; for
this plant, while young, doth not make fo great pro-
grefs as many others •, but as it is of ilower growth, the
Hedges may be kept neat with lels trouble than moft
other plants will require •, and the branches naturally
growing very clofe, they will make one of the clofeft
Hedges of all the deciduous trees ; but as the
leaves of this tree continue upon the branches all the
winter, and until the buds in the fpring force them
off, they have a bad appearance during the winter
feafon.
The Beech is alfo a very proper tree for this purpofe,
having the fame good qualities as the Hornbeam ;
but the leaves of this continue late in winter upon
the branches, when they will have a bad appearance ;
befides, the litter which is occafioned by their leaves
gradually falling moft part of the winter, prevents
the garden from being made clean a great while
longer than if there are none of thefe trees planted.
The fmall-leaved Englife Elm, is alfo a proper tree
for tall Hedges if thefe are planted young, and kept
clofely clipped from their firft fetting out, the Hedges
may be trained up to the height of thirty or forty feet,
and be very clofe and thick the whole height. But
when thefe trees are planted for this purpofe, they
fhould not be crowded fo clofe together as they ufually
are by moft people ; by which method, when the
trees have ftood fame years, if they have thriven well,
their Items will approach fo near each other, as that
few branches can be maintained below, wherphy the
bottom of the Hedge will be naked •, therefore they
fhould not be planted clofer together than feven or
eight feet, or if they are ten feet it will be full better.
And although at this diftance they will not form a clofe
Hedge fo foon as when the trees are planted clofer to-
gether* yet they will in a few years recompenfe for
that, by their growing much clofer and better from
the ground upward.
The Dutch Elm was formerly in great efteem for
Hedges, being quick of growth* and thriving in fuch
foils as the Englife Elm would not grow ; but the
wretched appearance which thefe Fledges made, after
H E D
they had been growing a few years, very juftly occa-
fioned their being airnoft univerfally rooted out of
gardens, for a more abominable plant was never in-
troduced into gardens than this.
The Lime-tree hath alfo been recommended for
Hedges, and in feme of the old gardens there were
many planted with this tree, which, for a few years
after planting, made a tolerable appearance, efpecially
when they grow upon a moift foil , but after they had
ftood feme years, they grew very thin at bottom, and
by being fheered at the top, they were rendered very
ftubby and unlightly, their leaves growing very thinly
upon the branches, and thefe frequently turning of a
black difagreeable colour, and falling off very foon in
the autumn, and fometimes in the hummer in dry fea-
fons, has brought thefe trees fo much into difrepute,
as that few perfons make ufe of them at prefent for
this purpofe : nor fhould any of the very ftrong
feooting trees be applied to this ufe f for the more
they are cut, the ftronger they will fhoot, and of courfe
will appear very unfightly •, befides, the often cutting
of thefe Fledges occafions great trouble and expence,
and frequent litters in gardens.
The Alder is frequently planted for Hedges, and
where the foil is moift, there is not any of the decidu-
ous trees equal to it for this purpofe ; for the leaves
are of a lively green, continuing frefh till late in the
autumn ; and when they decay, their litter is foon
over, for they all drop in a feort time. ,
There are, befides the trees before-mentioned, many
of the flowering fhrubs which have been planted to
form Hedges ; fuch as R.ofes, Honeyfuckles, Sweet-
briar, &c. but thefe make a bad appearance, be-
ing more difficult to train ; and if they are cut to
keep them within compafs, their flowers, which
are their greateft beauty, will be entirely deftroyed.
But as thefe are but of low growth, they are not
proper to plant where the Hedges are to be of any
height.
Although I have given thefe full directions for plant-
ing and ordering of thefe Hedges for the pleaiure-gar-
den, yet I am far from recommending them as orna-
mental or uieful. But as there are numbers of perfons
who may differ from me in their opinion, and therefore
might think it a deficiency in my book, had I not
given thefe inftruftions ; to avoid their reproach, I
have inferted as much as I think will be neceflary for
the obtaining thefe Hedges wherever they are defired,
and at a lefs expence than the late method of planting
them hath been generally attended with •, where it
is not uncommon to fee four times the number of
trees planted in thefe Hedges as would have been ne-
ceffary, or that can remain long dole together with
any beauty. But moft people who plant, are in too
great a hurry to have their garden filled ; and there-
fore frequently plant fo clofe, as that in three or four
years (if their trees thrive) three-fourths of them
will require to be taken away again, to make room'
for thole which are left to grow ; and there are nor
wanting perfons, who are ready enough to encourage
this pradice, fince their own intereft is thereby pro-
moted.
The tafte in gardening having been greatly altered of
late years for the better, thefe clipped Hedges have
been almoft excluded ; and it is to be hoped, that a
little time will entirely banifh them out of the Englife
gardens, as it has already been done by the feorn Ever-
greens, which, a few years fince, were efteemed the
greateft beauties of gardens. The latter was intro-
duced by the Dutch gardeners, and that of tali
Hedges with treillage-work, was in imitation of the
French gardens ; in home of which, the expence of
the iron treiilage, to fupport the trees which corn-
pofe their cabinets, pavillions, bowers, porticoes, and
other pieces cf rural architecture, amounted to a very
great fum. I have been informed this work, in one
garden, has coft above twenty thoufand crowns ; and
this only to train up trees in the diftor ted ihape of pi-
1 afters, niches, cornices, pediments, &c, when at the
fame time, thefe can no longer retain the forms in-
''6 0 tended.
1
I
MED
tended, than they are kept clofely fhorn into them •,
for no fooner do the trees begin to make frefh fhoots,
but the whole frame is altered and inftead of carrying
the fine finished appearance of a regular piece of ar-
chitecture, it is grown into a rude unpolifhed form.
This expenfive fort of work never has made much
progrefs in England, but that part of the French tafte,
in furrounding all the feveral divifions of gardens with
tall clipped Hedges, making great alleys, forming the
walks into ftars, and the like ftift performances, have
too much obtained for fome years paft in England :
and the taller thefe clipped Hedges were, the more
they were admired •, though many times they fhut out
from the view the fight of fome of the nobleft Oaks,
and other timber trees, growing in the quarters, which
are infinitely more pleafing to a perfon of true tafte,
than all the ridiculous forms it is poffible for trees to
be framed in by art. Befides, when the expence of
keeping thefe Hedges, together with the great litter
they occafion when clipped, is confidered, thefe, ad-
ded to many other reafons which might be given, are
fufficient to exclude them out of gardens •, where they
can never be efteemed neceflary, but to fhut out from
the view the fight of worfe objedts.
HE D YPN O IS. See Hyoseris.
HEDYSARUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 793. Tourn.
Inft, R. H. 401. tab. 225. French Honeysuckle.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf
cut into five fegments at the top. It is of the butterfly
kind , having an oblong comprejfed fiandard , which is in-
dented at the point and reflexed the wings are oblong and
narrow , the keel is comprejfed , broader at the end , but
convex at the bafle. It hath nine ftamina joined, and one
(landing feparate , which arc terminated by roundijh com-
prefjed flummits •, the ftamina are reflexed , having an
angle or knee. In the center is Jituated a long narrow
germen , fupporting an awl-Jhaped inflexcd ftyle, crowned
by a Jingle Jligma. 'The germen afterward becomes a joint-
ed pod which is compreffed, each joint being r oundifo, and
inclofles a fingle kidney-floaped feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedtion of
Linnteus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De-
Candria, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
Have ten ftamina joined in two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Hedysarum ( Coronarium ) foliis pinnatis, legumini-
bus articulatis aculeatis, nudis, redtis, caule diffufo.
Hort. Cliff. 365. French Honey fuckle with winged leaves ,
naked, prickly , jointed pods , and a difjufed ftalk. He-
dyfarum clypeatum, flore fuaviter rubente. H. Eyft.
French Honeyfuckle , with a delicate red flower.
2. Hedysarum flpinoflflimum) foliis pinnatis, legumi-
nibus articulatis, aculeatis tomentofis, caule diffufo.
Hort. Upfal. 231. French Honeyfuckle with winged
leaves, jointed , prickly, woolly pods, and a difjufed ftalk.
Eledyfarum clypeatum minus, flore purpureo. Raii
Hift. Smaller French Honeyfuckle with a purple flower..
3. Hedysarum ( Canadenfe ) foliis ftmplicibus ternatif-
que, floribus racemofis. Hort. Cliff. 232. French Ho-
neyfuckle with fingle and trifoliate leaves, and flowers in
bunches. Hedyfarum triphyllum Canadenfe. Cornut.
Three-leaved French Honeyfuckle of Canada.
4. Hedysarum ( flexuofum ) foliis pinnatis, leguminibus
articulatis, aculeatis, flexuofis, caule diffufo. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 750. French Floneyfuckle with winged leaves ,
jointed prickly pods which are waved , and a difjufed ftalk.
Eledyfarum annuum, filiqua afpera undulata intorta.
Tourn. Annual French Honeyfuckle, with a rough,
•waved, writhed pod.
9. Hedysarum ( Diphyllum ) foliis binatis petiolatis, flo-
ralibus feflilibus. Flor. Zeyl. 291. French Honeyfuckle
with two leaves upon a foot-ftalk, fitting clofe to the
jialks. Hedyfarum minus diphyllum, flore luteo.
Sloan. Cat. 73. Smaller two-leaved French Honeyfuckle,
with a yellow flower.
6. Hedysarum ( Purpureum ) foliis ternatis, foliolis ob-
ovatis floribus paniculatis terminalibus, leguminibus
intortis. French Honeyfuckle with trifoliate oval leaves,
flowers growing in panicles at the ends of the ftalks , and
H E D
iniortedpods. Hedyfarum triphyllum fruticofum, flore
purpureo, filiqua varie diftorta, Sloan. Cat. 73. Three-
leaved forubby French Honeyfuckle , with a purple flower
and a varioufly diftorted pod.
7. Hedysarum (Cane fens) foliis ternatis fubtus nervofis,
caule glabro fruticofo floribus fpicatis terminalibus.
Three-leaved forubby dwarf Honeyfuckle, wjth veins on the
under fide, a fmooth forubby ftalk , with flowers growing in
fpikes at the ends. Hedyfarum triphyllum frutico-
fum fupinum, flore purpureo. Sloan. Cat. Three-'
leaved forubby dwarf French Honeyfuckle, with a pur-
ple flower.
8. Hedysarum (Sericeum) foliis ternatis, foliolis ovatis fub-
tus fericeis, floribus fpicatis alaribus terminalibufque.
Three-leaved French Honeyfuckle, with oval leaves fitting
on their under fide , andfiozvers in fpikes from the fide and
the end of the ftalks. Hedyfarum triphyllum frutef-
cens, foliis fubrotundis & fubtus fericeis, flore pur-
pureo. Houft. Three-leaved forubby French Honeyfuckle
with roundijh leaves, which are ft Iky underneath, and a
purple flower.
9. Hedysarum. ( Villofum ) foliis ternatis, cauiibus dif-
fufis villofis, floribus fpicatis terminalibus, calycibus,
villofiffimis. Three-leaved French Honeyfuckle , with djif-
fufed ftalks which are hairy, flowers growing in fpikes
at the ends of the branches, and very hairy empalements.
Hedyfarum triphyllum humile, flore conglomerato
calyce villofo. Elouft. Dwarf three-leaved French Ho-
neyfuckle, with flowers growing in clufters, and a hairy
cup.
10. Hedysarum ( Procumbens ) foliis ternatis cauiibus
procumbentibus racemofis, floribus laxe fpicatis ter-
minalibus, leguminibus contortis articulis quadrangu-
laribus. Three-leaved French Honeyfuckle , with branch-
ing trailing ftalks, flowers growing in loofe fpikes at the
ends of the branches, and twifted pods with jj^uare joints,
Hedyfarum triphyllum procumbens, foliis rotundio-
ribus & minoribus, filiquis tenuibus & intortis.
Houft. T railing three-leaved French Honeyfuckle , with
fmaller and rounder leaves, and narrow contorted pods.
11. Hedysarum ( Intortum ) foliis ternatis, foliolis ob-
cordatis, caule eredto triangulo villofo, racemis ter-
minalibus, leguminibus articulatis incurvis. French
Honeyfuckle, with trifoliate leaves whofe lobes are heart-
jhaped, a triangular upright hairy ftalk , flowers grow-
ing in long bunches at the ends of the branches , and
and jointed incurved pods. Eledyfarum triphyllum,
caule triangular!, foliis mucronatis, filiquis tenuibus
intortis. Houft. Three-leaved French Honeyfuckle, with
a triangular ftalk, pointed leaves, and a narrow con-
torted pod.
12. Hedysarum ( Glabrum ) foliis ternatis obcordatis,
caule paniculato, leguminibus monofpermis glabris.
French Honeyfuckle with trifoliate heart-jhaped leaves , a
pani ciliated Jtalk, and fmooth pods containing one feed.
Eledyfarum triphyllum, annuum, eredtum, filiquis
intortis, & ad extremitatem amplioribus. Houft.
Three-leaved , annual, upright French Honeyfuckle , with
contorted pods, which are broad at their extremity.
13. Hedysarum ( Scandens ) foliis ternatis, foliolis ob-
verse-ovatis, caule volubili, fpica longiffima reflexa.
Three-leaved French Honeyfuckle, with obverfe oval lobes,
a twining ftalk, and a very long, reflexed fpike of flowers.
Hedyfarum triphyllum Americanum fcandens, flore
purpureo. Three-leaved, climbing , American French Ho-
neyfuckle, with a purple flower.
14. Hedysarum ( Repens ) foliis ternatis obcordatis,
cauiibus procumbentibus racemis lateralibus. Lin.
Sp. 1056. Three-leaved French Honeyfuckle, with oval
heart-jhaped leaves, trailing hairy ftalks, and flowers on
the fide of the ftalks. Eledyfarum procumbens, tri-
folii fragiferi folio. Hort. Elth. 172. Trailing French
Honeyfuckle , with leaves like the Strawberry T refoil.
15. Hedysarum (Macnlatum) foliis fimplicibus ovatis
obtufis. Hort. Cliff. 449. French Honeyfuckle, with
oval, obtufe , fingle leaves. Hedyfarum humile, cap-
paridis folio maculato. Hort. Elth. 1 70. Low French
Honeyfuckle , with a fpotted Caper leaf .
16. Hedysarum ( Frutefcens ) foliis ternatis ovato-lan-
ceolatis, fubtus villofis, caule frutefcente villofo.
3 Trifoliate
t
f
H E D
Trifoliate French Honeyfuckle , with oval fpear-Jhaped
leaves, hairy on their under fide , and a Jhrubby hairy
folk. Quere, Whether this be not the Hedyfarum
foliis ternatis fub-ovatis fubtus villofis caule frutef-
cente. Flor. Yirg. 174. Three-leaved French Honey-
fuckle , with oval leaves and a Jhrubby . fialk .
27. Hedysarum ( Pedunculatum ) foliis ternatis, foliolo
intermedia pediculo longiore, racemis alaribus ei eft is
lonmffirnis. French Honeyfuckle with trifoliate leaves ,
the middle lobe funding on a longer foot-ftalk , and very
long hunches of flowers coming from the fides of the
ftalks.
1 8. Hedysarum (. Alhagi ) foliis fimplicibus lanceo-
latis obtufis, caule fruticofo fpinofo. Lin. Sp. Plant.
745. French Honeyfuckle with fingle , fpear-Jhaped , ob-
tufe leaves, and a prickly Jhrubby ftalk. Alhagi Mau-
rorum. Rauwolf. 94* The Alhagi of the Moors.
19. Hedysarum [Triquetrum) folds fimplicibus cordato-
oblongis integerrimis glabris. French Honeyfuckle with
fingle, oblong, heart-Jhaped leaves, which we fmooth
and entire. Onobrychis .Zeylanica aurantii folio. I et.
Hort. Scic. 247, Cockjhead of Ceylon with an Orange-
leaf.
20. Hedysarum ( Echaftaphyllum ) foliis fimplicibus ova-
tis fubtus fericeis, petiolis muticis. Amoen. Acad. 5.
p. 403. French Honeyfuckle with oval fingle leaves,
filky on their under fide, and a fpiked foot-ftalk. Spar-
tium fcandens, citri foliis, floribus albis ad nodes con-
fertim nafeentibus. Plum. Sp. 19.
21. Hedysarum ( Gangeticum ) foliis fimplicibus ova-
tis acuminatis, fpicis longiffimis nudis terminalibus.
French Honeyfuckle with oval-pointed fingle leaves, and
very long naked fpikes of flowers terminating the ftalks.
An Hedyfarum foliis fimplicibus ovatis acutis bafi
ftipulatis. Lin. Sp. 1052.
The fir ft fort has been long cultivated in the Englilh
gardens for ornament. This grows naturally in Italy •,
there are two varieties of this, one with a bright red,
and the other a white flower, which very rarely vary
from one to the other •, but as there is no other dif-
ference but in the colour of their flowers, fo they
are fuppofed to be the fame fpecies.
It is a biennial plant, which flowers the fecond
year, and foon after the feeds are ripe, the roots ge-
nerally perilh : this fends up feveral hollow fmooth
ftalks two or three foot long, which branch out on
each fide, garnifhed with winged leaves, compofed of
five “or fix pair of oval lobes, terminated by an odd
one ; the leaves .are placed alternate, and from their
bafe comes out foot-ftalks which are five or fix inches
long, fuftaining fpikes of beautiful red flowers ; thefe
are fucceeded by compreffed jointed pods, which are
very rough, Handing eredt •, in each of the joints is
lodged one kidney-fhaped feed. This fort flowers in
June and July, and the feeds ripen in September.
The white is only a variety of this, and as fuch, is
fornetimes preferved in gardens.
They are propagated by fowing their feeds in April,
in a bed of light frefh earth ; and when the plants
come up, they Ihould be tranfplanted into other beds
of the like earth, and in an open fituation, at about
fix or eight inches d.iftance from each other, leaving
a path between every four rows, to go between
them to hoe, and clear them from weeds. In thefe
beds they may remain until Michaelmas, then may
be tranfplanted into the large borders of a parterre
or pleafure-garden, allowing them at leaft three feet
diftance from other plants, amongft which they
Ihould be interfperfed, to continue the fucceffion of
flowers j where'they will make a fine appearance when
blown, efpecially the red fort, which produces very
beautiful flowers.
As thefe plants decay after they have perfected their
feeds, fo there ihould annually be a freih fupply of
plants raifed, where they are defired, for the old roots
icldorn continue longer. They are very proper or-
naments for large borders, or to fill up vacancies
among Ihrubs, but they grow too large for fmall bor-
ders, unlefs their ftalks are pruned off, leaving only
two or three on each plant * which, if kept upright
H E D
with flicks, will prevent their hainging over other
flowers. They are propagated for fupplying the
markets with plants to adorn the London gardens
and balconies, by the gardeners in the neighbour-
hood of London.
The fecond fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in Spain and Portugal ; the leaves of this are
narrow'and oblong, four or five pair being placed along
the midrib, with an odd one at the end •, the ftalks are
terminated by fmall fpikes of purple flowers, which
are fucceeded by fmall rough pods, fhaped like
thofe of the former fort. This plant is preferved in
botanic gardens for the lake of variety * 5 it is propa-
gated by feeds, which Ihould be fown the beginning
of April, in the place where the plants are to remain,
and will require no other culture but to thin them
where they are too near, and keep them clean from
weeds. This flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
The third fort hath a perennial root, which will
abide many years if planted in a dry foil. This is
propagated by lowing the feeds in the manner directed
for the former •, but when the plants are come up two
inches high, they ihould be tranfplanted where they
are to remain for good ; but if they are not too thick
in the feed-bed, they may be buffered to remain there
until the following autumn •, at which time they
Ihould be carefully taken up, and tranfplanted into the
borders where they are deflgned to Hand ; for their
roots generally run down very deep, fo that it is not
fafe to remove them often. This plant produces its
flowers about the fame time of the year as the for-
mer, and if the feafon proves favourable, perfects its
feeds in autumn •, and the roots will abide in the
open air very well, refilling the fevereft cold, pro-
vided they are planted in a dry foil.
The fourth fort 'is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in the Levant. This hath fome refemblance
of the firft, but is much fmaller ; the ftalks arife near
a foot high, and are garnifhed with winged leaves,
compofed of two or three pair of oval lobes, terminated
by an odd one ; the flowers come out in fpikes at the
top of the ftalks, which are of a pale red intermixed,
with a little blue. Thefe appear in July, and are
fucceeded by jointed pods which are waved on both
fides, forming an obtufe angle at each joint ; the
feeds ripen in the autumn. This is propagated in
the fame way as the fecond fort, and is equally
hardy.
The fifth fort grows naturally in both Indies ; the
feeds of this were fent me from La Vera Cruz, by the
late Dr. Houftoun. This is an annual plant, with a
long tap root which runs deep in the ground, fend-
ing out one or two ftalks, which rife about nine inches
high, the lower part being garnifhed with oval leaves
by pairs on each foot-ftalk; but the tipper part of the
ftalk where the flowers come out, is garnifhed with
fmall leaves, ending in acute points, fitting clofe to
the ftalks, and at each of thefe is fituated a Angle,
fmall, yellow flower, inclofed by the two leaves.
Thefe make but little appearance, and are fucceeded
by oblong pods, containing one kidney-fhaped feed.
The fixth fort was fent me by the the late Dr. Houf-
toun from La Vera Cruz, where he found it growing
naturally, as it alio does in Jamaica. This is an annual
plant, which rifes with a fhrubby ftalk upward of
four feet high, dividing into feveral branches, which
are garniihed with oblong oval leaves that are trifo-
liate, Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks, the mid-
dle lobe Handing an inch beyond the other two ; the
branches are terminated by long loofe panicles of
purple flowers, which are fucceeded by narrow jointed
pods which are twilled. Thefe plants flower in July,
and their feeds ripen in autumn.
The two laft mentioned are tender plants, fo their
feeds muft be fown in the fpring upon a hot-bed *,
and when the plants-are fit to remove, they Ihould
be each planted in a feparate fmall pot, filled with
light earth, and plunged into a hot-bed, keeping them
fhaded from the fun till they have taken new root ;
then
I
I
H E D
then they muft be treated in the fame way as other
tender plants from hot countries, always keeping
them in the ftove or glafs-cafe, otherwife they will
not flower or produce feeds in England.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the feeds were fent me. by the late f)r. Houf-
fcoun. This is a fhrubby plant, which riles about
five feet high, and divides into feveral branches, which
are garnifhed with trifoliate leaves which are oval, the
middle lobe being much larger than the other two ;
the ftalks are terminated by long fpikes of fmall pur-
ple flowers, which are fucceeded by narrow pods,
ftrait on one fide, but jointed on the other.
The eighth fort was lent me from La Vera Cruz by
the late Dr. Houftoun, who found it growing there na-
turally. This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fix or feven
feet high, dividing into feveral branches, which are
garnifhed with trifoliate oval leaves, filky and white
on their under fide, but of a pale green on their up-
per fide ; the flowers come out in long narrow fpikes
from the wings, and at the end of the branches, fit-
ting clofe to the ftalks ; they are fmall, of a bright
purple colour, and are fucceeded by fiat, frnooth,
jointed pods, about one inch long, each joint having
one kidney-fhaped feed.
The' two laft forts will continue two or three years,
if the plants are placed in the bark-ftove. They are
propagated by feeds, which muft be fown upon a hot-
bed, and the plants treated in the fame manner as
thofe juft before-mentioned •, and when they have
obtained height, they fhould be removed into the
bark-ftove, where they fhould conftantly remain, al-
lowing them a large fhare of air in warm weather.
Thefe plants leldom flower till the fecond year,
when they will produce feeds which ripen in the au-
tumn.
The ninth fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally at La VeraCruz, from whence it was fent me
by the late Dr. Houftoun. This feldom rifes more than
eight or nine inches high, fending out feveral branches
from the root, which are difrufed atld hairy ; they are
clofely garnifhed with fmall, oval, trifoliate leaves, a
little hoary. The flowers grow in clofe Ihort fpikes ;
they are purple, and have very hairy empalements.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Jamaica. This
hath ligneous trailing ftalks a foot and a half long,
fending out feveral branches on each fide, which are
garnifhed with fmall, round, trifoliate leaves, of a
pale green colour •, the flowers are produced in very
loofe fpikes at the ends of the branches ; they are
fmall, and of a pale purplifh colour, fucceeded by
narrow twitted pods which are jointed, each joint be-
ing four cornered, containing a Angle, fmall, com-
p re fifed feed.
The ' two laft forts being annual, require the fame
treatment as the fifth and fixth forts before-mentioned,
with which management they will flower and ripen
their feeds in this country.
The eleventh fort is a fhrubby plant, which rifes with
triangular ftalks five or fix. feet high, dividing into
feveral branches, garnifhed with heart-fhaped trifo-
liate leaves, ending in acute points ; the flowers
are produced in very long fpikes at the end of the
branches, v 7 hich are of a pale purple colour, and are
fucceeded by narrow jointed pods which are varioufly
twitted ; the feeds are fmall and compreffed.
This plant grows naturally in Jamaica, from whence
the feeds were fent me by the late Dr. Houftoun. It
will continue three or four years, if the plants are
treated in the fame manner directed for the feventh
and eighth forts, and will perfed feeds in this country.
The twelfth fort is annual, the feeds of it were fent
me by the late Dr. Houftoun from Campeachy. This
hath a pankulated ftalk, which rifes about two feet
high, garnifhed with heart-fhaped trifoliate leaves ;
the upper part of the ftalk branches out into panicles
of flowers, which are of a pale purple, colour ; thefe
are fucceeded by Emulated compreffed pods, which
Land oblique to the ftalk, each containing one com-
BED
prefled kidney-fhaped feed. This fort is propagated
by feeds, and requires theTame treatment as the- fifth
and fixth forts.
The thirteenth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz,
by the late Dr. Houftoun. This hath a twining ftalk,
which gets round the trees and fhrubs which grow
near it, and climbs to the height of ten or twelve feet,
garnifhed with obverfe, oval, trifoliate leaves, {land-
ing upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; the flowers are pro-
duced in very long fpikes, which are reflexed : they
are of a dark purple colour, and fit clofe to the ftalk.
This is an abiding plant, which requires a ftove to
preferve it in this country, fo the plants fhould be
treated in the fame manner as the feventh and eighth
forts.
The fourteenth fort. is an annual plant, which grows
naturally in both Indies. The feeds of this were fent
me from the ITav'annah by the late Dr. Houftoun ; it
hath trailing branches near a foot long, which are gar-
nifhed with round trifoliate leaves, a little indented at
the top, very like in fhape to thofe of the Strawberry
Trefoil; the ftalks and under fide of the leaves are
hairy ; the flowers are produced toward the end of the
branches, fometimes Angle, and at other times two at
a joint ; they are of a purple colour and fmall ; thefe
are fucceeded by pods about- an inch long, which are
ftrait on one fide, and jointed on the other. This
flowers the end of July, and fometimes perfefls feeds
here.
The fifteenth fort is a low annual plant, having {len-
der ftalks near a foot long, their lower part being gar-
nifhed with Angle oval leaves, ftanding upon {len-
der foot-ftalks ; their upper part is adorned with
flowers, which come out by pairs above each other,
to the end of the ftalk ; they are but fmall, and of a
reddifh yellow colour; thefe are fucceeded by jointed
narrow pods, which fit clofe to the ftalk, and are
ftckle-fhaped. The two laft mentioned are annual
plants, which require the fame culture as the fifth
and fixth forts.
The fixteenth fort was fent me by the late Dr. Dale,
from South Carolina. This hath a perennial root, from
which arife two or three fhrubby hairy ftalks near two
feet high, branching out on every fide near the top,
garnifhed with oval, fpear-fhaped, trifoliate leaves,
which are hairy on their under fide, and ftand upon
fhort foot-ftalks ; the flowers are produced at the end
of the branches in fhort fpikes ; they are of a pur-
plifh yellow colour, and fmall ; the ftalks of this fort
decay every autumn, and new ones arife in the fpring.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
upon a hot- bed in the fpring, and when the plants
are fit to remove, they fhould be planted in feparate
fmall pots filled with light earth, and plunged into
a moderate hot-bed, obferving to fhade them until they
have taken new root ; then they fhould have a large
fhare of air admitted to them in warm weather, and
in fummer they may be expofed to the open air, but
in the autumn they muft be placed under a frame to
fcreen them from froft ; the following fpring fome of
thefe plants muft be fhaken out of the pots and planted
in a warm border, where, if the fummer proves warm,
they will flower, but thefe feldom perfed their feeds ;
therefore two or three plants fhould be put into larger
pots, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, which will
bring them early into flower ; fo that if the glafies
are kept over them in bad weather, thefe will ri-
pen their feeds in autumn, and the roots will
continue fome years, if they are fcreened from froft
in winter.
The feventeenth fort was fent me with the laft, by the
fame gentleman, from SouthCarolina. This hath a per-
ennial root and an annual ftalk, which grows ere<d about
two feet high, garnifhed with long trifoliate leaves,
which are rounded at their bafe where they are broad-
eft, and narrowed all the way to a point ; they are near
three inches and a half long, and half an inch broad
at their bafe, of a light green colour, and fmooth f
the two fide lobes- fit pretty clofe to the ftalk. but the
middle
HED
middle one fits upon a foot- (talk an inch long • the
flowers are produced in long fpikes from the wings
of the ftalk, growing ereft j the lower part of the
fpike is but thinly fet with flowers, but on the upper
part they are difpofed very clofe ; thefe are fmall, and
of a bright yellow colour, fitting very clofe to the Italics,
and are fucceeded by jointed pods ftrait on one fide.
This plant is propagated by feeds, and requires the
fame treatment as the laft mentioned, with which it
will flower and produce ripe feeds.
The eighteenth ibrt grows natural ly in Syria, where
it is one of the beauties of the country. It riles with
fhrubby ftalks about three feet high, which branch
out on every fide, and are gamifhed with Angle leaves,
fhaped like thofe of the broad-leaved Knot-grafs •, they
are very finooth, of a pale green colour, and Hand on
fhort foot-ftalks j under thefe leaves come out thorns,
which are near an inch long, of a reddfih brown co-
lour j the flowers come out from the fide of the
branches in fmall clufters ; they are of a purple colour
in the middle, and reddilh about the rims ; thefe are
fucceeded by pods, which are ftrait on one fide, and
jointed on the other, bending a little in fhape of a
fickle. This plant is at prefent pretty rare in the
Englifh gardens ; it is propagated by feeds, which will
frequently lie a year in the ground before they vege-
tate, therefore fhould be fown in pots filled with light
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed ; and if
the plants do not appear by the beginning of June,
the pots fhould be taken out of the bed, and placed
where they may have only the morning fun, keeping
them clean from weeds ; and in the autumn, they
fhould be plunged into an old bed of tanners bark un-
der a frame, where they may be fereened from the
froft and hard rains in the winter, and in fpring plunged
into a frefh hot-bed, which will bring up the plants :
-when thefe are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted
into a feparate fmall pot, filled with light earth, and
plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, fhading them
from the fun till they have taken new root ; then they
fhould be gradually hardened to bear the open air, in-
to which they fhould be removed in June, placing
them in a fheltered fituation, where they may remain
till the autumn ; when, if they are plunged into an old
tan-bed under a frame, where, in mild weather they
may enjoy the free air, and be protefted from froft,
they will fucceed better than if placed in a green-
houfe, or more tenderly treated. I have feen this plant
growing in the full ground, in a very warm border,
where, by covering it in frofty weather, it had endured
two winters, but a fevere froft happening the third
winter entirely killed it.
From this fhrub the Perfian Manna is collefted,
which is an exfudation of the nutritious juice of the
plant. This drug is chiefly gathered about Tauris,
a town in Perfia, where the fhrub grows plentifully.
Sir George Wheeler found it growing in Tinos, and
fuppofed it was an undeferibed plant; Tournefort
found it in plenty in many of the plains in Armenia
and Georgia, and made a particular genus of it under
the title of Alhagi.
The nineteenth fort grows naturally in India, from
whence the feeds have been lately brought to Europe,
and feveral plants have been railed in the Englifh gar-
dens ; thefe have leaves fo like thofe of the Orange-
tree, as fcarcely to be diftinguifhed while young $ but
as there are not any plants here of a large fize, fo I
can give no further account of this fort at prefent.
The twentieth fort was lent me from Carthagena in
New Spain, by the late Dr. Houftoun : this is a peren-
nial plant with a twining ftalk, which twifts round any
neighbouring fupport, rifing to the height of ten or
twelve feet, fending out a few fmall branches from
the- fide, garnifhed with oval leaves four or five inches
long, and an inch and a half broad in the middle ; the
under fide of the leaves are like fattin ; the flowers are
white, coming out from the fide of the ftalk in clofe
bunches ; they are of the fame form with the other
ipecies of this genus, and are fucceeded by fhort pods,
containing one or two kidney-fhaped feeds.
The feeds of the twenty-firft fort I received from the
. HEL
Eaft-Indics ; this is an annual plant, 'which rifes about
three feet high, having a (lender ftalk inclining to be
fhrubby, gamifhed with oval leaves placed Angle on
very fhort foot-ftalks ; fome of the plants fend out one
or two (lender branches from the main ftalk, the
lower part of which are garnifhed with leaves of the
fame form with thofe on the principal ftalk, but are
fm after : the upper part of the principal ftalk and the
branches are garnifhed with flowers near a foot in
length, which are of a worn-out purple colour.
Handing Angle at each joint : thefe are fucceeded by
jointed pods an inch and a half long, containing three
or four kidney-fhaped feeds in each.
Thefe two forts are too tender to thrive in the open
air in England •, they are both propagated by feeds,
v/hich muft be fown on a hot- bed early in the fpring j
and when the plants are come up, and lit to remove,
they fhould be parted, and each planted in a fe-
parate fmall pot, plunging them into a frefh hot-bed,
where they fhould be fereened from the fun till they
have taken new root ; after which, they fhould be
treated in the fame manner as other tender plants.
The twenty-firft fort muft be placed in the bark-ftove
in autumn, but the other will ripen feeds the fame
year the beginning of Oftober,
HEDYS ARUM Zeylanicum majus & minus. See
zEschvnomene.
HEDYSARUM mimofae foliis. See ^Eschyno-
MENE.
HELENIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 863. Heleniafi
trum. Vaill. Aft. R. Par. 1720. Baftard Sun flower.
The Characters are.
It hath a flower compofed of feveral hermaphrodite florets ,
which form the difk , and female half florets which com -
pofe the rays. The hermaphrodite florets are tubulous ,
and cut into five parts at the brim ; thefe have each five
Jhort hairy ftamina , terminated by cylindrical fummits ,
with an oblong germen fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned
by a bifid ftigma. The germen afterward becomes an an-
gular Jingle feed , crowned by a fmall five-pointed empale -
ment. The female florets in the border have floort tubes ,
and are fir etched out on one fide like a tongue to form the
ray ; thefe are cut into five fegments at their points, where
they are broad. The female flowers have no ftamina ,
but have an oblong germen , which turns to a Jingle feed
like thofe of the hermaphrodite flowers ; thefe are all in-
cluded in one common Jingle empalement , which fpreads open ,
and is cut into feveral fegments.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion of
Linnsus’s nineteenth clafs, which includes thofe plants
which have compound flowers, the hermaphrodite
florets in the center, and the female half florets on
the border, being both fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Helenium ( Autiintnale ) foliis lanceolatis-linearibus
integerrimis glabris, pedunculis nudis unifloris. He-
lenium with fpear-fhaped iiarrOw leaves , which are
finooth , entire , and naked foot-ftalks with Jingle flowers.
Heleniaftrum folio longiore & anguftiore. Vaill. Aft.
R. Par. 1720. Baftard Sun-flower with a longer and
narrower leaf 1
2. Helenium ( Latifolium ) foliis lanceolatis acutis fer-
ratis, pedunculis brevioribus, calycibus multifidis.
Helenium with pointed, fpear-Jhaped, fawed leaves, floor ter
foot-ftalks, and a many-pointed empalement. Heleniaf-
trum folio breviore & latiore. Vaill. Aft. R. S. 1720.
Baftard Sun-flower with a broader and floor ter leaf.
Thefe plants rife to the height of fix or feven feet in
good ground ; the roots, when large, fend up a great
number of ftalks, which branch toward the top ;
thofe of the firft fort are garnifhed with fmooth leaves,
which are three inches and a half long, and half an
inch broad in the middle, with entire edges fitting
clofe to the ftalks, and from their bafe is extended a
leafy border along the ftalk, fo as to form what was
generally termed a winged ftalk, but Linn^us calls it
a running leaf; the upper part of the ftalk divides.,
and from each divifion arifes a naked foot-ftalk
about three inches long, fuftaining one yellow flower
at the top, fhaped like a Sun-flower, but much
fmaller, having long rays, which are jagged pretty
6 P deep
Z3L
H E L
deep Into four or five fegments 5 thefe appear In Au-
guft, and there Is a fucceffion of flowers on the plants
till the froft puts a ftop to them.
The fecond fort hath the appearance of the fir ft, but
the leaves are not three inches long, and are more
than an inch broad in the middle, ending in acute
points, and are fharply fa wed on their edges. The
flowers ftand upon fhorter foot-ftalks, growing clofer
together, for the ftalks of this do not branch near fo
much as thole of the other ; they both flower at the
fame feafon.
There is alfo another fort with leaves as narrow as the
firft, which are acutely indented on the edges. The
ftalks branch at the top fomewhat like thofe of the
firft, but the middle flowers have much Ihorter foot-
ftalks than thofe which branch on the fide, and
are garnifhed with fmall leaves, almoft to the top •,
but I am not certain if this is a diftind fpecies,
or only a variety which has accidentally rifen from
the feeds of the other.
Thefe plants are both of them natives of America ;
the feeds of both forts I have received from Virginia
and New England, where they grow wild in great
plenty in the woods, and other fhady places where
the ground is moift. They may be propagated by
feeds, or by parting their roots ; but the latter is ge-
nerally pradifed in this country, becaufe they feldom
perfed their feeds here •, but if the feeds are procured
from abroad, they fhould be fown the beginning of
March on a border of light earth and if the feeds
fhould not come up the firft: year, the ground fhould
not be difturbed, becaufe they often remain a whole
year in the ground before the plants come up •, in which
cafe there is nothing more to be done, but to keep
the ground clear from weeds, and wait until the plants
rife. When they appear, if the feafon proves
dry, they muft be often watered, which v/ill greatly
forward their growth ; and where the plants come up
too clofe to each other, they fhould be thinned, and
tranfplanted out into beds' a foot afunder every way,
being careful to fhade them until they have taken
root, as alfo to water them in dry weather. In au-
tumn they may be tranfplanted where they are to
remain, and the following fummer they will pro-
duce their flowers, which will continue till the froft
prevents them-, and their roots will abide many years,
and afford many offsets, by which they may be in-
treafed.
The beft feafon to tranfplant the old roots, and to
part them forincreafe, is in the end of Odober, when
their flowers are pafc, or the beginning of March, juft
before they begin.to fnoot but if the fpring fhould
prove dry, they muft be duly watered, otherwife they
will not produce many flowers the fame year ; thefe
plants fhould not be removed oftener than every other
year, if they are expeded to flower ftrong ; they de-
light in a foil rather moift than dry, provided it be
not too ftrong, or holds the wet in winter ; but if
they are planted in a dry foil, they muft be often and
plentifully v/atered in dry weather, to make them
produce plenty of flowers.
HELENIUM, Elecampane. See Inula.
H EL I ANT HEM UM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 248.
tab. 128. Ciftus. Lin. Gen. Plant. 598. Dwarf Ciftus,
or Sun-flower.
The Characters are,
The flower has a three-leaved empalement , which is per-
manent , which afterward covers the feed-vejfel. It hath
five roilndijh petals which flpread open , with ad great
number of erebl ftamina , which are terminated by fmall
roundifh fummits. In the center is fituated an ovalger-
me t n, fupporimg a Jingle, ftyle the length of the ftamina ,
crowned by an obtufe ftigma. 'The germen afterward
becomes a roundifh , or oval capfule , With three cells ,
opening in three parts, filled with fmall roundifh feeduS.
This genus of plants is joined by Dr. Linnteus to
that of Ciftus, and is ranged in the firft fedion of his
thirteenth clafs, which includes thofe plants whofe
flowers have many ftamina and one ftyle. As the
empalement of the flower has but three leaves, and
H E L
thofe of Ciftus five, and the capfule of the Hdian-
themum has but three cells, and that of Ciftus five,
fo thefe charaders are fufficient to admit of their be-
ing feparated into different genera ; and as there are
a great number of fpecies of both forts, fo by this
reparation they may be better afcertained.
The Species are,
1. Helianthemum [Champ ciftus) caulibus procumben-
tibus fuffruticofis, foliis oblongis fubpilofis, flipulis
lanceolatis. Dwarf Ciftus with trailing fhrubby ftalks ,
oblong hairy leaves , and ftp ear -fh aped -ftipule. Helian-
themum vulgare flore liiteo. J. B. 2. 15. Common
Dwarf Ciftus with a yellow flower.
2. Helianthemum ( Germanicum ) caulibus procumben-
tibus fuftruticofis, ramofiffimis, fpicis florum longi-
oribus. Dwarf Ciftus with trailing fhrubby ftalks
full of branches , and longer fpikes to the flowers. Hell- '
anthcmum album Germanicum. Tab. Icon. 1062.
JVhite German Dwarf Ciftus.
3. Helianthemum ( Pilcfus ) caulibus fuftruticofis pile-
fis foliis lanceolatis obtufis, fpicis reflexis. Dwarf
Ciftus with hairy fhrubby ftalks , blunt ftp ear -fo aped leaves,
and reflexed fpikes of flowers. Helianthemum foliis
majoribus, flore albo. J. B. 2. 16. Dwarf Ciftus with
larger leaves and a white flower.
4. Helianthemum ( Apenninum ) incanum, caulibus
fuftruticofis eredis, foliis lanceolatis hirfutis. Hoary
Dwarf Ciftus with ere It fhrubby ftalks , and hairy fpear-
Jhaped leaves. Helianthemum faxatile, foliis & cau-
libus incanis, floribus albis, Appenini montis.
Mentz. Pug. tab. 8. Rock Dwarf Ciftus of the Apen-
nines . , with hoary ftalks and leaves , and white flowers.
5. Helianthemum ( Umbellatum ) caule procumbente
non ramofo, foliis linearibus incanis oppofltis. Dwarf
Ciftus with an unbranched trailing folk , and narrow
hoary leaves placed oppojite. Helianthemum folio thy-
mi incano. J. B. 2. 19. Dwarf Ciftus with a hairy
Thyme leaf.
6. Helianthemum ( Fumana ) caule fuffruticofo pro-
cumbente, foliis linearibus alternis, floribus auricu-
latis. Dwarf Ciftus with a fhrubby trailing ftalk , very
narrow leaves placed alternate , and auriculated flowers.
Helianthemum tenuifolium glabrum luteo flore, per
humum fparfum. J. B. 2. 18. Smooth narrow-leaved
Dwarf Ciftus , with a yellow flower and trailing ftalks.
7. Helianthemum ( Sampfuchifolium ) caule fuffruticofo
procumbente, foliis lanceolatis oppofltis, pedunculis
longioribus, calycibus hirfutis. Dwarf Ciftus with a
fhrubby trailing ftalk , fpear-Jhaped leaves placed oppojite,
longer foot-ftalks to the flowers , and hairy empalements.
Helianthemum five Ciftus humilis, folio fampfuchi,
capitulis valde hirfutis. J. B. 2. 20. Dwarf Ciftus
with a Marjoram leaf , and very hairy heads.
8. Helianthemum ( Serpillifolium ) caule fuffruticofo
procumbente, foliis linearibus oppofltis, floribus um-
bellatis. Dwarf Ciftus with a fhrubby trailing ftalk ,
very narrow leaves placed oppojite, and flowers growing
in an umbel. Helianthemum folio thymi floribus um-
bellatis. Tourn. Inft. 250. Dzvarf Ciftus with a Thyme
leaf and umbellated flowers.
9. Helianthemum ( Ctftifolium ) caulibus procumben-
tibus fuftruticofis glabris, foliis ovato lanceolatis op-
pofltis, pedunculis longioribus. Dwarf Ciftus with
Jhrubby trailing ftalks which are fmooth, oval fpear-
Jhaped leaves placed oppojite, and longer foot-ftalks to the
flowers. Helianthemum Germanicum luteum Cifti
folio. Boerh. Tellow German Dwarf Ciftus with a Rock
Rofte leaf.
10. Helianthemum [Tuber arid) caule lignofo perenne,
foliis radicalibus ovatis trinerviis tomentofis caulinis
’ glabris lanceolatis alternis. Perennial Dwarf Ciftus
with a woody ftalk , whofe lower leaves are oval, woolly,
with three veins , thofe on the ftalks fmooth , fpear-Jhaped,
and placed alternate. Helianthemum plantaginis folio
perenne. Tourn. Inft. 250. Perennial Dwarf Ciftus
with a Plantain leaf.
11. Helianthemum [P olifolium) caulibus feffilibus fuf-
fruticofis, foliis lanceolatis oppofltis tomentofis caule
florali racemofo. Dwarf Ciftus with very fteort jhrubby
ftalks , woolly fpear-Jhaped leaves placed oppojite, and a
branching
H E L
branching fiower-ftalk. Helianthemum foliis polii
montani. Tourn. Inft. 249. Dwarf Cfius with leaves
like Poky Mountain.
12. Helianthemum ( 'JNummularium ) caule fuffruticofo
procumbente, foliis ovatis nervofis, fubtus incanis.
Dwarf Cifus with a Jhrubby trailing Jim , and oval
veined leaves , white on their under fide. Helian-
themum ad nummulariam accedens. J. B. 2. 20.
Dwarf Cifius refembling Moneywort.
13. Helianthemum ( Lavend/aDfoham ) caule fuffruti-
cofo, foliis lineari-lanceolatis oppofitis fubtus tomen-
tofis. Dwarf Cifius with a jhrubby fialk , and narrow
fp ear -fio aped leaves placed oppofite , which are woolly on
their under fide. Helianthemum lavendulae folio.
Tourn. Inft. 249. Dwarf Cifius with a Lavender leaf.
34. Helianthemum ( Hirtum ) caule fuffruticofo ererito,
foliis linearibus margines revolutis fubtus incanis.
Dwarf Cifius with a firrubby eret l fialk , and narrow
leaves reflexed on their edges , with their under fide
hoary. Helianthemum foliis Rorifmarini fplendenti-
bus, fubtus incanis. Tourn. Inft. 250. Divarf Cifius
with fhining Rofemary leaves , which are hoary on their
under fide.
15. Helianthemum ( Surrey anum ) caulibus fuffruticofis
procumbentibus, foliis oblongo-ovatis fubhirfutis,
petal is acuminatis reflexis. Dwarf Cifius with trailing
Jhrubby fialks , oblong oval hairy leaves , and acute-pointed
refiexed petals to the flowers. Helianthemum vulgare
petalis fiorum peranguftis. Hort. Elth. 177. tab.
145. Common Dwarf Cifius with narrow petals to the
flowers.
16. Helianthemum ( Lvfitanicum ) caule fuffruticofo
ere£to, foliis lanceolatis incanis glabris caule florali
ramofo. Dwarf Cifius with a fhrubby upright fialk ,
hoary fpearfhaped leaves , which are frnooth , and branch-
ing flower-ftalks. Helianthemum Lufttanicum, mari
folio incano, flore luteo. Tourn. Inft. 250. Portugal
Dwarf Cifius with a hoary Marum leaf and a yellow
flower.
17. Helianthemum ( Rofeum ) caule fuffruticofo, foliis
oblongo-ovatis oppofitis, fummis linearibus alternis.
Dwarf Cifius with a fhrubby fialk , oblong oval leaves
placed oppofite , thofe toward the top being narrow and
alternate. Helianthemum ampliore folio, flore rofeo.
Sherard. Aft. Phil. N°. 383. Dwarf Cifius with a larger
leaf, and Rofe-coloured flower.
18. Helianthemum ( Guttatum ) caule herbaceo hirfuto,
foliis lanceolato-linearibus pilofis, pedunculis longio-
ribus. Dwarf Cifius with an herbaceous fialk which is
hairy , narrow fp ear -fh aped hairy leaves , and longer
foctflalks to the flowers. Helianthemum flore macu-
lofo. Col. Cephr. 2. p. 78. Dwarf Cifius with a fpot-
ted flower.
19. Helianthemum ( Fugacium ) caule herbaceo, foliis
fubovatis pilofis, flore fugaci. Dwarf Cifius with an
herbaceous fialk , hairy oval leaves , and a fugacious flower.
Helianthemum annuum humile, foliis fubovatis, flore
fugaci. Allion. Annual Dwarf Cifius with oval leaves,
and a fugacious flower.
20. Helianthemum ( Ledifolium ) caule herbaceo erec-
to, foliis lanceolatis oppofitis, floribus folitariis, cap-
fulis maximis. Dwarf Cifius with an ere it herbaceous
fialk , fpear-Jhaped leaves placed oppofite , flowers growing
fingly, and very large capfules. Helianthemum Ledi
folio. Tourn. Inft. 249. Dwarf Cfius with a Ledon
leaf.
21. Helianthemum (Salicifolium) caule herbaceo ra-
mofo, foliis oblongo-ovatis oppofitis, fummis alter-
nis, floribus folitariis. Dwarf Cifius with a branching
herbaceous fialk, oblong oval leaves placed oppofite , thofe
toward the top . growing alternate , and folitary flowers.
Helianthemum falicis folio. Tourn. Inft. 249. Dwarf
Cfius with a Willow leaf.
22. Helianthemum ( Fafciculatum ) foliis fafciculatis.
Royen. - Dwarf Cifius with leaves growing in bunches.
23. Helianthemum ( ACgyptiacusn ) herbaceum erec-
tum, foliis lineari-lanceolatis petiolatis, calycibus in-
fiatis corolla majoribus. Dwarf Cfius with erebt her-
baceous fialks, linear fpear-Jhaped leaves , and fwelling
empalements larger than the petals.
H E L «
24. Helianthemum ( Marifolium ) caule herbaceo pro-
cumbente, foliis ovatis tomentofis feffilibus. Dwarf
Cifius with an herbaceous trailing fialk , and oval woolly
leaves fitting clofe to the branches. Helianthemum Al~
pinum, folio pilofellas minoris Fuchiji. j. B. 2. 18.
Hoary Dwarf Cfius of the Alps, with leffer Cafs-fooi
leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally on the chalky hills and
banks in many parts of England \ the ftalks of this
plant are ligneous and flender, trailing upon the
ground, extending themfelves near a foot each way i
thefe are garniftied with fmall oblong leaves, of a dark,
green on their upper fide, but of a grayifh colour on
their under. The flowers are produced at the end of
the ftalks in loofe fpikes ; they are compofed of five
deep yellow petals, which fpread open in the day, but
fbut clofe in the evening •, thefe appear in June and
July, and are lucceeded by roundifh capfules, inclofing
many angular feeds, which ripen in Auguft and Sep-
tember, and the roots laft feveral years.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Germany ; the
ftalks of this are much larger, and extend farther than
thofe of the firft ; the leaves are longer, and are hoary j
there are three accuminated ftipula at each of the lower
joints, which are eretft. The fpikes of flowers are
much longer than thofe of the former, and the flowers
are white and larger. The empalement of the flowers
are hairy and whitifh ; thefe differences are lading
from feeds.
The third fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
in Italy, and Germany. The ftalks of this grow more
eredt than either of the former, and are more ligneous.
The joints are farther afunder ; the leaves are longer
and hairy •, the fpikes of flowers are generally reflex-
ed ■, they are white, and the fize of thofe of the fecond 5
the ftipula of this are very narrow.
The fourth fort grows naturally on the Apennine
mountains •, the ftalks of this are more erect than thofe
of the third. The leaves are not fo long, the ftipula
are very fmall, and the whole plant is very hoary. The
flowers are white, and the fpikes are fliorter and more
cornpadt than either of the former.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
in Spain, and Iftria, from the laft country I have re-
ceived the feeds ; this hath low trailing ftalks, which
are ligneous, but feldom branch, and are riot more
than four or five inches long. The leaves are narrow
and hoary, and have no ftipula at their bafe. The
flowers are white, and are in fmall clufters at the end
of the ftalks j this fort feldom continues longer than
two years.
The fixth fort hath trailing flmibby ftalks, which
extend a foot in length, and are garnifhed with very-
narrow frnooth leaves placed alternate ; but thofe fhort
ftalks near the root, which do not flower, have fliorter
and finer leaves growing in clufters thefe have no
ftipula at their bafe. The flowers are placed thinly
toward the end of the branches, they are yellow and
auriculated j this fort grows in the fouth of France
and Italy.
The feventh fort hath very long, trailing, ligneous
ftalks, which are garniftied with fpear-fhaped leaves
placed oppofite, which are very hairy, and gray on
their under fide, havihg at their bafe three long
narrow ftipula. The fpikes of flowers are near a
foot in length, but grow thinly ; they are large, and
of a deep yellow colour, with very hairy empale-
ments ; this grows naturally in the fouth of France
and Spain.
The eighth fort hath very fhrubby crooked ftalks,
covered with a purplifh brown bark like the common
heath. The branches are flender, and garniftied with
narrow ftiff leaves like thofe of Thyme, which ftand
oppofite, having no ftipula at their bafe. The flow-
ers are produced on naked foot-ftalks, which termi-
nate the branches in a fort of umbel •, they are of a
pale yellow colour, and a little lmaller than thofe of
the common fort ^ this grows naturally on the fands
near Fontainbleau, in France,
The
4
' HEL
The ninth fort grows naturally in Germany, from
whence the feeds were fent to the late Dr. Boerhaave,
in whofe curious garden near Leyden I gathered the
feeds ; this fends out from a ligneous root a great
number of trailing ftblks, which are fmooth, and ex-
tend more than a foot each way, garnifhed with oval,
fpear-fhaped,, fmooth leaves, placed oppofite, having
at their bafe three fpear-fhaped ftipula. The flowers
are large, yellow, and grow in fhort clufters at the
end of the branches j this always continues the fame
from feeds.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Spain, from
whence I received it •, this hath a fhort, thick, woody
ftalk, from which come out feveral ftiort fxde-
branches, which are garniflied with oval woolly leaves,
having three longitudinal veins. The flower-ftalk
which arifes from the main feem grows about nine
inches high, having two or three narrow leaves placed
alternate. The flowers are produced in pretty long pe-
dicles toward the top of the ftalk, and have very
fmooth empaiements.
The eleventh fort was fent me from Verona, where
it grows naturally ; this hath a low flhrubby ftalk,
from which come out a few lliort branches, garniflied
with fmall woolly fpear-fhaped leaves, placed oppofite.
The flower-ftalk rifes about fix inches high, and
branches toward the top, where the flowers are pro-
duced on pretty, long foot-ftalks ; they are white, and
fmaller than thofe of the common fort.
The twelfth fort hath long fhrubby ftalks which
trail on the ground, and divide into many branches,
which are garniflied with oval veined leaves of a light
green on their upper fide, but of a grayifh colour below,
with three narrow erect ftipula at their bafe. The
flowers are pretty large, white, and grow in clutters
at the end of the branches.
The thirteenth fort hath fhrubby ftalks which grow
pretty upright, garniflied with narrow fpear-fhaped
leaves, placed oppofite, woolly on their under fide,
with three very narrow ftipula growing at their bafe.
The flowers are white, growing in long fpikes at the
end of the branches ; this grows naturally in the fouth
of Trance.
The fourteenth fort hath an ereft fhrubby ftalk,
which fends out many fide branches, whofe joints
are pretty clofe, and are garniflied with very nar-
row leaves, placed oppofite, whofe borders are re-
flexed their upper fide is of a lucid green, and their
under fide hoary. The flowers are pretty large, white,
and grow in fmall clufters at the end of the branches-,
this grows naturally in Spain, from whence the roots
were fent me.
The fifteenth fort was found by Mr. Edmund Du
Bois, near Croydon, in Surry, and was at firft fuppofed
to be only an accidental variety of the common fort,
but the feeds of this always produce the fame. I
have cultivated this above thirty years, and never have
found it vary from feeds ; this is very like the com-
mon fort, but the leaves are hairy. The petals of the
flowers are ftar-pointed, and fmaller than thofe of the
common fort.
The fixteenth fort hath upright fhrubby ftalks, which
rife a foot and a half high, fending out branches the
whole length thefe are garnifhed with fmall fpear-
iliaped filvery leaves, placed oppofite, which are'
fmooth. The flower-ftalks branch, and the flowers,
which are white, are produced in ftiort fpikes at the
end of the branches.
The feventeenth fort was found growing naturally by
the late Dr. William Sherrard, near Smyrna, who fent
the feeds to England 5 this hath fhrubby ftalks which
do not trail on 'the ground, garnifhed with oblong
oval leaves placed oppofite, but thofe toward the top
are narrow and placed alternate. The flowers are pro-
duced at the end of the branches in long loofe fpikes ;
they are of a Rofe colour, and the flze of thofe of the
common fort.
The eighteenth fort is annual this grows naturally
in France, Spain, Italy, and in jerfey, where the late
Dr. William Sherrard found it, and fent the feeds to
H E L
England ; this Hath a branching herbaceous ftalk,
which rifes four or five inches high, garnifhed with
narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, placed oppofite, which
are covered with hairs thofe on the upper part of
the ftalks are placed alternate, and are narrower. The
flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at the end of the
branches, {landing upon long foot-ftalks ; they are
final], and compofefl of five yellow petals, with a dark
purple ipot at the bafe of each , thefe flowers are very
fugacious, for they open early in the morning, and
their petals drop off in a few hours after, fo that by
ten of the clock the flowers are all fallen.
The nineteenth fort grows naturally upon Mount
Baldus, from whence the feeds were fent me •, this is
an annual plant, which fends out many herbaceous
ftalks from the root, garniflied with oval leaves, which
are hairy. The flowers are produced in loofe fpikes
at the end of the branches ; they are of a pale yellow
colour, and very fugacious, feldom Lifting two hours
before the petals fall off : there is another variety of
this which grows about Verona, with upright ftalks.
The twentieth fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France and Italy, and was found by the late Dr. Wil-
liam Sherrard, growing near Smyrna, who fent the feeds
to England and Holland by a new title, fuppofing ft
to be a different plant; but when it was cultivated here,
it proved to be the fame with that growing in the
fouth of France ; for this plant puts on different ap-
pearances, according to the foil and fituation where it
grows ; for, in a good foil, where the plants ftand
Angle, and are not injured by weeds, they will rife
near a foot and a half high, the leaves will be two
inches and a half long, and near half an inch broad
in the middle but in a poor foil, or where the plants
ftand too clofe, or are injured by weeds or neighbour-
ing plants, they do not rife more than half that
height. The leaves are much narrower, and the feed-
veflels not half fo large ; fo that any perfon finding
thefe plants in two different fituations may be de-
ceived, and take them for different fpecies ; but when
they are cultivated in a garden in the fame foil and fi-
tuation, they do not differ in any particular. This is
an annual plant, which perifhes foon after the feeds
are ripe.
The twenty-firft fort is an annual plant, which grows
naturally in Spain and Portugal ; this hath branching
ftalks, which rife a foot high, garnifhed with oval
oblong leaves placed oppofite on the lower part of
the ftalk ; but on the upper part they are alternate
and narrow, a Angle leaf being placed between each
flower, which occafions the title of Solitary Flowers,
for they grow in loofe fpikes at the end of the
branches, in the fame manner as the other fpecies.
The twenty-fecond fort was fent me by Dr. Adrian
Van Royen, who received the feeds from the Cape of
Good Hope. This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk about
nine inches high, garnifhed with very narrow fine
leaves, growing in clufters ; the flowers come out from
the fide and at the end of the branches, Handing upon
{lender foot-ftalks they are of a pale Straw colour,
and very fugacious, feldom continuing longer than
two hours before the petals fall off. This feldom
continues longer than two years.
The twenty- third fort grows naturally in Egypt ;
this is an annual plant having fhrubby ereift ftalks,
garnifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, Handing
on foot-ftalks •, the upper part of the ftalks are adorned
with white flowers, whofe petals are not fo large as the
empalement, and being very fugacious they make
but little appearance : it flowers in July, and the feeds
ripen in September, foon after which the plants decay.
The twenty-fourth fort grows naturally about Ken-
dal in Weftmoreland, and in feme parts of Lanca-
fhire, upon rocky fituations. This hath trailing her-
baceous ftalks, which feldom extend more than three
or four inches, garnifhed with oval leaves, which
are very woolly, and fit clofe to the branches j.
the flowers are produced at the upper part of the
branches ; they are white and fmall, lo make no great
appearance.
All
H E L
Mott of the perennial forts of Dwarf Ciftus are hardy, fo
will thrive in the open air in England ; they are pro-
pagated by feeds, which may be fown in places where
the plants are to remain, and will require no other
care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin them
where they are too clofe, always obferving to leave
thofe forts at a farther diftance, whofe ftalks trail on
the ground, and grow to the greateft length. Thefe
plants will continue feveral years, efpecially in a poor
dry foil •, but in rich ground or moift flotations, they
feldom laft long : but as they ripen feeds in plenty,
fo they may be eafily repaired. They all flower about
the fame time as the common fort, and their feeds ri-
pen in the autumn.
The annual forts may be propagated with as great
facility •, for if their feeds are fown upon a bed of com-
mon earth in April, the plants will come up in May,
and require no other culture, but to thin them where
they are too clofe, and keep them clear from weeds.
Thefe will flower in July, and the feeds ripen in the
autumn. The twenty-fecond fort will thrive in the
full ground in the fame manner as the other ; but un-
lefs the fummer proves favourable, the feeds will not
ripen : the roots have flood through the winter when
the feafon has proved mild, without any fhelter, and
have flowered the following fummer.
The twenty-fourth fort .requires a fhady fituation,
otherwife it will not thrive here.
HELIANTHUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 877. Corona
folis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 489. tab. 2 79. [of "Ha*©- 5 ,
the fun, and a flower,] i. e. Sun-flower ; in
French, Solid.
This genus of plants was titled Corona folis, by moft
of the botanic writers ; but this being a compound
name. Dr. Linnsus has altered it to this of Helian-
thus : it has alfo by fome been titled Heliotropium,
which name is now applied to another genus of plants,
very different from this.
The Characters are.
It hath a compound radiated flower , the border or rays
being compofcd of female half-florets , which are barren ,
and the difk of hermaphrodite florets , which are fruitful :
thefe are contained in one common fcaly empalement , whofe
fcales are broad at their bafe , pointed at their ends , and
. expand. The hermaphrodite florets are cylindrical , fuell-
ing at their bafe , cut at the brim into five acute feg-
ments , which fpread open ; thefe have five Jlamina which
are curved at bottom , as long as the tube , and termi-
nated by tubulous fummits. The germen , which is fitu-
cited at the bottom of the tube , fupports a fender ftyle the
length of the tube , crowned by a reflexed ftigma , divided
in two parts the germen afterward becomes an oblong ,
blunt, four-cornered feed. The female half florets, which
compofe the border , are ftretched out cn one fide like a
tongue , which is long and entire ; thefe have a ger-
men in the bottom , but no fly le or Jlamina , and are not
fruitful.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
Linnams’s nineteenth clafs, in which he includes thofe
plants whofe flowers are compofed of hermaphrodite
fruitful flowers in the center, and female barren
flowers in the circumference.
The Species are,
1. Helianthus {Annum) foliis omnibus cordatis tri-
nervatis, fioribus cernuis. Lin. Sp. 1276. Sun-flower,
whofe leaves are all heart-fhaped, with three veins and
a nodding floiver. Corona folis. Tabern, Icon. 763.
and the Helenium Indicum maximum. C. B. P. 2 76.
Greateft Indian Sun-flower, commonly called annual Sun-
flower.
1. Helianthus {Mult for is) foliis inferioribus cordatis
trinervatis, fuperioribus ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1277.
Sunflower whofe under leaves are heart-fhaped, with
three veins, and the upper leaves oval. Corona folis
minor feemina. Tabern. Icon, 764. Leffer female Sun-
flower, commonly called perennial Sunflower.
3. Helianthus ( Tuberofus ) foliis ovato- cordatis tripli-
nerviis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1277. Sunflower with oval
heart-fhaped leaves with three nerves. Corona folis par-
vq flare tuberosi radice. Tourn. Inft. 489. Sun-
H E L
flower with a fmall flower and a tuberous root, commonly
called Jerufalem Artichoke in French, Taupinambours.
4. Helianthus. ( Strumofis ) radice fuffi forffii. Hort.
Cliff. 420. Sunflower with a fpindle-fhaped root. Co-
rona folis latifolia altifiima. Tourn. Inft. 489. Tatteft
broad-leaved Sunflower.
5. Helianthus {Giganteus) foliis alternis lanceolatis fca-
bris, baft ciliatis, caule ftrifto fcabro. Lin. Sp. Plant.
1278. Sunflower with fpear-Jhaped leaves, and a fender
rough ftalk. Chryfanthemum Virginianum altiffi-
mum anguftifolium puniceis caulibus. Mor. Hift. 3.
p. 24. Tatteft Virginia Chryfanthemum, with a narrow
leaf and purple ftalks.
6. Helianthus ( Divaricattis ) folds oppofitis feffilibus
ovato oblongis trinerviis, panicula dichotoma. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 1279. Sunflower with oblong , oppofite , oval
leaves , having three veins fitting clofe to the ftalk, and
a forked panicle. Chryfanthemum, Virginianum re-
pens, foliis afperis binatim feffilibus acuminatis. Mor.
Hift. 3. p. 22. Creeping Virginia Chrfyanthemum, with
rough-pointed leaves, fitting clofe by pairs.
7. Helianthus (' Trachelif alius ) foliis lanceolatis oppo-
fitis, fuperrie fcabris, inferne trinerviis, caule dicho-
tomo ramofo. Sunflower with fpear-fhaped leaves placed
oppofite, whofe upper furface is rough , the under having
three veins and a divided ftalk. Corona folis trachelii
folio, radice repente. Tourn. Inft. 490. Sunflower
with a Throatwort leaf, and a creeping root.
8. Helianthus (3 Ramofljfmus) caule ramofiffimo, foliis
lanceolatis fcabris, inferioribus oppofitis, fummis al-
ternis petiolatis, calycibus foliofis. Sunflower vJith a
very branching ftalk , rough fpear-fhaped leaves placed op-
pofite at bottom, but alternate toward the top, having
foot-ftalks , and leafy empalement s. Corona folis trachelii
folio tenuiore, calyce floris foliate. Ad. Phil. N° 412.
Sunflower with a narrow Throatwort leaf, and a leafy
flower-cup.
9. Helianthus {Atrorubens) foliis ovatis crenatis tri-
nerviis fcabris, fquamis calycinis eredis longitudine
difei Flor. Virg. 103. Sunflower with oval , rough ,
crenated leaves , having three nerves, the fcales of the
empalement being erett, and as long as the difk of the
flower. Corona folis Caroliniana, parvis fioribus,
folio trinervi ample afpero, pediculo alato. Martyn.
Cent. 1. 20. Carolina Sunflower with fmall flowers,
large rough leaves having three veins, and a winded foot -
ftalk. 6 J
10. Helianthus (. Decapetalus ) caule inferne Isevi, folis
lanceolato-cordatis, radiis decapetalis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
905. Sunflower with a fmooth ftalk, heart fpear-fhaped
leaves, fmooth on their upper fide, and ten petals in the rays .
All thefe fpecies of Sun-flowers are natives of Ame-
rica, from whence we are often fupplied with new
kinds ; and it is very remarkable, that there is not a
Angle fpecies of this genus that is European * fo that
before America was difeovered, we were wholly un-
acquainted with thefe plants. But although they are
not originally of our own growth, yet they are become
fo familiar to our climate, as to thrive and increafe
full as well as if they were in their native country,
(fome of the very late flowering kinds excepted, which
require a longer fummer than we generally enjoy, to
bring them to perfection ;) and many of them are now
fo plentiful in England, that perfons unacauainted
with the hiftory of thefe plants, would imagine them
at leaft to have been inhabitants of this ifland many
hundred years ; particularly the Jerufalem Artichoke,
which, though it doth not produce feeds in our cli-
mate, yet doth fo multiply by its knobbed roots,
that, when once well fixed in a garden, it is not eafily
to be rooted out. 1
The firft fort is annual, and fo well known as to re-
quire no defcripticn. There are fingle and double
flowers of two different colours, one of a deeo yel-
low, and the other of a fulphur colour • but thefe
vary, fo are not worthy to be mentioned as different
They are eafily propagated by feeds, which fliould be
fown in March, upon a bed of common earth ; and
when the plants pome up, they muft be thinned where
they are too clofe, and kept dean from weeds • when
6 Q. 5 the
i
H E L
H E L
the plants are grown fix inches high, they may be
taken up with balls of earth to their roots, and plant-
ed into the large borders of the pleafure-garden, ob-
ferving to water them till they have taken new root ;
after which they will require no other care, but to
keep them clear from weeds.
In July the great flowers upon the tops of the ferns
will appear, amongft which, the beft and moft dou-
ble flowers of each kind fhould be preferved for feeds •,
for thofe which flower later upon the fide branches
are neither fa fair, nor do they perfect their feeds
fo well, as thofe which are tin! in flower: when
the flowers are . quite faded and the feeds are formed,
you fliould carefully guard the heads from the fpar-
rows, which will otherwife devour moft of the good
feeds •, and about the beginning of Odtober, when
, the feeds are ripe, you fnould cut off the heads
with a fmall part of the Item, and hang them up in
a dry airy place for about a month, by which time
the feeds will be perfe&ly dry and hard ; when you
may eafily rub them out, and put them into bags or
papers, preferving them from vermin until the feafon
for fowing them.
The feeds of this fort of Sun-flower are excellent food
for domeftic poultry ; therefore where a quantity of it
can be faved, it will be of great ufe, where there are
quantities of thefe fowls.
The other perennial forts rarely produce feeds in
England, but moft of them increafe very faft at their
roots, efpecially the creeping rooted kinds, which
fpread too far for fmall gardens. The fecond fort,
which is the moft common in the Engliih gardens, is
the largeft and moft valuable flower, and is a very
proper furniture for large borders in great gardens, as
alfofor bofquets of large growing plants, or to inter-
mix in fmall quarters with (hrubs, or in walks under
trees, where few other plants will thrive •, it is alfo
a great ornament to gardens within the city, where it
grows in defiance of the frnoke, better than moft
other plants ; and for its long continuance in flower,
deferves a place in moft gardens, for the fake of its
flowers for bafons, &c. to adorn halls and chimneys,
in a feafon when we are at a lofs for other flowers.
It begins flowering in July, and continues until Oc-
tober ; there is a variety of this with very double
flowers, which is now become fo common in the
Engliih gardens, as to have almoft baniihed the Angle
fort from hence.
The third, fourth, fifth, fixth, and feventh forts may
alfo have a place in fame large borders of the garden,
for the variety of their flowers ; which, though not
fo fair as thofe of the common fort, yet will add to
the diverfity ; and as many of them are late flowerers,
fo we may continue the fucceffion of flowers longer in
the feafon.
Thefe forts are all of them very hardy, and will grow
in almoft any foil or fituation •, they are propagated by
parting their roots into fmall heads, which in one
year's time will fpread and increafe greatly. The
beft feafon for this work is in the middle of Odtober,
foon after the flowers are paft, or very early in the
ipring, that they may be well rooted before the
droughts come on ; otherwife their flowers will be few
in number, and not near fo fair, and by this means
their roots will be weak ; but if they are planted in
October, you will fave the trouble of watering them ;
their roots being furely fixed before the dry weather,
they will need no other trouble than to clear them from
weeds.
The Jemfalem Artichoke is propagated in many gar-
dens for the roots, which are by fome people as much
efteemed as Potatoes ; but they are more watery and
flailiy, and are very fubjeft to trouble the belly by
their windy quality, which hath brought them almoft
into difufe.
Thefe are propagated by planting the fmaller roots,
or the larger ones cut in pieces, obferving to preferve
a bud to each feparate piece, either in the fprmg or
autumn, allowing them a good diftance, for their
ropts will greatly multiply j the autumn following,
when their ferns decay, the roots may be taken up
for ufe. Thefe fliould be planted in fome remote cor-
ner of the garden, for they are very un lightly while
growing, and their roots are apt to over-run whatever
grows near them, nor can they be eafily deftroyed
when they are once well fixed in a garden.
The other fpecies which have been ranged under this
genus by Tournefort and others, are now removed to
the following genera, under which titles they may
be found.
f Coreopsis.
J HeL'ENIUM.
| Rudbeckia.
SlLPHIUM.
Lin. Gen. Plant.- 913. I fora.
37. Screw-tree.
Corona Solis. See
HELICTERES
Plum. Nov. Gen. 34. tab.
The Characters are.
The fiewer has a coriaceous empalement of one leaf. \
which is narrow at bottom , but fpreads open at the top ,
where it is indented in five parts. The flower hath five
oblong equal petals, which are longer than the empale-
ment to which they are fixed. It hath ten floor t ft ami no,
at the bafte of the germen , terminated by oblong fummits ,
and five neftarinms furrounding the germen , which have
the appearance of petals. The ftyk is very long , fender ,
and fupports the germen at the top , which is roundifh ,
and crowned by an acute ftigma. The germen afterward
turns to a twifted fpiral fruit with one cell , inclofing many
kidney-fhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fixth feftion of
Linnaeus’s twentieth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have ten ftamina which are connected
to the ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Helicteres (Jfora) foliis cordato-ovatis ferratis, fub-
tus tomentofis, frudtu tereti contorto. He Inheres with
oval heart-Jhaped leaves which ere Jawed, and woolly on
their under fide , and a taper twifted fruit. Ilora althaeas
foliis, frudtu longiore & anguftiore. Plum. Nov. Gen.
24. Screw-tree with Marflomallow leaves , and a longer
narrower fruit.
2. Helicteres ( Breviore ) foliis cordatis acuminatis fer-
ratis, fubtus tomentofis, fructu brevi contorto. He-
libleres with heart-Jhaped , pointed , Jawed leaves , woolly
on their under fide , and a jhort twifted fruit. Jfora al-
thaeas foliis, fruftu breviore & craffiore. Plum. Nov.
34. Screw-tree with a Marfhmallow leaf. \ and a floor ter
thicker fruit.
3. Helicteres ( Arborefcens ) caule arboreo villofo, fo-
liis cordatis crenatis nervofis fubtus tomentofis frudtu
ovato contorto villofiffimo. Helibieres with a tree-like
hairy ftalk , heart-Jhaped , nervous , crenated leaves , woolly
on their under fide , and an oval, twifted, very hairy fruit.
Ifora althaeas folio ampliffimo, fru&u crafiffimo & vil-
lofo. Edit, prior. S crew -tree with a very large Marfh-
mallow leaf, and a very thick hairy fruit.
The firft fort grows naturally in the Bahama Elands,
from whence I received the feeds. This riles with a
fhiubby ftalk five or fix feet high, fending out feve-
ral lateral branches, which are covered with a foft
yellowifh down, garnilhed with heart-fnaped leaves
four inches long, and two and a half broad, fawed
on their edges, woolly on their under fide, (landing
on long foot-ftalks ; at the upper part of the branches
the flowers come out oppofite to the leaves, upon
(lender foot-ftalks which are jointed ; thefe are com-
pofed of five oblong white petals, and in the cen-
ter arifes the ftykC which is curved, three inches
long, upon the top of which is fituated the germen,
crowned by an acute ftigma. The germen afterward
turns to a taper fruit two inches and a halt long,
compofed of five capfules, which are clofely twifted
over each other like a ferew ; thefe are hairy, and
have each one cell, containing feveral kidney-lhaped
feeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent me the feeds.
This rifes with a Ihrubby ftalk nine or ten feet high,
(ending out many lateral branches, covered with a
fmooth brown bark, garnilhed with heart-Hiaped
leaves,
2
HEL
leaves, which end in acute points, fa wed on their
edges, a little woolly on their under fide ; the flowers
are produced on the fide of the branches, on fhorter
foot-ftalks than the former ; they are compofed of five
petals, and the ftyle in the center, which is ftrait,
upright, and not half fo long as the other ■, the
fruit is thicker,- not an inch long, but twilled in the
fame manner.
The third fort rifes with a ftrong woody ftalk twelve
or fourteen feet high, fending out many ligneous
branches, which are clofely covered with hairy Jjjhwn,
garnifhed with large heart-fhaped leaves, which are
crenated on their edges, having large veins run-
ning from the midrib to the hides ; they _ are of a
light yellowifh green, and woolly on their under
fide: the flowers are produced from the fide of
the branches, they are of a yellowilh white colour,
and laro-er than thofe of the other forts. The ftyle
is near four inches long, curved like that of the firft
fort j the fruit is oval, about one inch long, very
thick at the bottom, and clofely covered with hairy
down. This fort was fent me by Mr. Robert Millar,
from Carthagena.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which muft
be fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the
plants are come up ftrong enough to remove, they
fhould be each planted in a feparate fmall pot, filled
with light earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-
bed of tan, obferving to ftiade them from the fun
till they have taken new root •, then they fhould be
treated in the fame way as other tender plants from
hot countries, railing the glaftes every day in propor-
tion to the weather, that the plants may enjoy frefh
air, which will ftrengthen them, and prevent their
drawing up weak. In the fummer the plants may
remain under the frames, if there is fufficient height
for them to grow ; but in autumn they muft be
plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove, where they
fhould always remain, being careful to fhift them
into larger pots when they require it, and not give
them too much wet in the winter ; but in fummer
they fhould have a large fhare of air in warm wea-
ther, and require to be often refrefhed with water :
the fecond year from the feeds thefe plants have often
flowered in the Chelfea garden, and the feeds have
fome years ripened there, but the plants will live fe-
veral years with proper management.
HELIOCARPOS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 533. Mon-
tia. Houft. Gen. We have no title in Englifli for
this plant.
The Characters are,
<fhe flower hath one petal which is tubulous at the bottom ,
and cut into five fegments which expand. It hath an
empalement of one leaf, \ which is cut into five parts
fpreading open. In the center is fituated a roundijh^ ger-
men, fupporting two ere 51 ftyles , crowned by acute ftigmas
' which ft and apart thefe are attended by twelve ftarnina ,
which are of the fame length with the ftyles , terminated
by narrow twin fummits which are proftrate. c ihe ger-
men afterward becomes an oval comprejfed cap fide, about
three lines long and two broad , with a tranfverfe parti-
tion dividing it in two cells , each containing a fingle round-
ifh feed ending in a point ■, the borders of the capfule are
fet with hairs , refembling rays.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Linnseus’s eleventh clafs, intitled Dodecandria Di-
gynia, which includes the plants whofe flowers have
twelve ftarnina and two ftyles.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Heliocarpos ( Americana .) Hort. Cliff. 211. tab. 16.
Montia arborefcens mori folio fru&u racemofo.
Houft. MSS. T ree Montia with a Mulberry leaf and
branching fruit.
This plant was difcovered by the late Dr. Houftoun,
growing naturally about Old La Vera Cruz in New
§pain, from whence he fent the feeds to England,
which fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, where the
plants have produced flowers, and ripened feeds fe-
veral years. It rifes with a thick, foft, woody ftalk,
from fifteen to eighteen feet high, fending out feve-
HEL
ral lateral branches toward the top, garnifhed with
heart-fhaped leaves full of veins, fawed on their
edges, and ending in acute points ; they have foot-
ftalks three inches long, which ftand oblique to the
leaves, and are placed alternate •, the flowers are pro-
duced at the end of the fhoots, In branching ciufters ;
they are of a yellowifh green, and are fucceeded by
fiat compreffed feed-veffds of an oval fhape, whofe
borders are clofely fet with threads reprefenting rays,
of a brownifh colour when ripe ; thefe capfules are
divided into two cells by an intermediate partition,
in each of thefe is lodged a fingle roundifh. feed end-
ing in a point.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which muft be
fown upon a hot- bed in the fpring j and when the
plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted
in a feparate fmall pot filled with light kitchen-garden,
earth, andd plunged into a hot-bed, treating them in
the fame way as other tender plants, which will not
bear the open air in this country at any feafon of the
year ; and while the plants are young, they require to
be plunged in the tan-bed, but after they have ac-
quired ftrength, they will thrive in the dry ftove.
In winter they fhould have but little water, and muft
be kept warm ; but in fummer they fhould have
plenty of frefti air in mild weather, and'' muft be fre-
quently refrefhed with water. With this manage-
ment the plants will flower the third year, and pro-
duce good feeds, but may be preferved feveral years
with proper care.
I have fowed the feeds of this plant which had been
kept ten years, and came up as well as if it had been
faved the former year •, though from the appearance
of the feeds, it feems as unlike to grow after the firit
year as any which I know.
HELIOPHILA. Lin. Gen. 816.
The Characters are,
It hath a four-leaved empalement , whofe boraers have
membranes \ the two outer have fmall bladders at their
bafe. T he flower has four roundifto plain petals, placed
in form of a crofs, and two nedlariums, which are re-
curved toward the bladders of the empalement. It hath
fix ftarnina, four of which are longer than the other , ter-
minated by oblong ercEi fummits •, and a Cylindrical germen
fupporting a fhort ftyle, crowned by an obtufe ftigma , the
germen afterward becomes a taper pod, with two cells filled
with feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feflion of
Linnmus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia Sili-
quofa, the flower having four long and two fhort
ftarnina, and the feeds being included in long pods.
The Species are, -
1. Heliophila (Integrifolia ) foliis lanceolatis indivifis.
N. Burman. Heliophila with fpear-fhaped undivided
leases. Leucoium Africanum, coeruleo flore, latifo-
lium. H. L. 364. African Gilliflower with a broad leaf
and a blue flower.
2. ELeliophila ( Coronopi folia) foliis linearibus pinna-
tifidis. Lin. Sp. Plant, 927. Heliophila with linear
wing-pointed leaves. Leucoium Africanum, coeruleo
fiore, angufto coronopi folio majus. H. L. 364. Afri-
can Gilliflower , with narrow Hartfhorn leaves and blue
flowers.
Thefe are both annual plants, which grow naturally
at the Cape of Good Hope ; the firft rifes with an
ere£t ftalk about four or five inches high, fending out
two or three fide branches, garnifhed with long, nar-
row, entire green leaves, and terminated by a loofe
bunch of blue flowers without feent, which are fuc-
ceeded by taper pods near three inches long, having
a double row of fiat feeds.
The fecond fort grows about the fame height, but
branches more •, the leaves are cut into many wing-
pointed divifions, and the flowers are like thofe of the
other fort.
The feeds of both forts may be fown in the fpring on
a fouth border, and when the plants come up, if they
are thinned and kept clean from weeds, it is all the
culture they require.
HELIO-
1
HEL
HELIOTROPIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 164. Tourn.
Inft. R. 1 : 1 . 138. tab. 57 - ot the
fun, and rffirw, to turn.] Turnfole.
The Characters are,
T he empalement of the flower is of one leaf , tubulous at
bottom , but cut into five fegments at the brim. The fictver
hath o?ie petals with a tube the length of the empalement ,
fpreading flat above , where it is cut into five fegments ,
which are alternately larger than the other •, the chaps of
the tube is clofed, and hath five prominent j coles, joined in
form of a ftar. It hath five floort ftamina within the
tube , terminated by fmall fummits , and four germen at
the bottom of the tube , with one fender fly le the length of
the ftamina , crowned by an indented ftigma. The germen.
afterward becomes fo many feeds, fitting in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl: lection of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have five
ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Heliotropium ( Europium ) foliis ovatis integerrimis
tomentofis rugofis fpicis conjugatis. Hort. Upfal. 33.
Heliotrope with oval , entire , woolly , rough leaves , and
conjugated fpikes. Heliotropium majus Diofcoridis.
C. B. P. 253. The greater Turnfole of Diofcorides.
2. Heliotripxum ( Indicum ) foliis cordato-ovatis acutis
fcabriufculis, fpicis folitariis, frudibus bifidis. Flor.
Zeyl. 70. Heliotrope with heart-floaped oval leaves , which
are pointed and rough , fingle fpikes of flowers and bifid
feeds. Heliotropium Americanum coeruleum, foliis
hormini. Acad. Reg. Sc. Blue American Turnfole with
Clary leaves.
3. Heliotropium ( Horminiflolium ) foliis lanceolato-
ovatis acuminatis rugofis, fpicis folitariis graciliori-
bus alaribus & terminalibus. Heliotrope with flpear-
floaped oval leaves , which are rough , and end in acute
points , having fender fingle fpikes of flowers proceeding
from the fides and tops of the ftalks. Heliotropium
Americanum cceruleum, foliis hormini anguftiori-
bus. H. L. Blue American Turnfole with narrower Clary
leaves.
4. Helitropium ( Capitatum ) foliis oblongo-ovatis in-
tegerrimis glabris fubtus incanis, floribus capitatis
alaribus, caule arborefcente. Heliotrope with oblong ,
oval, entire , fmooth leaves , which are hoary on their un-
der fide , flowers growing in heads from the wings of the
fialks , and a tree-like ftalk. Heliotropium arborefcens,
folio teucrii, fiore albo in capitula denfa congefto.
Boerh. Ind. Tree-like Turnfole , with a Germander leaf,
and white flowers growing in thick floort heads.
5. Heliotropium ( Canarienfe ) foliis ovatis crenatis op-
pofitis, floribus capitatis alaribus dichotomis, caule
arborefcente. Heliotrope with oval crenated leaves placed
oppofite, flowers growing in heads from the wings of the
ftalks, which diverge, and a tree-like ftalk. Heliotro-
pium Canarienfe arborefcens, folio lcorodonte. Hort.
Amft. Canary tree-like Turnfole , with a Wood Sage leaf.
6 . Heliotropium {P eruvianum) foliis lanceolato-ovatis,
caule fruticofo, fpicis numerofis aggregato-corymbo-
fis. Lin. Sp. 187. Peruvian Helitr ope with oval flpear-
fhaped leaves , a fhrubby ftalk, and many fpikes of flowers
joined in a corymbus.
7. Heliotropium ( Curajfavicum ) foliis lanceolato-linea-
ribus glabris aveniis, fpicis conjugatis. Hort. Cliff. 45.
Heliotrope with narrow , ftp ear-flo aped, fmooth leaves with-
out veins , and conjugated fpikes of flowers. Heliotro-
pium Curaffavicum, foliis lini umbilicati. Par. Bat.
Prod. Heliotrope ofCurajfao, with a VenusN avelwort leaf.
S. Heliotropium ( Gnaphalodes ) foliis linearibus obtu-
fis tomentofis, pedunculis dichotomis, fpicarum flo-
ribus quaternis, caule frutefcente. Lin. Sp. 188. He-
liotrope with linear, obtufe , woolly leaves, forked foot-ftalks,
with four fpikes of flowers and a fhrubby ftalk. He-
liotropium arboreum maritimum, tomentofum, gna-
phalii Americani foliis. Sloan. Cat. 93. Tree maritime
woolly Heliotrope , vAth a Sea Cudweed leaf.
9. Heliotropium {/Fruticoflum ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis
pilofis, fpicis folitariis feffilibus. Lin. Sp. 187. He-
liotrope with linear , fpear-floaped , hairy leaves, and fingle
jfikss of flowers fitting clofe to the ftalk. Heliotropium
HEL
minus lithofpermi foliis. Smaller Heliotrope with leaves
like Gromwell.
10. Heliotropium ( Procumbens ) caule procumbente,
foliis ovatiis tomentofis integerrimis, fpicis. folitariis
terminalibus. Heliotrope with a trailing ftalk, oval,
woolly, entire leaves, and fingle fpikes of flowers termi-
nating the branches. Heliotropium Americanum fupi-
num & tomentofum, foliis fubrotundis. HoufL MSS.
Low American woolly Heliotrope with roundijh leaves.
11. Heliotropium ( Americanum ) foliis oblongo-ovatis
tomentofis, fpicis conjugatis terminalibus, caule fru-
ticofo. Heliotrope with oblong , oval, woolly leaves, and
double fpikes of flowers terminating the ftalk, which is
fhrubby. Pleliotropimn Americanum frutefcens &
tomentofum, foliis oblongis, floribus albis. HoufL
MSS. Shrubby and woolly American Heliotrope, with
oblong leaves and white flowers.
The firfl; fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
in Spain, Italy, and moft of the warmer countries in
Europe, it is an annual plant, which fucceds bet-
ter from feeds which fcatter in the autumn, or fown
at that feafon, than in the fpring for when they are
fown in the fpring, they feldom come up the fame
year •, but if the plant is once obtained, and the feeds
Suffered to fhed, it will maintain itfelf without any
trouble, requiring no other culture but to keep ft
clean from weeds, and thin the plants where they
are too clofe.
This rifes about feven or eight inches high, dividing
into two or three branches, garnifhed with oval rough,
leaves, two inches long and one broad in the middle,
of a light green, Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks
alternately, the flowers are produced at the end of
the branches in double fpikes, joined at the bottom,
which are about an inch and a half long, turning
backward like a fcorpion’s tail. The flowers are
white, and appear in June and July ; the feeds ripen
in autumn, foon after which the plant decays.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the Y/eft-Jndies.
This is annual •, the ftalk rifes a foot and a half, or
two feet high, branching out toward the top : the
leaves are rough and hairy, ftanding upon pretty long
foot-ftalks •, they are two inches and a half long,
and one and a half broad in the middle, ending in
acute points •, the flowers are produced toward the
end of the branches in fingle fpikes, which are fix
inches long, turning backward at the top like the
other fpecies. The flowers are blue, -and appear in
July and Auguft, the feeds ripen in September and
October.
The third fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies.
This is a fmaller plant than the former, feldom grow-
ing above two feet high ^ the leaves are one inch and
a half long, and about half an inch broad ; the fpikes
of flowers are very {lender, and not more than two
inches long •, the flowers are fmall, and of a light blue
colour. They appear at the fame time with the for-
mer, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The feeds of thefetwo forts niuft be fown on a hot-bed
in the fpring, andwhen the plants are fit to remove, they
muft be transplanted on another hot-bed to bring them
forward, treating them in the fame way as the Balfa-
mine, and other tender annual plants ^ and in June
they may be taken up with balls of earth, and planted
in the borders of the flower-garden, where they will
flower, and in warm feafons produce ripe feeds.
The fourth fort rifes with a fhrubby fialk fix or fe-
ven feet high ; the young branches are ciofely covered
with a white down, and the leaves on thofe are very
hoary and entire, but thofe on the older branches are
greener, and feme of them are notched on their edges ;
at each joint of the ftalks come out two fhort branches
oppofite, which are garnifhed with fmall, hoary leaves
placed oppofite : thefe, when bruifed, emit a ftrong
odour, which to fome perfons is very difagreeable, but
others are pleafed with it. The plants rarely flower
in England, for in near forty years which I have cul-
tivated them, I have but once feen them in flower.
The flowers are white, collected in roundifh heads,
which turn backward, and fit clofe to the branches ;
2 the
the leaves continue all the year, for which the plants |
are preferved in green-houfes, to add to the variety in
winter.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the Canary Iflands.
This rifes with” a woody ftalk three or four feet high,
dividing into many branches, which are garmfhed with
oval leaves notched on their edges, growing oppo-
fite upon long foot-ftalks ; they are hairy, and of an
Affi colour on their under fide •, the flowers are pro-
duced from the fide of the branches on pretty long
foot-ftalks, each fuftaining four fnort roundifh fpikes
or heads, which divide by pairs, and fpread from
each other. The flowers are white, and appear in
June and July, but are not fucceeded by feeds in
England. The leaves of this plant, when bruiled,
emit an agreeable odour, for which it is by feme
perfons much efteemed ; the gardeners have given it
the title of Madam Maintenon, but for what reafon
I know not.
The two laft forts are too tender to live through the
winter in the open air in this country, fo muft be
kept in a green-houfe during that feafon ; but they
only require to be fcreened from froft, fo may be
placed with Myrtles and the other hardy green-
houfe plants, where they may have a large ffiare of air
in mild weather, and be treated in the fame way ;
they are eafily propagated by cuttings during any of
the fummer months, which, if planted in a fhady
border and duly fupplied with water, will take
root in five or fix weeks ; then they may be potted,
and placed in a fhady fituation till they have taken
new root, after which they may be treated as the
old plants.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Peru, from whence
the feeds were lent by the younger Juffieu to the
Royal Garden at Paris, where the plants produced
flowers and feeds ; and from the curious garden of
the Duke D’Ayen, at St. Germains, I was fupplied
with fome of the feeds, which have fucceeded in the
Chelfea garden, where the plants have flowered and
perfected their feeds for fome years.
This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk two or three feet
high, dividing into many fmall branches, garnifhed
with oval, fpear-lhaped, rough leaves, fet on without
order •, they are three inches long, and one inch
and a half broad in the middle, ftanding on fhort
foot-ftalks ; they are hairy, and greatly veined on
their under fide, which is of an Alh colour. The
flowers are produced at the end of the branches in
fhort reflexed fpikes, growing in clufters. The foot-
ftalks divide into tv/o or three, and thefe divide again
into lefs, each fuftaining a fpike of pale blue flowers,
which have a ftrong fweet odour. The plants con-
tinue in flower great part of the year, and thofe flowers
which come out in fummer, are fucceeded by ripe
feeds in autumn.
It may be propagated either by feeds or cuttings.
The feeds fhould be lown upon a moderate hot-bed in
the lpring, and when the plants are fit to remove, they
fhould be tranfplanted into fmall pots filled with light
earth, and plunged into a hot-bed, where they fhould
be fhaded till they have taken new root ^ then they
fhould be inured to the open air by degrees, into
which they fhould be removed in fummer, placing
them in a fheltered fituation ; and in autumn they
muft be houfed with other exotic plants in a good
green-houfe, where they will flower great part of
winter, fo will make a good appearance among the
Orange-trees, and other green-houfe plants, with
whofe culture this plant will thrive. If the cuttings
of this plant are put into pots filled with light earth,
during any of the fummer months, and plunged into
a moderate hot-bed, they will take root very freely,
but thefe do not make fo good plants as thofe railed
from feeds.
The feventh fort grows naturally on the fea-fhore
in the Weft-Indies ; this is an annual plant, whofe
branches trail upon the ground, and grow a foot long •,
they are garnifhed with narrow grayifh leaves, which j
are fmooth. The flowers are produced in double fpikes !
from the fide of their branches j they are white and
fmall, fo make no great appearance. It is propagated
by feeds, and requires the fanie treatment as the fe=
cond and third forts.
The eighth fort rifes with an upright Woody ftalk
fix or feven feet high, with a hoary bark, full of marks
where the leaves have grown ; the tipper part of the
ftalk divides into two or three ftrong woody branches,*
which grow ereft, and are very clofely garnifhed with
long, narrow, woolly leaves, which ftand on every
fide the branches without order. The flowers come
out from the fide of the ftalks, to which they fit ciofe 5
they are fhort and reflexed, like thofe of the other fpe-
cies. The flowers are purple, fitting in very woolly em~
palements, which are divided into five fe'gments, which
fpread open j the whole plant is very white and woolly,
like the Sea Cudweed, fo makes an odd appearance
when intermixed with other exotic plants : this is pro-
pagated by feeds, which muft be procured from the
places where it naturally grows, for it never produces
any in Europe ; thefe feeds fhould be fawn in a tub of
earth in the country, for when the dried feeds come
over they feldom grow j and if they do, it is not be-
fore the iecond year : and from ievefal parcels of the
feeds which I have received from the Weft-Indies, I
have not railed more than two plants, and thefe came
up from the feeds which had been fown more than a
year ; fo that if the feeds are foWn as foon as they are
ripe in a tub of earth, when they arrive in England,
the tub fhould be plunged into a hot-bed of tanners
bark, which will bring up the plants ; and when thefe
are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted in a
feparate fmall pot filled with earth, compofed of land
and light undunged earth, with a little lime rubbifa
well mixed together, then plunged into s hot-bed of
tanners bark, and fhaded until they have taken new
root j after which, they muft be treated as other ten-
der exotic plants, always keeping them in the tan-bed
in the ftove, giving them but little water, efpecially
during the winter feafon.
The ninth fort is a native of the Weft-Indies,-
where it grows plentifully on the fea-fhore •, it rifes
with an upright fhrubby ftalk a foot and a half
high, garnifhed with fmall fpear-fhaped leaves*
fcarce one inch long, and one-third of an inch
broad in the middle, ending in acute points, fit-
ting ciofe to the ftalk ; they are hoary on their un-
der fide, but fmooth above. The flowers are pro-
duced in Angle flender fpikes, which come out from
the fide, and at the top of the ftalks ; they are but
little recurved, efpecially thofe on the fide, but thofe
at the top are more bent ; they are white, fo make
but little appearance.
The tenth fort was fent me from Carthagfena in
New Spain, where it grows naturally On the Tandy
fhores. This is an annual plant, with trailing
ftalks which grow fix or feven inches long, garnifhed
with fmall oval leaves, which are woolly and en-
tire. The flowers are produced at the end of the
branches, in Angle fhort fpikes, which are re-
flexed ; they are fmall and white, fo make little ap-
pearance.
The eleventh fort was fent me by the late Dr. Hotif-
toun from La Vera Cruz, where he found it grow-
ing in plenty this rifes with a fnrubby ftalk three
feet high, dividing into flender branches, which are
clofely garnifhed with oblong, oval, woolly leaves,
placed without order. The flowers are produced at
the end of the branches in double fpikes, which are
flender, fhort, and ftrait, not recurved as the cthef
fpecies. The flowers are fmall and white, and the
plant is perennial.
Thefe three laft mentioned are propagated by feeds,
but the difficulty of getting them freffi from America,
and the uncertainty of their growing, unlefs they are
Town abroad, and brought over in earth, has rendered
them rare in Europe ^ and as they are plants of little
beauty, fo few perfons have taken the trouble to pro-
cure them : befides, as they require a ftove to preferve
them in this country, and muft have a peculiar foil
6 R . ani.
HEL
and management like the eighth fort, fo, tinlefs for
the fake of variety in botanic gardens, they are not
worth cultivating here.
H E L L E B O R R, See Helleborus.
HELLEB-ORINE. See Serapias and Lima-
DORUM.
HELLEBOROIDES HYRMALIS. See
Helleborus.
H ELL E BORO RANUNCULUS. See
Trollius.
HELLEBORUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 622. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 2 71. tab. 144. ['EAAsSop®*.] Black Hel-
lebore, or Chriftmas flower ; in French, Ellebore-
Noire.
The Characters are,
1 The flowers hath no empalement •, it hath five large
roundijh petals , which are permanent , and many fmall
nefiarii placed circularly , each being of one piece , with
a narrow tube at the bottom , divided at the brim into two
Ups , the under being Jhort and indented ; it hath a great
number of ft amina, terminated by comprejfed ere ft fummits ,
and feveral germen , which are comprejfed , fupporting
awl-fhaped flyles , crowned by thick Jligmas. The germen
afterward turn to comprejfed capfules with two keels ,
the lower being Jhort , and the upper convex , which are
filled with round feeds adhering to the [earn.
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fedion
of Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Po-
lygynia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have many ftamina and ftyles.
The Species are,
3. Helleeqrus ( Fcetidus ) caule multifloro foiiofo, fo-
lks pedatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 784. Hellebore with many
flowers on a ftalk , which are intermixed with leaves , and
r’amofe haves fitting on the foot-ftalk. Helleborus niger
fcetidus. C. B. P. Stinking Black Hellebore , Bears -foot,
or Setterwort.
2. Helleborus ( Viridis ) caule multifloro foiiofo, foliis
digitalis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 558. Hellebore with many
flowers on a ftalk , which are intermixed with leaves , and
hand-jhaped leaves. Helleborus niger hortenfls, flore
viridi. C. B. P. Green flowered Black Hellebore , or
Bears-foot.
3. Helleborus [Niger) -fcapo fub-unifloro fub-nudo,
foliis pedatis. ITort. Upfal. 157. Hellebore with one
flower on a ftalk , which is naked , and hand-jhaped leaves
fitting on the foot-ftalk. Helleborus niger, flore albo,
etiam interdum valde rubente. J. B. True Black Hel-
lebore, or Chriftmas Rofte.
4. Helleborus ( Trifolius ) caule multifloro, foliis ter-
natis integerrimis. Hellebore with many flowers on a
ftalk, and leaves compofted of three entire lobes. Helle-
borus niger trifoliatus, Hort. Farn. Trifoliate Black
Hellebore.
5. Helleborus ( Hyemalis ) flore folio infldente. Hort.
Cliff. 227. Hellebore with the flower fitting on the leaf.
Aconitum Hyemale, or IVinter Aconite.
6. Helleborus ( Latifolius ) caule multifloro foiiofo, fo-
liis digitatis ferratis amplioribus. Hellebore with many
flowers upon a. ftalk, intermixed with leaves , and large
fingered leaves which are flawed. Helleborus niger
amplioribus foliis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 272. Black
Hellebore zvith larger leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally in woods in feveral
parts of England, but particularly in Suffex, where I
have feen it in great plenty ; this hath a jointed her-
baceous ftalk, which rifes two feet high, dividing
into two or three heads, garniihed with leaves com-
pofed of eight or nine long narrow lobes, which join
at their bafe ; four of thefe on each fide are joined to-
gether at their tails, and the middle one ftands on the
center of the foot-ftalk ; thefe are fa wed on their
edges, and end in acute points j thofe on the lower
part of the ftklk are much larger than the upper,
which are fmall and narrow. The flower- ftalk arifes
from the center of the plant, dividing into many
branches, each fuftaining feveral fmaller foot-ftalks,
with one entire fpear-fhaped leaf upon each, and one
large greenilh flower at the top with purplifh rims ;
HEL
thefe appear in winter, and the feeds ripen in the
fpring; which, if permitted to fcatter, the plants will
rife without care, and may be tranfplanted into woods,
or in v/ildernefs quarters, where they will grow in
great fhade, and make a good appearance at a feafon
when there are but few plants in beauty.
The fecond fort grows naturally atDitton, near Cam-
bridge, and in the woods near Stoken Church, in O i-
fordfhire. The ftalks of this fort grow more upright
than thofe of the firft, and do not branch fo much.
The leaves are compofed of nine long lobes, which
unite to the foot-ftalk at their bafe, and are fharply
fawed on their edges j they are of a lighter green than
thofe of the firft. fort. The flowers are produced at
the top of the ftalk, having one or tyro leaves fet on
the foot-ftalk ; they are compofed of five oval green
petals, with a great number of ftamina furrounding the
germen in the middle ; thefe appear the beginning of
February, and the feeds ripen the end of May, which
if fown foon after they are ripe, the plants wall come
up early the following fpring ; and, when they have
obtained ftrepgth, may be planted in ihady places un-
der trees, where they will thrive and flower very well.
The leaves of this fort decay in autumn, and new ones
arife from the roots in the fpring, but the firft fort is
always green.
The third fort is fuppofed to be the Hellebore of the
antients ; this grows naturally on the Alps and Apen-
nine mountains. The root of this fort is compofed of
many thick flefhy fibres, which fpread far into the
ground, from which arife the flowers upon naked
foot-ftalks, immediately from the root, each fupport-
ing one large white flower, compofed of five round-
ifh petals, with a great number of ftamina in the
middle. The leaves of this are compofed of feven or
eight thick, flefhy, obtufelobes, which are flightly faw-
ed on their edges, and unite with the foot-ftalk at their
bafe ; this plant flowers in winter, from whence the
title of Chriftmas Rofe was applied to it: it is pro-
4 pagated by parting of the roots in autumn, for the
feeds feldom ripen well in England ; it fhouid have
a more fheltered fituation than either of the former,
otherwife it will not flower well.
The fourth fort is like the fecond, but differs from
it in having trifoliate leaves, which are broader
and entire, their furface is fmoother •, this flowers
early in winter, and the ftalks rife higher than
either of the former forts, but is at at prefent rare in
England.
The fifth fort is the common Winter Aconite, which
is fo well known as to need no defeription. It flowers
very early in the fpring, which renders it worthy
of a place in all curious gardens, efpecially as it
requires but little room •, this is propagated by
offsets, which the roots fend out in plenty; thefe
roots may be taken up and tranfplanted, any time
after their leaves decay, which is generally by the
beginning of June till October, when they will be-
gin to put out new fibres ; but as the roots are fmall,
and nearly of the colour of the ground, fo, if care
is not taken to fearch them, many of the roots will
be left in the ground ; thefe roots fhouid be plant-
ed in fmall clufters, otherwife they will not make a
good appearance ; for Angle flowers fcattered about
the borders of theft fmall kinds, are fcarce feen at
a diftance ; but when thefe and the Snowdrops are
alternately planted in bunches, they will have a good
effed, as they flower at the fame time, and are much
of a fize.
The fixth fort is like the firft, but the lobes of the
leaves are broader, and the ftalks grow taller ; this
grows naturally in Iftria and Dalmatia, from whence
i received fome of the feeds ; it has been fuppofed to
be only a ftminal variety of the firft, and as fuch I
fowed the feeds ; but the plants had a very great dif-
ference, and the firft winter proving fevere, they were
all deftroyed ; fo that it is not fo hardy as our common
fort, and depending on their being fo, occafioned the
lofs of the plants.
HE L-
H E LLE BORUS flore globofo. See Trolli us,
HELLEBORUS A LB US. See Veratrum.
HELMET FLOWER, or MONK’s HOOD.
See Aconitum.
HEMEROC ALLIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 391. Li-
lio-Afphodelus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 344. tab. 179.
Liliaftrum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 369. tab. 194. Lily
Aflphodel , or Day Lily ; in French, Lis de Saint Bruno .
The Characters are,
Lhe flower has no empalement ; in florae flpecies the
flower is of one petal, cut into fix parts ; in others it hath
fix petals , with a flhort tube , flpreading open at the top ,
which is refllexed. Lb ere are fix awl-flhaped declining fta-
rnina Jurroimding the fltyle , terminated by oblong profllrate
flimmits. T he roundiflh furrowed, germen is fituated in the
middle , flupporting a fender flyle , crowned by an obtufle
three-cornered fligma. Lhe germen afterward becomes an
oval three-cornered capflule with three lobes , opening with
two valves , filled with roundiflh feeds.
Tms genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, which includes the plants
whose flowers have fix ftamina and one ftyle. Tourne-
fort places the firft in the firft fedtion of his ninth clafs,
which includes the plants with a Lily-flower of one
leaf, cut into fix parts, whofe pointal becomes the
fruit •, the fecond he places in his fourth ledtion of
the fame clafs, with the flowers of the fame form which
have fix petals.
The Species are,
1. Hemerocallts ( Flava ) corollis flavis. Lin. Sp. 462.
Hort. Upfal. 88. Day Lily with a yellow flower. Li-
lio-Afphodelus luteus. Park. Par. 148. Yellow Aflpho-
del Lily.
2. Hemerocallis {Minor) fcapo comprefio corollis mo-
nopetalis campanulatis. Day Lily with a compreflfled
ftalk , and a b ell fij aped flower of one petal. Lilio-Afpho-
delus luteus, minor. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 344. Smaller
yellow Aflphodel Lily.
3. Hemerocallis {Fulva) corollis fulvis. Day Lily with
a copper-coloured flower. Lilio-Afphodelus phcenicius.
Park. Par. 148. Aflphodel Lily with a reddiflh flower.
4. Hemerocallis. ( Liliaftrum ) fcapo fimplici, corollis
hexapetalis campanulatis. Hort. Cliff. 128. Day Lily
with an unbranched Jingle ftalk , and bell-flhaped flowers
with fix petals. Liliaftrum Alpinum majus. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 369. Greater Alpine Baflard Lily , called
Savoy Spiderwort ; and in French, Lis de Saint Bruno ,
i. e. St. Bruno's Lily.
The firft fort grows naturally in Hungary, Dalmatia,
and Iftria, but has long been an inhabitant in the Eng-
lifti gardens ; this hath ftrong fibrous roots, to which
hang knobs, or tubers, like thofe of the Afphodel, from
which come out keel-fhaped leaves, which are two feet
long, with a rigid midrib, the two fidcs drawing in-
ward, fo as to form a fort of gutter on the upper fide.
The fiower-ftalks rife two feet and a half high, hav-
ing two or three longitudinal furrows ; thefe are
naked, and at the top divide into three or four fhort
toot-ftalks, each fuftaining one pretty large yellow
flower fhaped like a Lily, having but one petal, with
a fhort tube, fpreading open at the brim, where it is
divided into fix parts ; thefe have an agreeable fcent,
from which forne have given it the title of yellow
Tuberofe. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in
Auguft •, this plant is eafily propagated by offsets,
which the roots fend out in plenty ; thefe may be
taken off in autumn, that being the belt feafon for
tranfplanting the roots, and planted in any fituation,
for they are extremely hardy, and will require no
other culture but to keep them clean from weeds,
and to allow them room that their roots may fpread ;
they may alfo be propagated by feeds, which, if
Town in autumn, the plants will come up the follow-
ing fpring, and thefe will flower in two years ; but
if the feeds are not fown till fpring, the plants will not
come up till the year after.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Siberia ; this hath
roots like thofe of the former fort, but are fmaller.
The leaves are not near fo long, nor more than half
the breadth of the former, and of a dark green co-
6
lour._ The ftower-ftalk rifes a foot and a half high,
is naked and compreffed, but has no furrows ; at the
top is produced two or three yellow flowers, which
are nearer the bell-fhape than thofe of the other fpe-
cles, and ftand on ftiorter foot-ftalks.; thefe flower
• the beginning of June, and the feeds ripen early in
Auguft. It is propagated by offsets from the root,
or by feeds, in the fame manner as the former, but
the. roots do not increafe fo faft ; it fhould have a
moift foil and a fhady fituation, where it will thrive
much better than in dry ground.
I he third fort is a much larger plant than either of
the former, and the roots fpread and .increafe much
more, therefore is not proper furniture for ffnall gar-
dens ; the roots of this hath very ftrong flefhy fibres,
to which hang large oblong tubers. The leaves are
near three feet long, hollowed like thofe of the former,
turning back toward the top. The fiower-ftalks are
as thick a man’s finger, and rife near four feet high ;
they are naked, without joints, and branching at the
top, where are feveral large copper-coloured flowers,
fhaped like thofe of the Red Lily, and as large. The
ftamina of this fort are longer than thofe of the other,
and their fummits are charged with a copper-coloured
farina, which fheds on being touched ; or if a per-
fon fmells to the flowers, it will fly off and fpread over
the face, dyeing it all over of a copper colour, which .
is a trick often played by feme unlucky people to the
ignorant : thefe flowers never continue longer than one
day, but there is a fucceffion of flowers on the fame
plants for a fortnight or three weeks ; this fort flowers
about the fame time as the former, and the roots
propagate too faft for thofe gardens where there is
but little room. It will grow on any foil or in any
fituation ; the beft time to tranfplant the roots is in
autumn.
The Savoy Spiderwort, or, as the French call it, St.
Bruno’s Lily, is a plant of humbler growth than either
of the former : there are two varieties of this, one is ti-
tled Liliaftrum Alpinum majus, and the other Liliaf-
trum Alpinum minus by Tournefort ; the firft of thefe
rifes with a flower-ftalk more than a foot and a half
high •, the flowers are much larger, and there is a
greater number upon each ftalk than the fecond ; but
as there is no other effential difference betv/een them,
I have not put them down as different fpecies •, but the
firft is by much the finer plant, though not common
in England, for the fecond fort is what I have always
obferved in the gardens here. I received feme roots
of the fecond fort from Monf. Richard, gardener to
the King of France, which continue their difference in
the fame foil and fituation with the firft, which flowers
earlier in the year; the leaves of this fort are fome-
what like thofe of the Spiderwort, are pretty firm, and
grow upright; the fiower-ftalks grow about a foot and a
half high, and have feveral white flowers at the top,
fhaped like thofe of the Lily, which hang on one fide,
and have an agreeable fcent ; thefe are but of fhort du-
ration, feldom continuing in beauty above three or
four days ; but when the plants are ftrong, they will
produce eight or ten flowers upon each ftalk, fo they
make a good appearance while they laft.
This fort is ufually propagated by parting the roots ;
autumn is the beft feafon for doing this work,
as it alfo is for tranfplanting the roots Tfor when they
are removed in the fpring, they feldom flower the
fame year, or if they do, it is but weakly : thefe plants
fhould not be tranfplanted oftener than- every third
year, when the roots may be parted to make an in-
creale of the plants, but they fhould not be divided
too fmall ; for if they are, it will be -two years before
they flower : thefe plants delight in a light loamy foil
and in an open expofure, fo muft not be planted under
the drip of trees ; but if they are planted to an eaft
afpedt, where they may be protected from the fun in
the heat of the day, they will continue in beauty
longer than when they are more expofed.
HEMIQNITIS [Tlpoffnc, of Ti a Mule,
q. d. Mulewort, becaufe this plant was believed to be
as barren as a mule.] Mopnfern.
T -l *
ms
J-I E P
This is a plant which is feldom propagated in gar-
dens, therefore I (ball not trouble the reader with any
account of it more than this-. That whoever hath a
mind to cultivate any of the forts, muft procure the
plants from the countries where they naturally grow
there are two forts which are natives of the warmer
parts of Europe, but in America there is a great num-
ber of very different kinds ; thde muft be planted in
pots filled with loamy undunged earth, and fuch of
them as are natives of hot countries, muft be placed
in the ftove , the others may be fheltered under a com-
mon frame in winter, and during the fummer they
muft be frequently watered, but in winter they will
require but little. In fummer they lliould alfo have
plenty of free air admitted to them ; with this ma-
nagement the plants will thrive.
HEPATIC A. Boerh. Ind. Plant. Ranunculus.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 286. Anemone. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 614. ['HTrarm?, of Yl? rap, the liver, fo called,
becaufe the leaves of this plant are divided into lobes,
like the liver (but it does not at all take its name from
its ufe, for it is of no virtue againft the difeafes of the
liver, as many have erroneouily imagined •,) and trifo-
lia, from its fimilitude thereto.] Hepatica, or Noble
Liverwort.
The Characters are,
1 The flower hath a three-leaved empalement. It hath
fix petals , which are oval , and expand to the bottom ,
with a great number of fender ftamina foorter than the
petals , terminated by obtufe fummits and fever al germen
collefied into a head., fupporting acuminated fyles , crowned
by obtufe fiigmas. The germen afterward turns to acumi-
nated feeds fitting round the fyles.
This genus of plants is by Tournefort ranged among
the Crowfoots, and by Linnaeus it is placed under
Anemone ; but as the flowers of Anemone have no
empalement, and the Hepatica hath a three-leaved
one, it may be feparated from that genus ; and as it
is well known in the gardens by this title, fo fhould
we range it with the Anemone, it might occafion con-
fufionv This is ranged in the feventh fe&ion of Lin-
naeus’s thirteenth dais, which includes the herbs with
flowers having many ftamina and ftyles.
The Varieties of this plant are,
1. Hepatica ( Nobilis ) trifolio, coeruleo flore. Cluf. The
fngle blue Hepatica , or Noble Liverwort.
2. He'patica {Plena) trifolia coeruleo pleno. Cluf. The
double blue Hepatica , or Noble Liverwort.
3. Hepatica {Alba) trifolia, flore alba fimplici. Boerh.
Ind. The fngle white Hepatica , or Noble Liverwort.
4. LIepatica {Vulgaris) trifolia, rubro flore. Cluf. Single
red LIepatica , or Noble Liverwort.
5. Hepatica {Rubra) trifolia, flore rubro ple-
no. Boerh. Ind. Double red , or Peach-coloured Hepa-
tica.
Thefe plants are fome of the greateft beauties of
the fpring ; the flowers are produced in February and
March in great plenty, before the green leaves appear,
and make a very beautif ul figure m the borders of the
pleafure-garden, efpecially the double forts, which
commonly continue a fortnight long in flower than
the Angle kinds, and the flowers are much fairer. . I
have feen the double white kind often mentioned in
books, but could never fee it growing, though I do
not know but fuch a flower might be obtained from
feeds of the Angle white, or blue kinds. I have
fometimes known the double blue fort produce fome
flowers in autumn, which were inclining to white,
and thereby fome people have been deceived, who
have procured the roots at that feafon, and planted
them in their gardens but the fpring following
their flowers were blue, as before ; and this is what
frequently happens, when the autumn is fo mild as to
caule them to flower •, but whether the double white
fort, mentioned in the books, was only this acciden-
tal alteration in the colour of the flower, I cannot
fay, though it feems very probable it was, fince I ne-
ver could hear of any perfon who ever faw 'the dou-
ble white fort flower in the fpring.
The Angle forts produce feeds every year, whereby
HER
they are eafily propagated, and alfo new flowers hiay
be that way obtained. The beft feafon for fowing of
the feeds is in the beginning of Auguft, either in pots
or boxes of light earth, which fhould be placed fo as
to have only the morning fun until October, when
they fhould be removed into the full fun, to remain
during the winter feafon ; but in March, when the
young plants will begin to appear, they muft be re-
moved again to a fhady fituation, and in dry weather
fhould be frequently watered, and about the begin-
ning of Auguft they will be fit to be tranfplanted j at
which time you fhould prepare a border facing the
eaft, of good, frefh, loamy earth, into which you
fhould remove the plants, placing them about fix
inches diftance each way, clofing the earth pretty
faft to their roots, to prevent the worms from draw-
ing them out of the ground, which they are very
apt to do at that feafon ; and, in the fpring follow-
ing, they will begin to fhew their flowers ; but it will
be three years before they flower ftrong, and till then
you cannot judge of their goodnefs ; when, if you
find any double flowers, or any of a different colour
from the common forts, they fhould be taken up,
and tranfplanted into the borders of the flower-garden,
where they fhould continue at leaf! two years before
they are taken up or parted ; for it is remarkable
in this plant, that where they are often removed and
parted, they are very fubjedt to die ; whereas, when
they are permitted to remain undifturbed for many
years, they will thrive exceedingly, and become very
large roots.
The double flowers, which never produce feeds, are
propagated by parting their roots, which fhould be
done in March, at the time when they are in flower;
but you fhould be careful not to feparate them into
very fmall heads, nor fhould they be parted oftener
than every third or fourth year, if you intend to have
them thrive, for the reafon before given. They de-
light in a ftrong loamy foil, and in an eaftern pofi-
tion, where they may have only the morning fun,
though they will grow in almoft any afpedt, not too
warm, and are never injured by cold.
HEPATORIUM. See Eupatorium.
HEPTAPHYLLUM. See Potentjlla.
HE RAC LEU M. Lin. Gen. 345. Sphondylium,
Tourn. Inft. 1. Cow Parfnep.
The Characters are,
The calyx of the greater umbel is large , compofed of many
/mailer, which are plain ; the general involucrum is com-
pofed of many leaves which fall off ; the partial umbels
have invclucrums of three to j even leaves , the outer being
the longefi. The general umbel is deformed , the forets are
mo fly fruitful ; thofe of the dijk have five equal petals ,
which are inflexed ; thofe of the rays have the fame num-
ber cf unequal petals , the outer being the large ft ; they
have each five ftamina longer than the petals , terminated
by fmall fummits. The germen is fituated under the
flower , and is almoft oval , fupporting two fyles , crowned
by fmple fiigmas. The germen afterward becomes an ellip-
tical fruit , compofed of two oval compreffed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond order
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intided Pentandria Digynia,
the flowers having five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Heracleum ( Sphondylium ) foliolis pinnatiftdis. Hort.
Cliff. 103. Cow Parfnep with wing-pointed leaves ,
Sphondylium vulgare hirfutum. C. B. P. 157. Com-
mon Cow Parfnep.
2. Heracleum ( Panaces ) foliis pinnatis, foliolis quinis,
intermediis fefiilibus, floribus radiatis. Hort. Upfal. 65.
Cow Parfnep with winged leaves having five lobes , and
radiated flowers. Panax Sphondylii folio, fc. Hera-
racleum, C. B. P. 157.
3. Heracleum {Alpinum) foliis fimplicibus, floribus
radiatis. Lin. Sp. 359. Cow Parfnep with fmple leaves
and radiated flowers. Sphondylium Alpinum glabrum.
C. B. P. 1 57. Smooth Alpine Cow Parfnep.
4.. Heracleum {Sibricum) foliis pinnatis, folioliis qui-
nis, intermediis feffiiibus, corollulis uniformibus. Hort.
Upfal. 65. Cow Parfnep with winged haves, having five
lobes
HER'
lobes ^ and a uniform corolla . Paftinaca foliis fimpliciter
pinnatis, folicslis pinnafidis. Flor. Siber. i. p. 218.
The firft fort grows naturally in moil parts of England,
fo is rarely admitted into gardens there is a variety
(if not a diftind fpecies of this) with narrower leaves,
which are more divided than thofe of the firft ; how-
ever, as thev are feldotn cultivated, I fhail not trou-
' «< t ,
ble the reader with their defcription.
The fecond fort is placed in moft of the Pharma-
copeias as a medicinal plant, but is rarelyufed as fuch,
efpecially in England. This rifes with a tall ftalk
near fix feet high, which is embraced by the bale of
the leaves 5 thefe are winged, having generally five
roundifh lobes, whole furface is rough, of a dark
green colour : the flowers are produced at the top
of the ftalks, being clofely inclofed by the empale-
ment when they firft -appear ; but this afterward burft-
ing, the umbel expands, having large petals on their
exterior row, which are almoftheart-fhaped,andare fuc-
ceeded by fiat compreffed feeds like thofe of Parfnep,
but larger, having black ftreaks on their outflde.
This grows naturally on the Appenines.
The third fort grows naturally on the Alps, as alfo in
Siberia : the ftalks of this rife as high as thofe of the
former, but the leaves are fmooth. This is feldom
cultivated.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Siberia and Tran-
fylvania *, in the former country, the inhabitants eat
the ftalks and leaves of the plant for want of better
food.
As thefe plants are rarely cultivated, unlefs in bota-
nic gardens, fo I fhail recommend to thofe who are
defirous to propagate either of the fpecies, to fow
their weeds in the autumn and in the fpring, when
the plants are up, to hough the ground, cutting up
the feeds, and thinning of the plants, in the fame man-
ner as is directed for Parfneps, with which culture
the plants will thrive.
HERBA GERARDI. See Angelica Sylves-
TRIS MINOR.
HERBALIST, HERBARIST, a perfon who
is fkilled in diftinguiftiing the kinds, natures, or vir-
tues of herbs or plants.
HERBA PARIS. See Paris.
To HERBARIZE, to go abroad in the fields in
quell of different or new herbs or plants.
HERBIFEROUS fignifies bearing or bringing
forth herbs.
HERBIVOROUS, i. e. devouring or feeding on
herbs or Grafs.
FIE R B O S E, graffy, or full of Grafs or herbs.
HERBOSITY, graffmefs, or abundance of Grafs
or herbs.
HERBULENT, graffy, full of Grafs or herbs.
HERMANNIA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 656. tab. 432.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 742. The title of this genus was
given by Dr. Tournefort in honour of that great bo-
tanift, Paul Herman, M. D. Profeffor of Botany at
Leyden.
The Characters are,
‘The flower hath a pit cher-Jh aped permanent empale-
rnent , divided into five parts at the brim. It hath five
petals , which are narrow at their bafe , and twift againft
the fun within the tubulous empalement , but fpread open
above , where they are broad and obtufe. It hath five
broad ft (Mina , which are joined in one body , terminated
by pointed fummits , which are joined. In the center is
Jituated a roundifh five-cornered germen , fupporting an
awl- fh aped ftyle which is longer than the Jlamina , crowned
by a Jingle ftigrna. The germen afterward becomes a five-
cornered roundifh cap fale,' with five cells opening at the top,
inclofing many feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fixteenth clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have five ftamina joined in one body to
the ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Hermannia (. Alnifolia ) foliis cuneiformibus plica-
catis, crenato-emarginatis. Hort. Cliff, 342. Herman-
H E R
nia with wedge-Jhaped folded leaves , which are crenated
and indented. Hermannia frutefcens, folio oblongo
ferrato latiori. Boerh. Ind. Shrubby Hermannia with a
broader , oblong , ferrated leaf
2. Hermannia ( Grojfulariafolia ) foliis obovatis acute
incifis, pedunculis bifloris. Prod. Leyd. 347. Her-
mannia with oval leaves acutely cut , and foot ftalks hav-
ing two flowers. Hermannia frutefcens folio groffu-
lariae parvo hirfuto. Boerh. Ind. Shrubby Hermannia
with a final!, hairy , Goojeberry leaf.
3. Hermannia {Althea folia) foliis obovatis plicatis cre-
natis tomentofiS: Hort. Cliff. 343. Hermannia with
oval , folded, woolly haves , which are crenated Her-
mannia frutefcens, folio ibilci hirfuto molli, caule pi-
lofo. Boerh. Ind. Shrubby Hermannia with a foft, hairy ,
Marfhrnallow leaf , and woolly ftalk.
4. Hermannia ( Hyjfopifolia ) foliis lanceolatis obtufis
ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 342. Hermannia with obtufe fpear-
fhaped leaves , which are Jawed. Hermannia frutelcens,
folio oblongo ferrato. Tourn. Shrubby Hermannia with
an oblong ferrated leaf.
5. Hermannia (Trifoliato) foliis oblongo-ovatis ere-
natis tomentofis fiore mutabili. Hermannia with oblong ,
oval, crenated woolly leaves , and a changeable flower.
Hermannia frutefcens, folio oblongo molli cordato
hirfuto. Boerh. Ind. Shrubby Hermannia with a foft 9
oblong, hairy, beart-fhaped leaf.
6. Hermannia (. Pinnata ) foliis tripartitis, media pin-
natifida. Hort. Cliff. Hermannia with - tripartite leaves
ending in many points. Hermannia frutefcens, folio
multifido tenui, caule rubro. Boerh. Ind. alt. Shrubby
Hermannia with a narrow multifid leaf , and a red ftalk.
7. Hermannia {Lavendidifolia) foliis lanceolatis obtufis
integerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 342. Hermannia with ob~
tufe fpear-fhaped leaves, which are entire. Herman-
nia frutefcens, folio lavendulce latiori & obtufo, fiore
parvo aureo. Boerh. Ind. alt. Shrubby Hermannia
with a broad, blunt. Lavender leaf , and a f mall golden
flower.
8. Hermannia ( Hirfuta ) foliis fimplicibus ternatifque
hirfutis feflilibus. Hermannia with fingle and trifoliate
leaves which are hairy , and fit clofe to the ftalk.
The firft fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fix or eight
feet high, dividing into many erect irregular branches,
covered with a brown bark, garnifhed with wedge-
fhaped leaves, which are narrow at their bafe, but
broad and round at the top ; they are about an inch
long, and three quarters broad at the point, where
they are indented and crenated. The flowers are pro-
duced in fihort fpikes on the upper part of the
branches *, they are of a pale yellow colour, but
fmall ; thefe appear in April and May, and are often
fucceeded by feeds, which ripen in Auguft.
The fecond fort is a flirub of lower ftature than the
firft, but fends out a great number of branches,
which fpread wide on every fide, garnifhed with
fmaller leaves than thofe of the former, which are
rough, and fit clofe to the branches. The flowers
are produced in fhort clofe fpikes at the end of every
fhoot, fo that the whole flirub feems covered with
flowers ; they are of a bright yellow, and appear to-
ward the end of April, but are not fucceeded by feeds
in England.
The third fort is a plant of humbler growth than ei-
ther of the former, feldom rifing more than two feet
and a half high the Item is not fo woody, and the
branches are foft and flender, garnifhed with oval
woolly leaves, which are plaited and crenated on the
edges ; the flowers are produced in loofe panicles at
the end of the branches ; they are larger than thofe
of the other fpecies, and have very hairy empalements.
This fort flowers in June and July, and frequently
puts out more in the autumn.
The fourth fort has been longer in the European gar-
dens than either of the other. This rifes with a
fhrubby upright ftalk to the height of feven or eight
feet, fending out many ligneous branches from the
fide, which alfo grow more erebl than any of the other 5
thefe are cloathed with obtufe fpear-fhaped leaves,
6 S about
1
\
about an inch and a half long, and half an inch broad,
fa wed on the edges toward the end : the flowers
come out in final! bunches from the fide of the ftalk-,
they are of a pale Straw -colour, and appear in May
and June thefe are frequently fucceeded by feeds,
which ripen the latter part of Auguft.
The fifth fort feldom rifes more than two feet high,
with a foft ligneous ftalk, fending out fiender irregular
branches, garnifhed with oblong, oval, woolly leaves,
Handing upon pretty long footftalks •, the flowers are
produced in loofe fpikes at the end of the brandies *,
thefe are, at their firft appearance, of a gold colour,
but after they have been home days open, they change
to yellow. This flowers in June and July.
The fixth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk near three
feet high, fending out many flender branches, covered
with a reddifh bark, garnifhed with narrow wing T
pointed leaves •, the flowers come out from the fide
of the branches in l’mall clufters •, they are final!, and
of a deep yellow colour. This flowers in June and
July.
The feventh fort hath fhrubby branching ftalks,
which are very bufhy, but feldom rife more than a
foot and a half high •, the branches are very flender,
and garnifhed with hairy, pale, green leaves of dif-
ferent flzes j fome of them are two inches long, and
one broad at their, ends ; but their common fize is fel-
dom more than one inch long, and half an inch broad
at their points they are entire, and fit pretty clofe
to the branches i the flowers come out from the flde
of the ftalk fingly, they are ftnall, and of a yellow
colour. This fort flowers moft part of fummer.
The eighth fort I railed from feeds which came
from the Cape of Good Hope. This rifes with a
fhrubby hairy ftalk about two feet high, fending out
many fide branches, which grow more eredt than thofe
of the former, garnifhed with oblong, veined, hairy
leaves, which are fometimes Angle, and at other
times come out by threes, the middle one being the
largeft j the flowers are produced toward the end
of the branches ; they are large, and of a deep yel-
low colour, with large, fwollen, hairy empalements.
This fort continues flowering moft part of fummer.
All the fpecies of this genus yet known, are natives
of the country about the Cape of Good Hope, from
whence moft of them were brought to the gardens in
Holland, where they have been propagated and fpread
through moft parts of Europe.
The plants are all propagated by planting cuttings of
them during any of the fummer months, in a bed of
frefh earth, obferving to water and lhade them until
they are well rooted, which will be in about fix
weeks after planting •, then you fhould take them up,
preferving a ball of earth to their roots, and plant
them into pots filled with light frefh earth, placing
them in a fnady fituation until they have taken frefh
root j after which they may be expofed to the open
air, with Myrtles, Geraniums, &c. until the middle
of latter end of October, when they muft be removed
into the green-houfe, obferving to place them in the
cooleft part of the houfe, where they may have as
much free air as poffible ; for if they are too much
drawn in the houfe, they will appear very faint and
fickly, and feldom produce many flowers ; whereas,
when they are only preferved from the froft, and have
a great fhare of free air, they will appear ftrong and
healthy, and produce large quantities of flowers in
April and May, during which feafon they make a very
handfome appearance in the green-houfe : they muft
alfo be frequently watered, and will require to be new
potted at leaf! twice every year, i. e. in May and Sep-
tember ; otherwife their roots will be fo matted, as to
prevent their growth.
Thefe plants rarely produce good feeds with us, ex-
cept the fourth and eighth lorts, which ripen their
feeds every year in England ; the other rarely pro-
ducing any, i fuppofe this may be accounted for by
their having been long propagated from cuttings for
thofe plants which I have raifed from feeds, have been
fruitful two or three years after, but I have always
found thofe plants which have .been propagated ■ by
cuttings taken from thefe, have foon become barren ;
the fame thing I have obferved in many other plants,
therefore thofe who are defirous to continue their
plants fruitful, , fhould conftantly raife them from
feeds. Thefe, as alfo. thofe which are obtained from
abroad, muft be fown upon a moderate hot-bed ,
and when the plants come up, they muft be tranf-
pianted into final! pots, and plunged into another
very moderate hot-bed, in order to promote their
rooting after which they muft be hardened by de-
grees, to endure the. open air in fummer, and may
then be treated as the old plants.
H E RMOD A C T Y L U S, the Herrnodaetyl, com-
monly called Snake’s -he ad Iris.
This genus is by Dr. Linnaeus joined to Iris, the
charadfers of the flower agreeing pretty well with thofe
of that genus ; from which Tournefort has feparated
it from the difference of the root, which is not ac-
cording to his own fyftem, where he makes the fhape
of the petals with their number and pofition, the
principal chara&eriftics in diftinguifhing the claffes
and genera ; but as this plant requires a particular
treatment, fo I have continued it under Tourneforf's
title.
The Characters are.
It bath a Lily -Jh aped flower, conflflhig of one leaf. \ and
fhaped exactly like an Iris , but has a tuberous root , di-
vided into two or three dugs , like oblong bulbs.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Hermodactylus {Tuber of a) folio quadrangulo. C. B. P.
Snake' s-kead Iris , vulgd. This is alfo called Iris tti-
berofa Belgarum, i. e. Tuberous Iris of the Dutch.
This plant is eaflly propagated by its tubers, which
fhould be taken off loon after the green leaves decay,
which is the proper feafon for tranfplanting the root ;
but they fhould not be kept long out of the ground,
left they fhrink, which will caufe them to rot when
they are planted. They fhould have a loamy foil,
not too ftrong nor deep, and muft be planted to an
eaft afpedt, where they will flower very well. The
roots fhould not be removed oftener than once in
three years, if you defign to increafe them ; but
then they fhould be planted at a farther diftance from
each other, than if they were to remain but one year ;
and the beds fhould be kept clear from weeds, and at
Michaelmas there fhould be fome fine earth laid over
the beds, which will greatly ftrengthen their roots.
The diftance which thefe plants fhould be allowed is
fixinches fquare, and they fhould be placed three inches
deep in the ground. Thefe produce their flowers in May,
and their feeds are ripe in Auguft ; but as they mul-
tiply pretty faft by their roots, few people are at the
trouble of raifing them from feeds j but thofe who
have an inclination fo to do, muft treat them in the
manner directed for the bulbous Irifes.
The roots of this plant are very apt to run deep into
the ground, and then they feldom produce flowers ;
and many times they fhoot fo deep as to be loft,
elpecially where the foil is very light ; therefore to
prevent this, it will be proper to lay a thicknefs of
rubbifh under the border where thefe are planted, to
hinder them from getting down. This fhould al-
ways be praftifed in light ground, but in ftrong land
there will be no occaflon to make ufe of this precau-
tion, becaufe they do not fhoot downward fo freely
in that.
This plant has by fome botanic writers been fuppofed
the true Hermodaftyl, but what has been long ufed
in Europe for that is the root of a Colchicum,
HERN ANDIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 8. tab. 40. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 931. Jack-in-a-Box, vulgo.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers on . the flame plant •, the
male flowers have a partial involucrum , compofed of flour
oval flmall leaves , which inclofle three flowers each of
thefe has a proper bell-Jhaped empalement of one leaf ;
the petal is funnel-fhaped , cut into fix fegments at the
brim •„ it hath three floort ftamina inferted in the empale-
ment, terminated by erelf fummits. The female flowers
HER
are /leaped like the male , but want /lamina ; they have a
roundijb gcrmen , fuppcrting three fender ftyles, crowned
by acute Jiigmas. 'The empalement afterward becomes a
large , j wollen , oblontg fruit, perforated at each end , zzz-
clofing one hard globular nut.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedion of
Linnaeus’s twenty- fi ft clafs, in titled Monoecia 1 n-
andria, which includes thofe plants which have male
and female flowers in the fame plant, wnofe male
flowers have three ftamina. _
We have but one Species of this genus in Eng-
land, viz.
Hernandia ( Sonora ) foliis peltatis. Hort. Cliff. ^ 485.
tab. 13. Hernandia amplo hederas folio umbilicato.
Plum. Hernandia with a large umbilicated Ivy leaf com-
monly called in the IV eft- Indies, Jack-in- a-box.
This plant is very common in Jamaica, Barbadoes,
Sl Chriftopher’s, and many other iflands in the Weft-
Indies, where it is known by the name of Jack-in-a-
box. The fruit of this plant when ripe, is perforated,
and the nut in the infide becomes hard •, fo that when
the wind blows through the fruit, it makes a whiffling
noife, which may be heard at a diftance •, fom whence,
I fuppofe, the inhabitants gave this name to the
plant. It grows in the gullies, where there are rills of
water.
In Europe this plant is preferved in curious gardens,
with other tender exotic plants. It is propagated by
flowing the feeds in a hot-bed in the lpring •, and when
the plants have arifen two inches high, they Ihould be
tranfplanted each into a feparate pot, filled with freih
rich earth, and plunged into the hot-bed again, ob-
ferving to water and lhade them until they have taken
root •, after which time they muft have air admitted
to them, (by raifing the glaffes) in proportion to the
warmth of the air, or the heat of the bed in which
they are placed •, and ihould be frequently wa-
tered, otherwile they will not thrive. As the plants
advance, they ihould be removed into larger pots,
which ihould be filled with rich earth •, but in doing
this, you ihould be very careful not to break the
roots, as alfo to preferve a good ball of earth to
them ; and if their leaves ihould hang after being
removed, the plants muft be fcreened from the fun
until they have taken new root. The beft time to
ihift thefe plants is in July, that they may be well
rooted before the cold approached*, the plants muft
be conftantly kept in the bark-ftove : in winter they
ihould have a moderate ihare of heat, and in the
fummer they muft have plenty of air in hot weather.
With this management, the plants will grow to the
height of fixteen feet or more, and the leaves being
very large, will make a beautiful appearance in the
ftove. It hath not as yet flowered in England, though
we may exped fome of the large plants to flower in a
fhort time.
HERNIARI A. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 507. tab. 228.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 272. [of Hernia , Lat. a rupture.]
Rupturewort.
The Characters are.
The flower hath no petals , but a coloured empalement
of one leaf, cut into five parts which fpread open. It
hath five / mall awl-fhaped ftamina, fituated in the divi-
fions of the empalement, terminated by Jingle fummits,
and five others which are barren, placed alternately be-
tween them. In the center is an oval germen with two
Jiigmas, which have acute points - ; the germen afterward
turns to a fmall capfule inclofed in the empalement, having
one oval-pointed feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnsus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
which includes the plants whofe flowers have five fta-
mina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Herniaria ( Glabra ) glabra herbacea. J. B. 3. 378.
Smooth Rupturewort .
2. Herniaria ( Hirfita ) hirfuta herbacea. J, B. 3. 379.
Rough or hairy Rupturewort.
3. Herniaria {AIJines folia) alftnes folio. Tourn. Inft.
507. Rupturewort with a Chickweed leaf
H E S
4. Herniaria (. Fruticofa ) caulibus frutieofis, florifeus
quadrifidis. A mam. Acad. 4. p. 369. Rupturewort
with ligneous /talks and quadrifid flowers. Herniaria
fruticofa, viticulis iignofis. C. B. P. 382.
The two firft forts grow naturally in England, but
not very common ; they are low trailing plants, their
branches lying on the ground, and extend feven or
eight inches each way ; they have leaves like the
finaller Chickweed, the firft is fm'ooth, and thofe of
the fecond are hairy *, the flowers come out in
clutters from the fide of the ftalks at the joints j
they are final], and of a yeilowifh green, fo make no
appearance.
The fourth fort hath fhrubby ftalks which trail up-
on the ground, garnifhed with fmall hairy leaves
likd the fecond fort ; the flowers are alfo very like
that.
The third fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in France and Italy. This doth not fpread
ib much as either of the other forts, but the flowers
and leaves are fomewhat like the firft, but larger.
Thefe plants are feldom cultivated, but in botanic
gardens for the fake of variety. The three firft are
annual plants, feldom continuing longer than one
year; and muft be permitted to Died their feeds,
whereby they are better preferved than if fown with
art. The fourth fort is an abiding plant, which may
be propagated by cuttings ; but as they are plants
of no beauty, they are rarely preferved in gardens.
The firft fort is what fhould be ufed in the fhops, but
is rarely feen in London, the herb-women commonly
bringing the Parfley Breakftone to the markets, which
is fold inftead of this plant.
HESPERIS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 222. tab. 108.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 731. [fome derive the name of this
plant from Hefperia, Italy, from whence the people
were anciently called Hefperides ; but it is pretty
plain, that the name was taken from c, E<t7te/)(^, be-
caufe the flower commonly lmells moft in an even-
ing; either of thefe may be admitted. It is called
Viola Matronalis, becaufe it refernbles the Violet, and
was at firft cultivated by women.] Dame’s Violet,
Rocket, or Queen’s Gilliflower; in French, Juliane ,
or Juliene.
The Characters are,
The flower is compofed of four oblong petals in form of
a crofs, whofe ba/e or tails are narrow, and are fituated
in a four-leaved empalement , which falls away. It hath
fix awl-/haped ftamina , four of them as long as the
tube of the flower , and two much fhort er , terminated by
narrow ere It fummits, reflexed at their points. It hath a
honey-gland fituated between the two fhort ftamina, and
a four-cornered germen the length of the ftamina, but no
ftyle, the oblong eredi ftigrna fitting on the germen ; the
ftigma is divided into two parts , which join at their
points. The germen afterward becomes a plain , long ,
compreffed pod with two cells, divided by an intermediate
partition , inclojing many oval compreffed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnasus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled TetradynamiaSi-
liquofa, the flowers having four long and two fhort
ftamina, and are fucceeded by long pods.
The Species are,
1. Hesperis •( Matronalis ) caule' fimplici eredo, foliis
ovato-lanceolatis denticulatls, petalis mucrone emar-
ginatis. Lin. Sp. 927. Dame's Violet with a J. ingle eredi
flalk , oval, fpear-fhaped , indented leaves, and the petals
of the flowers indented at the top. Llefperis hortenfis,
fiore purpureo. C. B. P. 202. Garden Rocket with a
purple flower.
2. Hesperis {Alba) caule fimplici credo, foliis lanceo-
latis ferratis, petalis integris. Dame's Violet with a Jingle
upright flalk, fpear-fhaped Jawed leaves , and the petals of
the flower entire. Hefperis hortenfis flore candido.
C. B. P. 202. Garden Rocket with a white flower.
3. Hesperis ( Inodora ) caule fimplici credo, foliis fub-
haftatis dentatis petalis obtufis. Lin. Sp, 727. Dame's
Violet with a Jingle upright flalk, halbert-fhaped , in-
dented, obtufle leaves and petals. Hefperis fylveftris in-
odora. C. B. P. 202. IJnf avowry wild Rocket.
4. Kes-
1
HES
4. Hesperis (' Trifiis ) caule hifpido ramofo patente. Hort.
Upfal. 187. Dame’s Violet with a prickly , branchings
ftpreading Jialk. Hefperis montana, pallidia, odoratiffi-
ma. C. B. R 202. Sweet eft pale Mountain Rocket.
5. Hesperis {Sib erica) caule limplici, folis lanceolatis
dentat^-ferratis, petalis obtufiffimis integris. Lin. Sp.
927. Dame's Violet with a Jingle Jialk , ftpear-Jhap'ed.
- jawed leaves , and blunt entire petals to the flower.
6. Hesperis ( Exigua ) caule ramofiffimo diffufo, foliis
lineari-lanceolatis dentatis, filiquis apice truncatis.
Dame’s Violet with a very branching diffufted ftalks nar-
rows ftpear-Jhapeds indented leaves , and the points of the
pods fbaped like a truncheon. Hefperis exigua lutea,
folio dentato angufto. Boerh. Ind. 146. Rocket with
a very ftmall yellow flowers a nd a narrow indented leaf.
7. Hesperis ( Dentata ) foliis dentato-pinnatifidis, caule
laevi. Lin. Sp. Plant. 664. Dame's Violet withwing-pointed
indented leaves , and a ftmooth Jialk. Hefperis flore albo
minimo, filiqua longa, folio profunde dentato. Boerh.
Ind. alt. 2. 20. Rocket with a ftmall white flowers a
long pods and leaves deeply indented.
8. Hesperis ( Aflricana ) caule ramofiffimo diffufo, fo
liis petiolatis lanceolatis acute dentatis fcabris filiquis
feffilibus, Lin. Sp. Plant. 928. Dame's Violet with very
branching diffufted ft alks, Jpear-Jhapeds roughs Jawed leaves ,
and pods fitting clofte to the ftalks. Hefperis Africana,
hieracii folio hirfuto, flore minimo purpurafcente.
NilTol. A£t. African Rocket with a hairy Hawkweed
leafs and a very ftmall purplijh flower.
9. Hesperis {Verna) caule eredto ramofo, foliis corda-
tis amplexicaulibus ferratis villofls. Lin. Sp. Plant.
664. Dame's Violet with an eredl branching ftalks ar >d
hairy , flawed , heart-Jhaped leaves embracing the Jialk.
Turritis annua verna, purpurafcente flore. Tourn.
Inft. 224. Annual vernal Dower Muftard y with a pur-
plijh flower.
The firft fort grows naturally in Italy •, this was for-
merly in greater plenty in the Englith gardens than at
prefent, having been longnegleded becaufe the flowers
were -Angle, and made but little appearance ; how-
ever, as the flowers have a very grateful fcent, fo the
plant is worthy of a place in every good garden. This
rifes with an upright ftalk a foot and a half high, gar-
niflhed with fpear-lhaped leaves which fit clofe to
the ftalk, and are flightly indented on their edges,
ending in acute points : the flowers are produced in
a loofe thyrfe on the top of the ftalks ; they are com-
pofed of four petals, which are roundiffi and in-
dented at their points, of a deep purple colour, and
fmell very fweet, efpecially in the evening or in cloudy
weather. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen
the latter end of Auguft. It is a biennial plant, fo
that young plants fhould be raifed every year, to fup-
ply the place of thofe which decay : if the feeds are
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up without
trouble in the fpring •, and if the feeds are fown, the
beft feafon for it is in the autumn ; becaufe thofe which
are fown in the fpring often fail if the feafon proves
dry, or will remain a long time in the ground before
they vegetate. This plant fhould have a loamy un-
dunged foil, in which it will thrive better than in
rich land.
There is a variety of this with double flowers, in fome
of the gardens in France ; but that which we have in
England, is a variety of the third fort with unfavoury
flowers.
The fecond fort has been generally fuppofed only a
variety of the firft, differing in the colour of the flower,
but is certainly a diftind fpecies *, the leaves of this
are not fo long, but much broader than thofe of the
firft, and th$ir borders are entire ; the flowers are not
quite fo large, nor do they form fo good fpikes *,
they are white, and have not fo fine a fcent as the firft.
This is alfo a biennial plant, requiring the fame treat-
ment as the firft.
The third fort grows naturally in Hungary and Auf-
tria. This rifes with an upright ftalk near two feet
high, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves, ending in
acute points, and fharply indented on their edges ;
they are of a dark green, and fit clofe to the ftalks - 3
4
HES
the flowers grow in loofe fpikes on the top of the
ftalks j in fome they are white, in others purple, and
fometimes both colours ftriped in the fame flower 1
thefe have no odour, fo are not deferving of a place
in gardens, but may be propagated in the fame man-
ner as the two former.
From this fort, the double white and purple Rock-
ets have been accidentally obtained, which are much
efteemed for the beauty of their flowers ; and if they
had the agreeable odour of the Garden Rocket, they
would be fome of the beft furniture for the borders
of the flower-garden, but they are without fcent , how-
ever, for the beauty of their flowers, they are by fome
greatly efteemed, therefore I fhall here infert the beft
method of propagating them yet known.
Thefe plants are naturally biennial, fo the plants with
Angle flowers rarely furvive the fecond year •, nor will
thofe with double flowers continue much longer ; fo
that unlefs young plants are annually raifed to fupply
the place of the old ones, there will loon be a want
of them, which is what few perfons are careful enough
to obferve ; but thinking the roots to be perennial,
trufi to their putting out offsets, or the plants re-
maining after they have flowered •, and finding them
decay, are apt to think their foil very improper for
them, and are at a lofs to account for their decaying ;
whereas, when the plants have flowered, they have
finiflied their period, and feldom continue to flower a
fecond time from the fame root ; though in poor
land, they will often put out a few weak offsets,
which may flower again, but feldom fo ftrong as the
principal roots ; therefore thofe who are defirous to
propagate thefe plants, fhould do it in the following
manner-:
There fliould be fome ftrong roots of each fort kept
apart for this purpofe, which are not intended to
flower when thefe have fhot up their flower-ftalks
about fix inches high, they fliould be cut clofe to
the bottom ; each of thefe may be divided in the
middle to make two cuttings, which fhould be planted
in a foft, gentle, loamy foil, to an eaft expofure, where
they may have only the morning fun ; and thefe may
be planted pretty near together, fo as to be covered
with hand or bell-glaffes, which fhould be put over
them after the cuttings have been well watered, and
clofely fhut down, drawing the earth round the rim
of the glaffes to exclude the air *, then the glaffes
fhould be fhaded with mats every day when the fun
is hot ; and if the cuttings are gently refrefhed with
water once in feven or eight days, it will be fuffi-
cient, for too much moifture will caufe them to rot :
when thefe are watered, the glaffes fhould be clofely
fhut down again as before •, with this management the
cuttings will put out roots in five or fix weeks, and
will begin to fhoot above ; then the glaffes fhould be
gently raifed on one fide to admit the air to them,
and fo gradually harden them to the open air, to
prevent their drawing up weak. When thefe have
made good roots, they fhould be carefully removed,
and planted in an eaft border at about eight or nine,
inches afunder, obferving to fhade and water them till
they have taken new root ; after which they will re-
quire no other care, but to keep them clean from
weeds till the autumn, when they may be tranfplanted
into the borders of the pleafure-garden, where they
are defigned to flower.
The roots which are thus cut down, will fend up
more ftalks than before •, and when thefe are of a pro-
per height, they may be cut off and treated in the
fame way ; fo that if the roots are found, there may be
two or three crops of thefe cuttings taken from them,
and by fo doing, the old roots may be continued much
longer than if they are permitted to flower •, and by
this management, there may be always a fupply of
good plants for the flower-garden.
Thefe plants are very fubjed to canker and rot when
they are planted in a light rich foil, but in poor ftrong
ground, I have feen them thrive and flower in the ut-
moft perfection, where the Items of flowers have been
as large, and the flowers as fair as the fineft double
Stock-
l
S cock-gilii flowers . Their feafon of flowering is in
the beginning of' June, and I have frequently railed
young plants from the ftalks alter the flowers have
decayed, by cutting them in lengths, and planting
them in the manner before directed ; but tnefe fel-
dotn make fo good plants as the young cuttings, nor
are they fo certain to grow, therefore the other are
to be preferred.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Hungary. This
is much cultivated in the gardens abroad, for the great
fragrancy of its flowers, which- in the evening is fo
ftrong, as to perfume the air at a great dilcance, ejpe-
cially where there are any number of the plants. The
ladies in Germany are very fond of this plant, and clu-
rino- the feafon of their (lowering, have the pots placed
in their apartments every evening, that they may en-
joy the fragrancy of their flowers ; for they have, but
little beauty, being fmaller than thofe of the Garden
Rocket, and of a pale colour, but the fcent of their
flowers is much preferable to them ; though in the
day-time, if the weather is clear, they have very little
odour •, but when the fun leaves them, their fragrancy
is expanded to a great diftance. To this fpecies it is
fuppofed, that the title of Dame’s Violet was Hrft ap-
plied.
This fort is very rarely feen in the Englifn gardens : I
fuppofe it has "been neglected, becaufe the flowers
make no appearance. It is a biennial plant like the
Garden Rocket, which is propagated by feeds in the
fame manner; but the plants are not quite fo hardy,
and are very fubjett to rot in winter, efpecially on a
moift foil, or in rich land, where they are apt to grow
very rank, fo are foon injured by wet and cold in the
winter ; therefore the plants of this fort fliould be
planted in a dry poor foil, and a warm fituation ; and
if feme of them are planted in pots to be placed under
a common frame in winter, where they may be fhel-
tered from hard rains and froft, but enjoy the free
air at all times when the weather is mild, it will be
a fure way to preferve them.
The leaves of this fort are much larger than thofe
of the Garden Rocket, and of a paler green ; the
ftalks are clofely fet with briftly hairs the flowers
grow in loofe panicles at the top of the ftalk, and ap-
pear about the fame time with the Garden Rocket.
The feeds of the fifth fort were, fent me from Germany
without any title, nor any account of the country from
whence it came ; but as it was fent with the feeds of
fome Siberian plants, I fuppofe this came from the
fame country. This is a biennial plant, which rifes
with a ftrong branching ftalk between two and three
feet high, which is very hairy, garnilhed with oblong
heart-fhaped leaves, ending in acute points, fitting
dole to the ftalk ; they are four inches long, and one
and a half broad at their bafe, gradually diminiftiing
to the point, and are {lightly fawed on their edges ;
the upper part of the ftalk divides into two or three
branches, which are garnilhed with fmall leaves of
the fame fhape with thofe below, and are terminated
with loofe panicles of fingle, large, purple flowers of
great fragrancy. This fort flowered the end of June
1757, but the great rains which fell in Auguft, rotted
the plants before the feeds were ripe.
The fixth fort grows naturally in the warm parts of
Europe ; this is annual ; the ftalks rife about eight
or nine inches high, branching out greatly on every
fide in a confuted order •, they are garnilhed with
fmall, narrow, indented leaves, and are terminated
by clutters of fmall yellow flowers, which make no
appearance.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Sicily. This is
an annual plant, which ieldom rifes more than fix
inches high ; the ftalk branches toward the top into
three or four fmaller, which are terminated by fmall
white flowers ; the leaves are two inches long and
one broad, cut almoft to the midrib on each fide, fo
as to refemble a winged leaf.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Africa. This is
an annual plant with a very branching ftalk, which
rifes about nine inches high, garnilhed with rough
fpear-ihaped leaves fawed on their edges, and termi-
nated by loofe panicles of fmall purple flowers, which
appear in June and July ; thefe are fucceeded by long
pods fitting clofe to the ftalks, and are filled with
fmall feeds which ripen in September.
Thefe three forts are rarely cultivated, except in bo-
tanic gardens for the fake of variety. If the feeds
of thefe are permitted to fcatter, the plants will come
up without care, and only require to be kept clean
from weeds ; or they may be fown either in the hiring
or the autumn where they are to Hand, for they do
not bear tranfplanting well.
The ninth fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in the fouth of France. This fends out feveral
heart-fhaped leaves from the root, which fpread on
the ground ; they are fawed and hairy : the ftalk rifes
nine inches high, branching toward the top, garnilhed
with leaves of the fame fnape, which embrace the
ftalks with their bafe ; the flowers are produced in
loofe panicles at the end of the branches ; they are of
a lively purple colour, and thofe plants which rife in
the autumn, flower early in the fpring. If thefe
feeds are fown in the autumn, they fucceed much bet-
ter than in the fpring.
HE U CHER A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 283. Sanicle.
The Characters are,
The flower is compofled ofl five narrow petals , which are
infer ted in the border ofl the one-leaved empalement. It
hath five ere A dwl-jhapedftamna , which are much longer
than the empalement , terminated by roundijh flummits. It
hath a rcmdiflj bifid germen , with two eretl ftyles the
length of the ftamina , crowned by cbtufie ftthnas. The
germen afterward turns to an oval-pcinted capfule with
tzvo horns , which are reflex ed, halving two cells filled with
very fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedfion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have five ftamina and two ftyles.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Heuchera jAmericana.) Elort. Cliff. 82. Mitella Ameri-
cana, fiore fquallide purpureo villofo. Boerh. Ind.
alt. Mitella of America , with harry flowers of a dirty
purple colour.
This plant grows naturally in Virginia, but is hardy
enough to thrive in the open air in England. It hath,
a perennial root, which fends out many heart-fhaped
oval leaves, which are indented into four or five
lobes, and are crenated on their edges, of a lucid
green, and fmooth ; from between thefe come out
the foot-ftalks of the flower, which are naked, and
rife afoot high, dividing at the top into a loofe pani-
cle, fuftaining many fmall hairy flowers, of an obfo-
lete purple colour. This flowers in May, and the
feeds ripen in Auguft.
It is propagated by parting the roots in autumn, and
fhould be planted in a fhady fituation ; there is little
beauty in this plant, but it is prelerved in fome gar-
dens for the fake of variety.
HIBISCUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 756. Ketmia. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 99. tab. 26. Syrian Mallow.
The Characters are,
The flower has a double empalement , which is permanent
the outer is compofled of eight or ten narrow leaves, the
inner is Jhaped like a cup , and is ofl one leaf, cut at the
brim into five acute points. It hath five heart-Jhaped
petals, which join at their bafe into one. It hath many
ftamina , which are joined to the ftyle, in form ofl a column ,
within the tube of the flower, but expand toward the top ,
and are terminated by kidney-Jhaped flummits. It has a
round germen, with fender ftyles longer than the ftamina ,
crowned by roundijh ftigmas. The germen afterward turns
to a capfule with five cells, opening in five parts, inclojing
kidney-Jhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion
of Linnams’s fixteenfh clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have many ftamina joined to the
ftyles in one body, forming a column.
The Species are,
1. Hibiscus ( Syriacus) folks cuneiformi-ovatis, fupeme
incifo-dentatis, caule arboreo. Hort. Cliff 350, Hibifi
6 T cm
H 1 B
ms with wedge-Jhaped oval leaves , whofe upper parts
are cut , indented , u/H d tree-like /talk. Ketmia Syrorum
quibufdam. C. B. P. 3160 The Syrian Ketmia, commonly
called Althea frutex.
2. Hibiscus (Sinenfis) foliis cordato-quinquangularis ob-
folete ferratis, cauie arboreo, Hort. XJpfal. 205. Hi-
bifcus with heart-Jhaped leaves, haying jive angles which
arejlightly jawed, and a tree-like Jlalk. Ketmia finen-
fis, fructu iu'brotundo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 100.
China Ketmia with a roundijh fruit, commonly called China
Rofe.
3. Hibiscus (. Abelmofchus ) foliis fubpeltato-cordatis fep-
temangularibus, ferratis hifpidis. Hort. Cliff. 34.9.
Hibifcus with heart-Jhaped target leaves , having feven
angles zvhicb are jawed, and jet with prickly hairs.
Ketmia Americana hirfuta, flore flavo, & femine mof-
chato. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 100. Hairy American Ket-
mia with a yellow flower and mujky feed, commonly called
Mufk.
4. Hibiscus ( Manihot ) foliis palmato-digitatis feptem-
partitis. Hort. Cliff 350. Hibifcus with fingered leaves,
which are divided into feven parts. Ketmia America-
na, folio Papayas, flore magno flavefeente, fundo
purpureo, frudtu eredto pyramidali hexagono, femine
rotundulo fapore fatuo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 272. Ame-
rican Ketmia with a Papaw leaf, and a large yellow
flower, having a purple bottom , a pyramidal, fix- cornered,
eredl fruit, and round feeds of a flat tafte.
5. Hibiscus ( Tomentofus ) foliis cordatis angulatis ferra-
tis tomentofis, cauie arboreo. Hibifcus with angular ,
heart-Jhaped, flawed, woolly leaves , and a tree-like Jlalk.
Malva arboreo, folio oblongo acuminato veluto den-
tato & leviter finuato, flore ex rubro flavefeente. Sloan.
Cat. 95. Tree Mallow with oblong, acute-pointed, in-
dented leaves, Jlightly fmmted , and a reddijh yellow
flower.
6. Hibiscus ( T'iliaceus ) foliis cordatis fubrotundis in-
divifis acuminatis crenatis, cauie arboreo. Prod. Leyd.
532. Hibifcus with entire heart-Jhaped leaves, and a tree-
like Jlalk. Ketmia Indica tili^ folio. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 100. Indian Ketmia with a Lime-tree leaf.
7. Hibiscus ( Javanica ) foliis ovatis acuminatis ferratis
glabris, cauie arboreo. Flor. Zeyl. 2 60. Hibifcus with
oval-pointed, jawed, fmooth leaves, and a tree-like Jlalk.
Alcea Javanica arborefeens, flore pleno rubicundo.
Bryen. Cent. 12 1. tab. 56. Tree Vervain Mallow of
Java, with a double red flower, called in India Shoe-flower.
8. Hieiscus ( Vitifolis ) foliis ferratis inferioribus ovatis
indivifis, fuperioribus quinquepartitis, cauie aculeato.
Prod. Leyd. 358. Hibifcus with flawed leaves, the lower
oval and undivided, the upper divided into five parts,
and a prickly Jlalk. Ketmia Indica vitis folio, mag-
no flore. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 100. Indian Ketmia
with a Vine leaf and large flower.
9. Hibiscus ( Sabdariffa ) foliis ferratis, inferioribus cor-
datis, mediis tripartitis, fummis quinquepartitis, cauie
aculeato. Hibifcus with flawed leaves, the lower ones
being heart-floaped, the middle divided into three parts,
the upper into Jive, and a prickly Jlalk. Ketmia fEgyp-
tiaca vitis folio, parvo flore. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 100.
Egyptian Ketmia with a Vine leaf and a fmall flower.
10. PIibiscus ( Gojjypifolius ) foliis quinquelobatis fer-
ratis, cauie glabro. Hibifcus with flawed leaves divided
into five lobes, and a fmooth Jlalk. Ketmia Indica,
Goffyppii folio, acetofe fapore. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
100. Indian Ketmia with a Cotton leaf, and the tajle of
Sorrel.
11. Hibiscus ( Ficulneus ) foliis quinquefido-palmatis,
cauie aculeato. Hort. Cliff. 498. Hibifcus with hand-
Jhaped five-pointed leaves, and a prickly Jlalk. Ketmia
Zeylanica, fici folio, perianthio oblongo integro.
Hort. Ekh. 190. tab. 1 57. Ketmia of Ceylon with a Fig
leaf, and an oblong entire perianthium.
12. Hibiscus ( Surattenfls ) foliis quinquepartitis, lobis
ovato-lanceolatis hirfutis crenatis, cauie fpinoflimo.
Hibifcus with leaves divided into Jive lobes, which are
oval, fpear-jhaped, hairy, and crenated, and a very prickly
Jlalk. Ketmia Indica aculeata, foliis digitatis. Tourn.
Inft. iOi. Prickly Indian Ketmia with hand-floaped
leaves .
H I B
I 3 -. Hibiscus ( Cordifolius ) foliis cordatis hirfutis crena-
tis, floribus lateralibus, cauie arboreo ramolo. Hibif-
cus with heart-floaped , hairy, crenated leaves, flowers
growing from the fide s of the branches , and a tree-like
branching Jlalk. Ketmia Americana rrutefeens foliis
fubrotundis crenatis hirfutis, flore luteo. Houft.
Shrubby American Ketmia with roundijh, hairy , crenated
leaves , and a yellow flower.
14. Hibiscus ( Bahamenfis ) foliis oblongo-cordatis Ha-
bris, denticuiatis, fubtus incanis, floribus ampliflimis.
Hibifcus with oblong, heart-floaped, fmooth, indented leaves*
hoary on their under fide, and very large flowers.
15. Hibiscus ( Ficifolius ) foliis quinquepartito pedatis,
calycibus inferioribus latere rumpentibus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 696. Hibifcus with leaves like a hand, divided
into five parts, and the lower empalement torn fidezvays.
Ketmia Brafilienfis, folio ficus, fruftu pyramidato ful-
cato. Tourn. Inft. R, H. 100. Ketmia of the Brqfils
with a Fig leaf, and a pyramidal furrowed fruit.
16. Hibiscus ( Pentacarpos ) foliis inferioribus cordatis
angulatis, fuperioribus fubhaftatis, floribus fubnu-
tantibus, piftillo cernuo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 697. Hibifcus
with lower leaves heart-floaped and angular, the upper
ones fomewhat fpear-Jloapcd , nodding flowers , and a re-
curved piftil. Ketmia paluftris minor, folio angufto,
flore parvo purpurafeente, fruftu depreffo pentago-
na. Zannich. Venet. 155. tab. 91. Smaller Marflo Ket-
mia with a narrow leaf, a fmall purpliflo flower , and a
five-cornered deprejfed fruit.
1 7. Hibiscus ( Populneus ) foliis ovatis acuminatis ferra-
tis, cauie fimpliciflimo, petiolis fioriferis. Hort. Up-
fal. 205. Hibifcus with oval-pointed jawed leaves, a
flngle Jlalk, and foot-ftalks having flowers. Ketmia Afri-
cana Populi folio. Tourn. Inft. 100. African Ketmia
with a Poplar leaf.
18. Hibiscus ( Paluftris ) cauie herbaceo fimpliciflimo,
foliis ovatis fubtrilobis, fubtus tomentofis, floribus
axillaribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 693. Hibifcus with a flngle
herbaceous Jlalk, oval leaves having three lobes, woolly
on their under fide . Ketmia paluftris flore purpureo.
Tourn. Inft. 100. Marflo Ketmia with a purple flower.
19. Hibiscus ( Trionum ) foliis tripartitis incifis, calyci-
bus inflatis. Hort. Upfal. 206. Hibifcus with tripartite
cut leaves, and a fwollen empalement. Ketmia veficaria
vulgaris. Tourn. Inft. Common Bladder Ketmia , called
Venice Mallow , or Flower of an hour.
20. Hibiscus ( Africana ) foliis tripartitis dentatis, lobis
anguftioribus cauie hirfuto calycibus inflatis. Hibif-
cus with tripartite indented leaves having narrower lobes ,
a hairy Jlalk, and fwollen empalement s. Ketmia vefi-
caria Africana. Tourn. Inft. 101. African Bladder
Ketmia.
21. Hibiscus ( Hifpidus ) foliis inferioribus trilobis, fum-
mis quinque partitis obtufis crenatis calycibus infla-
tis, cauie hifpido. Hibifcus with under leaves having
three lobes, the upper being cut into Jive obtufe fegments ,
which are crenated, fwollen empalements, and a prickly
Jlalk.
22. Hibiscus ( Malvavifcus ) foliis cordatis-crenatis, an-
gulis lateralibus extimis parvis, cauie arboreo. Hort.
Cliff. 349. Hibifcus with heart-Jhaped crenated leaves ,
whofe outward lateral angles are fmall, and a tree-like
Jlalk. Malvavifcus arborefeens, flore miniato claufo.
Hort. Elth. 210. tab. 170. Tree-like , vifeous, feeded
Mallow, with a clofed fcarlet flower.
The firft fort is commonly called Althsa frutex by
the nurfery gardeners, who propagate the fhrubs for
fale ; of this there are four or five varieties, which
differ in the colour of their flowers ; the moft common
hath pale purple flowers with dark bottoms ; another
hath bright purple flowers with black bottoms, a third
hath white flowers with purple bottoms ; a fourth va-
riegated flowers with dark bottoms •, and a fifth pale
yellow flowers with dark bottoms ^ but the laft is very
rare at prefent in the Englifh gardens *, there are alfo
two with variegated leaves, which are by fome much
efteemed.
This grows naturally in Syria, from whence it. has
been introduced to the gardens, and is one of the great
ornaments of the autumn feafon: it riles with a flmibby
ftalk
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I
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ftalk to the height of fix or feven feet, fending out
many ligneous branches, covered with a fmooth gray
bark, garnifhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, whofe
upper parts are frequently divided into three lobes,
which are fawed ; thefe are placed alternately on the
branches, Handing on fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers
come out from the wings of the ftalks at every
joint of the fame year’s fhoot ; they are large, and
lhaped like thofe of the Mallow, having five large
roundifh petals, which join at their bale, fpreading
open at the top in fhape of an open bell : thefe
appear in Auguft, and if the feafon is not too warm,
there will be a fucceffion of flowers part of Sep-
tember •, the early flowers are fucceeded by fhort cap-
fules with five cells, filled with kidney-fhaped feeds ;
but unlefs the feafon proves warm, they will not ripen
in this country.
It is propagated by feeds, which fiiould be fown in
pots filled with light earth the latter end of March ;
and if they are plunged into a gentle heat, it will
greatly forward the growth of the feeds. When the
plants are come up, they mu ft be inured to the
open air, and in May the pots may be plunged into
the ground, in a border expofed to the eaft, where
they may have the morning fun : the reafon of my
advifmg the pots to be plunged into the ground,
is to prevent the earth from drying fo fail as it
would do when the pots Hand on the furface, fo
that the plants will not require fo much water in
fummer •, thefe plants will require no other culture,
but to keep them clean from weeds, and in very
dry weather to refrefh them with water during the
firfl fummer, but in autumn it will be proper to re-
move the pots under a common frame to fcreen
them from the froft ; or where there is not fuch con-
veniency, they may be plunged clofe to a hedge,
pale, or wall, to a good afped; and in fevere froft, they
ihould be covered with mats, Straw, or other light
covering ; for although thefe plants, when they have
obtained ftrength, will refill the cold of our winters,
yet the young plants, whofe fhoots are tender, are
very often injured by the firfl; froft of autumn : fo that
if they are not fcreened the firft year, they are often
killed to the ground. Toward the latter end of March
will be a good time to tranfplant thefe plants, at which
time a fpot of light ground mult be prepared to re-
ceive them, which lbould be divided into beds four
feet broad, with paths of two feet broad between ;
then the plants Ihould be ihaken out of the pots with
the earth about them, and feparated with care, for
their roots are very tender, and apt to break with
little force thefe Ihould be planted at about nine
inches afunder in the beds ; fo that if four rows are
planted in each bed, there will be fix inches allowed
between the outfide rows and the paths. The ground
Ihould be gently doled about the roots to prevent
the air penetrating to them ; and if a little old tan-
ners bark, or mulch, is laid over the furface of the
beds, it will prevent the earth from drying, and be
of great ule to the plants ; during the following fum-
mer they mult be kept clean from weeds, and if the
following winter prove fevere, it will be prudent to
cover the plants again in autumn, efpecially if they
Ihoot late in the feafon, or the autumn proves cold
and moift, for then the plants will be' in great dan-
ger of having their tops killed : in thefe beds the
plants may remain two years, by which time they will
be fit to tranfplant where they are defigned to remain
for if they are kept longer in the nurfery, they will
not remove fo well. The bell time for tranfplanting
thefe plants is the end of March, or the beginning of
April, for they feldom begin to Ihoot till the end of
April, or the beginning of May ; they Ihould have
a light foil, not too wet, for in ilrong land their Hems
grow mofiy, and they never thrive after.
Thefe plants may alfo be propagated by cuttings,
which, if planted the latter end of March, in pots fill-
ed with light earth, and plunged into a gentle heat,
will take root •, but the plants fo raifed, are not fo
good as the feedlings. The feveral varieties may be
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propagated by grafting upon each other, which is the
common method of propagating the forts with ftriped
leaves.
The fecond fort grows naturally in India, from
whence the French firft carried the feeds to their fet-
tlements in the Weft-Indies ; and the inhabitants of
the Britifh colonies there have been fupplied with the
feeds from them, fo have given it the title of Martinico
Rofe : of this there are the double and Angle flower-
ing, which from the feeds of the double the Angle is
frequently produced, but the feeds of the Angle fel-
dom vary to the double. The flowers of thefe plants
alter in their colour, for at their firft opening they are
white, then they change to a bliifh Rofe colour, and
as they decay they turn to a purple. In the Weft-In-
dies, all thefe alterations happen the fame day, as I
fuppofe the flowers in thofe hot countries are not of
longer duration : but in England, where the flowers
laft near a week in beauty, the changes are not fo
fudden.
This plant has a foft fpongy Item, which, by age,
becomes ligneous and pithy. It riles to the height of
twelve or fourteen feet, fending out branches on
every fide toward the top, which are hairy, gar-
nilhed with heart-lhaped leaves, cut into five acute
angles on their borders, and are fiighriy fawed on their
edges, of a lucid green on their upper fide, but pale
below. Handing alternately upon pretty long foot-
ftalks. The flowers are produced from the wings of
the ftalk, like thofe of the firfl fort ; the lingle one
is compofed of five large petals, which fpread open,
and are firft v/hite, but afterward change in the man-
ner before-mentioned ; thefe are fucceeded by fhort,
thick, blunt capfules, which are very hairy, having
five cells, which contain many fmall kidney- lhaped
feeds, having a fine plume of fibrous down adhering
to them.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which muft be
fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the
plants are fit to remove, they Ihould be each planted
in a feparate fmall pot filled with kitchen-garden
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, where
they muft be fhaded till they have taken new root - 3
then they muft be treated as other plants from warm
countries, but not too tenderly, for thefe require a
large Ihare of air in warm weather, otherwife they
will draw up very weak : thefe plants Ihould not be
quite expofed to the open air the firfl feafon, and
the firft winter will require the warmth of a mode-
rate ftove ; but as they get more ftrength, they may-
be treated with lefs care, for they will bear the open
air in fummer, in a warm fheltered fituation, and will
live through the wiqter in a very good green-houfe,
provided they have not too much wet ; but the plants
thus hardily treated, will not make fo great progrefs,
nor flower fo well as with a little additional warmth ;
and if they are too tenderly managed, they will draw
up weak, fo will be lefs likely to flower. This fort
ufually flowers in England in November, fo that it
keeps to the ufual time of flowering in its native
country.
The third fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
where it is commonly known by the title of Mufk ;
the French cultivate great quantities of thefe plants in
their American Iflands, the feeds of which are annu-
ally fent to France in great quantities, fo that they
certainly have fome way of rendering it ufeful, as it
feems to be a coniiderable branch of trade. This rifes
with an herbaceous ftalk about three or four feet high,
fending out two or three fide branches, garnifhed with
large leaves cut into fix or feven angles, which are
acute, and fawed on their edges ; thefe Hand on long
foot-ftalks, and are placed alternately. The ftalks and
leaves of this are very hairy. The flowers come out
from the wings of the ftalk upon pretty long foot-
ftalks, which Hand ered ; they are large, of a fulphur
colour, with dark purple bottoms, and are fucceeded
by pyramidal five-cornered capfules, which open in
five cells, filled with large kidney-fnaped feeds of a
very mufky odour.
This
301
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This fort feldom lives more than one 'year in Eng-
land, .but in its native country will laid two years. It
is propagated by feeds, which, if fown on a good hot-
bed in the fpring, and the plants afterward planted
in pots filled with light earth, and plunged into a frefh
hot-bed, treating them afterward in the fame way as
the Amaranthus, they will flower in July, and their
feeds will ripen in autumn.
The fourth fort grows naturally in both the Indies 5
this rifes with an herbaceous fmooth ftalk three or
four feet high, garni filed with leaves which are di-
vided into feven fegments almoft to the bottom ; the
middle fegment being four inches long and half an
inch broad, the upper lateral fegments about three
inches long and the fame breadth ; thefe are indented
at their extremities, but the lower fegments are not
much more than an inch long, and have foot-ibalks
four inches long. The flowers are produced from the
wings of the ftalks toward the top, Handing on ihort
foot-ftalks ; they are compofed of five large fulphur-
coloured petals, which, when open, fpread five inches
wide ; they have a dark purple bottom, with a column
of {lamina and ftyles rifing in the center, and are
fucceeded by large, pyramidal, five-cornered, eredl
feed-veffels, opening in five cells, which are filled with
pretty large kidney- fliaped feeds, which have little
fmell or tafte.
It is propagated by feeds in the fame manner as
the former fort, and if fo managed, will produce
flowers and perfect feeds the fame feafon ; but the
plants may be continued through the winter in a
moderate warmth, though few perfons are at the
trouble of preferving the plants after they have ri-
pened their leeds, becaufe the young plants make a
better appearance.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
where it rifes with a woody ftalk feven or eight feet
high, fending out many fide branches toward the top,
which are covered with a whitifh bark, and garnifhed
with angular heart-fhaped leaves, which are woolly ;
they are about four inches long, and three broad to-
ward their bafe, ending in acute points, and have fe-
veral longitudinal veins. The flowers are produced
from the wings of the ftalk upon long foot-ftalks ;
they are compofed of five roundilh petals, which are
joined at their bafe, but fpread open above, and are
of a yellow colour, turning to a red as they decay •,
thefe are fucceeded by large, obtufe, five-cornered,
hairy feed-veffels, which open in five cells, filled with
large kidney-fhaped feeds.
This is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown
upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants after-
ward treated in the fame way as the two laft men-
tioned, during the firft fummer, but in the autumn
they muft be plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove,
where they fhould conftantly remain, and be treated
in the fame way as other tender plants from the fame
country, giving them but little water in winter ; the
fecond year the plants will flower, but they have not
as yet perfected feeds in England.
The fixth fort grows naturally in both Indies ; this
riles with a woody pithy ftem eight or ten feet high,
dividing into feveral branches toward the top, which
are covered with a woolly dowm, and garnifhed
with round heart-fhaped leaves, ending in acute
points ; they are of a lucid green on their upper fide,
and hoary on their under, full of large veins, and are
placed alternately on the ftalks. The flowers are pro-
duced at the end of the branches in loofe fpikes ; they
are of a whitifh yellow colour, and are fucceeded by
ihort acuminated capfules, opening in five cells, filled
with large kidney-fhaped feeds.
This fort is propagated in the fame way, and the
plants require the fame treatment as the fifth, and
flower the fecond year, provided they are brought
forward, otherwife they will not flower before the
third or fourth feafon ; but they will bear the open
air in fummer, in a warm fituation, though they will
not make great progrefs there.
The ferenth fort grows naturally on the coaft of
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Malabar, from whence I received the plants; this rifes
with a woody ftalk twelve or fourteen feet high, di-
viding. into many fmall branches toward the top, which
are garnished with oval fawed leaves, ending in acute
points ; they are of a lucid green above, but are. pale
on their under fide, and are placed without order.
The flowers come out from the fide of the branches,
at the wings of the leaves, on pretty long foot-ftalks ;
they are compofed of many oblong roundifh petals of
a red colour, which expand like the Rofe, the flowers
being as large when fully blown, as the common red
Rofe, and as double. This is a perennial plant, which
is propagated by cuttings ; and the plants muft con-
ftantly be kept in the ftove, giving them a iarge fhare
of air in warm weather, -and but little water in win-
ter. There is a variety of this with white flowers, but
I have not feen any of the plants in the Englifh gar-
dens -, nor have I feen the Angle flowering kind, for
the inhabitants of India propagate that with double
flowers by cuttings, which put out roots freely ; this
they do for the fake of flowers, which the women of
that country make life of to colour their hair and
eye-brows black, which will not walh off : the Eng-
lifh there ufe it for blacking of their fhoes, and from
thence have titled it Shoe-flower.
The eighth fort is an annual plant, which rifes with
an upright ftalk feven or eight feet high ; the lower
leaves are oval, ferrated, and entire, but the upper
leaves are divided almoft to the foot-ftalk, into five
fpear-fhaped fegments, like the fingers of a hand,
Handing on very long foot-ftalks, which have thorns
at their bafe, and are fharply fawed on their edges.
The flowers come out from the wings of the ftaff •
they are large, of a pale fulphur colour, with a .ark
purple bottom, and are fucceeded by oval elimi-
nated, prickly capfules, which open in five .is, filled
with large kidney-fhaped feeds.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown
upon a hot-bed, and the plants treated in the fame
way as the third fort ; and w r hen they are grown too
tall to ftand under the frames, they muft be placed in
the ftove, where they will flower in Auguft, and the
feeds will ripen in autumn.
The ninth fort is near of kin to the eighth, but the
ftalks do not grow fo tall ; the lower leaves are heart-
fhaped and entire, the middle leaves are divided into
three, and the upper into five fegments, almoft to the
foot-ftalks ; they are fawed on their edges, and the
ftalk is prickly. The flowers come out from the
wings of the ftalks *, they are of a very pale fulphur
colour, with dark bottoms, but not fo large as thofc
of the laft.
This is propagated by feeds in the fame way as the
eighth, and the plants require the fame treatment.
It flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
The bark of both thefe plants is full of ftrong fibres,
which I have been informed the inhabitants of the
Malabar coaft prepare and make into a ftrong cord-
age; and by what I have obferved, it may be wrought
into fine ftrong thread of any fize, if properly manu-
factured.
The tenth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
where the inhabitants ufe the green pods to add an
acid tafte to their viands : there are two varieties of
this, one with a light green, and the other a deep red
pod, which always maintain their difference -, but as
there is no other difference but that of the colour of
their pods, they do not deferve feparate titles. This
rifes with an herbaceous ftem about three feet high,
fending out feveral lateral branches, which are gar-
nifhed with fmooth leaves divided into five lobes.
The flowers come out from the fide of the branches ;
they are of a dirty white, with dark purple bot-
toms, and are fucceeded by obtufe feed-veffels, di-
vided into five cells, which are filled with kidney-
fhaped feeds.
This fort is propagated in the fame way as the third,
and will flower and perfect feeds the fame year, fo is
feldom preferved longer in England.
*
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The eleventh fort is a native of Ceylon ; this rifes with
an herbaceous fbalk, which is prickly, from two to
three foethigh, dividing upward into fmall branches,
which are garnifhed with hand-fhaped leaves, divided
into five fegments. The flowers come out from the
wings of the leaves ; they are final! and white, with
purple bottoms, and are fucceeded by fnort obtufe
capfules with five cells, filled with kidney-fhaped feeds.
The feeds of this fort were fent me by Dr. Breynius of
Dantzick.
This plant is annual, fo muff be treated in the fame
way as the third.
The twelfth fort is alfo annual with us •, this rifes with
an herbaceous ftalk three feet high, clofely fet with
prickly hairs, and divides into branches upward, gar-
nifhed with hand-fhaped leaves, divided into five
lobes, which are fpear-fhaped, ending in acute points ;
they are hairy, and crenated on their edges, Handing
upon very long foot-ftalks ; the flowers come out from
the wings of the ftalk, and are very like thofe of the
third ; this plant requires the fame culture as the third
fort. The feeds of this were fent me by Dr. Jufiieu,
from Paris.
The thirteenth fort was difcovered' by the late Dr.
Houftoun in the ifland of Cuba, from whence he fent
me the feeds. This rifes with a woody ftalk twelve
or fourteen feet high, fending out many lateral
branches, garnifhed with hairy heart-fhaped leaves,
crenated on their edges ; the flowers come out
fingle from the wings of the leaves ; they are of a
very bright yellow colour, but not fo large as either
of the former forts, and are fucceeded by fhort cap-
fules ending in acute points, divided into five cells,
which are filled with kidney-fhaped feeds. This plant
is tender, fo requires the fame treatment as the fifth,
and other tender kinds, with which management it
flowers and produces good feeds here.
The fourteenth fort has a perennial root but an an-
nual ftalk. The feeds of this were fent me from the
Bahama Iflands, which fucceeded in the Chelfea gar-
den, where the plants produced plenty of flowers,
but did not ripen their feeds. This riles with ftve-
ral ftalks from the root, which grow four feet high,
garnifhed with oblong, heart-fhaped, fmooth ‘leaves,
ending in acute points, of a light green on their
upper fide, but hoary on their under, and are flightly
indented on their edges, Handing upon long foot-
ftalks ; the flowers are produced at the top of the
ftalks ; they are very large, and of a light purple co-
lour with dark bottoms, and are fucceeded by fhort
capfules divided into five cells, filled with kidney-
fhaped feeds.
This is propagated by feeds, which mull; be fown on
a moderate hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants
are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted in a fe-
parate fmall pot, and plunged into a hot-bed, treating
them in the fame way as the other tender forts, but al-
lowing them a greater fhare of air in warm weather ;
for thefe may be brought to ftand in the open air in
fummer, but unlefs the feafon is very warm they will
not flower there; for thofe which flowered in the Chel-
fea garden, were plunged into atan-bed whofe heat was
declining, under a deep frame, where they produced
plenty of flowers, but they came too late to ripen
feeds. The ftalks decay in the autumn, but if the
pots are fheitered under a hot-bed frame and fecured
from froft, they will continue feveral years, and put
out new ftalks in the fpring.
The fifteenth fort is very common in the Weft-Indies,
where the inhabitants cultivate it for the pods or feed-
veffels, which they gather green to put into theirfoups ;
thefe, having a foft viicous juice, add a thicknefs to
their foups, and renders them very palatable. It rifes
Wii: h a fort herbaceous ftalk, from three to five feet
high, dividing upward into many branches, garnifhed
with hand-fhaped leaves, divided into five lobes ; the
flowers are produced from the wings of the ftalk; they
are of a pale fulphur colour with dark purple bottoms,
but are Imaller than either of the other forts, and of
very fhort duration, opening in the morning with the
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rifing fun, but are faded long before noon in war’m
weather. Thefe are fucceeded by capfules of very-
different forms, in the different varieties ; in fomejhe
capfules are not thicker than a man’s finger, and five
or fix inches long ; in others they are very thick, and
not more than two or three inches long; in fome plants
they grow ereft, in others they are rather inclined ;
and thefe varieties are conftant, for I have many years
cultivated thefe plants, and have not found them
vary.
This fort is propagated by feeds in the fame way
as the third, and the plants require the fame treat-
ment, for they are too tender to thrive in the open air
in this country ; I have often transplanted the plants
into warm borders, after they have acquired proper
ftrength, and have fometimes in very warm feafons had
them thrive for a fhort time, but the firft cold or bad
weather their leaves have all dropped off ; arid then
they have decayed gradually, fo that they have but
rarely flowered, and have never in the beft feafons
perfe&ed their feeds ; therefore thofe who are in-
clinable to cultivate thefe plants, muft conftantly fhel-
ter them in bad weather.
The fixteenth fort grows naturally near Venice, in
moift land ; this hath a perennial root, and an annual
ftalk, which rifes from three tofourfeethigh; the lower
leaves are angular and heart-fhaped, but the upper
are fpear-fhaped, and flightly indented on their edges ;
the flowers are produced from the wings of the
leaves, upon long foot-ftalks ; they are fmall, and
of a purple colour with a dark bottom, and are fuc-
ceeded by five-cornered compreffed capfules, filled
with kidney-fhaped feeds.
This fort is propagated by Feeds, which muft be
fown on a hot-bed, and the plants fhould be treated
in the fame way as the fourteenth fort, otherwife they
will not flower ; for although the roots will live in
the full ground here, yet the fummers are not warm.
enough to bring them to flower. I have fome of the
roots which have remained feven years, putting up
many ftalks, which rife upward of three feet, and
have the flower-buds formed on their tops ; but thefe
appear fo late in the feafon, that they feldom have
opened.
The leventeenth fort grows naturally in North Ame-
rica ; this hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk ;
the roots of this fort will live in the full ground,
but unleis the fummer is warm, the flowers feldom
open. It nfes with fingle ftalks from the root, two
feet high or more ; the leaves are oval and fawed,
the flowers are large and purple.
The eighteenth fort grows naturally in North Ame-
rica, in moift ground. This hath a perennial root,
and an annual ftalk like the former, which is herba-
ceous and never branches ; the leaves are oval, with
three lobes which are not deeply divided ; they are of
a bright green on their upper fide, but woolly on their
under ; the flowers are produced from the wings of
the ftalk ; they are large, and of a bright purple co-
lour. This fort, like the former, feldom flowers in
the open air here, unlefs the fummer proves very warm,
but the roots will live in the full ground, if they are
planted in a fheitered fituation. The only way to
have thefe plants flower in this country, is to keep
tne roots in pots, and flicker them under a frame in
winter, and in the fpring plunge them into a gentle
hot-bed, which will caufe them to put out their
ftalks early ; and when the ftalks are fo high as to
resell the glaffes, the pots may be removed into a
glafs-cafe ; where, if they are duly fupplied with wa-
ter, and have plenty of air in hot weather, they will
flower very well in July, and in warm feafons will ri-
pen their feeds.
1 he nineteenth fort is an annual plant, which ptov/s
naturally in fome parts of Italy, and has been" Ion. o'
cultivated in the Enghfn gardens, by the title of
Venice Malva. Gerard and Parkinfon title it Alcea
v eneta, and Flos flora, or flower of an hour, from
the fhort . duration of its dowers, which in hot wea-
ther continue but few hours open : however, there
As
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Is k fuccefiion of flowers which open daily for' a co.v
fiderable time, fo that a few. of thefe plants may be
allowed a place in every curious garden.
It rifes with a branching ftalk a foot and a half
high, having many (hart fpines which are ibft, and
do not appear unlefs clofely viewed : the leaves are
divided into three lobes, which are deeply jagged ai-
riioft to the midrib j thefe jags are oppofite, and the
fegments are obtufe ; the flowers come out at the
joints of the (talks upon pretty long toot- (talks, hav-
ing a double empalement, the outer being compofed
of ten long narrow leaves, which join at their bale ;
the inner is of one thin leaf, fwollen like a bladder,
cut into five acute fegments at the top, having many
longitudinal purple ribs, and is hairy ; both thefe are
permanent, and inclofe the capfule after the flower is
paft. The flower is compofed of five obtufe petals,
which fpread open at the top, the lower part forming
an open bell-fhaped flower •, thefe have dark purple
bottoms, but are of a pale fulphur colour above,
having the ftamina and apices joined in a column in
the center ; after the flower is paft, the germen turns
to a blunt capiule opening in five cells, which are
filled with finall kidney-ftiaped feeds. It flowers in
June, July, and Auguft, and the feeds ripen about a
month after. This fort is propagated by feeds, which
fhouid be fown where the plants are ciefigned to re-
main, for they do not bear tranfpianting well ; if
the feeds are fown in autumn, the plants will come
up early in the fpring, fo will flower in the
fummer, and thefe which are fown early in the fpring
will fucceed them *, fo that by fowing them at three
different feafons, they may be continued in fucceffion
till the froft flops them. Thefe require no other cul-
ture but to keep them clean Tom weeds, and thin
them where they are too clofe *, anddf the feeds are
permitted to flatter, the plants will come up full as
well as when fown, fo that it will maintain its fitua-
tion unlefs it is weeded out.
The twentieth fort grows naturally at the Cape of
Good Hope ; this is alfo an annual plant which refem-
bles the former, but the (talks grow more ered, are
of a purplifh colour, and very hairy-, the leaves are
compofed of three lobes, which are divided almoft to
the foot-ftalk ; thefe are narrow, the middle lobe
ftretching out more than twice the length of the two
fide lobes, and they are but (lightly indented on their
edges, whereas thole of the former are cut almoft to
the midrib ; the flowers are larger, and .their colour
deeper, than thofe of the other.
The feeds of the twenty-fecond fort were fent me
from the Cape of Good Hope, a few years paft. This
is alfo an annual plant, having at firft fight fome re-
femblance of the other forts before-mentioned ; but it
rifes with ftrong hairy branching (talks, garnifhed
with much broader leaves than either of the former,
the lower being divided into three, and the upper into
five obtufe lobes, which are crenated on their edges ;
the flowers are large, but of a paler colour than thofe
of the other. This has maintained the difference ten
years, fo that there is no doubt of its being a diitindt
fpecies.
All thefe are as hardy as the nineteenth fort, fo may
be treated in the fame way.
The twenty-third fort grows naturally at Campeachy,
from whence the late Dr. Houftoun lent me the feeds.
This differs fo effentially from the other fpecies in its
fruftification, as to deferve another title ; for all the
other have dry capfutes with five cells, including
many kidney-ftiaped feeds, but this hath a foft vif-
cous berry, with a hard (hell inclofed, containing five
roundifti feeds : it rifes with a (hrubby ftalk ten or
twelve feet high, dividing into many branches, which
are garnifhed with fmooth, heart-fhaped, angular
leaves, which are crenated on their edges ; the flowers
come out from the wings of the (talks fingly, (land-
ing on- fliort foot-ftalks they are compofed of five
oblong petals, which are twifted together and never
expand •» they are of a fine fcarlet, and are fucceeded
by roundifti berries of a fcarlet colour when ripe, in-
5
H I E
clofing a hard (hell which opens in five cells, each
containing a Tingle roundifti feed.
This fort is generally propagated here by cuttings,
becaufe the feeds do not often ripen here - 3 if the cut-
tings are planted in pots filled with light earth, arid
plunged into a gentle hot-bed, keeping the air from
them, they will foon take root, and mould be gradu-
ally inured to bear the open air. Thefe plants require
a moderate ftove to preferve them through the winter;
and if they are kept in warmth in fummer, they will
flower, and fometimes ripen fruit, though they may-
be placed abroad in a (Mitered fituation for two or
three months in fummer, but the plants fo treated fei-
dom flower fo well.
HIERACIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. Si 8. Tourn,
Inft. R. H. 469. tab. 267. [of ‘ffpag, Gr. a hawk;
fo called, becaufe hawks as well as eagles, have a
ftrong and quick fight ; and it is reported, that if by
reafon of the heat of the air, a film, grows over the
eyes of this bird, then the parent let falls a drop of
the juice of it in its eye, which takes it off; and that,
in like manner, it is good to clear the human fight.}
Hawk weed.
The Characters are.
It hath a flower compofed of many hermaphrodite florets*
which are included in one common flealy empalement ,
whofe feales are narrow , and very unequal in their lenyth
and pofition the florets are equal and uniform ■* they have
one petal which is fhaped like a tongue , indented in five
fegments at the point , placed imbricatim over each other %
thefe have each five jhort hairy ftamina , terminated by
cylindrical fummits. At the bottom of the petal -is fitu-
ated the germen , fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned
by two recurved fiigmas •, the germen afterward becomes a
fioort four-cornered feed crowned with down , fitting in the
empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft Action of
Linnseus’s nineteenth clafs, which includes the plants
with a compound flower, compofed only of fruitful
florets.
There are a great number of fpecies of this genus*
many of which grow naturally as weeds in England,
and the others are fo in different countries, therefore!
(hall only feledl thofe wihch are the moft beautiful,
and beft worth cultivating from the number, which to
enumerate, would fwell this work greatly beyond its
bounds.
1. Hieracium ( Aurantiacum ) foliis integris caule fub-
nudo fimplicifiimo piiofo corymbifero. Hort. Cliff.
388. Hawkweed with entire leaves* and a Jingle y hairy*
naked ftalk , terminated by a corymbus of flowers. Hiera-
cium hortenfe, floribus atro purpurafeentibus. C. B.
P. 128. Garden Hawkweed with dark purple flowers.
2. Hieracium ( CerinthoidesJ foliis radicalibus obovatis
denticulatis, caulinis oblongis femiamplexicaulibus.
Prod. Ley, d. 124. Hawkweed with oval indented leaves
at the root , thofe on the ftalks oblong , and half embracing
them. Hieracium Pyrenaicum folio cerinthes. SchoL
Bot. Pyrenian Hawkweed with a Honeywort leaf.-
3. Hieracium ( Blattaroides ) foliis lanceolatis amplexb
caulibus dentatis, floribus folitariis, calycibus laxis.
Hort. Cliff 387. Hawkweed with fpear-fh aped indented
leaves embracing the ftalks , flowers growing fingly , and
loofe empalements. Hieracium Pyrenaicum, blattarise
folio minus hirfutum. Tourn. Inft. 472. Pyrenean
Hawkweed with a Moth Mullein leaf , lefts hairy.
4. Hieracium ( Amplexicaule ) foliis amplexicaulibus
cordatis fubdentatis, pedunculis unifloris hirfutis, caule
ramofo. Hort. Cliff 387. Hawkweed with heart-fhaped*
indented , hairy foot-ftalks* leaves embracing the ftalks bear-
ing one flower , and a branching ftalk. Hieracium Pyre-
naicum rotundifolium amplexicaule. Sc hoi. Bot. Py-
renean Hawkweed , with round leaves embracing the ftalks.
5. Hieracium [fabauduni) caule eredto multifloro, fo-
liis ovato-lanceolatis dentatis femiamplexicaulibus.
Prod. Leyd. 124. Hawkweed with an ereli ftalk bear-
ing many flowers , and oval fpear-fhaped leaves half
embracing the ftalk. Hieracium fabauduni altiSImum,
foliis latis brevibus, crebrius nafeentibus. Mor. Hilt.
3. p. 71,
6. Hie-
I
' H I L
6. Hieracium njmlellatum) foliis , linearibtis fubden-
tatis fparfis, floribus fubumbellatis. Flor. Lapp. 287.
Hawkweed with linear indented leaves placed thinly, and
flowers almoft in an umbel Hieracium fruticofum, an-
guftifllmo incano folio. H. L. 316.
The firft fort grows naturally in Syria ; this fends out
from the root many oblong oval leaves, which are
entire and hairy ; from between the leaves arife a
Angle ftalk, little more than a foot high, cover-
ed ^with hairs j the flowers are produced in a co-
rynabus at the top ; they are of a dark red colour,
compofed of many florets, which are fucceeded by
oblong black feeds, crowned with a white down,
which, when ripe, by the elafticity of the down, is
drawn out of the empalement, and by the firft ftrong
gale of wind, are wafted to a confiderable diftance.
The flowers appear the beginning of June, and
the feeds ripen in about five or fix weeks after, but
there is frequently a fucceffion of flowers till the au-
tumn.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown on
an eaft afpebted border in March ; and when the
plants come up, they muft be kept clean from weeds,
till they are ftrong enough to remove, which will be
by the beginning of June ; then they fhould be tranf-
planted to a fhady border of undunged ground, at fix
inches diftance, obferving to water them if the wea-
ther fhould prove dry, till they have taken new root ;
after which, if they are kept clean from weeds, they
will require no other culture : in the autumn they
fhould be tranfplanted where they are defigned to re-
main-, the following fummer they will flower and
produce ripe feeds, and the roots will continue fome
years, if they are not planted in a rich moift foil,
which frequently occafions their rotting in winter.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the Pyrenean
mountains. It is a perennial plant, whofe lower leaves
are oval, indented, and of a grayifh colour j thofe on
the ftalks are fm after, but of the fame fhape and co-
lour, and half embrace the ftalks with their bafe ; the
flalks rife a foot high, branching out in feveral divi-
fions, each being terminated by one yellow flower.
This is propagated by feeds as the flrft: fort.
The third fort grows on the Pyrenees ; this hath a
perennial root, which fends up feveral eredt ftalks,
garnilhed with fpear-fhaped leaves which are in-
dented •, the flowers are produced from the wings of
the ftalks, upon fhort foot-ftalks, each fuftaining one
large yellow flower, having a loofe empalement ; this
flowers in June-, it is propagated by parting of the
roots in autumn, and will thrive in any fituation.
The fourth fort rifes with a branching ftalk a foot
and a half high, garnilhed with heart-fhaped leaves
which are indented at their bafe, where they embrace
the ftalks > each divifion of the branches terminate
in a hairy foot-ftalk, fuftaining one large yellow
flower, which appears in June, and the feeds ripen
in the end of July. This is a perennial plant, which
is propagated by feeds asrhe firft fort, and requires the
fame treatment.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Savoy ; the root of
this is perennial, fending up feveral ereeft ftalks near
two feet high, garnilhed with fhort, fpear-fhaped, in-
dented leaves, half embracing the ftalk with their
bafe ; the flowers are pretty large, of a deep yellow
colour, terminating the ftalks ; it flowers in July.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Holland ; it is a
perennial plant, rifing with three or four flender ftalks,
garnilhed with hoary linear leaves, and terminated by
yellow flowers. This rarely produces feeds in Eng-
land, fo is propagated by parting of the roots in au-
tumn : but the fifth may be propagated either in the
fame manner, or from feeds as the firft fort, as it pro-
duces plenty of feeds here.
MILLS have many ufes, of which I fhall only men-
tion three or four.
1 ft, They ferve as fereens, to keep off the cold and
nipping blafts of the northern and eaftern winds.
2dly, The long ridges and chains of lofty mountains,
H I P
being generally found £0 run from eaft to weft, ferve t#
flop the evagation of thofe vapours toward the poles,
without which they would all run from the hot courri
tries, and leave them deftitute of rain.
3dly, They cohdenfe thofe vapours, like alembic
heads into clouds -, and fo by a kind of external 'diftil-
lation, give origin to fprings and rivers and by
amaffing, cooling, and conftipating them, turn them
into rain, and by that means render the fervid re-
gions of the torrid zone habitable.
4thly, They ferve for the production of a great num-
ber of vegetables and minerals, which are not found
in other places.
It hath been found by experience and calculation,
that Hills, though they meafure twice as much as the
plain ground they ftand upon, yet the produce of the
one can be no more than the other *, and therefore, in
purchafing land, the Hills ought not to be bought for
more than their fuperficial meafure, i. e. to pay no
more for two acres upon the fide of a Elill, than for
one upon the plain, if the foil be equally rich.
It is true, that thofe lands that are hilly and moun-
tainous, are very different as to their valuable con-
tents, from what are found in flat and plain ground,
whether they be planted, fown, or built upon, as for
example :
Suppofe a Hill contains four equal fides, which meet
in a point at top ; yet the contents of theft four fides
can produce no more grain, or bear no more trees,
than the plain ground on which the Hill ftands, or
than the bafe of it ; and yet by the meafure of the
fides, there may be double the number of acres, rods,
and poles, which they meafure on the bafe or ground-
plot.
For as long as 11 plants preferve their bpright me-
thod of growing, hilly ground can bear no more plan m
in number than the plain at the bafe.
Again, as to buildings on a H’k, the two fides of a
Hill will bear r.o more than the fame number of
houfes that can ftand in the line at the bafe.
And as to rails, or park pafimg over a Hill, though,
the meafure be near double over the Hjll to the line at
the bottom, yet both may be incioied by thd fartie
number of pales of the fame breadth.
HIPPOCASTANUM. See Esculus;
HIPPOCRATEA. Lin. Gen. Plant. . 54. Cda,’
Plum. Nov. Gen. 8. tab. 35.
The Characters are.
It hath a large, fpreading empalement of one leaf , cut at
the top into five figments ■, the flower hath five oval pe-
tals, which are indented at the points. It hath three
awl-Jhaped fiamina, terminated by broad fummits , and
an oval germen fituated below the petal, with a jlyle
the length of the ftamina, crowned by an obtufi fligm a.
■The germen afterward becomes a heart-fhaped cap fide
winged at the top , inclofmg five feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the flrft feftion of
Linnaeus’s third clafs, intitled Triandria Moncgynia,
the flowers having three ftamina and one ftyle. ,
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.,
Hippocratea ( Volubilis .) Lin. Sp, 50. Plum. Gen. 8.
Hippocratea with a triple roundifio fruit and a twining
ftalk. Coa fcandens, frutftu trigemino fubrotundo.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 8. Climbing Coa with a triple roundifh
fruit.
The feeds of this plant were fent me from Campeachy
by Mr. Robert Millar, and feveral of the plants were
railed in England, which continued two years in fe-
veral gardens, but not one of them lived to flower ;
they grew to the height of eight or ten feet, twining
round flakes, but their ftalks were very flender, and
decayed at the bottom, probably from their having
too much wet.
It is a very tender plant, fo muft be conftantly kept
in the bark-bed in the ftove, and fhould have but lit-
tle wet in winter.
HIPPOCREPIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 791. Fer-
rum equintim. Tourn. Inft. 400. tab. 225. Horfe-
ftioe Vetch j in French, Per de Cbeval.
Th$.
3o5>
! I
The Characters are,
7 ^
The empalement of the flower is permanent , of one leaf
divided int o five parts, the two upper being joined. ‘The
flower is of the butterfly kind ; the ftandard hath a nar-
row bafe the length of the empalement , but is heart- .
fhaped above ; the wings are oval , oblong , and blunt ;
the keel is moon-floaped and comprejfled . It hath ten fla-
mina , nine joined and one feparate , which Jl and ere hi, ter-
minated by Jingle Jummits. It hath an oblong narrow ger-
tnen , fitting on an awl-fhaped jlyle , crowned by a fingle
ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a long , plain, com-
pr fifed pod , which is c ut into many parts from the under
fleam to the upper , p$tt forming a roundifh finus ,
tT/i? three-cornered joints connected to the upper
fleam , £<?/#£• /leaped like a horfe-Jhoe , inclojing
a fingle feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fe&ion of
Linnaeus's feventeenth dais, intitled Diadelphia De-
andria, which includes the plants with a leguminous
■lower, having ten (lamina joined in two bodies.
The Species are,
Hippocrepis ( Unifidiquofa ) leguminibus feitilibus fo-
iitariis. Hort. Cliff. 364. Horfle-Jhoe Vetch with Jingle
pods fitting clofe to thejvalk. Ferrurn equinum, filiqua
mgulari. C. B. P. 3 49. Horfe-flooe Vetch with a Jingle
od.
ippocrepis ( Comofa ) leguminibus pedunculatis con-
rtis, margine exteriore repandis. Prod. Leyd. 384.
Horfe-flooe Vetch , with pods growing in clufters upon
jfoot-Jialks , who fe outer border is turned inward. Ferrurn
jequinum Gcrmanicum, (iliquis in fummitate. C. B.
jP. 346. German Horfe-flooe Vetch having pods on the tops
W the ftalks.
. Hippocrepis ( Multifiliquofa ) leguminibus peduncu-
latis eonfertis, margine altero lobatis. Hort. Cliff. 364.
florje-fbce Vetch with pods growing in clufters upon foot-
f calks, one border of which has lobes. Ferrurn equi-
iium filiqua multiplici. C. B. P. 346. Horfe-Jhoe Vetch
faith many pods.
The firfl fort grows naturally in Italy and Spain.
This is an annual plant, which fends from the root
Several trailing ftalks a foot long, that divide upward
Into fmaller branches, garnifhed with winged leaves,
compofed of four or five pair of narrow fmall lobes,
terminated by an odd one, which are obtufe, and in-
dented at their ends •, from the wings of the ftalk
come out fingle flowers of the butterfly kind, which
are yellow, and fucceeded by fingle pods fitting clofe
;to the ftalks, which are about two inches long, and
a third of an inch broad, bending inward like a
fickle, and divided into many joints fhaped like a
horfe (hoe. This flowers in June and July, and the
feeds ripen in the autumn, loon after which the plants
decay.
The fecond fort is found growing naturally in fome
parts of England, upon chalky hills, particularly at
Hogmagog hills near Cambridge ; this is a fmaller
plant than the former, and hath a perennial root, fend-
ing out fiender trailing ftalks about fix inches long,
■^hicn are e;arnifhed with narrow winged leaves •, the
flowers grow in clufters on the top of long foot-
ftalks.; thefe are fucceeded by pods which are fliorter,
and twitted inward in roundifh curves, but have joints
fhaped like thole of the former fort.
The third fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
Germany, and Italy. This is an annual plant, with
trailing ftalks greatly refembling the firft, but the
flowers are produced in cl lifters ‘on the top of pretty
long foot-ftalks ; they are fhaped like thofe of the
other forts, and the pods are jointed in like man-
ner, but the joints are fixed to the oppofite border.
Thefe plants flower in June and July, and the feeds
ripen in Auguft and September.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhoiild
be fpwn in the autumn, where the plants are defigned
to remain ; and when the plants comp up, they muft
be kept clean from weeds, and thinned where they
are too clofe, which is all the culture they require.
The. two annual forts will decay in the autumn after
they have perfected their feeds, but the roots of the
other will continue two or three years, provided they
are not in too good ground.
HIPFOLAPATHUM. See Rumex,
HIPPO MANE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1099. Manpa-
nilia. Plum. Nov. Gen. ' 50. tab. 30. The Ma-
chined.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers in the fame flpike , the
male flowers come cut in fmall clufters , from a fmall
cup-Jhaped empalement ; thefe have no petals ; from the
center of each , empalement arifes a fingle Jlyle $ terminated
by two bifid Jummits. The female flowers have no petal,
but an oval germen wrapped up in a three-leaved empale -
rnent ; they have no Jlyle , but are crowned by a tripartite
bifid ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a roundifh
fruit with a flejhy cover , inclojing a rough hard Jbeil
with fever al cells , each inclojing one oblong feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth feftion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clafs, which includes the plants
with male and female flowers, which have but one
ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Hippomane ( Manfinella ) foliis ovatis ferratis. Hort.
Cliff, 484. Hippomane with oval Jawed haves. Man-
?anella pyrie facie. Plum. Nov. Gen. 50. Manchineel
with the appearance of the Pear-tree.
2. Hippomane ( Biglandulofa ) foliis ovato-oblongis, baft
glandulofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1431. Hippomane with
oval oblong leaves , which have glands at their bafe. Man-
fanilla lauri foliis oblongis. Plum. Nov. Gen. 50.
Manchineel with oblong Bay leaves.
3. Hippomane (. Spinofa ) foliis fubovatis dentato fpinofk
Lin. Gen. Plant. 1191. Hippomane with oval leaves
which have prickly indentures. Manfanilla aqui-fofii
foliis. Plum. Nov. Gen. 50. Manchineel with Holly
leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally In all the iilands of the
Weft-Indies. This is a very large tree in its native
foil, almoft equalling the Oak in fize ; the wood is
much efteemed for making of cabinets, book-cafes,
&c. being very durable, and taking a fine polifh ; it
is alfo laid, that the worms will not eat it : but as the
trees abound with a milky cauftic juice, fo before
they are felled, they make fires , round their trunks to
burn out their juice, otherwife they who fell them,
would be in danger of loftng their fight, by the juice
flying in their eyes ; and wherever this falls on the
(kin, it will raife blifters ; and if it comes upon linen,
it will immediately turn it black, and on being walked
will come into holes : it is alfo dangerous working
of the wood after it is fawn out, for if any of the faw-
duft happens to get into the workmens eyes, it caufes
inflammations, and the lofs of fight for fome time ;
to prevent which, they generally cover their faces
with fine lawn, during the time they are working the
wood.
This tree hath a fmooth brownifti bark ; the trunk
divides upward into many branches, which are gar-
nifhed with oblong leaves about three inches long,
and one inch and a half broad, ending in acute points;
they are (lightly fawed on their edges, and are of a
lucid green, (landing on fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers
come out in (hort (pikes at the end of the branches,
being of both fexes in the fame fpike, but having no
petals they make but little appearance ; thefe are fuc-
ceeded by fruit, about the fize and of the fame fhape
as the Golden Pippin, turning of a yellow colour when
ripe, which has often tempted ftrangers to eat of
them to their cod, for they inflame the mouth and
throat to a great degree, caufing violent pains in the
throat and ftomadh, v/hich is dangerous, uniefs re-
medies are timely applied.
The inhabitants of America believe it is dangerous
to fit or lie under thefe trees, and affirm, that the rain,
or dew, which falls from the leaves, will raife blif-
ters; but it is very certain, that uniefs the leaves are
broken, and the juice of them mix with the rain, it
will do no injury.
The fecond fort grows naturally at Carthagena in
New Spain, and the third at Campeachy, from which.
places
H I P
places the late Dr. Houftoun fentnje their feeds. The
iecond iort grows to as large a fize as the firft. The
leaves of this are much longer than thofe of the firft,
and have two fmall glandules growing at their bafe ;
they are fawed on their edges, and are of a lucid
green.
The third fort is of humbler growth, feldom rifing
more than twenty feet high •, the leaves of this great-
ly refemble thofe of the common Holly, and are fet
with {harp prickles at the end of each indenture ;
they are of a lucid green, and continue ail the year.
Thefe plants are preferved in fome of the curious
gardens in Europe, where they can never be expefted
to rife to any great height, for they are too tender to
live in thefe northern countries, but in (loves ; they
rife eafily from feeds, provided they are good. The
feeds mu ft be fown upon a good hot-bed, and when
the plants come up, they fhould be each planted in a
fmall feparate pot filled with light fandy earth, and
plunged into a good bed of tanners bark, treating
them in the fame way as other tender plants ; but they
muft not have much wet, for thefe plants abound with
an acrid milky juice, and it is certain that mo ft plants
which do, are foon killed by much moifture : thefe
plants muft be removed into the ftove, and plunged
into the tan-bed in autumn, where they fhould con-
ftantly remain, giving them very little water in win-
ter ; and in fummer when the weather is warm, they
ihould have a good (hare of air admitted to them, and
once or twice a week refrelhed with w r ater ; by this
management I have raifed many of thefe plants to
the height of five or fix feet, which have, by their
fhining green leaves, made a pretty variety during
the winter feafon in the ftove.
HIPPOPHAE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 980. Rhamnoides.
Tourn. Cor. 52. tab. 481. Baftard Rhamnus, or Sea
Buckthorn.
The Characters are.
It is male and female in different plants ; the male flowers
have an empalement of one leaf cut into two fegments ,
which clofe at their points ; they have no petals , but have
four fort fiamina , terminated by oblong angular fummits ,
which are equal to the empalement. The female flowers
have no petals , but have a one-leaved empalement , which is
oval , oblong , tubulous , and bifid at the brim ; thefe have
no fiamina, but in the center is fituated a fmall rouhdiflo
germen , with a Jhort ftyle , crowned by an oblong thick
fiigma , twice the length of the empalement . 'The germen
afterward turns to a globular berry with one cell, inclofng
one roundifh feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fedlion
of Linnseus’s twenty-firft clals, intitled Dioecia Te-
trandria, in which are included thofe plants which
are male and female in diftind plants, and the male
flowers have four ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Hippgphae ( Rhamnoides ) foliis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 1023. Hippophae with fpear-fhaped leaves. Rham-
noides falicis folio. Tourn. Cor. 53. Sea Buckthorn
with a Willow leaf.
2. Hippophae ( Canadenfs ) foliis ovatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
1024. Hippophae with oval leaves , called Canada Sea
Buckthorn.
The firft fort grows naturally on the fea banks in
Lincolnfhire, and alio on the fand-banks between Sand-
wich and Deal, in Kent; there are two varieties of
this, one with yellow, and the other with red fruit,
but it is the firft only which I have obferved growing
naturally in England ; the other I faw growing on the
fand-banks in Holland.
Thefe rife with fhrubby ftalks eight or ten feet high,
fending out many irregular branches, which have
a brown bark filvered over, garnifhed with very nar-
row fpear-ihaped leaves, about two inches long, and
a quarter of an inch broad in the middle, leffening
gradually to both ends, of a dark green on their upper
fide, but hoary on their under, having a prominent
midrib ; the two borders of the leaves are reflexed
like the Rofemary; thefe are placed alternate on every
fide the branches, fitting very clofe. The flowers
come out from the fide of the younger branches,. W
which they fit very clofe ; the male flowers growing
in fmall clufters, but the female come out fingly $•
thefe make but little appearance. They appear ir?
July, and the berries on the female plants are ripe' in
autumn.
This fort is eafily propagated by fuckers from the
root, for the roots fpread wide, and fend up a great
number of (hoots, fo as to form a thicket : if thefe
are taken oft' in autumn, and tranfplanted into a nur-
fery, they will be fit to trap. (plant after one year’s
growth, to the places where they are to remain : as
there is little beauty in this plant, fo one or two of
them may be allowed a place in a plantation of (hrubs
for the fake of variety.
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America?,
this hath much the appearance of the former fort, but
the leaves differ in their (hape, thefe being much
(liorter and broader, and are not fo white on their
under fide. This hath not as yet flowered in this
country, but the plants feem equally hardy with the
former, and may be eafily propagated by fuckers or
layers.
HIPPOSELINUM. See Smyrnium.
HIRUNDINARIA. See Asclepias.
HOEING is neceffary and beneficial to plants, for
two things : ift. For deftroying of weeds ; 2clly, Be-
caufe it difpofes the ground better to imbibe the
night dews, keeps it in a conftant freftinefs, and adds
a vigour to the plants and trees, whole fruit by that
means, becomes better conditioned than otherwife it
would be.
This operation is performed by the hand, with an in-
ftrument called a Hoe, which is well known to every
gardener. There are feveral fizes of thefe ; the finalleft,
which is called an Onion Hoe, is not more than three
inches broad, and is ufed for Hoeing of Onions ; not
only to cut up the young weeds, but alfo to thin
the Onions, by cutting up all thofe which are too clofe.
The next fize is near four inches and a half broad, and
is called a Carrot Hoe ; this is ufed for Hoeing of Car-
rots, or any other crop which requires the fame room
as thofe. The largeft fize is about feven inches broad,
and is frequently called a Turnep Hoe, being ufed for
Hoeing ‘of Turneps ; but this is generally ufed by the
kitchen-gardeners, for Hoeing between all their crops
which are planted out, or (land fo far afunder as to ad-
mit an inftrument of this breadth to pafs between the
plants. Befide, thefe fort of Hoes, which are contrived
to draw toward the perfon who ufes them, there is ano-
ther fort of a different form, which is called a Dutch
Hoe ; this is made for the perfon who ufes it to pufli
from him, fo that he does not tread over the ground
which is hoed. This is a very proper inftrument for
fcuffling over the ground to deftroy weeds, in fuch
places where the plants will admit of its being ufed,
and a perfon will go over a much greater (pace of
ground in the fame time with one of thefe inftruments,
than with the common Hoe ; but this inftrument is
not fo proper for Hoeing out cfops, fo as to leave
the plants at a proper diftance, nor will it penetrate
the ground fo far ; therefore the other fort of hoe is
to be preferred to this, becaufe it ftirs the ground and
loofens the furface, whereby the dews penetrate the
ground, and thereby promote the growth of the plants.
Of late years there has alfo been another inftrument
introduced in the field culture, called the Horfe Hoe,
which is a fort of plough with the (hear fet more in-
clining to a horizontal pofition than the common
plough ; but as moft of the farmers are at a lofs hovt
to ufe this inftrument, fo it has been but little praftifed
in this country as yet ; nor is it likely to be brought
into ufe, unlefs the garden farmers near London, who
are undoubtedly the bed hufbandmeh in Europe, in-
troduce it ; for the common farmers can never be fup-
pofed to alter their old eftablifhed methods, till by he-
ceffity they are drove to it : a ltrong inftance we have
of this kind, in the culture of Turneps, which for many
years were fown in moft of the counties in England,
but till within about fixty years paft, they were never
6 X. hoed.
30.4-
H O L
liocd, except within twenty*br thirty miles of London, I
where the gardeners who had been bred in the kitchen-
gardens near London, every feafon went out in parti-
cular gangs to the different parts of the neighbouring
country, and each party engaged to hoe the Turneps
in fuch a particular district, at a certain price per
acre ^ and from the fuccefs of the farmers who firft
employed them, their neighbours were at length
tempted to follow their example, fo that it became ne-
ceffary for feme of their labourers to underfeand this
work ; and from that time it has prevailed fo much,
as that many of the diftant counties have now engaged
in this pradtice : and if the Horfe-hoeing hufoandry
was but well eftablifhed among the farmers near Lon-
don, there would be little doubt of its fpreading into
the diftant counties j but there are great prejudices
againft it at prefent, moft of them arifing from the
ignorance of the farmers in general, and others from
the over-fondnefs of the author to his own fchemes,
which has in many particulars carried him into many
known a'ofurdities ; and thefe being well known to
every pradtical farmer and gardener, are fufficient ar-
guments with them againft making trial of the ufeful
part of his fcheme.
The utility of this method of hufbandry, is firft, in pro-
portioning the number of plants to the pafture, which
the ground is fuppofed capable of nourifhing pro-
perly. The fecond is, by frequent ftirring of the
furface of the land, all weeds which rob the crop
of its nourifnrnent is deftroyed, and the clods of earth
are hereby divided and pulverized, fo that the roots of
the plants can more eafily penetrate them, and fearch
their proper food •, befides, the dews and moifture are
eafily imbibed in the loofe ground, whereby the plants
receive a greater fhare of nourifhment.
There are few perfons who properly confider of what
confequence the ftirring and breaking of the furface
of the ground is to all crops growing therein. I have
frequently made trial of this, when the crop has been
fo bad as to be thought not worth ftanding, which has
been occaftoned by the great quantity of rain which
has fallen, whereby the furface of the ground has been
fo clofely bound, as that the plants could find no nou-
rifhment, but have changed their ufual verdure to a
purple colour, and have made no progrefs *, but
upon Hoeing the ground and breaking the clods, the
plants have put out new roots, and have flourifhed
exceedingly. From many repeated trials of this kind
I can affirm, that if the Wheat in general was fowed
in rows, fo as that the plough may be brought be-
tween them in the fpring, to loofen the ground, which
by the winter’s rains may have been too clofely bound,
the crop would more than double what is the com-
mon produce.
But the author of this fcheme was too fanguine in
his propofals, firft, by afford ng, that in this method
of hufbandry, the land would conftantly produce the
fame fort of crops without diminution and fecondly,
it might be done without dreffing or manuring the
ground ; and his fondnefs for his own fcheme carried
him fo far in the profecution of it, as at laft to have
much worfe crops than any of his neighbours *, how-
ever, this fhould not difeourage others from the prac-
tice of it, though upon different principles : for al-
though the land thus cultivated, will not nourifh the
fame plant without manuring feveral years, yet by this
method of hufbandry I can affirm, that all crops will
be fo much improved, as to doubly anfwer the diffe-
rence of expence, and lefs than a iixth part of the feed
will be enough for the fame fpace of ground. The
common fwing plough will anfwer all intents of Florfe-
hoeing.
HOLCUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1015. Milium. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 514. tab. 298. Sorgum. Mich. Indian
Millet, or Corn.
The Characters are,
It hath male and hermaphrodite flowers fometimes on the
fame plant, at others on different plants. ‘The male
flowers are [mail, and have a bivalve chaff-, thefe
valves are oval , fpear-Jhaped , and twified , ending with
3
H O R
an acute beard they have a j mall hairy corolla with
three hairy ftamina , terminated by oblong fummits. The
hermaphrodite flowers are jingle , in a Jiff bivalve chaff ;
the inner of thefe IS fender , hairy , and lefs than the em-
bedment , the outer valve terminates in a rigid beard,
and is larger than the empalement they have three hairy
ftamina , terminated by oblong fummits , with a round -
ijh germen , fupporting two hairy ftyles , crowned with
plumofe fummits. The germen afterward becomes an oval
Jingle feed wrapped up in the chaff.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft faction of
Linnaeus’s twenty- third dais, intitled Polygamla
Moncecia which includes thofe plants which have
male and hermaphrodite flowers in different parts of
the fame plant, whofe flowers have feveral ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Holcus ( Sorgum ) glumis villofis, feminibus ariftatis.
Hort. Upfal. 301. Holcus with hairy chaff and bearded
feeds. Milium arundinaceum, fubrotundo femine.
Sorgo nominatum. C. B. P. 26. Reed-like Millet, with
a roundijh feed , called Sorgum.
2. Holcus [Sac char at us) glumis glabris, feminibus mu-
ticis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1047. Holcus with fmooth hufks,
and feeds without awns. Milium Indicum, arundina-
ceo caule, granis flavefeentibus. H. L. 425. Indian
Millet with a reedy ftalk, and yellowijh grains.
There are feveral other of the graffy tribe which be-
long to this genus, but as they are not cultivated for
ufe, fo I ihall not enumerate them here.
The tym forts here mentioned, grow naturally in In-
dia, where their grain is often ufed to feed poultry,
and the feeds of thefe are frequently font to Europe
for the fame purpofe ; but the fummers are feldom
warm enough to ripen the feeds in the open air in
England, but in Italy they are both cultivated. The
ftalks of thefe plants rife five or fix feet high, which
are ftrong reedy, and like thofe of the Maiz, or
Turkey Wheat, but fmaller. The leaves are long and
broad, having a deep furrow through the center,
where the midrib is deprdfod on the upper furface,
and is very prominent below. The leaves are two
feet and 2. half long, and two inches broad in the
middle, embracing the ftalks with their bafo. The
flowers come out in large panicles at the* top of the
ftalks, refombling, at firft appearance, the male fpikes
of the Turkey Wheat ; thefe are fucceeded by large
roundifh feeds, which arewrapped round with thechaff.
Thefe plants are propagated in a few gardens for
the fake of variety, but as they are late in ripening
their grain here, fo they are not worth cultivating
for ufe. The feeds fhould be fown on a warm border,
or upon a gentle hot-bed in March ; and when the
plants come up, they fhould be thinned and planted
at the diftance of a foot afunder in the rows, and the
rows fhould be three feet diftance ; the culture after
this, is to keep the ground clean from weeds, and
draw the earth up with a hoe to the Items of the
plants ; if the feafon proves warm, their panicles will
appear in July, and the grain will ripen in September,
but in bad feafons their grain will not ripen here.
H O L L O W R O O T. See Eumaria.
HOLLY. See Ilex.
HOLLYHOCKS. See Alcea.
HOMOGENEAL or HOMOGENEOUS
plants, are fuch plants as are of the fame kind, or na-
ture, with others.
HONEYSUCKLE. See Periclymenum.
HOPS. See Lupulus.
HORDEUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 94. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 513. tab. 293. Barley in French, Orge.
The Characters are,
It hath a partial involucrum of fix narrow-pointed leaves ,
which contain three flowers. The petal of the flower opens
with two valves ; the under valve is angular, [welling,
oval, and pointed, being longer than the empalement ,
ending in a long beard the inner is j mall and fpear-Jbaped.
The flower hath three hairy ftamina fhorter than the pe-
tal, terminated by oblong fummits. It hath an oval tur ned
germen, fupporting two hairy reflexed ftyles, crowned by the
like ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes an oblong bellied
H O R
feed, pointed at both ends , having a longitudinal furrow, j un-
rounded by the petal of the flower , which does not fall off .
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Linnaeus’s third clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have three ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Hordeum (Vulgare) fiofculis omnibus hermaphrodi-
tis ariftatis ordinibus duobus eredtioribus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 84. Barley with all the flowers hermaphrodite ,
and two orders of beards , which are eredt. Hordeum
polyfticum vernum. C. B. P. 22. Spring Barley with
many rows of grain.
2. Hordeum ( Zeocriton ) fiofculis lateralibus mafculis
muticis, feminibus angularibus imbricatis. Hort.
Upfal. 23. Barley with male flowers on the fide , with-
out awns , and angular feeds placed over each other. LXor-
deum diftichon. C. B. P. 22. Common long-eared Bar ley.
3. Hordeum ( Diftichon ) fiofculis lateralibus mafculis
muticis, feminibus angularibus imbricatis. Hort. Up-
fal. 23. Barley with male flowers on the fide , without
awns , and angular imbricated feeds. Hordeum diftichum,
fpica breviore & latiore, granis confertis. Raii Syn.
246. Barley with floor ter and broader fpikes , commonly
called Sprat , or Battledore Barley.
4. Hordeum ( Hexaftichon ) fiofculis omnibus herma-
phroditis ariftatis, feminibus fexfariam aequaliter po-
litis. Hort. Upfal. 23. Barley with all the flowers her-
maphrodite bearded , and fix rows of feeds equally ranged.
Hordeum hexafticum pulchrum. J. B. 2. 429. Win-
ter, or Square Barley , Bear Barley , or Big.
The firft fort is the common Spring Barley, which
is principally cultivated inEngland; of this the farmers
make two forts, viz. the common and rath-ripe Bar-
ley, which are the fame : for the rath-ripe has only
been an alteration, occafioned by beinglong cultivated
upon warm gravelly lands. The feeds of this, when
lown in cold or ftrong land, will the firft year ri-
pen near a fortnight earlier than the feeds taken from
ftrong land ; therefore the farmers in the vales, gene-
rally purchafe their feed Barley from the warm land ;
for if faved in the vales two or three years, it will be-
come full as late in ripening as the common Barley of
their own produdt ; and the farmers on the warm
land are alfo obliged to procure their feed Barley
from the ftrong land, otherwife their grain would
degenerate in bulk and fulnefs, which by thus
changing is prevented. This fort of Barley is eafily
diftinguifhed by the two orders of beards, or awns,
■which ftand eredt ; the chaff is alfo thinner than that of
the two laft fpecies, fo is efteemed better for malting.
The fecond fort is the long-eared Barley, which is cul-
tivated in many parts of England, and is an exceed-
ing good fort ; but fome farmers objedt to this fort,
becaufe they fay the ears being long and heavy, it is
Snore apt to lodge ; this hath the grains regularly
ranged in a double row, lying over each other like
tiles on a houfe, or the fcales of fifties. The hufk,
or chaff of this Barley is alfo very thin, fo is much
efteemed for malting.
The third fort is ufually called Sprat Barley ; this
hath ftiorter and broader ears than either of the other
forts ; the awns, or beards, are longer, and the grains
are placed clofer together, and the awns being long,
the birds cannot fo eafily get out the grains •, this
feldom grows fo tall as the other fpecies, the ftraw is
Shorter and coarfer, fo not very good fodder for cattle.
The fourth fort is rarely cultivated in the fouthern
parts of England, but in the northern counties, and
in Scotland, is generally fown, being much hardier
than the other fpecies, fo will bear the cold ; this hath
its grains difpofed in_ fix rows : the grain is large and
plump, but it is not fo good for malting, which is the
reafon for its not being cultivated in the fouthern
parts of England, where the other forts, which are
much better for that purpofe, do thrive well.
All thefe forts of Barley are fown in the fpring of the
year, in a dry time ; in fome very dry light land,
the Barley is fown early in March ; but, in ftrong
clayey foils, it is not fown till April, and fometimes
not until the beginning of May ; but when it is
fown late, if the fealbn doth not prove very favour-
H O R
able, it is very late in autumn, before it is fit to rjidW,
urilefs it be the rath-ripe fort, which is often ripe in
nine weeks from the time of fowlng.
Some people low Barley upon land where Wheat
grew the former year ; but when this is pra&ifed, the
ground fhould be ploughed the beginning of October
in a dry time, laying it in fmall ridges, that the froft
may mellow it the better, and this will improve the -•
land greatly:; and if this can be ploughed again in
January, or the beginning of February, it will break
and prepare the ground better ; then in March the
ground is ploughed again, and laid even where it
is not very wet ; but in ftrong wet lands the ground
ftiould be laid round, and the furrows made deep
to receive the wet. When this is finished, the com-
mon method is to fow the Barley-feed with a broad
caft at two fowings ; the firft being harrowed in once,
the fecond is harrowed until the feed is buried ; the
common allowance of feed is four buftiels to an acre.
This is the quantity of grain ufually fown by the far-
mers •, but if they could be prevailed on to alter this
praflice, they would foon find their account in it ;
for if lefs than half that quantity is fown, there will be
a much greater produce, and the com will be lefs lia-
ble to lodge, as X have many years experienced ; for
when corn or any other vegetable Hands very -dole,
the ftalks are drawn up weak, fo are incapable to refift
the force of winds, or bear up under heavy rains ; but
when they are at a proper diftance, their ftalks will be
more than twice the fize of the other, fo are feldom
laid. X have frequently obferved in fields where there
has been a foot-path through the middle, that the
corn which has flood thin on each fide the path hath
flood upright, when all the reft on both Tides has been
laid fiat on the ground : and whoever will obferve thefe
roots of corn near the paths, will find them tiller out
(i. e. have a greater number of ftalks) to more than
four times the quantity of the other parts of the
field. I have feen experiments made by fowing Bar-
ley in rows acrofs divers parts of the fame field, and
the grains fowed thin in the rows, fo that the roots
were three or four inches afunder in the rows, and the
rows at a foot diftance ; the intermediate fpaces of
the fame field were at the fame time fown broad caft
in the ufual way ; the fuccefs was this, the roots which,
flood thin in the rows tillered out from ten or twelve,
to upward of thirty ftalks on each root, the ftalks
were ftronger, the ears longer, and the grains larger
than any of thofe fown in the common way ; and
when thofe parts of the field where the com was fown
in the ufual way has been lodged, thefe parts fown.
thin have fupported their upright pofifion againft wind
and rain, though the rows have been made not only
lengthways, but crofs the lands, in feveral pofitions,
fo that there could be no alteration in regard to the
goodnefs of the land, or the fituation of the com ;
therefore where fuch experiments have been fre-
quently made, and always attended with equal fuc-
cefs, there can be no room to doubt which of the two
methods is more eligible ; fince if the crops were
only fuppofed to be equal in both, the having more
than half the com fown is a very great advantage, and
deferves a national consideration, as fuch a having, in
fcarce times, might beavery greatbenefit to the public.
I know the farmers in general are very apt to com-
plain if their corn does not come up fo thick as to co-
ver the ground green in a Short time, like Grafs fields ;
but X have often obferved, that from the badnefs of
the leafon it has come up thin, or by accident has
been in part killed, their corn has been ftronger, the
ears longer, and the grain plumper, fo that the pro-
duce has been much greater than in thofe years when
it has come up thick ; for the natural growth of corn
is to, lend out many ftalks from a root, and not rife
fo much in height; therefore it is entirely owing
to the roots Handing too near each other, when the
ftalks are drawn up tall and weak. I have had eighty-
fix ftalks upon one root of Barley, which were ftrong,
produced longer ears, and the grain was better filled
than any which X ever faw grow in the .common me- .
thod of hufbandry, and the land upon which this
gre?/
HOR
grew- war, not very rich : but I have frequently, ob-
iervecl. on the fid es of hot- beds iiuhe kitchen-gardens,
where Barley- ftraw .has been ufed for covering the
beds, that, fo trie of the grains left in the ears has drop-
ped out and grown, the roots have produced from
thirty to fixty italics each, and thofe been three or
four times larger than the' ftaiks ever arrive at in
the common way : but to this I know it will be ob-
jtdecl, that although upon rich land in a garden, thefe
roots of com may probably have fo many ftaiks, yet
in poor land they will not have fuch produce ; there-
fore unlefs there is a greater quantity of feeds Town,
their crop' will not be worth (landing, which is one of
the greateft fallacies that can be imagined-, for to
fuppofe that poor land can nourifh more than twice
the number of roots in the fame fpace as rich land,
is fuch an abfurdity, as one could hardly fuppofe any
perfon of common underftanding guilty of; and yet
fo it is, for the general practice is to allow a greater
quantity of feed to poor land, than for richer ground-,
not conftdering that where the roots fcand fo ciofe,
they will deprive each other of the nourifliment, fo
ftarve theimfelves,. which is always the cafe where the
roots (land ciofe which any perfon may at fir ft fight
obferve, in any part of the fields where the corn hap-
pens to fcatter when they are fowing it ; or in places
where, by harrowing, the feed is drawn in heaps,
thofe patches will ftarve, and never grow to a third
part of the fize as the other parts of the fame field ;
and yet common as this is, it is little noticed by far-
mers, otherwife they furely would not continue their
old cuftom of fowing. I have made many experi-
ments for feveral years in the pooreft land, and have
always found that all crops which are fown or planted
at a greater diftance than ufual, have fucceeded beft-,
and I am convinced, if the farmers could be prevailed
on to quit their prejudices, and make trial of this me-
thod of fov/ing their corn thin, they would foon fee
the advantage of this hufbandry.
The noblemen and gentlemen in France are very
bufy in ietfng examples of this huibandry isrmoft of
their provinces, -being convinced by many trials of
its great utility ; and it were to be wiflied, the fame
was done in England,
When the Barley is fown, the ground fhould be rolled
after the firft fhower of rain, to break the clods and
lay the earth fmooth, which will render it better to
mow, and alfo caufe the earth to lie clofer to the
roots of the corn, which v/ill be of great fervice to
it in dry weather.
Where Barley is fown upon new broken up land, the
ufual method is, to plough up the land in March,
and let it lie fallow until June, at which time it is
ploughed again, and fown with Turneps, which are
eaten by fheep in winter, by whofe dungthe land is greatly
improved ; and then in March following the ground is
ploughed up again, and fown with Barley as before.
There are many people who fow Clover with their
Barley, and fome have fown the Lucern with Barley -,
but neither of thefe methods is to be commended, for
where there is a good crop of Barley, the Clover or
Lucern muft be fo weak as not to pay for (landing ;
fo that the better way is to fow the Barley alone with-
out any other crop among it, and then the land will be
at liberty for any other crop, when the Barley is taken
off the ground but this pradice of lowing Clover,
Rve-grafs, and other Grafs-feeds, with corn, has been
Fo long and univerfally eftablifhed among farmers,
that there is little hope of prevailing. with thofe peo-
ple to alter a cuftom which has been handed down to
them from their predeceffors, although there fhould
be many examples produced, to fhew the abfurdity of
this practice.
When the Barley has been up three weeks or a month,
it will be a very good method to roll it .over with a
weighty roller, which will prefs the earth ciofe to the
roots of the corn, and. thereby prevent the fun and
air from penetrating the ground, which will be of
lingular fervice in dry feafons ; and this rolling of it
before it ftaiks,- will caufe it to till out into agreater
number of ftaiks j fo that if the plants fhould be thin.
HOR
this will caufe them to fpread fo as to fill the ground,
and like wife to ftrengthen the ftaiks.
The time for cutting of Barley is, when the red colour
of the ears is off, and the ftraw turns yellow, and the
ears begin to hang down : in the north of England
they always reap their Barley, and make it up in
(heaves, as pradifed here for Wheat, by which me-
thod they do not lofe near fo much corn, and it is alfo
more handy to ftack but this method cannot fo writ
be pradifed where there are many weeds amongft the
corn, which is too frequently the cafe in the rick,
lands near London, efpecially in moitt feafons ; there-
fore when this is the cafe, the Barley muft lie, on the
fwarth till all the weeds are dead but as it is apt to
fprout in wet weather, it muft be fhook up, and turn-
ed every fair day after rain to prevent it. When it is
carried in, it fhould be thoroughly dry, otherwife if it
be ftacked wet, it will turn mufty • or if too green, it
is fubjed to burn in the mow. The common produce
of Barley, is two and a half, or three quarters on an
acre, but I have fonletimes known fix or (even quar-
ters on an acre.
HORIZONTAL SHELTERS have, byfofne
perfons, been greatly recommended to preferve fruit-
trees from blights ; but with how little reafon, or up-
on what (light experiments, every one who has ever
made ufe of them will eafily judge ; efpecially thofe
which are contrived by placing tiles in the wall at
certain diftances, nothing being more obvious, than
that vegetables, when prevented from receiving the
advantage of dews, rains, &c. thofe kindly benefits
of heaven, grow weak, languid, and at laft entirely
decay : and fince, from vaft numbers of experiments
which have been lately made, we find that trees im-
bibe great quantities of nourifliment through the pores
of their leaves and branches, whereby they are ren-
dered vigorous and healthy, even in fuch feafons, and
upon fuch foils, where one would think it impoftible
they fhould receive much nourifliment from the earth ;
to deprive them of this advantage, is no lefs than de-
ftroying them ; though perhaps, if the trees are vi-
gorous, it may not be effeded fuddenly ; but there
v/ill be very vifible figns of decay on them daily, and
a few years will put a period to their lives, as I have
more than once obferved, where fuch walls were
built.
The only fort of thefe flielters which I have ever ob-
ferved ufeful for fruit-trees, was made with two leaves
of flit deal, joined over each other, and painted ; this
being fixed upon the top of the wall with pullies, to
draw up and down at pleafure, formed a fort of pent-
houfe ; which being let down in great rains, or cold
nights, during the time that the trees were in flower,
or the fruit was fetting, proved ferviceable ; but then
thefe flielters were removed away foon after the fruit
was fet, fo that the trees might enjoy all the advan-
tages of rain, dew, &c. in the fummer, which is ab-
folutely neceflary, if we would have healthy trees or
good fruit.
HORMINUM. Tourn. Inft. 178. tab. 82. Salvia.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 36. Clary; in French, Ormin.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is permanent , of one leaf
tubulous? and channelled , hawing two lips ? the upper is
broad , ending in three acute points ; the under is jhorter ,
ending in two points. The flower has one petal? divided into
- two lips •? the upper is concave , comprejfed on the two fides ,
and incurved with a flight indenture at the point? the lower
is broader and more indented. It hath two floort Jlamina ,
Jituated in the tube of the flower? terminated by floort prof-
trate fummits? and two other which decay foon after the
flowers open. In the bottom of the tube are four roundijh
germen? fupporting a fingle Jiyle crowned by a bifid flig-
ma? fituated in the upper lip of the petal. The germen
afterward becomes four feeds ? lodged in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Tournefort’s fourth clafs, which includes the herbs
with a lip flower of one leaf, whofe upper lip is
forked, or fliaped like a helmet. Dr. Linnaeus has
joined this genus, and alfo the Sclarea of Tourne-
fort to the Salvia, including them all in that genus 5 .
- , but
HOR
but as there are many fpecies of each genus, fo it is
better to keep them afunder, whereby their old ti-
tles, by which they have always been known in the
fhops and market will be retained, though there is no
very effential difference in their characters.
- The Species are,
i . Horminum ( Verbenacea ) foliis fmuatis ferratis, co-
roliis calyce anguftioribus acutis. Clary with /mated
{awed leaves , and the petal of the flower narrower than
the cup. Horminum fylveftre lavenduli flore. C. B.
P.. 239. Wild Clary with a Lavender flower.
2. Horminum ( Lyrata ) foliis pinnato-fmuatis rugofis,
calycibus corolla longioribus. Clary with wing-jhaped
/mated leaves , which are roughs and the empalements
longer than the petal of the flower. Horminum folio
querno. Volk. Oak-leaved Clary.
3. Horminum (Hrff« 7 /^w)verticillisfubnudis, ftylo co-
rollarum labio inferiore incumbente. Clary with heart-
Jhaped , crenated , indented leaves , naked whorls , and the
flyle lying under the lip of the petal. Horminum fyl-
veftre latifolium verticillatum. C. B. P. 283. Broad-
leaved wild Clary , with flowers growing in whorls =
4. Horminum ( Napifolium ) foliis radicalibus pinnato-
incifis, caulinis cordatis crenatis, fummis femiam-
plexicaulibus. Clary , whofe lower leaves are cut and
winged , thofe on the ftalks heart-fhaped and crenated , and
thofe on the top half embracing the ftalks. Horminum na-
pi folio. Mor. Hort. R. Blasff. Clary with a Navew
leaf.
5. Horminum {Sativum) foliis obtufis crenatis, brafteis
fummis fterilibus majoribus coloratis. Clary with ob-
tufe crenated leaves , the braftg on the top of the ftalks
large , coloured , and barren. Horminum coma purpuro-
violacea. J. R. 3. 309. Clary with a purple Violet top.
The firft fort grows naturally on fandy and gravelly
grounds, in many parts of England. This a peren-
nial plant ; the lower leaves grow upon pretty long
foot-ftalks, and are near four inches long and two
broad they are finuated on their borders, and bluntly
crenated ; their furfacp is rugged and wrinkled ; the
ftalks are a foot long, fquare, and inclining toward the
ground •, the leaves upon thefe are fmaller, and cre-
nated on their edges ; the flowers grow in a whorled
fpike at the top of the ftalk, generally with two
fhorter fpikes, one on each fide •, the flowers are fmall
and blue •, thefe are fcarce fo long as their empale-
- ments ; they have but one petal, which is divided into
two lips, the upper being a little longer than the un-
der, and almoft fhuts over it ; there are but two per-
fect ftamina in each flower, and four germen at the
bottom, fupporfmg a Angle ftyle •, the germen after-
ward become fo many naked feeds, fitting in the em-
palement. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds
ripen in Auguft and September. This fort propa-
gates itfelf in plenty, if the feeds are permitted to
fcatter, and requires no other culture but to keep the
plants clean from weeds.
This is fometimes called Oculus Chrifti,from the fup-
pofed virtues of its feeds in clearing of the fight, which
it does by its vifeous covering ■, for when any thing
happens to fall into the eye, if one of the feeds is put
in at one corner, and the eye-lid kept clofe over it,
moving the feed gently along the eye, whatever hap-
pens to be there will flick to the feed, and fo be brought
out. The virtues of this are fuppofed to be the
fame as the Garden Clary, but not quite fo powerful.
The feconcl fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France and Italy j the lower leaves are upward of four
inches long, and not more than one broad, regularly
finuated on both fides, in form of a winged leaf ; the
ftalks rife about the fame height with the former, but
all the leaves upon the ftalks are finuated in the
fame manner as the lower •, the flowers are fmaller
than thofe of the firft, but grow in whorled fpikes
like them. This is a perennial plant, which is very
hardy, and will propagate itfelf in plenty by the
fcattered feeds. It is feldom kept in gardens but for
the fake of variety.
The third fort is a perennial plant, which grows na-
H O S
rurally in Auftria and Bohemia. This fends "out Toni
the root a great number of heart-fhaped ieavesi
which are fawed 021 their edges and deeply veined;,
ftanding upon pretty long foot-ftalks which are hairy 5
the ftalks arife from between thefe, which are 1 fquare,
and grow two feet and a half high, which are gar-
nifhed with two heart-fhaped leaves at each joinp
whofe bafe fits clofe to the ftalks, half embracing
them ; the ftalks at the two or three upper joints^
put out on each fide a long foot- ftalk ; thefe, and aifo
the principal ftalk, are garnifhed with whorls of
fmall blue flowers, not much unlike thofe of the
common fort, but larger •, the fpikes are more than a.
foot long, and toward the top the whorls are nearer
together. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in
Auguft.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France, and in Italy. This is alio a perennial plant,
which has fome refemblance of the third, but the
lower leaves of this are cut at their bafe to the mid-
rib, into one or two pair of ears or lobes, which are
but fmall, and are often at a diftance from each other ;
the leaves are not fawed, but are bluntly indented ;
the ftalks of this are ftenderer, and do not grow fo
tall as thofe of the third, nor are the fpikes of flowers
fo long. This flowers and feeds at the fame time with
the third.
Both forts may be eafily propagated by feeds, which,
if fown in the fpring on an open foot of ground, the
plants will come up, and require no other care but to
keep them clean from ’ weeds, and allow them room
to grow •, for the plants fhould not be nearer than two
feet apart, for they grow very large, and will laft fe-
veral years.
The fifth fort is an annual plant, which grows natu-
rally in Spain •, of this there are three varieties which
are conftant, one with purple tops, another with red
tops, and a third with green tops. As they differ in
nothing but the colour of their bra&ae on the top of
the ftalks, fo I have not put them down as different
fpecies, though from more than thirty years culti-
vating them, I have not known them alter.
Thefe plants have obtufe crenated leaves, fihaped
like thofe of the common red Sage ; the ftalks are
fquare and grow ered, about a foot and a half high;
their lower parts are garnifhed at each joint with two
oppofite leaves of the fame fliape, but gradually di-
minifliing in flze toward the top : the ftalks are gar-
nifhed upward with whorls of fmall flowers, and are
terminated by clufters of fmall leaves, which in one
are red, in another blue, and a third green, which
make a pretty appearance, and are preferved in gar-
dens for ornament. They flower in June and July,
and their feeds ripen in the autumn.
The feeds of thefe are fown in the fpring, in the places
where they are deflgned to remain, and require no
other care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin
them where they come up too clofe.
Garden Clary. See Sclarea.
HORNBEAM. See Carpinus.
HORSE CHESTNUT. See Esculus.
FI O R S E DUNG is of great ufe to make hot-beds
for the raifing all forts of early garden crops, as Cu-
cumbers, Melons, Afparagus, Sallading, &c. for which
purpofe no other fort of Dung will do fo well, this
fermenting the itrongeft •, and, if mixed with long
litter, and fea-coal afhes in a due proportion, will con-
tinue its heat much longer than any other fort of
Dung whatfoever •, and afterwards when rotted, be-
comes an excellent manure for molt forts of lands,
more efpeciaily for fuch as are of a cold nature •, and
for ftiff clayey lands, when mixed with fea-coal afhes,
and the cleanfing of London flreets, it will caufe
the parts to feparate much fooner than any other
compoft will do ; fo that where it can be obtained in
plenty, I would always recommend the ufe of it for
fuch lands.
HOSE IN, HOSE, a term ufed in gardening, to
fignify one tube or petal within another, as in the
6 Polyanthus,
1
H O T
*
polyanthus, where there are . in fome varieties two
petals.
H O T-B EDS are of general ufe in thefe northern
parts of Europe, without which we could not enjoy
fo many of the products of warmer climes as we do
how *, nor could we have the tables furnilhed with
the fevers! products of the garden, during the winter
and fpring months, as they are at prcfent in moft parts
of England, better than perhaps in any other country
in Europe : for although we cannot boaft of the cle-
mency of our climate, yet England is better furnilhed
with all forts of efculent plants for the table, much
earlier in the feafon, and in greater quantities, than
in the gardens of our neighbours, which is owing to
our {kill in Hot-beds,
The ordinary Hot- beds which are commonly ufed in
the kitchen-gardens, are made with new horfe dung,
in the following manner :
i ft, There is a quantity of new horfe dung from the
(table (in which there (hould be part of the litter or
ftraw which is commonly ufed in the liable, but not
in too great proportion to the dung,) the quantity of
this mixture mult be according to the length of the
bed intended •, which, if early in the year, ihould not
be lefs than one good load for each light ; this dung
Ihould be thrown up in a heap, mixing therewith a,
few fea-coal alhes, fome leaves of trees, and tan, which
will be of fervice to continue the heat of the clung •, it
Ihould remain fix or feven days in this heap ; then it
Ihould be turned over, and the parts well mixed toge-
ther, and call into a heap again, where it may con-
tinue five or fix days longer, by which time it will
have acquired a due heat ; then in fome well flickered
part of the garden, you mull dig a trench in length
and width, proportionable to the frames you intend
it for ; and if the ground be dry, about a foot deep ;
but if wet, not above fix inches ; then wheel the dung
into the opening, obferving to ftir every part of it
With a fork, and lay it exalt ly even and fmooth thro’
every part of the bed ; as alfo to lay the bottom part
of the heap (which is commonly free from litter) up-
on the furface of the bed ; this will prevent the fteam
from rifing fo plentifully as it would otherwife do. To
prevent this, and the heat from rifing fo violently as
to burn the roots of whatever plants are put into the
ground, it will be a very good way to fpread a layer
of neats dung all over the furface of the horfe dung,
which will prevent the mould from burning : if the
bed is intended for Cucumbers or Melons, the earth
Ihould not be laid all over the bed at firft, only a hill
of earth fiiould be firft laid in the middle of each light
on which the plants fiiould be planted, and the re-
maining fpace Ihould be filled up from time to time
as the roots of the plants fpread •, but this is fully
explained under thole two articles. But if the hot-
bed is intended for other plants, then after the bed
is well prepared, it Ihould be left two or three days
for the fteam to pafs off, before the earth is laid upon
the dung.
In the making of thefe hot-beds, it muff be carefully
obferved to fettle the dung clofe with a fork •, and
if it be full of long litter, it {hould be equally trod
down clofe in every part, otherwife it will be fubjed
to heat too violently, and confequently the heat will
be much fooner fpent, which is one of the greateft
dangers thefe fort of beds may be liable to. During
the firft week or ten days after the bed is made, you
Should cover the glaffes but (lightly in the night, and
in the day time carefully raife them to let out the
fteam, which is fubjedt to rife very copioufly while the
dung is frefh ; but as the heat abates, fo the cover-
in'? Ihould be increafed ; otherwife the plants in the
beds twill be (tinted in their growth, if not entirely
tieftr oyed. In order to remedy this evil, if the bed be
very cold, you mult put a pretty good quantity of
new hot dung round the Tides of it, which will add a
frefn heat thereto, and caufe it to continue a confidera-
bie time after ; and as the fpring advances, the fun
will fupply the lofs of the dung’s heat; but then it
will be advifeable to lay fome mowings of Grafs round
H O T
the jades of the. bed, efpecially if the nights (hould
prove cold, as it often happens in May, which is many
times, even at that feafon, very hurtful to tender
plants on Hot-beds.
But although the Hot-bed I have defcribed is what
the kitchen-gardeners commonly ufe, yet thofe made
with tanners bark are much preferable, efpecially far
all tender exotic plants or fruits, which require an
even degree of warmth to be continued for feveral
months, which is what cannot be effected by horfe
dung only. The manner of making thefe beds is as
follows :
There mud be a trench dug in the earth about three
feet deep, if the ground be dry ; but if wet, it mult
not be above a foot or fix inches deep at moft, and
muft be raifed in proportion above ground, fo as to
admit of the tan being laid three feet thick. The
length muft be proportioned to the frames intended
to cover it, but (hould never be lefs than eleven or
twelve feet •, but if it is twice that length it will be
better, and the width not Ids than fix, which is the
lead (ize of thefe beds for to continue the heat. This
trench (hould be bricked up round the ftdes to the
above-mentioned height of three feet, paving the bot-
tom with bricks to prevent the earth mixing with the
tan, and (hould be filled in the fpring with frefh tan-
ners bark (i. e. fuck as the tanners have lately drawn
out of their vats, after they have ufed it for tanning
leather) which (hould be laid in a round heap for a
week or ten days before it is put into the trench, that
the moifture may the better drain out of it, which, if
detained in too great a quantity, will prevent its fer-
mentation ; then put it into the trench, and gently
beat it down equally with a dung-fork ; but it muft
not be trodden, which would alfo prevent its heating,
by fettling it too clofe ; then you muft put on the
frame over the bed, covering it with the glaffes, and
in about ten days or a fortnight it will begin to heat ;
at which time you may plunge your pots of plants
or feeds into it, obferving not to tread down the
bark in doing it.
A Bed thus prepared (if the bark be new and not
ground too fmall) will continue in a good temper of
warmth for two or three months ; and when you find
the heat decline, if you ftir up the bark again pretty
deep, and mix a load or two of frefh bark anionglfc
the old, it will caufe it to heat again, and preferve its
warmth two or three months longer. There are many
people who lay fome hot horfe dung in the bottom of
the trench, under the bark, to caufe it to heat ; but
this is what I would never praflife, unlefs I wanted the
bed looner than the bark would heat of itfelf, and then
I would put but a fmall quantity of dung at bottom,
for that is fubjeCt to make it heat too violently, and
will occafion its lofingthe heat fooner than ordinary;
and there will never be any danger of the bark’s heat-
ing if it be new, and not put into the trench too wet,
though it may lometimes be a fortnight or more be-
fore it acquires a fufficient warmth, but then the heat
will be more equal and lading..
The frames which cover thefe Beds fliould be propor-
tioned to the feveral plants they are defigned to con-
tain : for example, if they are to cover the Ananas or
Pine-apple, the back part of the frame fliould be three
feet and a half high, and the lower part fifteen inches,
which will be a fufficient declivity to carry off the wet;
and the back fide will be high enough to contain the
large fruiting plants, and the lower fide will be fuffi-
cient for the (horteft plants ; fo that by placing them
regularly according to their height, they will not only
have an equal cfiftance from the glades, but alfo ap-
pear much handfomer to the fight. And although
many people make their frames deeper than what I
have allotted, yet I am fully perfuaded, that where
thefe is but height enough to' contain the plants, with-
out' bruifiug their leaves, it is much better than to al-
low a larger fpace ; for the deeper the frame is made,
the lefs will be the heat of the air inclofed therein,
there being no artificial warmth but what the bark
affords, which will not heat a large fpace of air ; and
as
hot
as the Pine-apple requires tc be conftantly kept very
warm, in order to ripen the fruit well, fo it will be
found upon trial, that the depth 1 have allowed will
anfwer that purpofe better than a greater.
But if the Bed be intended for taller plants, then the
frame mu ft be made in depth proportionable thereto ;
but if it be for fowing of feeds, the frame need net be
above fourteen or fix teen inches high at the oack, and
feven inches deep in the front, by which means the
heat will be much greater ; and this is commonly the
proportion allowed to the frames ufuaily made ufe of
in the kitchen-gardens. As to their length, that is ge-
nerally according to the fancy of the owner ; but they
commonly contain three lights each, which is in the
whole about eleven feet in length, though fometimes
they are made to contain four lights •, but this is too
great a length for die boxes, for the frames thus made
are not fo handy to remove, as when they are fhorter,
and are more fubjedt to decay at their corners. Some
indeed have them to contain but two lights, which is
very handy for raffing Cucumber and Melon plants
while young •, but this is too fliort for a Bark-bed, as
not allowing room for a proper quantity of bark to
continue a warmth for any confiderable time, as was
before-mentioned ; but for the other purpofes, one or
two fuch frames are very convenient for common
Dung-beds.
As to thofe frames which are made very deep, it is
much the better way to have them made to take afun-
der at the four corners, fo that they may be removed
with cafe ; otherwife it will be very difficult to take the
frame off, when there is occafion to put in new bark,
or take out the old. The manner of making thefe
frames is generally known, or may be much better
conceived by feeing them than can be expreffed in
writing, therefore I ffiall forbear faying any thing
more on this head.
HOTTONIA. Boerh. Ind. alt. i. p. 207. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 203. Stratoites. Vaill. Ad. Par. 1719.
Water Violet.
The Characters are.
The flower is funnel-ftoaped -, it has one petal , with a tube
the length of the one-leaved empalement , hut is cut above
into five oblong oval fiegments , which fipread open , and are
indented at their extremity. It hath five Jhort awl-Jhaped
fiamina fianding on the tube of the petal , oppofite to the
cuts , terminated by oblong fummits. In the center is fitu-
ated a globular gsrmen ending in a point , fupporting a
fioort fender ftyle crowned by a globular ftigma , which
afterward becomes a capfiule of the fame form , with
one cell , filed with globular feeds , fitting upon the em-
palement:
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
Linnfeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogy-
nia, which includes the plants whofe flowers have five
ftamina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Hottonia ( Paluftris .) Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. p.207. Wa-
ter Violet. Millifolium aquaticum five viola aquatica
caule nudo. C. B. P. 141. Water Milfoil , or Water
Violet , with a naked folk.
This plant grows naturally in ftanding waters in
many parts of England ; the leaves which are for the
moft part immerfed in the winter, are finely winged
and fiat, like moft of the fea plants-, thele extend
pretty wide, and at the bottom have long fibrous
roots, which ftrike into the mud the flower- ftalks
rife five or fix inches above the water they are naked,
and toward the top have two or three whorls of
purple flowers, terminated by a fmall duller of the
fame. Thefe flowers have the appearance of thofe
of the Stock-giilifiower, fo make a pretty appearance
on the furface of the water. The flowers appear in
June.
It may be propagated in deep ftanding waters, by
procuring its feeds, when they are ripe, from the places
of their natural growth, which ffiould be immediately
dropped into the water where they are defigned to
grow, and the fpring following they will appear % and
H U R
if they are not difturbed, they will Icon propagate
themfelves in great plenty.
HUMIDITY is the quality commonly called moi-
fture, or the power of wetting others* which quality
fome liquors and fluids are endowed with , and it dif-
fers very much from fluidity, in that it depends alto-
gether on the congruity of the component particles
of any liquor to the pores or furfaces of fuch particu-
lar bodies, as it is capable of adhering to.
Thus, quickfilver is not a moift liquor, in refpeft to
our hands or clothes, and many other things it will
not flick to 5 but it may be called a moift liquor, , in
refpedl to gold, lead, or tin, to the furfaces of which
it will prefently adhere.
Nay, water itfelf, that wets almoft every thing,
and is the great ftandaid of Humidity, or moifture,
is not capable of wetting every thing for it Hands,
and runs eafily off in globular drops, on the leaves
of Cabbages, and many other plants and will not
wet the feathers of ducks, fwans, and other water
fowl.
And it is very plain, that it is only the texture that
may caufe the fluid to be humid -, becaufe neither
quickfilver alone, nor bifmuth, will flick upon glafs;
yet being mixed together, they will form a mafs that
will flick on it ; as it is very well known in the fo-
liating of looking-glades, in which fuch a eompo-
fition is ufed.
HUMULUS. See Lupulus;
HURA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 965. Hura, or Sand-box-
tree.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers on the flame plant. The
male flowers „ have no petal , or flcarce any empalement ,
but a column of fiamina, which are joined at bottom to the
ftyle , forming a cylinder -, thefe fpread out at the top , and
are terminated by Jingle fummits lying over each other .
The female flowers have a fwelling empalement of one
leaf with one tubulous petal ■, the roundijh germen is fit u-
ated in the bottom of the empalement , fupporting a long
cylindrical ftyle , crowned by a large funnel-Jhaped ftig-
ma , which is a plain convex , divided into twelve equal
obtufle parts. The germen afterward becomes an orbicular
ligneous fruit , deprejfled at top and bottom , having twelve
deep furrows , with fo many cells , which open at the top
with an e 'lafticity , each containing one round flat feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth fedtioii
of Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clafs, intitled Moncecia Mo-
nodelphia, which includes thofe plants which have
male and female flowers at feparate di fiances in the
fame plant, whofe fiamina are joined to the ftyle,
forming one body.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Hura { Crepitans .) Hort. Cliff. 486. Sand-box-tree. PI li-
ra Americana, Abutili Indici folio. Hort. Amft. 2.
13 1. tab. 66. American Hura with the leaf of the In-
dian Abulilon , commonly called in the Weft-Indies Sand-
box-tree.
This grows naturally in the Spaniffi Weft-Indies, from
whence it has been introduced into the Britifti colonies
of America, where fome of the plants are preferved
by way of curiofity. It rifes with a foft ligneous fie in-
to the height of twenty-four feet, dividing into many
branches, which abound with a milky juice, and have
fears on their bark, where the leaves have fallen off
The branches are garnifhed with heart-ihaped leaves 5
thofe which are the biggeft are eleven inches long, and
nine inches broad in the middle, indented on their
edges, having a prominent midrib, with feveral tranf-
verfe veins from that to the fides, which are alternate $
thefe Hand upon long {lender foot-ftalks. The male
flowers come out from between the leaves, upon
foot-ftalks which are three inches long ; they are
formed into a clofe fpike, or katkin, forming a co-
lumn, lying over each other like the feales of fifib,
The female flowers are fituated at adifiance from the
male j thefe have a fwelling cylindrical empalement,
out of which rifes the petal of the flower, which
hath a long funnel- fibaped tube, fpreading at the
top f
3of
H Y A
top, where it is divided into twelve parts, which are
reflexed. . After the flower is paft, the germen fwells
and becomes a round, compreffed, ligneous capfule,
having twelve deep furrows, each being a diftindi
cell, containing one large round compreffed feed ;
when the pods are ripe, they burft with an elafti-
cky, and throw out their feeds to a confiderable dif-
tance.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown early
in the fpring, in pots filled with light rich earth,
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark. If the
feeds are frefh, the plants wall appear in about five
or fix weeks after the feeds are fown. As the plants
will advance very fail, where due care is taken of
them, fo they fhould have a large fhare of frefh air
admitted to them in warm weather, otherwife they will
draw up too weak. When the plants are about two
inches high, they fhould be transplanted each into a
feparate fmall pot filled with light rich earth, and
plunged again into the hot-bed of tanners bark, being
caref ul to (hade them from the heat of the fun, until
they have taken new root ; after which time they muff
have free air admitted to them, by raifing of the
glaffes in proportion to the warmth of the feafon, and
fhould be frequently, but gently, watered. When the
plants have filled thefe fmall pots with their roots,
they tnuft be ftiaken out of them, and their roots trim-
* med, and then placed in larger pots, which fhould
be filled with the like rich earth, and plunged again
into the hot-bed, where they fiiould remain till Mi-
chaelmas, provided the plants have room, without
touching of the glaffes, at which time they muft be
removed into the bark-ftove, and plunged in the
warmed part thereof : during the v/inter feafon they
muft be fparingly watered, for as the plants have fuc-
culent ftalks, much moifture will rot them •, they muft
alfo be kept very warm, otherwife they will not live in
this country. In fummer they muft have a large fhare
of frefh air in warm weather, but they muft not be re-
moved into the open air, for they are too tender to
live abroad in the warmeft part of the year in this
country.
This plant is now pretty common in the Englifh
gardens, where there are colledtions of tender plants
preferved, fome of which are grown to the height of
twelve or fourteen feet, and many of them have pro-
duced flowers, but there has not been any of their
fruit produced as yet in England.
As thefe plants have ample leaves, which are of a
beautiful green colour, they afiffrd an agreeable va-
riety among other tender exotic plants in the ftove ;
for where they are kept warm, and duly refrefhed
with water, they retain their leaves all the year in ver-
dure.
The fruit of this plant is, by the inhabitants of the
Weft-Indies, cut open on- the fide where the foot-ftalk
grew, and the feeds carefully taken out, after which
the (hells are ufed to contain fand for writing, which
gave rife to the name of Sand-box. When thefe
fruit are brought entire into England, it is very diffi-
cult to preferve them ; for when the heat of the fum-
mer comes on, they ufuaily burft with an explofton,
and fcatter their feeds about; and from the noife made
by the ripe fruit, it was by Hernandez titled. Arbor
crepitans.
HY AC I NT HUS. Town. Inft. R. H. 344. tab.
180. Lin. Gen. Plant. 427. Hyacinth; in French,
Jacinte.
The Characters are,
"The. fio'wer has no empalement. It has one bell-Jhaped
petal , whofe rim is cut into fix parts , which are reflex ed ;
and three neWpriums on the point of the germen, with fix
floor t awl- flo aped fiamim , terminated by fuinrdts , which
clofe together. In the center is fiuated a roundijh three-
cornered germen, laving three furrows fuf porting a Jingle
fiyle , ■ crowned by an obtufe fligma. The germen after-
ward becomes a romdijh three-cornered capfule , having
three cells, which contain roundijh feeds.
This- genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fixtfi ciafs, intided Hexandria Monogy-
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nia, which includes thofe plants whole flowers have
fix ftamina and but one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Hyacinthus (Nonfcriptas) corollis campanulatis fex~
partitis apice revoiutis. Sort. Cliff. 125. Hyacinth
with a bell-Jhaped petal divided into fix parts, which are
reflexed at their tops. Hyacinthus oblongo fiore oera-
leus major. C. B. P. 43. Greater Hyacihb with an ob-
long blue flower ; and the Hyacinthus Angiicus. Ger.
99. Englijh Hyacinth , or Hare Bells.
2. Hyacinthus ( Serotinus ) corolla-rum exterioribus pe-
talis fubdiftindlis, interioribus coadunatis. Lin. Sp,
Plant. 453. Hyacinth whofe exterior part cf tide: flower
has diftinht petals , but the interior joined. Hyacinthus
obfoleto (lore, C. B. P. 44. Hyacinth with a worn-out
flower.
3. Hyacinthus (JJtrinque Floribus ) corollis campanula-
tis fexpartitis, floribus utrinque difpofitis. Hyacinth
with a bell-Jhaped petal which is divided into fix parts ,
and flowers ranged on each fide of the Jlalk. Hyacin-
thus floribus campanula utrinque difpofitis; C. B. P.
44. Hyacinth with bell-Jhaped flowers difpofed on every
fide the jlalk.
4. Hyacinthus ( Cernuus ) corollis campanulatis fexpar-
titis racemo c.ornuo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 217. Hyacinth
with bell-Jhaped petals divided into fix parts , and a nod-
ding branch of flowers. Hyacinthus floribus campa-
nulas, uno verfu difpofitis. C. B. P. 44. Hyacinth
with bell-Jhaped flowers ranged on one fide the jlalk.
5. Hyacinthus (. Amethyftinum ) corollis campanulatis
femifexfidis bafi cylindricis. Hort. Upfal. 58. Hya-
cinth with bell-Jhaped petals cut half way into fix parts ,
and a cylindrical bafe. Hyacinthus oblongo casruleo
fiore minor. C. B. P. 44. Lejfer, Hyacinth with an ob-
* long blue flower.
6 . Hyacinthus ( Orientals ) corollis infundibuliformi-
bus femifexfidis bafi ventricofis. Hort. Upfal. 85. Hy-
acinth with a funnei fhapsd petal cut half into fix parts ,
and fwelling at their bafe. Hyacinthus Orientalis
albus primus. C. B. P. 44. Early White Eaftern Hy-
acinth.
The forts here mentioned are all of them diftindl fpe-
cies, of which there are feveral varieties, efpecially of
the fixth, which have been cultivated with fo much
art, as to render fome of them the moft valuable
flowers of the fpring ; in Holland the gardens abound
with them, where the florifts have railed fo many va-
rieties as to amount to fome hundreds ; and fome of
their flowers arefo large, double, and finely coloured,
as that their roots are valued at twenty or thirty
pounds fterling each root ; to enumerate thefe varie-
ties here, would fwell this work to very little purpofe,
as every year produces new kinds.
The firft fort grows naturally in woods and near
hedges, in lands which have lately been woods, in
many parts of England, fo is feldom admitted into
gardens ; but the poor people, who make it their
bufinefs to gather the wild flowers of the fields and
woods for nofegays, &c. bring great quantities of
thefe in the fpring to London, and fell them about
the ftreets.
There is a variety of this with white flowers, which is
kept in fome gardens, which only differs in the colour
of their flowers from the other.
The fecond fort is preferved in fome few gardens
for the fake of variety, but as it hath as little beauty
as the firft, fo is feldom allowed a place in the flower-
garden. The flowers of this are narrower than thofe
of the firft fort, and feem as if their petals were divided
to the bottom, three of the outer fegments being fe~
parated from the other, (landing at a fmall di fiance
from the three interior, but they are all joined at their
bafe ; when the flowers firft appear, they are of a
light blue colour, but before they decay, they fade
to a worn-out purple colour. This flowers early in
the fpring, and grows naturally in Spain and Mau-
ritania.
The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy ;
this hath blue flowers of the open fpread bell- {nape,
which are divided into fix fegments almoft to the bot-
tom.
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tom, and arc difpofed on every fide the ftalk. The
ftalks rife about nine inches high, and when the roots
are ftrong, the thyrfe of flowers is large. This
flowers about the fame time with the firft fort, and
was formerly preferved in gardens, but lince there have
been fo many finer flowers raifed from the ieeds of the
Eaftern Hyacinths, thefe have been almoft totally ne-
glected, fo that they are feldomfeen but in old gardens
The fourth fort feems to be a variety of the firft, the
flowers being ranged tor tne moft part upon one
fide of the ftalk, and the top of the fpike is always
bent on one fide. The flowers are of a blufh Peach
colour, and appear about the fame time as the firft fort.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Spain ; this hath a
frnaller flower than either of the former forts, and
comes earlier in the feafon. The petal is cut into fix
parts half the length, and is reflexed at the brim ;
the lower part is cylindrical, a little fwelling at the
bafe, and is of a deeper blue than either of the for-
mer. This was formerly called by the gardeners the
Coventry blue Hyacinth.
The fixth fort is the Eaftern Hyacinth, of which we
formerly had no other varieties in the Englifh gar-
dens, but the Angle and double white and blue flower-
ing ; but from the feeds of thefe there were a few
others raifed in England ; and alfo by the Flemifh
gardeners, who came over annually with their flower-
roots to vend in England •, but the gardeners in Hol-
land have within the laft fifty years raifed fo many
fine varieties, as to render the former forts of little
or no value.
But thofe who are defirous to preferve any of the old
forts, need not be at much trouble about it, for their
roots propagate in great plenty in any foil or fituation,
and will require no other care but to take up their roots
every other or third year, focn after their leaves decay,
and plant them again in autumn ; for if they are per-
mitted to remain longer in the ground, their roots will
have multiplied to fo great a degree, as to render their
flowers very fmall and weak, fo of little worth.
All the different forts of Hyacinths are propagated by
feeds or offsets from the old bulbs ; the former me-
thod has been but little praftifed in England till very
lately, but in Holland and Flanders it hath been fol-
lowed for many years, whereby they have obtained a
very great variety of the moft beautiful flowers of this
kind : and it is owing to the induftry of the florifts in
thofe countries, that the lovers and delighters in gar-
dening are fo agreeably entertained, not only with the
curious variety of this, but of moft other bulbous
rooted flowers, few other florifts thinking it worth
their trouble to wait four or five years for the flowers
of a plant, which when produced, perhaps there might
not be one in forty that may deferve to be preferved ;
but they did not confider that it was only the lofs of
the four or five firft years after fowing, for if they con-
tinued fowing every year after they began, there would
be a fuccefiion of flowers annually, which would con-
ftantly produce at leaft fome forts that might be diffe-
rent from what they had before feen ; and new flowers
being always the moft valuable to fkilful florifts (pro-
vided they have good properties to recommend them)
it would always be a fuffieient recompence for their
trouble and lofs of time.
The method of raifing thefe flowers from feed is' as
foilow;s : having provided yourfelf with fome good
feed (which flhould be favedf om either femi-double,
or fuch fingle flowers as are large, and have good pro-
perties) you rnuft have a parcel of fquare fhallow boxes
or pots, with holes in their bottoms to let off moifture,
which muft be filled with frefh light fandy foil, laying
the furface very level ; then fowyour feeds thereon as
equally as pofilble, covering it about half an inch thick
with the fame light earth * 5 the time for this work is
about the middle or latter end of Auguft. Thefe
boxes, or pots, fhould be placed where they may en-
joy the morning fun only until the latter end of Sep-
tember, at which time they 111 op Id be removed into a
warmer fituation, and towards the end of October they
fin u id be placed under a common hot-bed frame,
where they may remain during the winter and fpring
ft Y A
months, that they may be protected from hard {foils j
though they fhould be expofed to the open air wired
tire weather is mild, by taking off the glafies. . In the
latter end of February or the beginning of March*
the young plants will begin to appear above ground?
at which time they muft be carefully fcreened from
frofts, otherwife they will be boon cieftroyed when
they are fo young •, but you muft never cover them at
that feafon but in the night, or in very bad weather j
far when the plants are come up, if they are clofe co-
vered, they will draw up very tall and {lender, and
thereby prevent the growth of their roots. About the
middle of April, if the weather proves good, you may
remove the boxes out of the frame, placing them in a
warm fituation, obferving, if the leafon be dry, to re-
frefti them now and then gently with a little water, as
alfo to keep them very clear from weeds, which would
foon overfpread the tender plants, and deftroy them,
if permitted to remain.
Towards the- beginning of May thefe boxes fhould be
removed into a cooler fituation ; for the heat of the
fun at that feafon would be too steat for thefe tender
plants, eaufing their blades to decay much fooner than
they would naturally do, if they were fcreened from its
violence. In this lhady fituation they fhould remain du-
ring the heat of hummer, obferving to keep them con-
ftantly dear from weeds j but you muft not place them
under the dripping, of trees, &c. nor fhould you give
them any water after their blades are decayed, for
that would infallibly rot the roots. About the latter
end of Auguft you fhould Aft a little light rich earth
over the furface of the boxes, and then remove them
again into a warmer fituation, and treat them, during
the winter, fpring, and fummer months, as was before
directed : and about the middle of Auguft following
you fhould prepare a bed of light rich fandy foil, in pro-
portion to thequantityof yourfeedlingplants; and hav-
ing levelled the furface very even, you fhould take the
earth from the boxes in which your plants were raifed,
into a fieve, in order to get out all the roots, which
by this time, (if they have grown well) will be about
the thicknefs of a fmall quill; thefe roots fhould foe
placed upon the bed at about two or three inches
afunder, obferving to fet the bottom part of their
roots downwards ; then cover-them over two inches
thick with the fame light earth j but as it will be im-
poftible to get all the fmall roots out of the earth iri
the boxes, you fhould fpread the earth upon another
bed equally, and cover it over with light earth ; by
which method you will not lofe any of the roots, be
they ever fo fmall.
Thefe beds muft be arched over with hoops, and in
very hard frofty weather they muft be covered with
mats, &c. to p rot eft them from froft 5 and in the
fpring, when the green leaves are above ground, if
the weather fhould be very dry, you muft refrefh them
with water ; but do this fparingiy, for nothing is more
injurious to thefe bulbs than too great quantities of
moifture.- During the fummer feafon you muft. con-
ftantly keep the beds clear from weeds •, but after the
blades are decayed, you muft never give them any
water ; and in autumn you fhould ftir the furface of
the bed with a very fnort hand-fork, being exceeding
careful not to thruft it fo deep as to touch the roots,
which, if hurt, are very fubject to perifh foon after.
Then fift a little frefh, light, rich earth over the bed
about an inch thick, or fomewhat more, and in winter
cover them again (as was before directed.) In this bed
the roots may continue two years,- obferving to treat
them, both in fummer and winter, as before •, then
the third year the roots fhould be carefully taken up
a little before their leaves decay, laying the roots ho-'
rizontally in the ground to ripen for three weeks, af-
ter which they may be kept out of the ground till the
end of Auguft, when they fhould be planted into nety
beds prepared as before, placing them at the diftance.
of fix inches afunder ; in thefe beds the roots may re-
main till they flower, during which time they fhould fo®
treated as before, with this difference only, that inftead
of covering them with mats in the winter, the furfaco
of the ground fhould be covered with tanners bark.
6 Z When
%
t
H Y A
When their flowers begin to fliew themfelves, you
Ihould mark all fuch as appear to have good proper-
ties, by thrufting a fmall ftick down by each root ;
which roots, at the time for taking them up, fhould
be feledted from the reft, and planted by themfelves •,
though I would by no means advife the rejecting any
of the other roots, until they have blown two years,
before which you cannot be afcertained of their va-
lue. When the green leaves of thefe plants begin to
decay, their roots mult be taken up, and a bed of light
earth, in a fhadyfituation, Ihould be raifed into a ridge ;
the better to Ihoot off the moifture, the roots fhould
be laid into the earth again in an horizontal pofition,
leaving the green leaves hanging out of the ground
from the roots, whereby the great moifture contained
in their very fucculent leaves and flower-ftalks may
be exhaled, and prevented from returning to the
roots, which, when buffered fo to do, is very of-
ten the caufe of their rotting after they are out of
the ground. In this ridge the roots fhould remain
until the leaves are quite dried off, when they muft
be taken up, and after being cleared of all manner of
filth, which would be hurtful to them, they muft be
laid up in boxes, where they may be preferved dry
until September, which is the proper feafon for plant-
ing them again ; the method of doing this fhall be
hereafter mentioned, when we treat of the manage-
ment of old roots.
I fhall now proceed to the culture of fuch Hyacinths
as have either been obtained from Holland, or are of
our olvn produdt from the feeds of fuch flowers
as were very beautiful, and worthy to be pre-
feved in colle&ions of good flowers : and it hath
been the want of fkill in the management of thefe
noble flowers, which has ocafloned the ill fuccefs
moft people have had with them in England, where-
by they have been neglebted, fuppoflng their roots
to degenerate after they have flowered in England,
which is a great miftake ; for were the roots
managed with the fame art as hath been pratftifed in
Holland, I am fully convinced they would thrive near
as well in England as there, or elfewhere, as I have
experienced ; for, from fome hundreds of roots which
I have received from Holland at two or three dif-
ferent times, I have had a very great increafe of
their roots, which were as large, and produced as ma-
ny flowers upon their ftems, as the fame forts generally
do in Holland.
The foil in which thefe flowers fucceed beft, is a
light, fandy, frefti, rich earth, which may be compofed
after the following manner : take half frefti earth
from a common, or pafture land, which is chiefly of
a fandy loam this Ihould be off the furface, and not
taken above eight or nine inches deep at moft •, and if
you take the turf, or green fward with it, it will ftill be
better, provided you have time to let it rot before it
is ufed *, to this you Ihould add a fourth part of fea-
fand, and the other fourth part of rotten cow dung ;
mix thefe well together, and caft it into a heap, where
it may remain until you ufe it, obferving to turn it
over once in three weeks or a month, that it may
be well mixed. If this compoft is made two years
before it is ufed, it will be much the better ; but if
you are obliged to ufe it fooner, then it fhould be
oftener turned, that the parts may the better unite.
This foil Ihould be laid two feet deep on the beds
which are defigned for Hyacinths, and if you
lay a little rotten cow dung, or tanners bark, at the
bottom, which may be within reach of the fibres, but
fhould by no means touch the bulb, it will be better.
If the foil is very wet where thefe beds are made, you
fhould raife them ten or twelve inches above the
furface of the ground ; but if it be dry, they need
not be raifed above three or four inches.
The manner of preparing the beds is as follows:
Firft, take all the former old earth out of the bed to
the depth you intend, which fhould be near three feet ;
then fpread fome rotten neats dung, or tan, in the
bottom, about fix inches thick, laying it very le-
vel ■; upon this you ihould lay the above-mentioned
earth two feet thick, levelling it very even j then
3
H Y A
fcore out the diftances for the roots, which iho.uld
be eight inches fquare, in ftrait rows each way ; af-
ter which, place your roots exactly in the fquares,
obferving to let the bottom - part downward j then
cover the roots fix inches deep with the fame prepared
earth, being very careful in doing this not to difplace
any of the roots ; and if the tops of thefe beds are
made a little rounding, to fhoot off the wet, it will be
of fervice in moift ground, provided the middle of the
beds are not made too high, which is a fault the other
way.
The beft feafon for planting thefe roots is the middle
or latter end of September, according to the earlinefs
or lateneis of the feafon, or the weather when it hap-
pens ; but I would advife you never to plant them
when the ground is extreme dry, unlefs there be a pro-
fped of fome rain foon after ; for if the weather fhould
continue dry for a confiderable time after, the roots will
receive a mouldinefs, which will certainly deftroy them.
The beds will require no farther cafe until the froft
comes on very fevere, at which time they fhould
have fome rotten tan fpread over them, about four
inches thick •, and if the alleys on each fide of the
bed are filled up, either with rotten tan, dung, or
fand, it will prevent the froft from penetrating the
ground on each fide to the roots, and fecure them
from being deftroyed but when the winters prove
very fevere, it will alfo be proper to have fome Peas-
haulm, Straw, or fuch like covering laid over them,
which will keep out the froft better than mats ; and
lying hollow, will admit the air to the furface of the
ground, and alfo permit the exhalations to pafs off,
whereby the earth will remain dry, and prevent the
roots from rotting, which has often happened when
the beds have been too clofe covered. But you muft
obferve to take off this light covering whenever the
weather is mild, and only let it continue on in very
hard frofts •, for where the beds are covered with
tan or fea-coal allies, no common froft can penetrate
through, fo the coverings are ufelefs, except in very
fevere froft ; for a fmall froft cannot injure the roots
before the green leaves appear above ground, which
is feldom before the beginning of February, at which
time the beds muft be arched over with hoops, that
they may be covered either with mats, canvas, or
fome other light covering, to prevent the froft from
injuring the buds as they arife above ground i but
thefe coverings muft be conftantly taken off every
day when the weather is mild, otherwife the flower-
ftems will be drawn up to a great height, and become
very weak, and the foot-ftalks of the flowers will be
long and (lender, and fo rendered incapable of fup-
porting the bells ; which is a great difadvantage to
the flowers, for one of their greateft beauties confifts
in the regular difpofition of their bells. When thefe
hoops are fixed over the beds, the rotten tan Ihould
be moft of it taken off them * in doing of which,
great care Ihould be taken not to bruife or injure the
leaves of the Hyacinths, which by that time will be
breaking out of the ground with the flower-ftem,
therefore the tan Ihould be removed by the hands ;
or if any inftrument is made ufe of in the doing of
it, there muft be great caution how it is performed.
When the ftems of the flowers are advanced to their
height before the flowers are expanded, you Ihould
place a Ihort ftick down by each root, to which, with
a wire formed into a hoop, the item of the flowers
Ihould be fattened, to fupport them from falling *,
otherwife, when the bells are fully expanded, their
weight will incline them to the ground, efpecially if
they are not fereened from the wind and rain.
During their feafon of flowering they fhould be co-
vered in the heat of the day from the fun, as alfo
from all heavy rains ; but they Ihould be permitted
to receive all gentle fhowers, as alfo the morning and
evening fun ; but if the nights are frofty, they muft
be conftantly defended therefrom. With this manage-
ment you may continue your Hyacinths in beauty at
leaft one whole month, and fometimes more, accord-
ing to their ftrength, or the favourablenefs of the
feafon.
When
H Y A
When their flowers are quite decayed, and. the tops ,
of their leaves begin to change their colour, you rnuft
carefully raife the roots out of the ground with a nar-
j CP
row fpade, or feme other handy inftrument , this is
what the Dutch gardeners term lifting of them : in the
doing of this, the inftrument inuft be carefully thruft
down by the fide of the root, being careful not to
bruife or injure it, £s alfo to put it below the bottom
of the root •, then by the forcing of this inftrument on
one fide, the fibres of the root are raifed and feparated
from the ground. The defign of this is, to prevent
their receiving any more nourifhment from the ground;
for by imbibing too much moifture at this feafon, the
roots frequently rot after they are taken up : about a
fortnight after this operation the roots fhould be en-
tirely taken out of the ground, and then carried to
beds fituated where the morning fun only lliines up-
on them ; the earth of the beds fhould be loole and
raifed into a fharp ridge, laying the roots into it
in a horizontal pofition, with their leaves hanging
out, by which means a great part of the moifture
-contained in their thick fucculent ftalks and leaves
will evaporate ; which, if it were permitted to
return back to the roots, would caufe them to rot
and decay after they are taken up, which has been
the general defedt of moft of the Hyacinths in
England.
In this pofition the roots fliould remain until the green
leaves are entirely decayed, which perhaps may be in
three weeks time. This is what the Dutch gardeners
term the ripening of their roots, becaufe by this me-
thod the roots become firm, and the outer cover is
fmooth, and of a bright purple colour ; whereas thofe
roots which are permitted to remain undifturbed, till
the leaves and ftalks are quite decayed, will be large,
fpongy, and their outer coats will be of a pale colour ;
for the ftems of many of thefe flowers are very large,
and contain a great quantity of moifture, which, if
fuffered to return into the roots, will infallibly caufe
many of them to perifh. After they are fo ripened,
you muft take them out of the ground, and wipe
them clean with a foft woollen cloth, taking off all
the decayed parts of the leaves and fibres, putting
them into open boxes where they may lie fingly, and
be expofed to the air, but they muft be preferved
carefully from moifture ; nor fhould they be fuffered
to remain where the fun may fhine upon them ; in
this manner they may be preferved out of the ground
until September, which is the feafon for planting
them again, at which time yon muft feparate all
the ftrong flowering roots, planting them in beds
by themfelves, that they may make an equal ap-
pearance in their flowers •, but the offsets and fmalldr
roots fliould be planted in another feparate bed for
one year, in which time they will acquire ftrength,
and by the fucceeding year will be as ftrong as the
older roots.
Thefingle and femi-double flowers fhould be planted
alfo in a bed by themfelves, where they fhould be
carefully fheltered (as was diredted before) from the
froft, until the flowers are blown ; at which time their
covering fhould be entirely removed, and they fuffered
to receive the open air, but the flower-ftalks fhould
be fupported with (ticks ; which, though the weather
may loon deface the beauty of the flowers, yet is ab-
felutely neceifary to promote their feeding ; and
when the feeds are quite ripe, you muft cut off the
veffels and preferve them, with the feeds therein,
until the feafon for fowing it. But you muft ob-
ferve, that after thefe flowers have produced feeds,
they feldom flower fo well again, at leaft not in two
years after ; fo that the beft method to obtain good
leeds is, to plant new roots every year for that
purpofe. Although thefe roots are, by moft perfons,
taken up every year, yet if the beds' are well pre-
pared for them, they may remain two years in the
ground unremoved, and the roots will increafe more
the fecond year than the firft, though the flowers are
more liable to degenerate ; therefore thofe who cul-
tivate thefe for fale, take up their roots annually when
H Y D
they are large and faleable ; but the offsets and fiiiall
roots, they ufually leave two years in the ground.
There are feme perfons who let their Hyacinth roots
remain three or four years unremoved, by which they
have a much greater increafe of roots, than when
they are annually taken up ; but the roots by this
great increafe are frequently degenerated, fo as to pro-
duce Angle flowers; therefore I fhould advife the
taking up of the roots every year, eipecially thofe of
the moft valuable kinds, which is the moft certain
method to preferve them in their greateft perfection,
though the increafe may not be fo great ; and if thefe
roots are planted a fortnight or three weeks earlier
in the autumn than is before directed, it will caufe
them to produce ftronger flowers ; and thofe roots
which are annually removed, will be rounder and
firmer than fuch as ftand two years unremoved,
for the other forts of Hyacinth, fee Muscari and
Ornithogalum.
HYACINTHUS TUBEROSUS. See Cri-
NUM and PoLYANTHES.
HYDRANGEA. Gron. Flor. Yirg. 50. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 492. We have no Englifh title for. this genus.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a J. mall ■permanent empalement of one leaf . j
indented in five parts , and five roundiflo petals which
are equal , and larger than the empalement. It hath ten
ftamina which are alternately longer than the petal , ter-
minated by roundiflo fummits. Under the flower is fituated
a roundiflo germen , fupporting two floor t ftyles ftanding
apart , crowned by permanent obtufe ftigmas. The germen
afterward turns to a roundiflo capflule , crowned by the two
horned ftigmas , divided tranfuerfly into two cells , filled
with flnall angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedrion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Dygynia,
which includes the plants whofe flowers have ten fta-
mina and two ftyles.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Hydrangea {Arbor efcens.) Gron. Flor. Yirg. 50*
This plant grows naturally in North America, from
whence it has been brought within a few years
paft to Europe, and is now preferved in gardens fof
the fake of variety more than its beauty. It hath a
fpreading fibrous root, from which is fent up many
foft, pithy, ligneous ftalks, which rife about three feet
high, garnifhed at each joint with two oblong heart-
fhaped leaves placed oppofite, ftanding upon foot-
ftalks about one inch long ; the leaves are three inches
long, and two broad near their bafe, fawed on their
edges, and have many veins running from the mid-
rib upward to their borders ; they are of a light green*
and fall away in the autumn ; the flowers are pro-
duced at the top of the ftalks, in form of a corymbus;
they are white, compofed of five petals, with ten fta-
mina furrounding the ftyle. Thefe appear toward the
end of July and in Auguft, but feldom perfedt their
feeds in England.
This is eafily propagated by parting of the roots 5
the beft time for this is the latter end of October,
which is alfo the beft time to tranfplant them : the
plants fhould have a moift foil, for they grow na-
turally in marfhy places ; they require no other cul-
ture but to keep them clear from weeds, and dig the
ground between them every winter. The roots are
perennial, and if in very fevere froft the ftalks are
killed, they will put out new ones the following
fpring.
HYDRASTIS. SccWarneria.
HYDROCOTYLE, [of GW, water, and non ajj, a
cavity ; becaufe this plant has a cavity in the leaves
which contains water, and the plant grows in marfhes.]
Water Navelwort.
This plant grows in great plenty in moift places in
moft parts of England, and is never cultivated for ufe,
fo I fhall pafs it over with only naming it.
HYDROLAPATHUM: SeeRuMEX.
HYDROPHYLLON. Lin. Gen. Plant. 187,
Hydrophyllon. Tourn. Infi R. II 81. tab, 16. Wa-
ter Leaf,
The
H Y D
The Char acters are,
The flower has a permanent mpafcment of one leaf
tut into five fiegments .which fipread open. It bath one
bell-fhapcd petal which is divided into five parts y indented
at their points j under each of thefie fiegments is fitted a
nehiarium , which is fituated about the middle , and fihut
up lengthways ■ by two lamelhe. It hath five Jfamina
which are longer than the petals terminated by oblong
profiler ate fummits , and an oval-pointed germen , J$p port-
ing an awl-Jloaped ftyk the length of the jiamina , crowned
by a bifid fpreading fiigma. The germen afterward be-
comes a globular capfiule with one cell , inclofmg one large
round feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Mono-
gynia, which includes the plants whole flowers have
five ftamina and one ftyl'e.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Hydrqphyllon ( Virginianum ) foliis pinnatifidis. Lin.
Sp. 208. Morini. Joncq.Hort. Water Leaf with wing-
pointed leaves.
This plant grows naturally in many parts of North
America, on moift fpongy ground. The root
of it is compofed of many ftrong flefby fibres,
which fpread wide on every fide, from which arife
many leaves with foot- (talks -five or fix inches long,
which are jagged into three, five, or feven lobes,
almoft to the midrib , thefe are indented on their
edges, and have feveral veins running from the mid-
rib to the Tides ; they are of a lucid green, and in the
fpring have water Handing on the cavities, from
whence I fuppofe Morinus gave it the title of Water
Leaf, and not from the plant growing in water, as
Tournefort conjectures. The flowers rife with foot-
ftalks from the root, having one or two fmall leaves
of the fame fhape with the lower ; the flowers are
produced in loofe clufters hanging downward ; they
are of a dirty white and bell-ihaped, fo make no
great figure. They appear in June, and the feeds
fometimes ripen here in Auguft.
This plant is very hardy in refpect to cold, but it
fhould be planted in a moift rich foil •, for if it is
planted in a dry warm foil, it will not live, unlefs it
is conftantly watered in dry weather. It may be pro-
pagated by parting of the roots, which fhould be done
in autumn, that the plants may be well rooted be-
fore fpring, for otherwife they will require a great
deal of water. It requires a moift foil and lhady
fituation.
HYDROPIPER, the common biting Arfe-fmart,
which grows in great plenty in moift places near
ditches Tides almoft every where.
HYDROS T ATICS [uJ^oraLri, of water,
and trdj iv.fi of raroj, '{landing, of Uv[m, I Hand or ftop ;
Hydroftatics being conceived as the doftrine of the
asqihiilibrum of liquors,] or the doftrine of the gra-
vitation of fluid ; or it is that p2rt of the mechanics
which confiders the weight or gra vity of fluid bodies •,
particularly of wafer, and of folid bodies immerged
therein.
To Hydroftatics belongs whatever relates to the
gravities and equilibria of liquors, with the art of
weighing bodies in water, in order to eftimate their
fpecific gravities.
Of the ufe of this fcience in horticulture, the Rev.
Dr. Hales, in his excellent Treatife of Vegetable Sta-
ticks, has given many examples, by experiments,
{hewing the quantities of moifture imbibed and per-
fpired by plants and trees, neceftary to be known, in
order to promote the bufinefs of vegetation.
Some of the moft ufeful heads of this fcience are ;
1 . That the upper parts of all fluids prefs upon the
lower.
2. That a lighter fluid may gravitate or prefs upon a
heavier.
3. That if a ; body that is contiguous to the water,
be altogether, or in part, lower than the upper fur-
face of the water, the lower part of the body will
be prefled upwards by the water which touches it
beneath.
H Y t>
4. There needs only a competent weight of an ex-
ternal fluid, to account for the fifing of water ih
pumps, See.
5. It a body be placed under water, fo that its up-
per mo ft furface lie parallel to the horizon, the direct
p re fibre that it fuftains is no more than that of a co-
lumn of water, whole bafe is the horizontal fuperficies
of the body, and its heighth the perpendicular depth
of the water. And if the water which leans on the
body be contained in pipes which are open at both
ends, the preffure of the water is to be eitimated
by the weight of a pillar of water, the bafe of which
is equal to the lower orifice of the pipe, and whole
height is equal to a perpendicular, which reaches
from thence to the top of the water, although the
pipe fhould be much inclined any way, or though,
it fhould be ever fo regularly ihaped, and much
broader in fome other place than the bottom.
6. A body which is immerfed in a fluid, fuftains a
natural preffure from the fluid, which alfo increafes
as the body is placed deeper beneath the furface of
the fluid.
7. The reafon why water afeends in fiphons, and
by which it flows through them, may be explained
from the external preffure of fome other fluid, with-
out having recourfe to the abhorrence of a vacuum.
8. The moft folid body, which will fink by its own
weight at the furface, yet if it be placed at a depth
twenty times greater than that of its own thicknefs
it will not fink, if its defeent be not affifted by the
incumbent water.
9. If a body which is fpecifically lighter than a fluid,
be immerfed in that fluid, it will rife with a force
proportionable to the excefs of gravity in that fluid.
10. If a body which is heavier than a fluid be im-
merfed, it will fink with a force that is proportiona-
ble to the excefs of its gravity.
11. If any veffel be filled with water, or any other
liquor, the furface of which is capable of being even,
it will continue fo till difturbed by fome other exter-
nal caufe.
12. When the fluids are prefled, they are preffed
undiquaque, i. e. on all Aides.
How far the knowledge of any of thefe properties
of fluids may conduce to the philofophical improve-
ment of gardening, and the bufinefs of vegetation,
will be more clearly perceived when well confidered
by the ingenious artift, than being fet forth by words,
rf Y G R O M E TER. [u of moift, and
ft gov, meafure, of pfyw, to meafure,] is a machine
or inftrument contrived to {hew or meafure, the
moiftnefs and drinefs of the air, according as it
abounds with moift or dry vapours, and to meafure
and eftimate the quantity of fuch moiftnefs and
drinefs.
There are divers kinds of Hygrometers ; for what-
ever body either fvvells or fhrinks by drinefs or moi-
fture, is capable of being formed into an Hygrome-
ter ; fuch are the woods of moft kinds, particularly
Afh, Deal, Poplar, &c. fuch alfo is a cord, cat-
gut, &c.
Stretch a hempen cord or fiddle-ftring along a wall,
bringing it over a truckle or pully *, and to the other
end tie a weight, unto which fit a ftyle or index ;
on the fame wall fit a plate of metal, divided into
any number of equal parts, and the Hygrometer is
complete.
For it is a matter of undoubted obfervation, that
moifture fenfibly fhortens the length of cords and
firings ; and that as the moifture evaporates, they re-
turn to their former length, and the like may be laid
of a fiddle-ftring.
The weight therefore, in the prelent cafe, upon an
increafe of the moifture of the air, will afeend, and
upon a diminution of the fame will defeend.
Hence, as the index will Chew the fpaces of afeent and
defeent, and thole fpaces are equal to the increments
and decrements of the length of the cord or gut, the
inftrument will difeover whether the air be more or
lefs humid now, than it was at another given time.
The
H Y O
H Y M
The ordinary contrivance with whip-corcl is one of
the eafieft, for that will infallibly fhorten and lengthen
as the air grows moifter and drier.
Some recommend a cat-gut as the belt, which may
be a yard in length fufpended, having a plumbet or
piece of lead, with an index or pointer hanging at the
lower end, by means of which the cat-gut will twill
or untwift as the air dries or moiftens, and fhorten and
lengthen fo as to raife and fink the plumbet with
the index, and this index will point out the degree
fought for.
The weight of this lead or plumbet, fhould be about
two ounces.
Some perfons who approve a fine whip-cord inftead
of cat-gut, ufe a greater weight of lead ; the twilling
and untwifting of the cat gut or whip-cord, will make
the lead with the index turn round, as well as rife
and fall. The degrees may be made upon an open
fcrew of brafs Within,' with which the plumbet and
index has its motion.
When you are provided with a barometer and Hy-
grometer, compare the motions of the one with the
other, in order to judge what proportion the rife or
- fall of the quickfiiver in the barometer bears to the
twilling of the cat-gut or whip-cord •, the degrees
of which motion may be oblerved by the index or
pointer of the Hygrometer ; and at the fame time
both thefe mull be compared with the rifing and fall-
ing of the fpirit in a thermometer, to know what de-
gree of heat or cold attends every different change
of w r eather.
HYGROSCOPE [of Jypk, moilt, and o-y. 07 riw, to
view or confider,] a machine the fame as the hygro-
meter, and for the fame ufes.
Thefe inllruments are of good ufe in conlervatories, for
meafuring or Ihewing the dampnefs or drinefs of them
in the winter feafon.
HYMEN YE A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 512. Courbaril.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 49. tab. 14. Locuft-tree.
The Characters are,
The outward involucrum of the flower is divided into
two parts , the inward is of one leaf indented in five
parts ; the fewer hath five petals , which are equal in
fixe , and fpread open. It hath ten declining fiamina, which
are fiecrt, terminated by oblong fummits. In the center
is fuuated an oblong germen , fupporting a declining fiyle ,
crowned by an acute Jligma ; the germen afterward be-
comes a large oblong pod , with a thick ligneous fhell , di-
vided into fever al partitions tranfverfiy , in each of which
is lodged one comprejfed large feed , furrounded with a fa-
rinaceous pulp.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firll fedlion of
Linnaeuses tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
which includes the plants whofe flowers have ten fta-
mina and one flyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Hvmen^a ( Courbaril .) Hort. Cliff. 484. Locufl-tree.
Courbaril bifolia, flore pyramidato. Plum. Nov. Gen.
49. Two-leaved Courbaril with a pyramidal flower , com-
monly called Locuft-tree in America.
This is a very large fpreading tree in the Well-Indies,
where it grows in great plenty : it hath a large Hem,
covered with a ruffet bark, which divides into many
fpreading branches, garnifhed with fmooth ftiff leaves,
which Hand by pairs, their bafe joining at the foot-
flalk, to which they Hand oblique, one fide being
much broader than the other, the two outer fides
being rounded, and their infide llrait, fo that they
refemble a pair of Iheep-fhears ; they are pointed
at the top, and Hand alternately on the llalk. The
flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at the end of the
branches, fome of the Ihort ligneous foot-llalks lup-
porting two, and others three flowers, which are com-
poled of five yellow petals ilriped with purple ; the
petals are Ihort and fpread open ; the llamina are much
longer, and of a purplilb colour •, thefe flowers are
fucceeded by thick, fieffiy, brown pods, fhaped like
thefe of the Garden Bean ; they are fix inches long,
and two inches and a half broad, of a purplilb brown
colour, and a ligneous confluence, with a large fu-
ture on both edges; thefe contain three or four
roundilh eompreflfed feeds, divided by tranfverfe par-
titions.
The wood of this tree is elleemed as good timber
in the Well-Indies, and it yields a fine clear refin which
is called gum anirne in the Ihops, which makes an
excellent varnilb.
It is eafily raifed from the feeds if they are frefh ;
thefe mull be fown in pots, and plunged into a hot-
bed of tanners bark : there fhould be but one feed put
into each pot, or if there is more, when the plants
appear, they Ihould be all drawn out to one foon after
they come up, before their roots entangle, when it
will be hazardous doing it ; for if great care is not
taken, the plant intended to be left may be drawn out
with the other. As the roots of this plant are but
flender, fo they are very difficult to tranfplant ; for
unlefs a ball of earth is preferved to their roots, they
feldom furvive their removal, therefore they mull be
feldom tranfpl anted from one pot to another. The
plants mull conftantly remain in the tan-bed in the
Hove, and ffiould be treated in the fame way with
other tender plants of the fame country, giving but:
little water to them, efpecially in the winter. When
thefe plants firll appear, they make confiderable pro-
grefs for two or three months, after which time they
are at a Hand perhaps a whole year without ffiooting,
being in their growth very like the Anacardium, or
Cafhew Nut, fo is very difficult to preferve long in
this country.
HYOSCYAMUS. Tourn. Inlt. R. H. 1 1 7. tab.
42. Lin. Gen. Plant. 218. [of A, a fwine, and
a Bean, q. d. Hog’s-bean,] Henbane; in French,
Jufquaime.
The Characters are,
The flower has a cylindrical empalement of one leaf
which is permanent , [welling at the bottom , and cut into
five acute fegments at the top. It hath one funnelfhaped
petal , with a floor t cylindrical tube , and an erect fpread-
ing rim , cut into five obtufe parts , one being larger than
the others ; it hath five, inclined ftamina , terminated by
roundifh fummits. In the center is fituated a roundifh
germen , fupporting a fender flyle , crowned by a round
Jligma. The germen afterward becomes an oval obtufe
capfule fitting in the empalement , divided in two cells
by an intermediate partition , opening with a lid at the
top , to let out the many fmall feeds which adhere to the
partition.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firll fedion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
in which he includes thofe plants whofe flowers have
five llamina and one llyle.
The Species are,
1. Hyoscyamus {Niger) foliis amplexicaulibus fmuatis,
floribus feffilibus. Hort. Cliff. 56. Henbane with finu-
ated leaves embracing the Jlalks , and feffile flowers. Hy-
ofeyamus vulgaris, vel niger. C. B. P. Common Black
Henbane.
2. Hyoscyamus {Major) foliis petiolatis, floribus pe-
dunculatis terminalibus. Henbane with leaves having
foot-Jlalks , and flowers with foot-ftalks terminating the
branches. Hyofcyamus major, albo fimilis, umbilico
floris atro-pupureo. T. Cor. Great Henbane like the
white , but with a dark purple bottom to the flower.
3. Hyoscyamus {Albus) foliis petiolatis, floribus feffi-
libus. Hort. Upfal. 56. Henbane with leaves having
foot-ftalks , and flowers fitting clofe to the branches. Hy-
ofcyamus major, albo fimilis, umbilico floris virenti.
juffieu. Greater Henbane like the white , with a green
bottom to the flower.
4. Hyoscyamus {Minor) foliis petiolatis, floribus fo-
litariis lateralibus. Henbane with leaves having foot-
ftalks , and flowers proceeding Jingly from the fides of the
branches. Hyofcyamus minor albo fimilis, umbilico
floris atro purpureo. Tourn. Cor. 5. Smaller Hen-
bane like the white , with a dark purple bottom to the
flower.
5. Hyoscyamus {Reticulatis) foliis caulinis petiolatis
cordatis fmuatis aeutis, floribus integerrimis, corollis
vemricofis. Lin. Sp. 257. Henbane with heart fhaped,
7 & flnuated s
/
y
H Y 0
jhmated , acute leaves upon foot-ftalks , and ■ entire fwollen
flowers. Hyofcyamus rubello (lore. C. B. P. Henbane
with a reddifb coloured flower.
6. Hyos.cy.AMus ( Aureus ) foliis petiolati's erofo-denta-
tis acutis, floribus pedunculatis frudibus pendulis,
Lin. Sp. 257. Henbane with acute indented leaves found-
ing on foot-ftalks^ the flower having foot-ftalks, and the
fruit hanging. Hyofcyamus Cretictft luteus major.
C. B. P. Greater yellow Henbane of Candia .
7. Hyoscyamus ( Pujillus ) foliis lanceolatis dentatis, flo-
ralibus inferioribus binis, calycibus fpinofis. Hort.
Upfal. 44. Henbane with fpear-fhaped indented leaves ,
and a prickly empalement. Hyofcyamus pufillus aureus
Americanus, antirrhini foliis glabris. Pluk. Aim. 188.
tab. 37. fob 5. Low, golden^ American Henbane , with
a fmooth Snapdragon leaf.
The firft of thefe forts is very common in England,
growing upon the Tides of banks and old dunghills
almoft every where. It is a biennial plant with long
flefhy roots, which ftrike deep into the ground, fend-
ing; out feveral large foft leaves, which are deeply
fi afneci on their edges, and fpread on the ground ;
the following fpring the ftalks come out, which rife
about two feet high, garnifhed with leaves of the
fame fhape, but fmaller, which embrace the ftalks
with their bafe j the upper part of the (talk is gar-
nifhed with flowers {landing on one fide in a double
row, fitting clofe to the ftalks alternately ; thefe are
of a dark purplifh colour with a black bottom, and are
fucceeded by roundifn capfules, fitting within the em-
palement thefe open with a lid at the top, and have
two ceils filled with fmall irregular feeds. This is a
very poifonous plant, and fhould be rooted out in all
places where children are fuffered to come ; for in the
year 1729, there were three children poifoned with
eating the feeds of this plant, near Tottenham-court ;
two of which flept two days and two nights before
they could be awakened, and were with difficulty re-
covered j but the third being older and ftronger,
efcaped better.
The roots of this plant are ufed for anodyne neck-
laces to hang about children’s necks, being cut to
pieces and ftrung like beads, to prevent fits and caufe
an eafy breeding of their teeth, but they are very dan-
gerous to ufe inwardly. For fome years paft there was
a mixture of thefe roots brought over with Gentian,
and ufed as fuch, which was attended with very bad
effefts, as hath been mentioned under the article of
Gentian, fo I {ball not repeat it here.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the iflands of the
Archipelago. This hath rounder leaves, which are
obtufely fituated upon their borders, and Hand upon
foot-ftalks •, the ftalks branch more than thofe of the
firft, and the flowers grow in clufters toward the end
of the branches, {landing upon {hort foot-ftalks ; they
are of a pale yellow colour, with very dark purple
bottoms.
The third fort is much like the fecond, but the
flowers are in larger bunches, fitting very clofe on the
ends of the branches *, they are of a greeniffi yellow
colour, with green bottoms. It grows naturally in
the warm parts of Europe, and is the fort whofe feeds
fhould be ufed in medicine, being the white Henbane
of the {hops.
The fourth fort was brought from the Levant by
Dr. Tournefort. This hath a fmaller ftalk than ei-
ther of the former, whole joints are further diftant ;
the leaves are roundifh, and deeply indented in ob-
tufe fegments, Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks ;
the flowers come out fingly from the fide of the ftalks,
at a good diftance from each other •, they are of a yel-
low colour with dark bottoms.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Syria * this rifes
with a branching ftalk two feet high, garniffied with
long fpear-fhaped leaves having foot-ftalks ; the
lower leaves are regularly cut on both Ikies into acute
fegments which are oppofite, fo are fit aped like the.
winged leaves, but the upper leaves are entire j the
flowers grow at the end of the ftalks in bunches •,
they are of a worn-out red colour, and lhaped like
HYP
thofe of the common fort, but their tubes are
fwollen.
All thefe are biennial plants, which perifh foon af-
ter they have perfeded their feeds. They flower in
June and July, and their feeds ripen in the autumn,
which, if permitted to Latter, will produce plenty
of the plants the following fpring ^ or if the feeds are
fown at that feafon, they will fucceed much better than
in the fpring ; for when they are fown in fpring, the
plants feldom come up the fame year. They are all
hardy except the fifth fort, and require no other cul-
ture but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin
the plants where they are too clofe. The fifth fort
fhould have a warm fituation and a dry foil, in
which it will live much better through the winter
than in rich ground.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Candia ; this is a
perennial plant with weak ftalks, which require a fup-
port *, the leaves are roundifh, and acutely indented
on their edges, {landing upon pretty long foot-ftalks 5
the flowers come out at each joint of the ftalk ; they
are large, of a bright yellow, with a dark purple bot-
tom •, the ftyle of this fort is much longer than the
petal. It flowers moft part of fummer, and fome-
times ripens feeds in the autumn. If thefe feeds are
fown in pots as foon as they are ripe, and placed
under a hot-bed frame in winter, the plants will come
up in the fpring ^ but if they are kept out of the
ground till fpring, they rarely fucceed. This fort will
continue feveral years, if they are kept in pots and
fheltered in winter, for they will not live in the open
air at that feafon, but it only requires to be proteded
from froft ; therefore if thefe plants are placed under
a common hot-bed in winter, where they may enjoy
as much free air as poffible in mild weather, they
will thrive better than when they are more tenderly
treated. This fort may be eafily propagated by cut-
tings, which, if planted in a ffiady border during any
of the fummer months, will take root in a month or
fix weeks, and may be afterward planted in pots, and
treated like the old plants.
HYPECOUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 230. tab. 115.
Hypecoum j Lin. Gen. Plant. 1 57. We have no
Engliffi name for this plant.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is compofled of two fmall
oval leaves , which are oppofite and erebl. The flower
hath four petals ; the two outer which are oppofite , are
breads and divided into three obtufle lobes ; the two ether
which are alternate , are cut into three parts at their
points. It hath four Jlamina fituated between the petals ,
which are terminated by oblong fummits. In the center is
placed an oblong cylindrical germen , fupporting two fhort
Jlyles , crowned by acute Jligma. The germen afterward be-
comes a long , compreffed , jointed, pod , which is incurved,
with one roundifh compreffed feed in each joint.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion of
Linnseus’s fourth clafs, which contains the plants
whofe flowers have four (lamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Hypecoum ( Procumbent ) iiliquis arcuatis compreffis
articulatis. Hort. Upfal. 31. Hypecoum with compreffed
jointed pods bent inward. Hypecoum latiore folio.
Tourn. Broad-leaved Hypecoum.
2. Hypecoum ( Pendulum ) filiquis cernuis teretibus cy-
lyndricis. Hort. Upfal. 3 1 . Hypecoum with taper , cy-
lindrical , nodding pods. Hypecoum tenuiore folio.
Tourn. Narrow-leaved Hypecoum.
3. Hypecoum {Ere Slum) filiquis eredis teretibus toru-
lofis. Elort. Upfal. 32. Hypecoum with taper , ereft,
wreathed pods. Hypecoum filiquis eredis teretibus.
Amm, Ruth. 58. Hypecoum with ere St taper pods.
The firft fort hath many wing-pointed leaves of a
grayiffi colour, which fpread near the ground, and (len-
der branching ftalks, which lie proftrate on the fur-
face of the ground •, thefe are naked below, and at
the top are garniffied with two or three fmall leaves
of the fame ffiape and colour with the under ones ;
from between thefe leaves come out the foot-ftalks of
the flower, each fuftaining one yellow flower with four
petals.
petals, and a pointal ftretched out beyond the petals,
which afterward turns to a jointed compreffed pod
about three inches long, which bends inward like a
bow, having one roundilh compreffed feed in each
joint. This flowers in June and July, and the feeds
ripen in Auguft,
The feconcl fort hath {lender {talks which Hand more
ered, and the fegments of the leaves are longer and
much narrower than thofe of the firft ; the flowers
are fmaller, and come out at the divifion of the
branches ; thefe are fucceeded by narrow taper pods,
which hang; downward. It flowers and feeds at the
■ fame time with the firft.
The third fort grows in the eaft ; Dr. Amman re-
ceived the feeds from Dauria, and I received the feeds
from Iftria, where it was found growing naturally.
This hath much the appearance of the fecond fort in
leaf and flower, but the pods grow ered, and are
wreathed and twifted about. It flowers and feeds at
the fame time with the others.
Thefe plants are all of them annual, fo their feeds
fhould be fown foon after they are ripe, otherwife itwill
be a year before the plants will appear, on a bed of
light freffi earth where they are to remain, for they
feldom fucceed if they are tranfplanted. When the
plants are come up, they fhould be carefully cleared
from weeds ; and where the plants are too clofe, they
muft be thinned, leaving them about fix or eight
inches apart ; after this they will require no other cul-
ture, but to keep them conftantly clear from weeds.
In June thefe plants will flower, and their feeds will
be ripe in Auguft.
"When the feeds are fown in the fpring, and the feafon
proves dry, the feeds will not grow the firft year ;
but if the ground is kept clear from weeds and not
difturbed, the plants will come up the following
fpring. I have known the feeds of thefe plants re-
main in the ground two years, and the plants have
comh up the third fpring very well ; fo that it will be
very proper to fow fome of the feeds in autumn,
foon after they are ripe, in a warm border, where the
plants may come up early the following fpring ; and
thefe will be ftronger, and more likely to perfed feeds,
than thofe fown in the fpring, by which method the
kinds may be preferved.
If the feeds of thefe plants are permitted to fcatter,
the plants will come up the following fpring without
any care ; and if they are treated in the fame way as
the others, they will thrive equally ; but when the
feeds are fown in the fpring, they fhould be taken out
of the pods, and diverted of their fungous covering,
which adheres clofe to them, fo prevents their grow-
ing, till that is rotted and decayed.
Thefe plants are feldom propagated but by thofe who
are curious in botany, though for the fake of variety
they may have a place in large gardens, becaufe they
require very little trouble to cultivate them ; and as
they take up but little room, fo they may be inter-
mixed with other fmall annual plants in large borders,
where they will make a pretty appearance.
The juice of thefe plants is of a yellow colour, re-
fembling that of Celandine, and is affirmed by fome
eminent phyficians to have the fame effed as opium.
HYPERICUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 254. tab. 13 1.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 808. St. Johnfwort; in French,
Millepertuis.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a permanent empalement , divided into
five oval concave fegments it hath five oblong oval petals
which fpread open , and a great number of hairy ftamina ,
which are joined at their bafe in three or five dijtinci
bodies, terminated by fmall fummits. It hath in the cen-
ter a roundijh germen , fupporting one , three , or five
ftyles , the fame length of the ftamina , crowned by fingle
fligmas. The germen afterward becomes a roundijh cap-
fule , having the fame number of cells as there are ftyle$
in the flow er, which are filled with oblong feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedion of
Linnaeus’s eighteenth clafs, intitled Polyadelphia
Polygynia, which contains the plants whofe flowers
have many ftamina joined in diftind bodies, and id
veral ftyles.
The Species, are,
r. Hypericum ( Perfoliatim ) floribus trigynis, caule
ancipiti, fo-liis obtufis pellucido-pundatis. Hort.
Cliff. 383. St. Johnfwort with three ftyles to the flower ^
and obtufe leaves' having pellucid pundiures. Hyperi-
cum vulgare. C. B. P. 279. Common St. Johnfwort .
2. Hypericum fftuadrangulum) floribus trigynis, caule
quadrato herbaceo. Hort. Cliff. 3 So. St. Johnfwort
with three ftyles to the flowers , and a fquare herbaceous
ftalk. Hypericum Afcyron didum, caule quadran-
gulo. J. B. 3. p. 382. St. Johnfwort with a fquare
ftalk , commonly called St. Peterfwort.
3. Hypericum ( Hircinum ) floribus trigynis* ftamini-
bus corolla longionbus, caule fruticofo ancipiti.
Hort. Cliff. 331. St. Johnfwort with three fiyles to the
flower , ftamina longer than the petals , and a fhrubby
ftalk with two fides. Hypericum fcetidum fruteft
cens. Tourn. 255. Stinking ftrrubby St. Johnfwort .
4. Hypericum floribus trigynis, calycibus obtufis, fta-
minibus corolla Iongioribus caule fruticofo. Hort,
Cliff. 381. St. johnfwort with three ftyles to the flower ,
obtufe empalement s , ftamina longer than the petals , and
a fhrubby Jlalk.. Hypericum frutefcens Canarienfe
multiflorum. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 135. Shrubby St .
Johnfwort from the Canaries , having many flowers .
5. Hypericum ( Olympicum ) floribus trigynis, calyci-
bus acutis, ftaminibus corolla brevioribus, caule fru-
ticofo. Hort. Cliff. 380. St. Johnfwort with three
ftyles to the flower , acute empalement s, ftamina floor ter
than the petals , and a fhrubby ftalk . Hypericum Gri-
entale, flore magno. T. Cor. 19. Eaftern St. Johnf-
wort, with a large flower.
6. Hypericum {Inodor urn) floribus trigynis, calycibus
obtufis, ftaminibus corolla Iongioribus, capfulis co~
loratis, caule fruticofo. St. Johnfwort with three ftyles
to the flower , obtufe empalements, ftamina longer than the
petals , coloured feed-vejfels , and a fhrubby ftalk. Hype-
ricum Orientale, fcetido fimile, fed inodorum. Tourn,
Cor. 19. Eaftern St. Johnfwort , like the ftinking kind,
but without fmell.
7. Hypericum ( Afcyron ) floribus pentagynis, caule te-
tragono herbaceo fimplici, foliis lasvibus integerrimis.
Hort. Upfal. 236. St. Johnfwort with five ftyles to the
flower , a fquare, fingle, herbaceous ftalk , and fmooth en-
tire leaves. Afcyrum magno flore. C. B. P. 280.
Tutfan with a large flower.
8. Hypericum (. Balearicum ) floribus pentagynis, caule
fruticofo, foliis ramifque cicatrifatis. Lin. Sp. Plant,
783. St. Johnfwort with five ftyles to the flower, a
fhrubby ftalk, and fcarified leaves and branches. Afcy-
ron Balearicum, frutefcens, maximo flore luteo, foliis
minoribus, fubtus verrucofis falvad. Boerh. Ind. alt.
1. 242. Shrubby Balearick St. Peterfwort with a large
yellow .flower, and fmaller leaves war ted on- their under
fide.
9. Hypericum ( Androfamum ) floribus trigynis pericar-
piis baccatis, caule fruticofo ancipiti. Hort. Upfal.
2 37 ’ Sl Johnfwort with three fiyles to the flower, a
fiefhy feed-vejfel, and a fhrubby ftalk with two fides .
Androfasmum maximum -frutefcens. C. B. P. 280.
Common Tutfan , or Park-leaves .
10. Hypericum ( Bartramium ) floribus pentagynis ca-
lycibus obtufis, ftaminibus corolla aequantibus, caule
eredo herbaceo. St. Johnfwort with five ftyles to the
flower, obtufe empalements , ftamina equalling the petals ,
and an erect herbaceeus ftalk.
11. Hypericum ( Monogynum ) floribus monogynis, fta-
minibus corolla Iongioribus, calycibus coloratis, caule
fruticofo. St. johnfwort with one ftyk to the flowers ,
ftamina longer than the petals, coloured empalements , and
a ftrrubby ftalk.
There are fome other fpecies of this genus, which
are preferved in botanic gardens for the fake of va-
riety, but as they are feldom admitted into other
gardens, I have not enumerated them here, left the
work fhould fwell too large,
The
The fir ft and fecond forts are both very common
plants, growing in the fields in moft parts of
England ; the firft is ufed in medicine, but the fe-
cond is of no ufe : thefe are rarely propagated in gar-
dens, bitt I chufe to mention them, in order to in-
troduce the other forts, which deferve a place in
every good garden.
The firft fort hath a perennial root, from which arife
feveral round ftalks a foot and a half high, dividing
into many fmall branches, which are garnifhed at
each joint with two fmall oblong leaves, (landing
oppofite, without foot-ftalks ; the branches alfo come
out oppofite. The leaves have many pellucid fpots in
them, which appear like fo many holes when held up
againft the light. The flowers are numerous on the
tops of the branches, (landing on (lender foot-ftalks ;
they are compofed of five oval petals, of a yellow co-
lour, with a great number of (lamina, not quite fo
long as the petals, terminated by roundifti fummits.
In the center is fituated a roundifh germen, fupporting
three ftyles, crowned by Angle ftigmas. The germen
afterward becomes an oblong angular capfule, with
three cells, filled with fmall brown feeds. It flowers
in June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The root is perennial, fo wiil continue many years ■,
and if the feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants
will come up in too great plenty, fo as to be very
troublefome weeds. The leaves and flowers of this
are ufed in medicine •, it is efteemed an excellent vul-
nerary plant, and of great fervice in wounds, bruifes,
and contufions : there is a compound oil made from
this plant, which is of great ufe in the foregoing ac-
cidents. From the (lamina of the flower is expreffed
a red juice, which is fometimes ufed in colouring,
but fades very foon.
The fecond fort hath fquare ftalks, which rife about
the fame height with the firft, but do not branch fo
much. The leaves are fhorter and broader than thofe
of the firft, and have no pellucid fpots. The flowers
fit upon fhort foot-ftalks at the end of the branches,
which are (haped like thofe of the other. This flowers
and feeds at the fame time with the other, and will pro-
pagate in as great plenty if the feeds are permitted to
fcatter.
The third fort grows naturally in Sicily, Spain, and
Portugal -, this rifes with fhrubby ftalks about three
feet high, fending out fmall branches at each joint
oppofite, which are garnifhed with oblong oval leaves,
placed by pairs, fitting clofe to the ftalks, which
have a rank fmell like a goat. The flowers are pro-
duced in clufters at the end of the branches ; they
are compofed of five oval yellow petals, with a great
number of ftamina ■which are longer than the petals,
and three ftyles which are longer than the ftamina.
The germen which fupports thefe, afterward becomes
an oval capfule with three cells, filled with fmall
feeds. It dowers in June, July, and Auguft, and the
feeds ripen in autumn.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the Canary Iflands,
fo was formerly preferved in green-houfes during the
winter .feafon, but is found to be hardy enough to re-
fill the greateft cold of this country, fo is now culti-
vated in the nurferies as a flowering fhrub ; this rifes
with a fttrubby ftalk fix or feven feet high, dividing
into branches upward, which are garnifhed with ob-
long leaves, fet by pairs clofe to the branches. The
leaves of this have alfo a ftrong odour, but not quite
fo bad as the former. The flowers are produced at
the end of the ftalks in clufters, and are very like
thofe of the former fort, having a great number of
ftamina which are longer than the petals ; this
flowers at the fame time with the former, and perfects
its feeds in autumn. Both thefe plants have a very
ftrong odour like that of a goat ; fo that where the
plants grow in large quantities, the fcent is carried by
the wind to a great diftance ; or if the leaves are
hand'ed, they emit the fame odour.
Thefe two forts are propagated by fuckers, which are
plentifully fent forth from the old plants. The bed
ieafon for taking off the fuckers is in March, juft
3
before they begin to fnoot •, they fhould be planted in
a light dry foil, in which they will endure the fevered
cold of our climate very well. They may alfo be pro-
pagated by cuttings, which ftiould be planted at the
fame feafon j or by feeds, which mud be (own in Au-
guft or September, which is as foon as they are ripe 5
for if they are kept till fpring, few of them will growl
but as they multiply fo fail by fuckers, the other methods
of propagating them are feldom prabtifed in England,
i he fifth fort grows naturally on Mount Olympus,
where it was difcovered by Sir George Wheeler, who
fent the feeds to the Oxford garden ; this rifes with
many upright ligneous ftalks about a foot high, gar-
nished with fmall fpear-fliaped leaves, fitting clofe to
the ftalks oppofite. The flowers are produced at the
the top of the ftalks, three or four together ; they are
compofed of five oblong petals, of a bright yellow
colour, with a great number of ftamina, ° which are
of unequal lengths, fome being longer, and others
fhorter than the petals, terminated by fmall roundifh
fummits. In the center is fituated an oval germen,
fupporting three (lender ftyles, which are longer than
the ftamina. The germen afterward becomes ajn oval
capfule with three ceils, filled with fmall feeds. This
flowers in July and Auguft, and in warm feafons ripens
its feeds in autumn.
This plant is ufually propagated by parting of the
roots, becaufe the feeds feldom ripen in this country ;
the bed time for doing of this is in September, that
the plants may have time to get root before winter ;
this will live in the open air, if it is planted in a warm
fituation and a dry foil, but it will be proper to keep
a plant or two in pots, to be flickered under a frame
in winter, left in very fevere winters, thofe in the open
air ftiould be deftroyed. If this is propagated by feeds,
they (hould be fown foon after they are ripe, in pots
filled with light earth, and placed under a frame in
the winter, to (helter them from froft, and in the
fpring the plants will appear ; when thefe are fit to
remove, fome of them may be planted in a warm bor-
der, and others in pots, and treated in the fame way
as the old plants.
The fixth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk feven or
eight feet high, with a reddifh bark, and fends out
many fmaller branches, garnifhed with oval heart-
fhaped leaves, whofe baft fits clofe to the ftalks ;
they are placed oppofite. The flowers are produced
at the end of the ltalks in clufters they are fmaller
than thofe of the third fort, and have obtufe em-
palements. The ftamina are longer than the petals,
and are of a deeper colour. The flowers are fucceed-
ed by conical capfules of a purplifh red colour, hav-
ing three cells, filled with fmall feeds. It flowers in
May, June, and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
This is now propagated in the nurferies as a flowering
fhrub, and may be treated in the fame way as the
third and fourth forts.
The feventh fort was firft brought to England from
Conftantinople, but has long been very common in
the Englifti gardens, for the roots fpread and in-
creafe very faft, where it is permitted to (land long
unremoved. The ftalks of this are (lender, and in-
cline downward ; they are garniflied with oval, fpear-
fliaped, fmooth leaves, placed by pairs, fitting clofe to
the ftalks. The flowers are produced at the end of
the ftalks •, thefe are very large, and of a bright yel-
low colour, with a great number of ftamina, which
(land out beyond the petals y there are five ftyles in
each flower, which are of the fame length with the
ftamina. The flowers are fucceeded by pyramidal
feed-veftels with five cells, containing many fmall
feeds. It flowers in June and July.
This plant is eafily propagated by parting of the
root ; the bed time for this is in Qbtober, that the
plants may be well eftabliftied before the drought of
fpring, otherwift they will not produce many flowers.
As this will grow under trees, fo it is a very proper
plant to place under fhrubs and trees to cover the
ground, where they will make a good appearance
during the feafon of their flowering.
The
HYP
The eighth fort grows naturally in the ifiahd of Mi-
norca, from v/hence the feeds were fent to England,
by Mr. Salvador, an apothecary at Barcelona, in the
year 1718 ; this rifes with a llender fhrubby italk in
this country about two feet high, but in its native
foil rifes feven or eight feet high, fending out feveral
weak branches of a reddiih colour, which are marked
where the leaves have fallen off with a cicatrice. The
leaves are fmall, oval, and waved on their edges, hav-
ing'feveral fmall protuberances on their under fide, fit-
ting clofe to the ftalks, half embracing them with their
bafe. The flowers are produced at the top of the
ftalks •, they are large, of a bright yellow colour, with
a great number of ftamina, which are a little Ihorter
than the petals •, thefe flowers have five ftyles, and are
fucceeded by pyramidal capfules with five cells, which
Jiave a ftrong fmell of turpentine, and are filled with
fmall brown feeds : this plant has a fiiccefiion of
flowers great part of the year, which renders it va-
luable ; it is too tender to live through the winter in
the open air in England, but requires no artificial
heat : if the plants are placed in a dry airy glafs-
cafe in winter, where they may be protected from
froft, and enjoy a good lhare of frelh air in mild
weather, they will thrive better than in a warmer
fituation •, but they muft by no means be placed in a
damp air, for their flioots foon grow mouldy and de-
cay with damp, nor fhould the plants, have much
water during the wintet ; but in fummer they fnould
be expofed in the open air, and in warm weather they
fhould be gently watered three times a week ; they
fhould have a loofe fandy foil, not over rich. This is
propagated by cuttings, which fhould be planted in
June, in pots filled with light earth, and plunged into
a very moderate hot-bed, whole heat is declining,
{hading them from the fun in the heat of the day,
and now and then refrefhing them with water ; thefe
cuttings, fo managed, will put out roots in fix or
feven weeks, when they fhould be carefully taken
up, and each planted into a feparate fmall pot, placing
them in the (hade till they have taken new root ; then
they may be removed to a fheltered fituation, where
they may remain till the froft comes, when they fhould
be removed into fhelter.
If thefe are propagated by feeds, they fnould be fown
in autumn, in the fame way as is before directed for
the fifth fort, and the plants treated in the fame man-
ners as thofe raifed from cuttings.
The ninth fort is the common Tutfan, or Park-leaves,
which is ibmetimes ufed in medicine. It grows na-
turally in woods in feveral parts of England, fo is not
often admitted into gardens ; this hath a fhrubby
ftalk, which rifes two feet high, fending out feme
fmall branches toward the top •, thefe, and alfo the
ftalks, are garniftied with oval heart-lhaped leaves, fit-
ting clofe to them with their bafe, they are placed
by pairs at every joint. The flowers are produced
in fmall clufters at the end of the ftalk ; thefe are
yellow, but fmaller than either of the forts here men-
tioned ; they have many long ftamina, which ftand
out beyond the flower, and three ftyles. The ger-
men afterward turns to a roundilh fruit, covered with
a moift pulp, which, when ripe, is black. The capfule
has three cells, containing fmall feeds. It flowers in
June, and the feeds are ripe in autumn. It hath a
perennial root, and may be propagated by parting it
in autumn •, it loves (hade and a ftrong foil.
The tenth fort grows naturally in North America ^
this rifes with an upright herbaceous ftalk three feet
and a half high, fending out feveral fmall branches
upward, which come out oppofite, and are garniftied
with oblong leaves placed oppofite, which half em-
brace the ftalk with their bale. At the end of each
ftalk is produced one pretty large yellow flower, with
an obtufe empalement, having many ftamina, which
are equal in length with the petals, and five ftvles
which are fo clofely joined as to appear but one. The
ftigmas are reflexed, which denote their number. This
fort feldom ripens feeds here, fo is propagated by
HYS
parting the roots-. The beft time for this is in jfiL
tumn j it fhould have a light foil and an open fitua-
tion. The flowers appear the latter end of July, and
in Auguft.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in China, front
whence the feeds were brought to the Right Hon. the
Earl of Northumberland, and the plants were railed
in his Lordfhip’s curious garden at Stanwick, and by
his Lordfliip’s generofity the Chelfea garden was fur-
nifhed with this plant.
The root of this plant is compofed of many ligneous
fibres, which ftrike deep in the ground •, from which
arife feveral fhrubby ftalks near two feet high, co-
vered with a purplifh bark, and garnilhed with ftifF
ftnooth leaves about two inches long, and a quarter
of an inch broad, placed by pairs, fitting clofe to
the ftalk ; they are of a lucid green on their tipper
fide, and gray on their under, having many tranfverfe
veins running from the midrib to the border. The
flowers are produced at the top of the ftalks, growing
in fmall clufters, each ftanding upon a fhort diftinbt
foot-ftalk ; thefe have an empalement of one leaf, di-
vided into five obtufe figments almoft to the bottom,
which is of a deep purple colour. The flower is com-
pofed of five large obtufe petals, of a bright yellow
colour •, thefe are concave, and in the center is fituated
an oval germen ftipporting a Angle ftyle, crowned by-
five (lender ftigmas, which bend on one fide ; the
ftyle is attended by a great number of ftamina which
are longer than the petals, and terminated by round-
ifii fummits.
This plant continues in flower great part of the year,
which renders it the more valuable ; and if it is planted
in a very warm fituation, it will live in the open air •,
but thofe plants which ftand abroad will not flower in
winter, as thofe do which are removed into {belter in
autumn.
It may be propagated by flips from the root, or by
laying down of the branches ; if by flips, they ihould
be planted in the fpring on a moderate hot-bed, which
will forward their putting out new roots ; the layers
ihould alfo be laid down at the fame time, which will
have taken root by autumn, when they may be trans-
planted into pots, and fheltered under a frame in win-
ter ; and in the fpring, part of thefe may be planted in
a warm border, and the others continued in pots to be
fcreened in winter, left thofe in the open air fhould be
killed.
HYPERICUM FRUTEX. See Spiraea.
HYPOCHiERIS, a fort of Hawkweed, of which
there are two or three fpecies, which grow naturally
in England the others are feldom admitted into gar-
dens, therefore I fhall not enumerate them.
HYPOPHYLLOSPERMOUS PLANTS
[of uVo, under, cpvxxov, a leaf, and <nripy.a,, feed,] are
luch plants as bear their feeds on the backfides of
their leaves.
HYSSOPUS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 200. tab. 95. Lip.
Gen. Plant. 628. [takes its name from the Hebrew
word 2i?n, in which language Hyffop fignifies a holy
herb, or for purging or cleanfing facred places, as it
is faid in the Pfalms, Purge me with Hyffop. But
what plant the Hyffop of the antients was, is not
known, but that it feems to have been a low plant,
becaufe Solomon is faid to have defcribed the plants
from the Cedar to the Hyffop.] Hyffop ; in French,
Hifope.
The Characters are.
The e?npale?nent of the flower is oblong , cylindrical ,
jir caked , and permanent. It is of one leaf cut into five
acute parts at the top. The flower is of one petal , of the
grinning kind , with a narrow cylindrical tube the length
of the empalement. The chaps are inclining. The upper
Up is fhort , plain , roundifh , credit and indented at the
top. The under lip is trifid , the two fide fegments being
fhorter than the middle one , which is~ crenated. It hath
four ftamina , which ftand apart •, two of them are longer
than the petal the other two are fhorter , terminated by
flngle fummits. It hath four germen , » with a fingle ftyle
7 B ' fltuatd
H Y S
fituated under the upper Up , crowned by a bifid fiigma.
The germen afterward becomes fo many oval feeds fitting
in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
Gy’mnofpermia, which contains thofe plants whofe
flowers have two long and two fhort ftamina, anc
are fucceeded by naked feeds in the empalement.
The Species are,
1. Hyssopus ( Officinalis ) fpicis fecundis. Hort. Cliff,
3,04. Hyffop with fruitful fpikes. Hyffopus officina-
rum coerulea feu fpicata. C. B. P. 217. Hyffop of the
J hops with blue fpikes , or the common Hyffop.
2. Hyssopus {Rubra) fpicis brevioribus, verticillis
comp aft is. Hyffop with fhort er fpikes , and whorls more
compaSt. Hyffopus rubro flore. C. B. P. 2.17. Hyffop
with a red ficwer.
3. Hyssopus ( Altiffimis ) fpicis longiffimis verticillis dif-
tantibus. Hyffop with the longejl fpikes , and whorls at a
greater difiance. Hyffopus verticillis florum rario-
ribus. Houft. Hyffop with the whorls of flowers thinly
ranged.
4. Hyssopus ( Nepetoides ) caule acuto quadrangulo.
Hort. Upfal. 163. Hyffop with an acute fquare ftalk.
Sideritis Canadenfis altiffima, fcrophulariae folio, flore
flavefcente. Tourn. Inft. 192. Tallefi Canada Ironw or t,
with a Figwort leaf and a yellowifh flower.
5. PIyssopus ( Lophanthus ) corollis fubrefupinatis fta-
minibus corolla brevioribus. Hort. Upfal. 162. Hyf-
fop with tranfverfe petals , and the lower ftamina fhorter
than the petal. Nepeta floribus obliquis. Dill. Cat-
mint with oblique flowers.
The firft fort, which is the only one cultivated for
ufe, grows a foot and a half high. The ftalks are
firft fquare, but afterward become round ; their lower
parts are garnifhed with fmall fpear-fhaped leaves
placed oppofite, without foot-ftalks, and feven or eight
very narrow ereft leaves (or braftasa) rifing from the
fame joint. The upper part of the ftalk is garnifhed
with whorls of flowers, the lower ones Handing half an
inch apart, but the upper are alrnoft joined together.
The upper lip of the flower is indented at the top,
and the under is cut into three parts, the middle being
deeply indented at the point. There are four ftamina
in each flower, which fpread at a diftance from each
other j the two upper are the fhorteft, which are fitu-
ated on each fide the upper lip ; the two longer ftand
clofe to the two fide fegments, and are terminated by
twin fummits. At the bottom of the tube are fitu-
ated four naked germen, fupporting a flender ftyle,
fitting clofe to the upper lip, crowned by a bifid
ftigma •, thefe germen afterward become four oblong
black feeds, fitting in the empalement. The whole
plant has a ftrong aromatic fcent. It flowers in July
and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in September, but
the roots will abide many years j it grows naturally
in the Levant. There is a variety of this with white
flowers, but doth not differ from the blue in any
other particular.
The fecond fort doth not grow fo tall as the firft ;
the ftalks branch more, and the fpikes of flowers are
much fhorter than thofe of the firft. The whorls are
clofer together, and have long narrow leaves fituated
under each. The flowers are of a fine red colour, and
appear at the fame time with the former. This fort
is not quite fo hardy as the common, for in 1739 the
plants were all deftroyed by the cold ; this is certainly
a diftinft fpecies, for I cultivated it from feeds twenty
years, and never obierved it to vary.
The third fort grows much taller than either of the
other. The leaves are narrower, the whorls of
flowers are farther afunder, the fpikes of flowers are
much longer, the flowers are larger, and of a deeper
blue than thofe of the common fort, and the plant
hath not fo ftrong an odour. It flowers at the fame
time as the firft.
Thefe three forts of Hyffop are propagated either by
feeds or cuttings ; if by the feeds, they muff be fown
in March, upon a bed of light fandy foil ; and when
the plants come up, they ftiould be tranfplanted out
H Y S
at* ' "
. to the places where they are to remain, placing them
at leaff a foot afunder each way j .but If they are de-
' figned to abide In thofe places for a long time, two
feet diftance will be fmall enough, for they grow
pretty large, efpecially if they are not frequently cut,
to keep them within compafs j they thrive belt upon
a poor dry foil, in which fituation they will endure
the cold of our climate better than ■ when they are
planted on a richer foil. If you would propagate
them by cuttings, they ftiould be planted in April or
May, in a border where they may be defended from
the violent heat of the fun ; and being frequently wa-
tered, they will take root in about two months •, af-
ter which, they may be tranfplanted where they are
to continue, managing them as was before directed
for' the feedling plants.
The firft fort was formerly more cultivated than at
prefent in England, that being the fort commonly
ufed in medicine. The other fpecies are preferved in
curious gardens for their variety, but they are feldom
cultivated for ufe.
They are very hardy plants, which will endure the
cold of our winters in the open air, provided they are
planted in a dry undunged foil ; for when they are
planted in a rich foil, they grow very luxuriant in,
fummer, and are lefs able to refill the cold in win-
ter ; fo that when any of thefe plants grow out of
the joints of old walls, (as they frequently do) they
will refill the moft fevere froft, and will be much
more aromatic than thofe which grow in a rich foil.
The fourth fort grows naturally in North America ;
this hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk, which
decays in autumn. It rifes with an upright fquare
ftalk near four feet high, garnifhed with oblique
heart-fliaped leaves, which are fawed on their edges,
and end in acute points ; they are placed oppo-
fite on fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers grow in
clofe thick fpikes four or five inches long, at the
top of the ftalks. The upper lip is divided into
two roundifh fegments, the lower one is divided into
three, the two fide fegments Handing ered, and the
middle one is reflexed, and acutely fawed at the end.
The two upper ftamina, which are fituated on each
fide the upper lip are the longeft, the other two fhorter
join the two fide fegments of the lower lip they are
terminated by fmall fummits. The germen are fitu-
ated at the bottom of the tube, having a flender ftyle
under the upper lip, crowned by a bifid fiigma. The
germen afterward becomes four oblong brown feeds,
fitting in the tubulous empalement. This fort flowers
in July, and the feeds ripen in September.
There is a variety of this fort with purple ftalks and
purplifh flowers. The leaves ftand upon longer
foot-ftalks, and the fpikes of flowers are thicker, but
I cannot fay if it is a diftind fpecies or only a va-
riety. It grows naturally in the fame country with
the other. It is titled, Betonica maxima, (folio ferophu-
laris, floribus incarnatis, by Herman. Par. Bat. 106.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Siberia. The feeds
of this were fent me from the Imperial garden at Pe-
terfburgh, by the title of Lophanthus, and afterward
I received fome from Holland, which were titled,
Nepeta floribus obliquis. Dill. This is a perennial
plant with a ftrong fibrous root, fending out many
fquare ftalks, which divide into fmaller branches,
garnifhed with oblong leaves, crenated on their edges,
fet on by pairs. The flowers are produced at each
joint in fmall clufters, two foot-ftalks arifing from
the bafe of the leaves, about half an inch long, both
inclining to one fide of the ftalk •, each of thefe
foot-ftalks divide again into two fmaller, and thefe
do each fupport a duller of four or five flowers,
which have fwelling tubulous empalements, cut into
five acute fegments at the top. The tube of the pe-
tal is longer than the empalement. The lips of the
flower are oblique to It, being fituated horizontally.
The two upper ftamina and the ftyle ftand out be-
yond the petal, but the other are fhorter. The
flowers are bine, and appear in June and July, and the
feeds ripen in September.
Both
I
H Y S
Both thefe forts are very hardy, and may be eafily
propagated by feeds, which Ihould be fown in au-
tumn 5 for thofe fown in the fpring, often lie a
year in the ground before they vegetate ; when the
plants come up, they muft be kept clean from
weeds, and thinned where they are too clofe. The
following autumn they Ihould be tranfplanted where
they are to remain, and the plants will flower in
fummer, and produce feeds, but the roots will abide
feme years.
H Y S
It hath been a great difpute amongfl: modern wri-
ters, whether the HyiTop now commonly known k
the fame which is mentioned in fcripture •, about'
which there is. great room to doubt, there being very
little grounds to afcertain that plant, though it is
raoft generally thought to be the Winter Savory,
which plant is now in great requeft amongfl: the in-
habitants of the eaftern countries, for outward walk-
ings or purification.
J A C
J rACEA. See Centaurea.
JACOBfEA. See Senecio and Othonna.
f JACQJLJINIA. Lin. Gen. 254.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is compofed of five round-
iflo concave leaves , and is permanent. The flower has
one bell-fhaped petal , which is bellied , cut into ten feg-
ments. It hath five awl-jhaped ftamina arifing from the
receptacle , terminated by halbert-fhaped fummit's , and an
oval germen fupporting a ftyle the length of the ftamina ,
crowned by a headed ftigma. The germen afterward be-
comes a roundijh berry with one cell , containing one feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft leflion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flowers having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Jacquinia ( Rufcifolia ) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis.
Jacq. Amer. 15. Lin. Sp. 271. Jacquinia with fpear-
jhaped acute-pointed leaves. Fruticulus foliis rufei ftel-
latis. Hort. Elth.
2. Jacquinia (. Armillaris ) foliis obtufis cum acumine.
Jacq. Amer. 15. Lin. Sp. 272. Jacquinia with blunt
leaves ending in acute points. Chryfophyllum Barbafco.
Lcefl. it. 204.
Jacquinia ( Linearis ) foliis linearibus acuminatis.
J Jacq. Amer. 15. Lin. Sp. 272. Jacquinia with linear
fharp-pointed leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally in the ifland of Cuba,
and in feme other warm parts of America ; it rifes
with a Ihrubby ftalk about a foot high, which is
ligneous at the bottom, and about the fize of a
fwan’s quill, covered with a dark brown bark, lend-
ing out a few (lender branches, garnifhed at inter-
vals with hand-lhaped ftiff leaves, placed in whorls
round them •, thefe are ftiff like thofe of Butcher’s
Broom, ending with Iharp points, of a deep green
on their upper fide, but pale on their under ; the
flowers are (according to Plumier’s figure) produced
from between the leaves on the top of the branches j
but having feen no flowers in England, fo I can give
no farther account of them.
The fecond fort grows naturally at Carthagena, Mar-
tinico, and other parts of South America, where it
riles with a Ihrubby ftalk four or five feet high, di-
viding toward the top into four branches, which are
fituated in whorls round the principal ftalk, garnilhed
with oblong blunt leaves, placed alfo in whorls, having
a fhort flender apex. The flowers are produced in a
racemus on the end of the branches, each .containing
five or fix white flowers of a thick confidence, which
J A S
have a feent like Jafmine flowers, which they retain aftef
they decay, fo are worn by the ladies of thofe countries
for ornament. ,
The third fort grows naturally on the borders of the fea s
in the ifland of Dominica ; this is an under-ffirub, of a
very low growth, rarely riflng about two feet high, di-
viding into feveral branches, garnilhed with linear ftiff
leaves, ending with a thorn ; thefe are placed in whorls
round the branches, and from the middle of the whorls
come out the foot-ftalks of the flowers, each being ter-
minated by one fmall white flower without feent.
As thefe plants are natives of hot countries, fo they
will not live in England, unlefs they are placed in a
warm ftove, and treated in the manner directed for
other plants from the fame countries, giving them
little water in winter, and in warm weather plenty of
frelh air. They are raifed from feeds, when they
can be procured from the countries where they natu-
turally grow ; which muft be fown on a hot-bed,
and may afterward be propagated by cuttings* though
it is with difficulty they take root.
J A L A P A. See Mirabilis.
JASIONE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 896. This is the Ra-
puneulus fcabiofie capitulo coeruleo. C. B. P. 22.
Rampions with Scabious heads. This plant grows
naturally on fterile ground in moft parts of England,
and is rarely admitted into gardens.
JASMINOIDES. See Cestrum and Lycium.
JASMINUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 597. tab. 368;
Lin. Gen. Plant. 1 7. [This name is Arabic.] The
Jafmine, or Jeffamine-tree ; in French, Jafmin.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a tubulous empalement of one leaf, \
which is permanent , and cut into five fegments at the brim ,
which are erect. The flower is of one petals having a
long, cylindrical tube , cut into five fegments at the top ,
which fpread open. It hath two fhort ftamina , which
are terminated by fmall fummits , and are fituated within
the tube of the petal. In the center is fituated a round-
iflo germen , fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned by a bifid
Jligma. The germen af terward turns to an oval berry ? with
a ffltjkfn inclofimg two feeds , which are flat on thofe fitdes
which join , a?id convex on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft febtion of
Linnaeus’s fecond clafs, intitled Diandria Monogy-
nia, in which he ranges thofe plants whofe flowers have
two ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Jasminum {Officinale) foliis oppofitis pinnatis, folk
olis acuminatis. Jafmine with winged leaves placed op-
pejite
1
j A S
pofite, whofe lobes end in acute points. jafminum vuft
gatius, flore albo. C. B, P. 397. The common white
Jafmine.
2. Jasminum ( Humile ) foliis al terms ternatis fimplici-
bufque, ramis angulatis. Hort. Upfal. 5. Jafmine with
trifoliate winged leaves placed alternate , and angular
branches. Jafminum humile luteum. C. B. 397 -
Dwarf yellow Jafmine , commonly called the Italian yellow
Jafmine.
3. Jasminum ( Fruticans ) foliis alternis ternatis fimpli-
cibufque, ramis angulatis. Hort. Cliff. 5. Jafmine with
trifoliate Jingle leaves placed alternate , and angular
branches. Jafminum luteum, vulgo diftum baecife-
rum. C. B. P. 398. The common yellow Jafmine.
4. Jasminum ( Grandiflorum ) foliis oppofitis pinnatis, fo-
liolis brevioribus obtufis. Jafmine with winged leaves
placed oppofite , whofe lobes are fhorter and obtufe. Jaf-
minum humilis, magno flore. C. B. P. 398. The Spa-
nifh white , or Catalonian Jafmine with a larger flower.
5. Jasminum {Odoratiflimum ) foliis alternis ternatis, fo-
liolis ovatis, ramis teretibus. Jafmine with trifoliate
leaves placed alternate , whofe lobes are oval , and ' taper
branches. Jafminum Indicum flavum odoratiflimum.
Fer. Flor. The fweet-fcented yellow Indian Jafmine.
6 . Jasminum ( Azoricum ) foliis oppofitis ternatis, folio-
lis cordato-acuminatis. Jafmine with trifoliate leaves
placed oppofite , whofe lobes are heart-fhaped and pointed.
Jafminum Azoricum trifoliatum, flore albo, odora-
tiflimum. Hort. Amft. The three-leaved Azorian Jaf-
mine , with very fweet white flowers , commonly called the
Ivy-leaved Jafinme.
7. Jasminum ( Capenfe ) foliis lanceolatis oppofitis inte-
gerrimis, floribus triandris. Jafmine with fpear-Jhaped
entire leaves placed oppofite , and flowers with three fta-
mina.
The firfb fort is the common white Jafmine, which is
a plant fo generally known as to need no defcrip-
tion. This grows naturally at Malabar, and in fe-
veral parts of India, yet has been long inured to our
climate, fo as to thrive and flower extremely well, but
never produces any fruit in England ; this hath weak
trailing branches, fo requires the affiftance of a wall
or pale to fupport them. It is eafily propagated by
laying down the branches, which will take root in one
year, and may then be cut from the old plant, and
planted where they are defigned to remain : it may al-
fo be propagated by cuttings, which fhould be planted
early in the autumn, and if the winter fhould prove
fevere, the furface of the ground between them
fhould be covered with tan, fea-coal afhes, or faw-duft,
which will prevent the froft from penetrating deep in-
to the ground, and thereby preferve the cuttings •, or
where thefe are wanting, fome Peas-haulm, or other
light covering fhould be laid over the cuttings in hard
froft •, but thefe muft be removed when the weather
is mild, for they will keep off the air and occaflon
damps, which often deftroy them.
When thefe plants are removed, they fhould be
planted where they are defigned to be continued,
which fhould be either againft fome wall, pale, or
other fence, where the flexible branches may be fup-
ported ; for although it is fometimes planted as a
ftandard, and formed into a head, yet it will be very
difficult to keep it in any handfome order ; or if you
do, you muft cut off all the flowering branches ; for
the flowers are always produced at the extremity of
the fame year’s fhoots, which, if fhortened before the
flowers are blown, will entirely deprive the trees of
flowers. Thefe plants fhould be permitted to grow
rude in the fummer, for the reafon before given ; nor
fhould you prune and nail them until the middle or
latter end of March, when the frofty weather is paft ;
for if it fhould prove lharp frofty weather after their
rude branches are pruned off, and the ftrong ones
are expofed thereto, they are very often deftroyed ;
and this plant being very backward in fhooting,
there will be no danger of hurting them by late
pruning.
There are two varieties of this with variegated leaves,
one with white, and the other yellow ftripes, but the
j A S
latter, is the moft common. : thefe are propagated by
budding them on the plain Jafmine, and it' often hap-
pens, that the buds do not take, but yet they have
communicated their gilded miafma to the plants *,
fo that in a fhort time after, many of the branches both
above, and below the places where the buds have
been inferted have been thoroughly tinctured ;■ and
the following year I have often found very diftant
branches, which had no other communication with
thole which were budded than by the root, have been
as compleatly tinged as any of the nearer branches,
fo that the juices muft have defeended into the root.
The two ftriped forts fhould be planted in a warm
fltuation, efpecially the white ftriped ; for they are
much more tender than the plain, and are very fub-
je£t to be deftroyed by great frofts, if they are ex-
pofed thereto ; therefore the white ftriped fhould be
planted to a fouth or fouth-weft afpeef, and in very
fevere winters their branches fhould be covered with
mats or ftraw, to prevent their being killed : the
yellow ftriped is not fo tender, fo may be planted
againft walls to eaft or weft afpecls ; but thefe plants
with variegated leaves, are not fo much in efteem as
formerly.
The fecond fort is frequently called Italian yellow Jaf-
mine by the gardeners, the plants being annually
brought from thence by thofe who come" over with
Orange-trees. Thefe plants are generally grafted upon
the common yellow Jafmine flocks, fo that if the craft
decays, the plants are of no value. This fort is
fomewhat tenderer than the common, yet it will en-
dure the cold of our ordinary winters, if it is planted
in a warm fltuation. The flowers of this kind are '
generally larger than thofe of the common yellow
fort, but have very little feent, and are feldom pro-
duced fo early in the feafon. It may be propagated by
laying down the tender branches, as was directed for
the common white fort”; or by budding or inarching it
upon the common yellow Jafmine, the latter of which
is preferable, as making the plants hardier than thofe
which are obtained from layers : they fhould be plant-
ed againft a warm wall, and in very fevere winters
will require to be flickered with mats, or fome other
covering, otherwife they are fubjeft to be deftroyed.
The manner of drefling and pruning being the fame
as was directed for the white Jafmine, I fhall not re-
peat it.
The third fort was formerly more cultivated in the
gardens than at prefent, for as the flowers have no
lcent, fo few perlons regard them. This hath weak
angular branches which require fupport, and will rife
to the height of eight or ten feet, if planted againft
a wall or pale ; but the plants do often produce a
great number of fuckers from their roots, whereby
they become troublefome in the borders of the plea-
fure-garden ; and as they cannot be kept in any order
as ftandards, fo there are few of the plants at prefent
introduced into gardens. It is eaflly propagated by
fuckers or layers.
The fourth fort grows naturally in India, and alfo
in the ifland of Tobago, where the woods are full of
it ; the late Mr. Robert Millar fent me over a great
quantity of it from thence. This hath much ftronger
branches than the common white fort j the leaves are
winged, and are compofed of three pair of fhort obtufe
lobes, terminated by an odd one, ending in an acute
point ; thefe lobes are placed clofer than thofe of the ,
common Jafmine, and are of a lighter green; the
flowers come out from the wings of the ftalks, {land-
ing on foot-ftalks which are two inches long, each
fuftaining three or four flowers, which are of a blufh
red on their outflde, but white within ; the tube of
the flower is longer, the fegments are obtufe, twitted
at the mouth of the tube, and are of a much thicker
texture than thofe of the common fort, fo that there
is no doubt of its being a diftinft fpecies : the reafon
for Dr. Linnaeus’s fuppoflng it to be fo, was by mif-
take ; for as thefe plants are generally grafted upon
flocks of the common jafmine, fo there are' always
fhoots coming out from the flocks of that fort, which,
3 if
j A S
if permitted to Hand, will produce flowers • and theft
often ftarve and kill the grafts, fo that there will
be only the common fort left ; and this has been the
cafe with fome plants which he examined, therefore
fuppofed the difference of the other fort was wholly
owing to culture ; whereas, if he had only obferved
the difference of their leaves, he would have certainly
made two diftindl fpecies of them, which he has now
done in the laft edition of his fpecies.
This plant is propagated by budding or inarching it
upon the common white Jafmine, on which it takes
very well, and is rendered hardier than thofe which
are upon their own flocks. But the plants of this kind
being brought over from Italy every fjpring in fo great
plenty, they are feidom railed here : I jfhall therefore
proceed to the management of fuch plants as are ufu-
ally brought into England from the place above-men-
tioned, which are generally tied up in fmall bunches,
containing four plants, and their roots wrapped about
with mofs, to preferve them from drying ; which, if
it happen that the fhip has a long paffage, will often
occafion them to pufh out ftrong fhoots from their
roots, which muft always be taken off before they are
planted, otherwife they will exhaufl the whole nou-
rifhment of the plant, and deftroy the graft.
In the making choice of thefe plants, you fhould
carefully oblerve if their grafts are alive, and in good
health : for if they are brown and fhrunk, they will
not pufh out, fo that there will be only the flock left,
which is of the common fort.
When you receive thefe plants, you muft clear the
roots of the mofs, and all decayed branches fhould be
taken off ; then place their roots into a pot or tub of
water, which fhould be fet in the green-houfe, or
fome other room, where it may be fcreened from the
cold ; in this fituation they may continue two days,
after which you muft prune off "all the dry roots, and
cut down the branches within four inches of the place
where they were grafted, and plant them into pots fill-
ed with frefh light earth ; then plunge the pots into a
moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to wa-
ter and fhade them, as the heat of the feafon may re-
quire. In about a month or fix weeks after they will
begin to fhoot, when you muft carefully rub off all
fuch as are produced from the flock below the graft j
and you muft now let them have a great fhare of air,
by raifing the glaffes in the heat of the day ; and as
the fho6ts extend, they fhould be topped, to ftrength-
en them, and by degrees fhould be hardened to en-
dure the open air, into which they fhould be removed
the beginning of June, but muft have a warm fitu-
ation the firft fummer ; for if they are too much ex-
pofed to the winds, they will make but indifferent
progrefs, being rendered fomewhat tender by the
hot-bed. If the fummer proves warm, and the trees
have fucceeded well, they will produce fome flowers
in the autumn following, though they will be few in
number, and not near fo ftrong as they will be the
fucceeding years, when the trees are ftronger and
have better roots.
Thefe plants are commonly preferved in green-houfes,
with Oranges, Myrtles, &c. and during the winter
feafon, will require to be frequently watered ; which
fhould be performed fparingly each time, efpecially
in cold weather, for too much wet at that feafon
will be apt to rot the fibres of their roots; they
fhould alfo have a great fhare of frefh air when the
weather, will permit, for which purpofe they fhould
be placed in the cooleft part of the green-houfe,
among plants that are hardy, where the windows may
be opened every day, except in frofty weather ; nor
fhould they be crowded too clofe among other plants,
which often occafions the tender part of their Wots
to grow mouldy and decay. In April the fhoots of
tnefe plants fhould be fhortened down to four eyes,
and all the weak branches fhould be cut off; and if
you have the conveniency of a glafs-ftove, or a deeo
h ame, to place the pots in at that feafon, to draw
them out again, it will be of great fervice in forward-
ing their flowering ; yet ftifl you fhould be careful
] A S
hot to force them too much ; and as foon Us ihef
have made fhoots three or four inches long, the
glaffes fhould be opened in the day time, that the
plants may, by degrees, be inured to the open air,
into which they fhould be removed by the latter end
of May, or the beginning of June; otherwife their
flowers will not be fo fair, nor continue fo long. If
the autumn prove favourable, thefe plants will con-
tinue to produce frefh flowers until November ; and
fometimes when they are ftrong, they will continue
flowering later ; but then they muft have a great fhare.
of air when the weather is mild and will admit of it,
otherwife the fiower-buds will grow mouldy and decay.
But notwithftanding rnoft people preferve thefe plants
in green-houfes, yet they will endure the cold of our
ordinary winters in the open air, if planted againft a
warm wall, and covered with mats in frofty weather ;
they will alfo produce ten times as many flowers in
one feafon as thofe kept in pots, and the flowers will
likewifebe much larger; but they fhould not be planted
abroad till they have acquired ftrength, fo that it will
be necefiary to keep them in pots three or four years,
whereby they may be fheltered from' the froft in win-
ter ; and when they are planted againft the wall, which
fhould be in May, that they may take good root in
the ground before the fucceeding winter, you muft
turn them out of the pots, preferving the earth to their
roots ; and having made holes in the border where
they are to be planted, you fhould place them therein,
with their ftems clofe to the wall ; then fill up the
holes round their roots with good, frefli, rich earth,
and give them fome water to fettle the ground about
them, and nail up their fhoots to the wall, fhortening
fuch of them as are very long, that they may pufh out
new fhoots below to furnifh the wall, continuing to
nail up all the fhoots as they are produced. In the
middle, or toward the latter end of July, they will
begin to flower, and continue to produce new flowers
until the froft prevents them ; which, when you ob-
ferve, you fhould carefully cut off all the tops of fuch
fhoots as have buds formed upon them, as alfo thofe .
which have the remains of faded flowers left ; for if
thefe are fuffered to remain on, they will foon grow
mouldy, efpecially when the trees are covered,'" and
thereby infedt many of the tender branches, which
will greatly injure the trees.
Toward the middle of November, if the weather proves
cold and the nights frofty, you muft begin to cover
your trees with mats, which fhould be nailed over
them pretty clofe ; but this fhould be done when the
trees are perfedly dry, otherwife the wet being lodged
upon the branches, will often caufe a mouldinefs upon
them, and the air being excluded therefrom, will rot
them in a ftiort time : it will alfo be very neceffary to
take off the mats as foon as the weather will permit,
to prevent this mouldinefs, and only keep them clofe
covered in frofty weather, and in the nights ; at which
time you fhouldalfo lay fome mulch upon the furfaceof
the ground about their roots, and fallen fome bands of
hay about their ftems, to guard them from the froft ;
and in very fevere weather, you fhould add a double or
treble covering of mats over the trees ; by which
method, carefully performed, you may preferve them
through the hardeft winters. In the fpring, as the
weather is warmer, you fhould by degrees take off
the covering ; but you fhould be careful not to ex-
pofe them too foon to the open air, as alfo to guard
them againft the morning frofts and dry eafterly
winds, which often reign in March, to the no fmall
deftruftion of tender plants if they a~e expofed
thereto ; nor fhould you quite remove your covering
until the middle of April, when the feafon is fettled ;
at which time you fhould prune the trees, cuttino*
out all decayed and weak branches, fhortening the
ftrong ones to about two feet long, which will caufe
them to fnoot ftrong, and produce many flowers.
There is a variety of this with femi-double flowers,
which is at prefent more rare in England, and Only
to be found in fome curious gardens ; though in
Italy it is pretty common, from whence it is fome°rimes
7 C brought
/
j A S
brought over amongft the fingle •, the flowers of this
kind have only two rows of leaves, fo that it is ra-
ther cultivated for itscuriofity, than for any extraordi-
nary beauty in the flowers. This may be propagated
by budding it upon the common white Jafmine, as
hath been directed for the fingle, and muft be treated
in the fame manner.
The fifth fort grows naturally in India ; this rifes
with an upright woody ftalk eight or ten feet high,
covered with a brown bark, fending out feveral
branches which want no fupport ; thefe are clofely
garnifhed with trifoliate leaves of a lucid green, which
are placed alternate on the branches ; the two fide
lobes of thefe leaves which grow oppofite, are' much
lefs than the end one ; they are oval and entire, con-
tinuing green all the year : the flowers are produced
at the end of the fhoots in bunches, which have long
flender tubes, and are divided at the top into five ob-
tufe fegments which fpread open ; thefe flowers are of
a bright yellow, and have a moft grateful odour.
They come out in July, Auguft, September, and
Odober, and fometimes continue to the end of No-
vember ; they are frequently fucceeded by oblong
oval berries, which turn black when ripe, and have
each two feeds.
This fort of jafmine is propagated either by feeds, or
laying down the tender branches ; if you would pro-
pagate them by feeds, which they fometimes produce
in England, you Ihould make a moderate hot-bed in
the fpring, into which you fhould plunge fome fmall
pots, filled with frelh light earth ; and in a day or two
after, when you find the earth in the pots warm, you
muft put your feeds therein •, about four in each pot
will be fufficient, covering them about an inch thick
with the fame light earth, and obferve to refrelh the
pots with water as often as you fhall perceive the
earth dry ; but do not give them too much at each
time, which would be apt to rot the feeds.
In about fix or eight weeks after fowing, the plants
will appear above ground, at which time it will be
neceffary to remove the pots into another frelh hot-
bed, of a moderate temperature, in order to bring
the plants forward •, you muft alfo be careful to water
them as often as is neceffary, and in the great heat of
the day the glaffes Ihould be tilted pretty high, and
lhaded with mats, to prevent the plants from being
fcorched with heat. About the middle of May you
Ihould begin to harden them to the open air, by
taking off the glaffes when the weather is warm ; but
this muft be done cautioufly, for you Ihould not ex-
pofe them to the open fun in a very hot day at firft,
which would greatly injure them ; but rather take off
the glaffes in warm cloudy weather at firft, or in gentle
fhowers of rain, and fo by degrees inure them to bear
the fun ; and in June you Ihould take the pots out of
the hot-bed, and carry them to fome well Iheltered
Tituation, where they may remain until the beginning
of October ; at which time they muft be carried into
the green-houfe, obferving to place them where they
may enjoy as much free air as polfible when the
windows are opened, as alfo to be clear from the
branches of other plants.
During the winter feafon they will require to be often
watered, but you muft be careful not to give them
too much at each time •, and in March you muft re-
move thefe plants each into a feparate pot, being
careful not to take the earth from their roots •, and if
at this time you plunge them into a frelh moderate
hot-bed, it will greatly facilitate their rooting again,
and be of great fervice to the plants ; but when they
are rooted, you muft give them a great deal of air •,
for if you draw them too much, they will become
weak in their ferns, and incapable to fupport their
•heads, which is a great defed in thefe trees.
You muft alfo 'harden them to the open air, into
which they ihould be removed about the middle of
May, obferving, as was belore directed, to place
them in a fituation that is defended from ftrong winds,
which are injurious to thefe plants, elpecially while
they are young. In winter houfe them as before, and
j A S
continue the fame care, with which they will thrive
very faft, and produce annually great quantities of
flowers.
Thefe plants are pretty hardy, and will require no
other care in winter, than only to defend them from
hard frofts ; nor do I know whether they would not
live in the open air, if planted againft a warm wall,
which is what Ihould be tried by planting fome againft
a wall for that purpofe j and I think we have little
reafon to doubt of the fuccefs, fince they are much
hardier than the Span iff ; but there is this difference
between them, viz. thefe plants have large, thick.
Evergreen leaves, fo that if they were covered with
mats, as was directed for the Spanifti Jafmine, the
leaves would rot and decay the moots ; but as thefe
will only require to be covered in extreme froft, fo if
their roots are well mulched, and a mat or two loofely
hung over them in ordinary frofts, it will be fufficient;
and thefe mats being either rolled up, or taken quite
off in the day, there will be no great danger of their
being hurt, which only can proceed from being too
long clofe covered.
In the fpring thefe fhould be pruned, when you
fhould cut off all decayed branches ; but you muft
not fnorten any of the other branches, as was direded
for the Spanifti fort, for the flowers of this kind are
produced only at the extremity of the branches, which,
if fhortened, they would be cut off; and thefe growing
of a more ligneous fubftance than the other, will not
produce fhoots ftrong enough to flower the fame year.
If you would propagate this plant from layers, the
fhoots fhould be laid down in March ; and if you give
them a little cut at the joint, as is pradifed in laying
of Carnations, it will promote their rooting: you
fhould always obferve to refreffl them often with water,
when the weather is dry ; which, if carefully attended
to, the plants will be rooted by the fucceeding fpring,
fit to be tranfplanted, when they muft be planted in
pots filled with light earth, and managed as was be-
fore direded for the feedling plants.
This fort is frequently propagated, by inarching the
young fhoots into flocks of the common yellow Jaf-
mine, but the plants fo raifed do not grow fo ftrong
as thofe which are upon their own flock ; befides, the
common yellow Jafmine is very apt to fend out a
great number of fuckers from the root, which renders
the plants unfightly ; and if thefe fuckers are not con-
ftantly taken off as they are produced, they will rob
the plants of their nourifhment.
The fixth fort grows naturally in the Azores; this
hath long flender branches which require fupport, and
may be trained twenty feet high ; they are garnifhed
with trifoliate leaves, whole lobes are large and heart-
fhaped, of a lucid green, and are placed oppofite on
the branches ; they continue all the year. The flow-
ers are produced at the end of the branches, in loofe
bunches ; they have long narrow tubes, which at the
top are cut into five fegments fpreading open ; they
are of a clear white, and have a very agreeable fcent.
This flowers at the fame time with the former ; the
gardeners call it frequently the Ivy-leaved Jafmine.
The Azorian Jafmine is alfo pretty hardy, and re-
quires no more fhelter than only from hard frofts ;
and I am apt to think, if this fort was planted againft
a warm wall, and managed as hath been direded for
the yellow Indian Jafmine, it would fucceed very
well ; for I remember to have feen fome plants of this
kind growing againft a wall in the gardens at Hamp-
ton Court, where they had endured the winter, and
were in .a more flourifhing ftate than ever I faw any
of the kind in pots, and produced a greater quantity
of flowers. Thefe plants are propagated in the fame
manner as the yellow Indian, and require the fame
management.
Thefe plants are as deferving of a place in all green-
houfes, as any which are there preferved ; for their
leaves being of a Ihining green, make a good ap-
pearance all the year ; and their flowers having a fine
fcent, and continuing fo long in fucceftion, renders
them very valuable.
; J A S
‘The feventh fort,, was brought from the Cape of Good
Hope, by Captain Hutchinfon of the Godolphin, who
difcovered it growing naturally, a few miles up the
land from the fea, being drawn to it by the great
fraorancy of its flowers, which he fmelt at iome
diftance from the plant, which was then in full flower ,
and after having viewed the plant, and remarked the
place of its growth, he returned thither the following
day with proper help, and a tub to put it in, and
caufed it to be carefully taken up, and planted in the
tub with fome of the earth on the fpot, and con-
veyed on board his fhip, where it continued flowering
(rreat part of the voyage to England, where it arrived
in good health, and has for fome years continued
flowering:, in the curious garden of Richard Warner,
Efq* at Woodford in Effex, who was fo obliging as
to favour me with branches of this curious plant in
flower, to embellifh one of the numbers of my figures
of plants, where it is reprefented in the 180th plate.
This plant feems not to have been known to any of
the botamfts, for I have not met with any figure or
defcription of it in any of the books ; there is one
fort which is figured in the Malabar garden, and alfo
in Burman’s plants of Ceylon, which approaches near
this-, it is titled Nandi ervatum major. Hort. Mai.
But it differs from this, in having longer and narrower
leaves ; the tube of the flower is larger, and the feg-
ments do not fpread fo much as this ; the flowers alfo
of the Cape Jafmine fade to a buff colour before they
decay, therefore there is no doubt of its being a dif-
ferent fpecies from that of Dr. Burman ; but it is
furprizing that this plant fhould be unknown to the
people at the Cape of Good Hope, for there was not
one plant of it in their curious garden, nor could the
captain fee any other plant of it but that which he
brought away.
The item of this plant is large and woody, fending
out many branches, which are firft green, but af-
terward the bark becomes gray and fmooth ; the
branches come out by pairs oppofite, and have fhort
joints; the leaves are alfo fet oppofite, clofe to
the branches; they are five inches long, and two
inches and a half broad in the middle, leffening to
both ends, terminating in a point ; they are of a lu-
cid green, having feveral tranfverfe veins from the
midrib to the borders; they are entire, and of a
thick confiftence. The flowers are produced at the
end of the branches, fitting clofe to the leaves ; they
have a tubulous empalement, with five comers or
angles, cut deep at the brim, into five long narrow
fegments, ending in acute points : the flower hath
but one petal, for although it is cut into many deep
fegments at the top, yet thefe are all joined in one
tube below ; fome of thefe flowers are much more
double than others, having three or four orders of
petals ; thefe which have fo many, have only a bifid
ftigma, but thofe which are lefs double have trifid
ftigmas. All thofe flowers which I have examined
have but one or two ftamina, which may be occafi-
oned by the fulnefs of the flowers ; as is often ob-
ferved in many kinds of plants, whofe flowers have
a greater number of petals than ufual, many of
which want both parts of generation, and fome of
them have no male parts. This flower, when fully
blown, is as large as a middling Rofe, and fome of
them are as double as the Damafk Rofe ; they have
a very agreeable odour ; on the firft approach it is
fomething like that of the Orange flower, but when
more cloiely fmelt to, has the odour of the common
double white •Narciffus. The feafon of this plant
flowering in England, is in July and Auguft, but in
its native country it is fuppofed to flower great part
of the year ; for Captain Hutchinfon, who brought
the plant over, faid there was a fucceffion of flowers
on it, till the fhip arrived in a cold climate, which
put a flop to its growth.
Dr. Linnaeus has been induced from what has been
printed in the TranfaCtions of the Royal Society,
to alter the title of this plant to Gardenia ; but as the
defcription of the plant with its characters as there
J A T
printed, was taken from a double flower by fome ha fty
people, who fhould have remembred what Linrialus
has written to caution perfons againft regarding the
double flowers of all kinds, in ranging them in their
claffes and genera, which if they had adhered to, they
would not have made this miftake ; for I have fince
raffed feveral of the plants from feeds, fome of which
have produced flowers which were Angle, having all
the marks of the double, the flowers altering to a
buff colour before they faded, and all thefe flowers
had each but three ftamina and a trifid ftigma;
whereas in the characters fet down by Linnaeus, there
is no ftamina, but five linear anthers, by which it is
plain from the increafe of the number of petals (or
rather their fegments) has occafioned an alteration in
the parts of generation ; which is alfo very confpicuous
in the double flowers of Dianthus, where iome flow-
ers have but two or three ftamina, when the fame
fpecies with Angle flowers have ufually ten. Linnaeus
alfo fuppofes the capfule of the feed to have two cells
full of fmall feeds ; but the perfons who led him into
this miftake, have fince fuppofed the figure given by
Dr. Plukenet in his 448th plate, under the title
of Um-ky, to be the fruit of this plant ; whereas
this has three cells filled with angular fweet-fcented
feeds, as the fpecimens I have of that demonftrate,
by which it is certain they are the fruit of a different
plant; for the feeds which I fowed of this jafmine,
were a berry compofed of two feeds like the other
Jafmines; therefore I have continued it under the
fame genus, with an addition to the title of its having
three ftamina.
This plant is eafily propagated by cuttings during
the fummer feafon ; the cuttings fhould be planted in
pots, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, covering
them clofe with either bell or hand-glaffes to exclude
the external air, being careful to fcreen them from
fun in the day time ; when they have taken root they
fhould be carefully parted, and put each into a fe-
parate fmall pot, plunging them again into the hot-
bed, and fhading them until they have taken new
root, after which they fhould be gradually inured to
the open air.
Though the cuttings of this plant take root freely,
and make ftrong fhoots a year or two after, yet in
three or four years they are very apt to flint in their
growth, their leaves turning pale and fickly, and fre-
quently die foon after ; this has happened every where
within my knowledge, although the plants have been
kept in various degrees of heat in winter ; and in
fummer when they have been differently managed,
they have frequently failed. I have alfo been in-
formed by a gentleman who lived fome years in India,
where he had the plants in his garden, they fre-
quently went off in the fame manner. This has
greatly leffened the value of the plants in England.
JASMINUM ARABICUM. See Coffee.
JASMINUM ILICIS FOLIO. See Lan-
TANA.
JASMINE, the Arabian. See Nyctanthes.
JASMINE, the Perfian. See Syringa.
JATROPHA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 961. Manihot.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 958. tab. 438. Caffada, or Caf-
fava ; in French Cajfave .
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers in the fame plant ; the
male flowers have a fcarce vifible empalement ; they are
falver-Jhaped , of one petal , with a fhort tube , whofe brim
is cut into five roundifh fegments which fpread open ; they
have ten awl-jhaped ftamina, five being alternately floorter
than the other , and are joined clofe together, ftanding ere 51
in the center of the flower, terminated by roundifh loofe
fummits. 'The female flowers which are fituated in the
fame umbel have no empalement , but have five petals fpread
open like a Rofe. In the center is a roundifh germen with
three deep furrows, fupporting three ftyles , crowned by fmgle
ftigmas. The germen afterzvard becomes a roundifh cap -
file with three cells, each containing one feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth feClion of
Linnteus’s twenty-firft daft, intitled Moncecia Mo-
3 nodelphia.
^ J A T
nodelphia, which includes thafe plants ' which have
male and female flowers on the fame plant, and the
ftamina are collected in one body.
The Species are,
1. Jatropha ( Manihot ) folils palmatis, lobis lanceolatis
integerrimis Imvibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1007. Jatropha
with hand-Jhaped leaves whofe lobes are fpear-fhaped , en-
tire, and fmooth. Manihot Theveti, juca & caffavi.
J. B. 2. 794. The Manihot of Thevet, and the Juca or
Cajjava of John Bauhin.
2. Jatropha (|| 'uinquelobatus ) folds quinquelobatis, lo-
bis acuminatis, acute dentatis laevibus, caule frutico-
fo. Jatropha with leaves compofed of five Jmooth lobes
ending in points , which are jharply indented, on their edges ,
and a jhrubby fialk. Juflievia frutefcens, non fpinofa,
foliis glabris & minus laciniatis. Houft. MSS. Shrubby
Juffievia without fpines , and fmooth leaves lefs divided.
3 • Jatropha ( Urens ) aculeata, foliis quinquelobatis
acute incifis, caule herbaceo. Prickly Jatropha , with
leaves having five lobes which are fharply cut on their
edges , and an herbaceous fialk. Juflievia herbacea, fpi-
nofiffima, urens, foliis digitatis & laciniatis. Houft.
MSS. The mofi prickly fiinging and herbaceous Juffievia ,
with fingered leaves which are jagged.
4. Jatropha ( Herbacea ) aculeata, foliis trilobis, caule
herbaceo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1007. Prickly Jatropha , with
leaves having three lobes and an herbaceous fialk. Juf-
fievia herbacea fpinoftffima, urens, foliis trilobatis
minime incifts. Houft. MSS. Prickly fiinging herbaceous
Juffievia , with leaves having three lobes , which are very
Jlightly indented.
5. Jatropha ( Vitifolius ) foliis palmatis dentatis aculeatis.
Hort. Cliff. 445. Jatropha with hand-Jhaped , indented ,
prickly leaves. Manihot fpinofiflima, folio vitigineo.
Plum. Cat. 20. The mofi prickly Cajjava with a Vine
leaf.
6. Jatropha ( Aconitifolius) foliis lobatis dentatis acu-
minatis, urentibus, caule arboreo. Jatropha with lo-
bated leaves which are indented , acute-pointed , and flinging,
and a tree-like, fialk. Juflievia arborea, minus fpinofa,
floribus albis umbellatis, foliis aconiti urentibus.
Houft. MSS. Tree Juffievia which is lefs prickly, with
white flowers growing in umbels, and fiinging leaves like
thofe of Wolfsbane.
ff, Jatropha (. Multifida ) foliis multipartitis laevibus, fti-
pulis fetaceis multifidis. Hort. Cliff. 445. Jatropha
with fmooth leaves divided into many parts , and briftly
ftipulce with many points. Ricinoides arbor Americana,
folio multifido. 656. Tree American Baftard Ricinus
with a many pointed leaf, commonly called French Phyfic
Nut in America.
§. Jatropha ( Curcas ) foliis cordatis angulatis. Hort.
Cliff. 445, Jatropha with angular heart-fioaped leaves.
Ricinoides Americana goffypii folio. Tourn. Inft. 656.
American Baftard Ricinus with a Cotton leaf, commonly
called Phyfic Nut in America.
9. Jatropha ( Staphyfagrifolia ) foliis quinquepartitis, lo-
bis ovatis integris, fetis glandulofts ramofls. Flor.
Leyd. Prod. 202. Jatropha with leaves divided into five
parts , the lobes whereof are oval and entire, and branching
briftles arifing from the glands. Ricinoides Americana
ftaphyfagrise folio. Tourn. Inft. 656. American Baftard
Ricinus, with a Stavefacre leaf, commonly called Belly-
- ach Weed in America.
The firft fort here mentioned, is the common Caflada
or Caffava, which is cultivated for food in the warm
parts of America, where, after the juice is expreffed
out of the root (which has a poifonous quality} it is
ground into a kind of flour, and made up in cakes
or puddings, and is efteemed a wholefome food.
This riles with a fhrubby ftalk fix or feven feet high,
garnifhed with fmooth leaves, ft an ding upon long
foot-ftalks alternately ; they are compofed of feven
lobes, which are joined at their bafe in one center,
where they are narrow, but increafe in their breadth
■till within an inch and a half of the top, where they
.diminiili to an acute point ; the three middle lobes
are about fix inches long, and two broad in their
broadeft part ; the two next are about an inch ftiorter,
-and the two out0.de lobes are not more than three
J A T
inches long ; the middle lobes are finuated on each
fide near the top, but the two outer are entire. The
flowers are produced in umbels at the top of the
ftalks, thefe are feme male and others female in the
fame umbel ; they are compofed of five roundifh pe-
tals which fpread open ; the male flowers have their
ten ftamina joined together in a column, and the fe-
male flowers have a roundifh germen with three fur-
rows in the center, fupporting three ftyles ; two are
feparated at a diftance, and the third arifes between
them, but is not fo long ; they are crowned by dingle
ftigmas. _ The germen afterward turns to a roundTfh
capfule with three lobes, each having a diftindt cell,
containing one feed.
The fecond fort was difeovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun at the Havanna, from whence he Tent the feeds.
This rifes with an upright ftalk ten or twelve feet
high, which is firft green and herbaceous, but after-,
ward becomes ligneous, fending out a few branches
at the top, which are garnifhed with fmooth leaves,
compofed of five oval lobes, which end in acute points j
the edges are alfo indented in feveral irregular points,
which are acute. The flowers are produced in am
umbel at the extremity of the ftalks, they are of an
herbaceous white colour, and are male and female in
the fame umbel, as the other fort; the capfule is
fmooth and has three cells, each including a Angle
feed.
The third fort was difeovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun, growing naturally in the fandy grounds about
the town of La Vera Cruz, from whence he lent the
feeds, which fucceeded in the Chelfea garden. This
hath a very thick flefhy root, in fhape like the white
Spanifh Radifli ; the ftalk rifes from one to two feet
high, it is taper, herbaceous, and branching, and
clofely armed on every fide with long white fpines,
which are not very ftiff, but are pungent and fling-
ing ; the leaves are divided into five lobes, the middle
being the longeft ; the others are fhortened, the' two
next being about an inch fhorter, but the two outer
are not more than half the length of the middle ; thefe
are deeply jagged on both fides, and are waved on
their edges ; all the veins of the leaves are clofely
armed with flinging fpines, fo that it is dangerous
handling them ; for all the intermediate parts of the
leaves have fmall flinging fpines like thofe of the
Nettle, but they do not appear fo vifible. At the end
of the branches the flowers are produced in umbels 5
they are white, and have empalements clofely armed
with the fame fpines as the ftalks and leaves : there
are male and female flowers in the fame umbel ; the
female flowers are fucceeded by tricapfular vefiels,
containing three feeds.
The fourth fort rifes with an herbaceous ftalk about
a foot high, dividing into two or three branches, which
are garnifhed with leaves ftanding alternate upon long
foot-ftalks ; they are compofed of three oblong lobes
which are (lightly finuated on their edges, ending in
acute points ; the whole plant is clofely armed with
long, briftly, flinging fpines. The flowers grow in
an umbel at the end of the branches ; they are fmall,
of a dirty white colour, and are male and female in
the fame umbel : the female flowers are fucceeded by
oval capfules with three lobes, which are covered
with the fame fpines as the plant ; thefe have three
cells, each containing a Angle feed. This plant is
annual.
The fifth fort was found growing naturally at Car-
thagena in New Spain, by the late Mr. Robert Millar,
who fent the feeds to England, which fucceeded in
feveral curious gardens. This hath a thick, fwelling,
flefhy root, from which arifes an herbaceous ftalk as
bio- as a. man’s thumb, which is four or five feet high,
and divides into feveral branches; thefe are very
clofely armed with long brow r n fpines ; the foot-ftalks
of the leaves are fix or feven inches long, which are
alfo armed with fpines, but not fo clofely, nor are the
fpines fo long as thofe on the ftalk and branches ; the
leaves are deeply cut into five lobes, which are jagged
deeply on their Tides, and the nerves are armed with
flinging
I
j A T
fringing fblnes ; the flowers are produced in umbels
at the top of the branches, Handing upon long naked
foot-ftalks ; they are of a pure white colour, and are
male and female in the fame umbel : the male flowers
appear firft, which are compofedof five petals, forming
a fhort tube at bottom, and the ftamina arife the
length of the tube, joined in a column : the petals
fpread open flat above, and the ftamina fills the mouth
of the tube, {hutting it up : the female flowers are
i mailer, but of the fame (hape, having no ftamina,
but an oval three-cornered gerrnen, which afterwards
becomes a capfule with three lobes, each having a
diftincft cell, with one feed inclofed.
The fixth fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun at La Vera Cruz, where it is frequently per-
mitted to grow about the town by way of ornament ;
this rifes with a ftrong, brittle, ligneous (talk, ten or
twelve feet high, covered with a gray bark, and di-
vides into many branches, which, are gamlfhed with
leaves, that are divided into parts like thofe of the
common Woolfsbane, but are armed with fmall
Hinging fpines like thofe of the Nettle ; at the end
of the branches come out the flower-ftalks, which are
five or fix inches long, fuftaining an umbel of white
flowers. The male flowers are of one petal, having
a pretty long tube, which is divided at the top into
five fegments. The female flowers expand in form
of a Rofe, having the germen in the center, which
afterward becomes a globular prickly fruit with three
lobes, opening in three cells, each containing a Angle
feed.
The feventh fort is now very common in moil of the
iflands in the Weft-Indies, but was introduced from
the continent, firft into the French iflands, and from
thence it was brought into the Britifh iflands, where
it is titled French Fhyfic Nut, to diftinguifli it from
the following fort, which is called Phyfic Nut, from
its purging quality.
This rifes with a foft thick ftem eight or ten feet
high, dividing into feveral branches, covered with a
grayifli bark. The leaves come out on every fide
the branches on ftrong foot-ftalks, which are feven
or eight inches long ; they are divided into nine or
ten lobes in form of a hand, which are joined at their
bafe •, thefe are feven inches long, and about two
inches broad, with many jagged points on their bor-
. ders Handing oppofite. The upper fide of the leaves
are of a lucid green, but their under fide gray, and
a little cottony. The flowers come out upon long
foot-ftalks from the end of the branches, formed into
an umbel, in which there are male and female flow-
ers, as in the other fp.ecies ; thefe umbels are large,
and the flowers being of a bright fcarlet, they make
a fine appearance ; and the leaves being very remark-
able for their beauty, has occafioned the plant being
cultivated for ornament in rnoft of the iflands of the
Weft-Indies.
The eighth fort grows naturally in all the iflands of
the Weft-Indies j this rifes with a ftrong ftalk twelve
or fourteen feet high, which divides into feveral
branches ; thefe are garniftied with angular heart-
ftiaped leaves, which end in acute points. The bow-
ers come out in umbels at the end of the branches $
they are male and female, of an herbaceous colour,
fo make but little appearance 5 the female flowers
are fucceeded by oblong oval capfules with three, cells,
each containing one oblong black feed.
The feeds of the two laft forts have been ufed as a
purgative by the inhabitants of the Weft-Indies, but
they operate fo violently, that now they are feldom
ufed : three or four of thefe nuts have worked upward
and downward near forty times, on a perfon who was
ignorant of their effefts ^ but it is affirmed that this
purgative quality is contained in a thin film, fituated
in the center of the nut, which*, if taken out, the
nuts are harmlefs, and may be eaten with fafety.
The leaves of >the laft fort are ufed in baths and fo-
mentations.
The ninth fort grows naturally in all the iflands of
the Weft-Indies, where it is fometimes called wild
• I B E
•> .
Cafiada, or Caffava, and at others Belly-ach Weed,
the leaves of this plant being accounted a good re-
medy for the dry belly-ach. This plant riles with
a foft herbaceous ftalk to the height of three or four
feet, covered with a purple bark, and at the joints
have branching briftly hairs ri fin g in fmall bunches,
not only upon the principal ftalk, but 'alfo on the
branches, and the foot-ftalks of the leaves. The
ftalk divides upward into two or three branches ;
thefe are garniftied with leaves {landing on very long
foot-ftalks, divided into five lobes which are oval,
entire, and end in acute points. The flowers are pro-
duced at the end of the branches, upon (lender
naked foot-ftalks, in fmall umbels ; they arc fmall,
of a dark purple colour, having male and female
flowers in the fame umbel ; the female flowers are
fucceeded by oblong tricapfular vefiels, fmooth, and
covered with a dark (kin, when ripe j in each of the
Cells is lodged one oblong brown feed.
All thefe plants are natives of the warm parts of
America, fo are too tender to thrive in the open air
in England. The firft fort is cultivated in the Weft-
Inches for food, where it is propagated by cutting
the (talks into lengths of feven or eight inches, which, '
when planted, put out roots ; the method of doing
this having been mentioned in various books, I (hall
not repeat it here.
The other forts are eafily propagated by feeds, which
(hould be (own on a good hot-bed in the fpring, and
when the plants are fit to remove, they (hould be each
tranfplanted into a fmall pot filled with light earth, and
then plunged into a frefh hot-bed of tanners bark,
carefully {hading them till they have taken frefh root,
after which they muft be treated in the fame manner
as other tender plants from hot countries, admitting
frefh air to them daily, in proportion to the warmth of
the feafon •, but as many of the forts have fucculent
ftalks, fome of which have a milky juice, they (hould
have but little water given them, for they are (boa
deftroyed by wet.
The fourth fort is an annual plant, fo if the feeds
are lbwn early in the fping, and the plants are brought
forward, they will perfedt their feeds the fame year ;
but the other forts are perennial, fo do not flower till
the fecond or third year ; therefore the plants (hould
be plunged into the tan-bed in the (love, where they
(hould conftantly remain, giving them a large (hare of
air in warm weather ; but in winter they muft be ten-
derly treated, and in that feafon muft have very little
water. With this management the plants will continue
feveral years, and produce their flowers, and frequently
perfect their feeds in England.
IBERIS. Dillen. Nov. Gen. 6. Lin. Gen. Plant. 721.
Thlafpidium. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 2,1 4. tab. 1 01. Sci-
atica Crefs.
The Characters are,
The flower bath an empalement of four oval leaves ,
which fpread open , are hollowed and fall away. It hath
four unequal petals , which are oval , obtufe , and fpread
open , having oblong ere II tails , the two outer petals
are longer than the other. It hath fix awlfhaped ereli
ftamina , the two on the ftdes being fhorter than the reft ,
terminated by roundifh fumnits. In the center of the tube
is fituated a round comprejfed germen, fapporting a fhort
fingle flyle , crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen
afterward becomes a roundifh, compreffed veffef having two
cells , each containing one oval feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feclion of
Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia Si-
liculofa, which includes thofe plants whole flowers
have four long and two fhort ftamina, and the feeds
grow in fhort pods.
The Species are,
1. Iberis ( Semperflorens ) frutefeens, foliis cuneiformibus
obtufis integerrimis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 330. Shrubby
Sciatica Crefs with entire , wedge-Jhaped , blunt leaves ,
commonly called the Tree Candy Tuft. Thlaipldiurn
fruticofum, leuedii folio, femperfiorens. Tourn. Inft,
214. Shrubby Thlafpidium with a Gillifiower leaf always
flowering .
7 D ,2. Iberis
I B E
2- Iberis - (Sempervirms) frutefcens foliis linearibus acu- I
tisintegernmis, Lin. Hart. Cliff. 330. Shrubby Sci-
atica Crefs with narrow-pointed whole 'leaves , commonly
called Perennial Candy Tuft. Thlafpi montanum, fem-
per virens. C. B. P. 106. Evergreen Mountain Candy
Tuft.
3. Leris (Umbellata ) herbacea foliis lanceolatis acumi-
natis, inferioribus ferratis, fuperioribus integerrimis.
Lin. Kart. Cliff. 330. Herbaceous Sciatica Crefs with
fpear-jh aped pointed leaves , the under ones being flawed ., ,
but the upper entire , commonly called Candy Tuft. Thlaf-
pi Creticum quibufdam, fore rubente & albo. J. B.
2. 924. True Cretan Treacle Mufiard with a red and
white flower.
4. Iberis ( Odor at a ) foliis linearibus fuperne dilatatis
ferratis. F lor. Leyd. 330. Sciatica Crefs with narrow
leaves dilated at their top, and Jawed. Thlafpi umbel-
latum Creticum, fore albo odoro, minus. C. B. P.
106. Small umbellated Treacle Mufiard of Crete with a
white flweet flower.
5. Iberis ( Nudicaulis ) herbacea foliis finuatis, caule
nudo fimplici. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 328. Sciatica Crefs
with finuated leaves , and a fmgle naked ftalk. Naftur-
tium peiraeum. Tab. Ic. 451. Rock Crefs.
6 . Iberis {Amaral) herbacea foliis lanceolatis acutis fub-
dentatis, floribus racemofis. Lin. Hort. Upfal. 184.
Sciatica Crefs with acute , fpear-Jhaped , indented leaves ,
and flowers growing in bunches. Thlafpi avenfe umbel-
latum amarum. j. B. 2. 925. Bitter , umbellated , Field
Treacle Mufiard.
7. Iberis ( Rotundifolia ) foliis fubrotundis crenatis. Royen.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 49. Iberis with roundifh crenated leaves.
Thlafpi Alpinum, folio rotundiore carnofo, florepur-
puralcente. Tourn. Inft. 112. Alpine Treacle Mufiard
with a rounder flteflby leaf j aud a purplifh flower. ,
8. Iberis ( Lini folia ) frutefcens, foliis linearibus acutis,
corymbis hemifphasricis. Shrubby Sciatica Crefs with
narrow acute leaves , and hemiflpherical bunches of flowers.
Thlafpi Lufitanicum umbellatum, gramineo folio,
purpurafeente fore. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 213. Portu-
gal^ umbellated , Treacle Mufiard , with a Grafs leaf and a
purplifh t flower .
The ftrft fort here mentioned is a low fhrubby plant,
which feldom rifes aboye a foot and a half high, hav-
ing many fender branches, which fpread on every
ftde, and fall toward the ground if they are not fup-
ported. Thefe branches are well furnifhed with leaves
toward their extremity, which continue green all the
year •, and in fummer the flowers are produced at the
end of the fhoots, which are white, and grow in an
umbel. Thefe flowers continue long in beauty, and
are fucceeded by others, fo that the plants are rarely
deftitute of flowers for near eight months, from the
end of Auguft to the beginning of June, which ren-
ders the plant valuable.
This plant is fomewhat tender, therefore is generally
preferved in green-houfes in winter, where, being
placed among other low plants toward the front of the
houfe, it makes an agreeable variety, as it continues
flowering all the winter. But although it is commonly
fo treated, yet in moderate winters this plant will
live in the open air, if it be planted in a warm fitua-
tion and on a dry foil j and if, in very hard froft,
they are covered either with mats, Reeds, Straw, or
Peas-haulm, they may be preferved very well’-, and
thefe plants which grow in the full ground, will thrive
better, and produce a greater number of flowers,, than
thofe which are kept in pots * but the foil in which
thefe are planted, fhould not be over rich, nor too wet,
for in either of thefe they will grow too vigorous in
fummer, fo will be in greater danger of fuffering by
the froft in winter ; but when they grow on a gra-
velly foil, or among lime rubbifh, their fnoots will be
fhoit, ftrong, and" not fo replete with moifture, fo
will better refill' the cold.
This plant very rarely produces feeds in England,
therefore, is only propagated by cuttings, which, if
planted during any of the fummer months, and
ihaded Rom the fun, and duly watered, will be rooted
in two months, and may afterward be either planted
| ■... v I B E
in pots, or into the borders where they are defigned to
ftand.
'there is a variety of this with variegated, leaves,
which is preferved in feme of the gardens where per-
fons delight in thefe ftriped-leaved plants.. This is
not fo hardy as the plain fort, therefore mult be
treated more tenderly in winter ; this is alfo inereafed
by cuttings in the fame manner as the other.
The fecond fort is a plant of humbler growth than
the firft; this feldom rifes more than fix or eight
inches high, nor do the branches grow woody, but
are rather herbaceous ; the leaves of this plant conti-
nue green through the year, and the flowers are of as
long duration as thofe of the ftrft fort, which renders
it valuable. This rarely produces feeds in England,
but is propagated by flips, which in fummer °eafily
take root, and the plants may be treated in the fame
manner as hath been directed for the ftrft fort, and
will thrive in the open air.
The third fort is a low annual plant, the feeds of
which were formerly fown to make edgings for bor-
ders in the pleafure-garden, for which purpofe all the
low annual flowers are very improper, becaufe they do
not anfwer the intent, which is to prevent the earth of
the borders falling into the walks, which thefe plants
never can do ; and though they make a pretty appear-
ance during their continuance in flower, which is fd-
dom more than a fortnight or three weeks, yet after
their flowers are paft they become very unfightly
therefore all thefe forts of flowers fhould be fown.
in fmall patches in the borders of the flower-gar-
den, where, if they are properly mixed with other
flowers, they will have a very good efted and bv
fowing of them at three or four different feafons,
there may be a fucceflion of them continued in flower
till autumn.
There are two different varieties of this third fort, one
with red, and the other hath white flowers , but the
white is not common in the gardens, but the feeds of
the fixth fort are generally fold for it, and is feldom
diftinguifhed but by thofe who are {killed in botany :
this plant feldom rifes more than five or fix inches
high, and if they have room will branch out on every
fide, but when they are left too clofe, they draw each
other up, and are weak : as theie do not bear tranf-
planting well, fo the feeds fhould be fown thin in
patches, and when the plants are grown pretty ftrona:,
they fhould be thinned, leaving but fix or eight m
in each patch to flower ; and by thus treating them,
they will put out fide branches, and flower much
ftronger, and continue longer in beauty than when
they are left clofer together ; thefe plants will require
no other culture but to keep them clean from/ weeds.
The fourth fort feldom grows fo large as the third,
and the flowers are much fmaller, but have an agree-
able odour. It grows naturally in Helvetia, and is
preferved in botanic gardens for variety. It is an-
nual, and requires the fame treatment as the third.
The fifth fort grows on fandy and rocky places in fe-
veral parts of England, fo is rarely admitted into gar-
dens. The leaves of this are fmall, and cut to the mid-
rib into many jags ; thefe are fpread on the ground,
and between them arife a naked foot-ftalk two or
three inches long, fuftaining fmall umbels of white
flowers. This is an annual plant, whole feeds fhould
be fown in autumn where the plants are defigned to
remain, and require no other care but to keep them
clean from weeds.
The fixth fort is very like the third, but differs in
the fhape of the leaves. The flowers of this are white,
fo may be fown to make a variety with the red. It
requires the fame treatment.
The feventh fort grows naturally on the Alps, from
whence it was fent me : this is a perennial plant, which
roots pretty deep in the ground. The lower leaves
which rife from the root, are round, flefhy, and cre-
nated on their edges. The ftalk rifes four or five
inches high, and is garnifhed with fmall oblong
leaves which half embrace the ftalks with their bale.
The flowers terminate the ftalk in a round corn-
pad-
1 C E
V
pact umbel ^ they are of a purple colour, and ap-
pear in June, but are feldom fucceeded by feeds in
England.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown on
a ihady border in autumn, and when the plants are
ftrong enough to remove, they fhould be tranfplanted
on a fhady border where they are defigned to remain,
and will require no other care but to keep them clean
from weeds.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
gal , this hath a great reiemblance of the fecond, but
the ftalks do not fpread fo much ; they grow erect,
about feven or eight inches high, are ligneous and pe-
rennial. The leaves are very narrow, and feldom
more than an inch long, ftanding thinly upon the
ftalks, having no foot-ftalks. The flowers grow in
hemifpherical umbels on the top of the italics, and
are of a purple colour. It flowers in May and June,
but feldom produces good feeds here.
This fort may be propagated by cuttings, which
fhould be treated In the fame way as is before di-
rected for the firft fort ; and fome of the plants may
be planted on a warm border in a dry foil, where they
will endure the cold of our ordinary winters very well j
but it will be proper to have two or three plants in
pots, which may be fheltered under a frame in win-
ter, to preferve the kind, if, by fevere froft, thofe in
the open air fhould be deflroyed.
IBISCUS. See Hibiscus.
I C A C O. See Chyrsobalanus,
ICE is a hard tranfparent body, formed from fome
liquor congealed, or fixed.
Ice is faid to be the natural ftate of water, which re-
mains firm, and not liquid, when no external caufe
a£ts upon it.
The true caufe of the congelation of water into Ice,
feems to be the introduction of frigorific particles into
the pores or interfaces between the particles of -wa-
ter, and by that means getting fo near them, as to
be juft within the fpheres of one another’s attrac-
tions, and then they muft cohere into one folid or
firm body.
It may be wondered why Ice goes to the top of the
water, for one would imagine, that being colder than
flowing water, it ought to be more condenfed, and
confequently heavier ; but is to be confidered, that
there are always fome bubbles of air interlperfed in
Ice. It is certain, by the fvimming of Ice upon wa-
ter, that it is fpecifically lighter than the water out of
which it is made by freezing ; and it is as certain,
that this lightnefs of Ice proceeds from thofe nu-
merous bubbles that are produced in it by conge-
lation.
Water, when it is frozen into Ice, takes up more
fpace than it did before it was congealed. It is vi-
fible, that the dimenfions of water are increafed by
freezing, its particles being, kept at fome diftance
the one from the other, by the intervention of the
frigorific matter.
And, befides, there are many little volumes of air
included at feveral diftances, both in the pores of the
watery particles, and in the interfaces made by the
fpherical figures. Now, by the infinuation of thefe
chryftals, the volumes of air are driven out of the
watery particles, and many of them uniting, form
larger volumes ; thefe have thereby a greater force
to expand themfelves than when they are difperfed,
and fo both enlarge their dimenfions, and leffen the
fpecific gravity of water thus congealed into Ice.
It feems very probable, that cold, and freezing, and
confequently Ice, are produced by fome fubftance of a
faline nature floating in the air in that falts, and
more eminently fome particular ones, when mixed
with Ice or fnow, do wonderfully increafe the force
and effects of cold.
It is alfo vifible, that all faline bodies caufe a ftiff-
nefs and frigidity in thofe bodies into which they
enter.
It is manifeft, by obferving falts by microfcopes,
that the figures of fome falts, before they Ihoot into
4
1 G E
maffes, are then double wedge-like particles, which
have abundance of fnrface in refpecft to their folidity j
and this is the reafon why they fw-itn in water, when
once they are raffed in it, although they are Ipecifi-
cally heavier, thefe fmall points of falts getting into
the pores of the water, whereby they are, in fome
meafure, fufpended in the winter, when the heat of
the fun is not ordinarily ftrong enough to diffolve the
falts into fluid, to break their points, and to keep
them in perpetual motion *, which being Ids difturbed,
are more at liberty to approach one another, and by
ihoot ing into chryftals, of the form above-mentioned,
do, by their extremities, infinuate themfelves into the
pores of water, and by that means freeze it into a fo-
lid form, called Ice.
Monf. Mariotte, in his Ttfeatife of Hydroftatics, gives
the fubfequent account of what happens to water in
freezing, which he difcovered by the following expe-
riment.
Having filled a cylindric veffel, of about feven or
eight inches high, and fix inches diameter, within two
inches of the top, with cold water, he expofed it to
the open air in a great froft, and obferved exactly the
whole progrefs of the freezing of it.
The firft congelation was in the upper furface of the
water, in little long water fhoots, or laminae, which
were jagged like a law, the water between them re-
maining ftill unfrozen, though the reft of the furface
was already frozen to the thicknefs of more than two
lines ; he obferved that feveral bubbles of air were
formed in the Ice, that began to fix on the bottom
and Tides of the veffel, fome would rife up, and others
remained entangled in the Ice, which made him ima-
gine that thefe bubbles taking up more fpace in the
water, than when their matter was, as it were, dif-
folved in it, they pufhed up ,a little water through
the hole at the top, after the fame manner that new
wine works out at the bung-hole of a veffel when it
begins to heat, and the little water that ouzed out at
this little hole in the Ice, fpread ing itfelf upon the
upper furface of the water, which was already frozen,
became Ice alfo, and there began to form a hill of
' Ice ; and that hole continuing open, by reafon of the
water which palled fucceffively through it, being
pufhed up by the new bubbles which formed them-
felves in the Ice, which continue to increafe about
the hides and bottom of the veffel, he obferved that
the upper furface of the water was frozen above an
inch thick towards the edges of the veffel, and
above an inch and a half round about the little
hole, before the water that was contained in it, as
in a pipe, became frozen, but at laft it was frozen * 3
then the middle of the water remaining unfrozen,
and the water which was compreffed by the new
bubbles, which formed themfelves for two or three
hours, having no vent at the little hole, the Ice broke
at once towards the top, by the fpring of the in-
cluded air.
In like manner the froft acls upon vegetables, by
thefe frigorific particles entering the tender fhoots of
plants, and infinuating between the pores of the fap,
thereby increafing its bulk, fo that the tender veffels of
the plants are torn, and thofe parts of the plants are
foon killed ; and the greater the quantity of moifture
is in vegetables, the more they are in danger of be-
ing deftroyed, for we frequently fee many plants which
grow on the top, and from the joints of walls, efcape
the fevereft frofts, when thofe of the fame kinds are
all deftroyed which were in the ground •, which is en-
tirely owing to their veffels being ftronger and more
compadl, and not fo replete with moifture : fo when
the autumn proves cold and moift, whereby the vef-
fels of plants are not properly hardened, and are re-
plete with moifture, a fmall froft will do great mif-
chief to them ; whereas when the autumn is dry and
warm, the tender fhoots of trees and fhrubs are har-
dened, and drained of their moifture, fo are not lia-
ble to the like accidents.
I C E-H O U S E is a building contrived to preferve ice
for the ufe of affamily in the fummer feafon.
Thefe
Thefe are more generally ufed in warm countries,
than in England,, but particularly in Italy, where the
meaneft perfon who rents a hotife, is not without a
a vault or cellar for keeping of ice ; but as the ufe of
ice in England is much greater of late than it was
formerly, io the number of Ice-houfes has been
greatly increafed ; and although the mention of thefe-
may, at iirft fight, feeni foreign to my 1 abject, yet
if it is confidered, that thefe buildings are generally
erefled in gardens, and as often put tinder the care
of gardeners, it may not be amifs for me to give fome
general directions for the choice of the fituation and
itruCture of the building, as alfo for the management
of the ice.
In the choice of a fituation for an Ice-houfe, the prin-
cipal regard fliould be, that of a dry fpot of ground,
for wherever there is moifttire, the ice will melt ;
therefore in all ftrong lands, which detain the wet,
there cannot be too much care taken to make drains
all round the building to carry off all moifture ; for
when this is lodged near the building, it will occafion
a damp there, which will always be prejudicial to the
keeping of the ice.
The next confideration muft be, to have the place
fo elevated, that there may be defcent enough to carry
off whatever wet may happen near the building, or
from the ice melting ; alfo, that the place be as
much expofed to the fun and air as poffible, and not
placed under the drip, or in the (hade of trees, as hath
been too often praftifed, under a falfe notion, that if
it fliould be expofed to the fun, the ice will melt away
in fummer, which never can be the cafe where there
is fufficient care taken to exclude the outward air
(which muft always be regarded in the building of
thefe houfes) for the heat of the fun can never pene-
trate through the double arches of the building, fo
as to add any warmth to the air •, but when the build-
ing is entirely open to the fun and wind, all damps
and vapours will thereby be removed from about the
building, which can never be kept too dry, or free
from moift vapours. As to the figure of the building,
that may be according to the fancy of the owner; but
for the well into which the ice is to be put, a circular
figure is the moft convenient *, the depth of the well,
as alfo the diameter of it, muft be proportioned to
the quantity of ice wanted, but it is always beft to
have enough ; for when the houfe is well built, it
will keep the ice for two or three years ; and there
will be this advantage in having it large enough to
contain ice for two years conlumption, that if a mild
winter fliould happen, when there is not ice to be had,
there will be a ftock to fupply the want.
If the quantity wanting is not great, a well of fix feet
diameter, and eight feet deep, will be large enough ;
but for large confumption, it fhould not be lefs than
nine or ten feet diameter, and as many deep : where
the fituation is either dry chalk, gravel, or fand,
the pit may be entirely below the furface of the
ground ; but in ftrong loam, clay, or moift ground,
it will be the beft way to raife it fo high above
the furface, as that there may be no danger from
the wet.
At the bottom of the well there ffiould be a fpace
left, about two feet deep, to receive any moifture
which may drain from the ice, and a fmall under-
ground drain fliould be laid from this, to carry off the
wet ; over this fpace of two feet, fhould be placed a
ftrong grate of wood, to let the moifture fall down,
which may at any time happen, from melting of the
Ice. The fides of this well muft be bricked up with
a wall, at lead two bricks and a half thick ; but if
it is yet thicker, it will be better, becaufe the thicker
the walls are made, the lefs danger there will be
of the well being affected by any external caufe. When
the well is brought within three feet of the furface,
there muft be another outer arch or wall begun, which
muft be carried up to the' height of the top of the in-
tended arch of the well ; and if there is a fecond arch
turned over from this well, it will add to the good-
nefs of the houfe ; but this muft be fubmitted to the
perfon who builds, if he will be at the expence ; but
if not, then the plate into which the roof is to be
framed, muft be laid on this outer wall, which fliould
be carried high enough above the inner arch, to ad-
mit of a door-way in, to get out the ice. If the' build-
ing is to be covered with Sates or tiles, there fhould
be a thicknefs of Reeds laid under, to keep out the
fun and external air ; if thefe Reeds are laid two feet
thick, and plaftered over with lime and hair, there will
be no danger of the heat getting through it.
The external wall heed not be built circular, but of
any other figure, either fquare, hexangular, or octan-
gular ; and where this (lands much in fight may be fo
contrived as to make it a good objed. I have feen
an Ice-houfe built in fuch a manner as to have a hand-
fome alcove feat in the front, and behind this feat was
contrived a paffage to get out and put in the ice ; and
by having the entrance behind, to the north aiped, a
fmall paffage being next the feat, through which a
perfon might enter to take out the ice, and a large
door being contrived with a porch, wide enough for
a fmall cart to back in, to (hoot down the ice upon
the floor near the mouth of the well, where it may
be well broken, before it is put down. The aperture
of this mouth of the well need not be more than two
feet and a half diameter, Which will be large enough
to put down the ice, and if it was greater, It would
be inconvenient ; there fliould be a ftone fitted to
flop this aperture, which muft be clofed up as fecure
as poffible, after the ice is put in, and all the vacant
fpace above and between this and the outer door, mult
be filled clofe with Barley Straw, to exclude the air ;
fo the door to enter for taking out the ice fhould be on
the oppoflte fide, immediately behind the alcove feat,
as was before-mentioned ; and this door fliould be no
larger than is abfolutely neeeffary for the coming at
the ice, and muft be ftrong and clofe to exclude the
air ; and at five or fix feet diftance from this another
door fhould be contrived, which fhould be clofely
fhut before the inner door is opened, whenever the
ice is taken out.
The building being finifhed, ffiould have time to dry
before the ice is put into it ; for when the walls are
green, the damp of them frequently melts the ice. At
the bottom of the well, upon the wooden grate,
fliould be laid fome fmall faggots ; and if upon thefe
a layer of Reeds is placed imooth for the ice to lie
upon, it will be better than Straw, which is com-
monly ufed ; and in the choice of the ice, the thinner
it is, the better it may be broken to powder ; for the
fmaller it is broken, the better it will unite when put
into the well : in putting of it in, there muft be care
taken to ram it clofe, as alfo to allow a vacancy
all round next the wall, of about two inches ; this
is to give paffage to any moifture, which may be oc-
cafioned by the melting of fome of the ice on the
top, which, if pent up, will melt the ice downward ;
when the ice is put into the well, if there is a little
falt-petre mixed at every ten inches or a foot thick-
nefs, it will caufe the ice to join more clofely into a
folid mafs. The inftruftions here given, being care-
fully obferved, will be fufficient to guide perfons
wholly ignorant in thefe matters.
JET D’EAU is a French word, which fignifies a
fountain that calls up water to any conliderable height
in the air.
Monk Mariotte, in his Treatife of Hydroftatics, fays.
That a jet d’Eau will never rife fo high as its referva-
tory, but always falls fhort of it by a fpace which is
in a fubduplicate ratio of that height ; and this he
proves by feveral experiments •, that though Jets
ought to rife to the height of the refervatories, yet
the friftion of the fides of the ajutages, and the
refiftance of the air, are the caufes that in jets that
have very high refervatories, the height of the
Jets does not come up to that of the refervatcry by a
great deal.
He adds, That if a greater branches out in many
fmaller ones, or is diftributed through feveral Jets, the
fquare of the diameter of the main pipe muft be pro-
portioned
I L E
portioned to the fum of all the expences'of its branches;
that if the refervatory be fifty-two high, and the
ajutages half an inch in diameter, the pipe ought to
be three inches in diameter.
He fays, That the beauty of Jets of water con fills in
their uniformity and tranfparency at the going out of
the ajutage, and fpreading but very little, and that to
the higheft part of the jet.
That the word fort of ajutages are thofe that are
cylindrical, for they .retard very much the height of
the Jets, the conic retard it lefs ; but the beft way is,
to bore the horizontal plane, which (huts the extre-
mity of the pipe, or conduit, with a lmooth and po-
li filed hole, taking care that the plate be perfectly
plain, polifhed, and uniform.
Thefe fpouts of water are fome of the greateft beau-
ties of the Italian gardens, and are certainly better
adapted for gardens in thofe warm countries, than they
are for our climate, becaule, in the great heats of fum-
mer, the fight of thefe water-fpouts is cooling and
refrefhing to the imagination, and they certainly add
a real coolnefs to the air ; but in cold countries they
cool the air too much, therefore fhould not be erect-
ed ; or if they are, they fhould be placed at fuch dif-
tances from the habitation, as that the damp may no
ways affedt it.
Where thefe Jets are contrived, if there is* not a con-
ftant fupply for a large column of water, they fhould
by no means be made, for nothing can have a meaner
* appearance, than thofe pitiful piffing fpouts, fo fre-
quently to be feen in England, which perhaps have
not a fupply of water to play above an hour or two ;
therefore where there is not a natural body of water,
to fupply thefe Jets, without the expence of railing
it, there fliould never be any of thefe contrived in
gardens.
ILEX. Lin. Gen. Plant. 158. Aquifolium. Tourn.
I nib R. H. 600. tab. 371. The Holly-tree; in
French, Horn.
The Characters are,
‘They have male , female , and hermaphrodite flowers on
different plants. The male flowers have a fmall perma-
nent empalcment of one leaf, which is indented in four parts-,
they have hut one petal, which is cut into four fegments al-
moft to the bottom ; they have four awl-floaped ftamina,
which are Jhorter than the pet ad, and are terminated by
fmall fumnuts. The female flowers have their empalements
and petals the fame as the male, but have no fta?nina ; in
their center is placed the roundiflo germen , having four ob-
tufe ftigmas fitting on it. The germen afterward becomes
a roundiflo berry with four cells, each containing a Jingle
hard, feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedlion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Tetra-
gynia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have
four ftamina and four ftyles ; but according to his own
fyftem, it fhould be placed in the third fedlion of his
twenty-fecond clafs, with thofe plants which have male
and hermaphrodite flowers on different plants.
The Species are,
1. Ilex {Aquifolium) foliis oblongo-ovatis, undulatis,
lpinis acutis. Holly-tree with oblong leaves which are
waved, and have acute Mines. Ilex aculeata baccifera.
C. B. P. 42 5. Prickly berry-bearing Ilex ; and the Aqui-
folium five agrifolium vulgo. J. B. 1. 114. The com-
mon Holly.
2. Ilex ( Echinata ) foliis ovatis, undulatis, marginibus
aculeatis, paginis fuperne fpinofis. Holly with oval
waved leaves, whofe borders are armed with ftrong thorns ,
and their upper furface prickly. Aquifolium echinata
folii fuperfice. Cornut. Canad. 180. Holly-tree whofe
upper furface of the leaves are prickly, commonly called
Hedge-hog Holly.
3. Ilex ( Caroliniana ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis ferratis.
Hort. Cliff. 40. Holly with oval, fpear-fhaped, fawed
leaves. Aquifolium Carolinienfe, foliis dentatis, baccis
rubris. Catelb. Carol. 1. p. 31. Carolina Holly with
undented leaves and red berries , commonly called Dahoon
Holly.
I L E
There are feveral varieties of the common Holly with
variegated leaves, which are propagated by the nur-
fery gardeners for fale, and fome years pail were in
very great efteem, but at prefent are but little regard-
ed, the old tafte of filling gardens with (horn Ever-
greens being pretty well abolilhed ; however, in the
difpofition of the clumps or other plantations of Ever-
green trees and fhrubs, a few of the moft lively co-
lours may be admitted, which 'will have a good ef-
fect in the winter feafon, if they are properly difpofed.
As the different variegations of the leaves of Hollies,
are by the nurfery gardeners diftinjguifhed by different
titles, fo I (hall here mention the moft beautiful of
them, by the names they are generally known :
Painted Lady Holly, Britifti Holly, Bradley’s beft
Holly, Phyllis, or Cream Holly, Milkmaid Holly,
Pritchet’s beft Holly, Gold-edged Hedge-hog Holly,
Cheyney’s Holly, Glory of the W eft Holly, Broad-
erick’s Holly, Partridge’s Holly, Herefordlhire white
Holly, Blind’s Cream Holly, LongftafPs Holly,
Eales’s Holly, Silver-edged Hedge-hog Holly.
All thefe varieties are propagated by budding or
grafting them upon (locks of the common green
Holly : there is alfo a variety of the common Holly
with lmooth leaves, but this is frequently found
intermixed with the prickly-leaved on the fame tree,
and often on the fame branch, there are both forts of
leaves.
The common Holly grows naturally in woods and
forefts in many parts of England, where it riles from
twenty to thirty feet high, and fometimes more, but
their ordinary height is not above twenty-five feet.
The ftem by age becomes large, and is covered with
a grayifh fmooth bark ; and thofe trees which are not
lopped or browzed by cattle, are commonly furnifhed
with branches the greateft part of their length, fo form
a fort of cone ; the branches are garnifhed with oblong
oval leaves about three inches long, and one and a
half broad, of a lucid green on their upper furface,
but are pale on their under, having a ftrong midrib :
the edges are indented and waved, with (harp thorns
terminating each of the points, fo that fome of the
thorns are railed upward and others are bent down-
ward, and being very ftiff, renders them troublefome
to handle. The leaves are placed alternate on every
fide of the branches, and from the bafe of their foot-
ftalks come out the flowers in clufters, (landing on
very fliort foot-ftalks ; each of thefe fuftain five, fix,
or more flowers. In fome plants I have obferved the
flowers were wholly male, and produced no berries ;
in others I have obferved female and hermaphrodite
flowers, but upon fome large old trees growing on
Windfor foreft, I hav$ obferved all three upon the
fame trees. The flowers are of a dirty white, and
appear in May ; they are fucceeded by roundifh ber-
ries, which turn to a beautiful red about Michael-
mas, but continue on the trees if they are not de-
ftroyed, till after Chriftmas before they fall away.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Canada, from
whence it was brought to Europe. The leaves of
this fort are not fo long as thofe of the common Hol-
ly, and their edges are armed with ftronger thorns
(landing clofer together ; the upper furface of the
leaves is fet very clofe with (hort prickles, from
whence the gardeners have given it the title of
Hedge-hog Holly. This fort is ufually propagated
in the nurferies, by budding or grafting it upon the
common Holly ; but I have railed it from the ber-
ries, and found the plants to be the fame as thofe
from v/hence the feeds were taken, fo make no doubt
of its being a diftindt fpecies.
There are two varieties of this with variegated leaves,
one of which is yellow, and the other white. There
is alfo a variety of the common Holly with yellow
berries, which is alfo accidental, and is generally
found on thofe plants which have variegated leaves,
and but feldom on plain Hollies.
The common Holly is a very beautiful tree in win-
ter, therefore deferves a place in all plantations of
7 E Erergreen
I L E
I L L
Evergreen trees and ftirubs, where its Aiming leaves
and red berries make a fine variety ; and if a few of
the bell variegated kinds are properly intermixed,
they will enliven the fcene. The Holly was alfo for-
merly planted for hedges, and is a very proper plant
for that purpofe ; but then it fhould not be clipped with
iheafs, becaufe when the leaves are cut through the
middle, they are rendered unfightly, fo they fhould
be cut with a knife clofe to the leaf ; and although
in this method they are not iborn fo even as with
fhears, yet they will have a much better appearance,
and may be made as clofe and fecure as by any other
method generally pracftifed.
The Holly is propagated by feeds, which never come
up the firft year, but lie in the ground as the Haws
do ; therefore the berries fhould be buried in the
ground in a large pot or tub one year, and then tak-
en up and fown in the autumn upon a bed expofed
only to the morning fun ; the following fpring the
plants will appear, which muft be kept clean from
weeds ; and if the fpring fhould prove dry, it will
be of great fervice to the plants if they are watered
once a week ; but they muft not have it oftener, nor
in too great quantity, for too much moifture is very
injurious to thefe plants when young.
In this feed- bed the plants may remain two years,
and then fhould be tranfplanted in the autumn, into
beds at about fix inches diftance each way, where they
may ftand two years longer, during which time they
muft be conftantly kept clean from weeds •, and if
the plants have thriven well, they will be ftrongenough
to tranfplant where they are defigned to remain ; for
when they are tranfplanted at that age, there will be
lefs danger of their failing, and they will grow to a
larger fize than thofe which are removed when they
are much larger-, but if the ground is not ready to
receive them at that time, they fhould be tranfplanted
into a nurfery in rows at two feet diftance, and one
foot afunder in the rows, in which place the plants
may remain two years longer ; and if they are de-
figned to be grafted or budded with any of the va-
riegated kinds, that fhould be performed after the
plants have grown one year in this nurfery ; but the
plants fo budded or grafted fhould continue two years
after in the nurfery, that they may make good fhoots
before they are removed ; though the plain ones
fhould not ftand longer than two years in the nur-
fery, becaufe when they are older, they do not tranf-
plant fo well. The beft time for removing of Hol-
lies is in the autumn, efpecially in dry land but
where the foil is cold or moift, they may be tranf-
planted with great fafety in the fpring if the plants
are not too old, or if they have not flood long unre-
rnoved, there is great odds of their dying when re-
moved.
The Baboon Holly grows naturally in Carolina, from
whence the feeds were fent by the late Mr. Mark
Catefby, who found the trees growing on a fwamp at
a diftance from Charles-town, but it hath fince been
diicovered in fome other countries in North America.
This riles with an upright branching item to the height
of eighteen or twenty feet the bark of the old Items
is of a brown colour, but that of the branches or
younger ftalks is green and fmooth, garnifhed with
fpear-fhaped leaves, which are more than four inches
long, and one and a quarter broad in the broadeft
part, of a light green and thick confidence the up-
per part of the leaves are fawed on their edges, each
ferrature ending in a fmall fharp fpine ; they ftand al-
ternately on every fide the branches, upon very fhort
foot-ftalks. The flowers come out in thick clufters
from the fide of the ftalks ; they are white, and fhaped
like thofe of the common Holly, but are fmaller ; the
female and hermaphrodite flowers are fucceeded by
fmall roundifh berries in its native country, which
make a fine appearance in winter, but they have
not as yet produced fruit in England, fo far as I
can learn.
Dr. Linmeus fuppofes this plant and the evergreen
Canine to be the fame, but they are undoubtedly dif-
tin£l plants : he may probably have been led into this
miftake, by receiving feeds of this fort mixed together
with the berries of Caffine from America, which I have
more than once done but whoever fees the two plants
growing, cannot doubt of their being different.
This fort is tender while young, fo requires protec-
tion in the winter till the plants are grown ftrong and
woody, when they may be planted in the full ground
in a warm fituation, where they will endure the cold of
our ordinary winters pretty well ; but in fevere froft
they fhould be protected, other wife the cold will de-
ftroy them.
This fort is propagated from feeds, in like manner as
the common fort the feeds of it will lie as long in
the ground, fo the berries fhould be buried in the
ground a year, and then taken up and fown in pots
filled with light earth, and placed under a frame in
winter; in the fpring the pots fhould be plunged into
a hot-bed, which will bring up the plants ; thefe muft
be preferved in the pots while young, and flickered in
winter under a common frame tili they have obtained
ftrength, when in the fpring they may be turned out
of the pots and planted in the full ground, in a warm
fituation.
From the bark of the common Holly is made the
bird-lime, and the wood is made into hones for fet-
ting of razors. The wood is very white, and takes
a fine polifh, fo is very proper for feveral kinds of
furniture. I have feen a floor of a room laid in com-
partments with Holly and Mahogany, which had %
very pretty effect.
ILLECEBRU M. Lin. Gen. 291. Corrigiola. Dill.
Gen. p. 169. Paronychia. Tourn. Xnft. 281.
The Characters are,
It hath a five-cornered coloured empale merit of five leaves ,
which is permanent , hut has no petals it hath five fen-
der Jiamina within the empalement , terminated by fimple
fiummits , and an oval germen with a fhort Jlyle , crowned
by an obtufie ftigrna. "The empalement afterward becomes
a roundifh capfule with five angles , having one cell , con-
taining one large feed ; which is pointed on every fide.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft lection of
Linnseus’s fifth clafs, in'titled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flowers having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Illecebrum ( Suffruticofum ) fioribus lateralibus folita-
riis, caulibus fuffruticofus. Lin. Sp. 298. Illecebrum
with an under-fhrub fitalk , having Jingle flowers on the
files. Paronychia Hifpanica fruticofa, myrti folio.
Tourn. Inft. 508.
2. Illecebrum ( Paronychia ) fioribus brabteis nitidis ob-
valaris, caulibus procumbentibus. Lin. Sp. 299. Il-
lecebrum with neat brattea inclofeng the flowers , and
trailing fialks. Paronychia Hifpanica. Clnf. Hilt. 2.
P- i8 3 -
3. Illecebrum ( Capitatum ) fioribus brabteis nitidis oc-
cultantibus capitula terminalia, caulibus erebtis, foliis
ciliatis. Lin. Sp. 299. 'Illecebrum with neat Irraliea
terminating the ereli ftalks , and filvery leaves. Parony-
chia Narbonenfis erebta. Tourn. Inft. 508.
4. Illecebrum ( Achyrantha ) caulibus repentibus pilofis,
foliis ovatis mucronatis oppofito minore, capitulis lub-
globofis fubfpinofis. Lin. Sp. 299. Illecebrum with
creeping ftalks , fmall oval-pointed leaves placed oppofite ,
almoft globular heads of flowers , having fmall [pirns.
Achyrantha repens, foliis bliti pallidi. Hurt. Eith. 8.
tab. 7.
5. Illecebrum ( Polygonoides ) caulibus repentibus hirris,
foliis lato-lanceolatis petiolatis, capitulis orbicularis
nudis. Lin. Sp. 300. Illecebrum with hairy creeping
ftalks , broad fpear-Jhaped leaves on foot -ftalks, and orbi-
cular naked heads of flowers . Amaranthoides humlie
Curaftavicum, foliis polygoni. Herm. Farad. 17.
6. Illecebrum ( Vermiculaium ) caulibus repentibus gla-
bris foliis, fubteretibus carnofis, capitulis oblongis
glabris terminalibus. Lin. Sp. 300. Illecebrum with
fmooth creeping ftalks, almoft taper flefiiy leaves, and ob-
long fmooth heads terminating the branches. Amaran-
thoides humile Cura&vicum, cepese foliis lucidis, ca-
pitulis. Herm, Parad. 15.
Tffe
I M P
The three fi'rft forts grow n . rurally in Spain,- Portu-
gal, and the fouth of France ; the firft has ligneous
Salks about a foot high, garnifhed with fmall leaves
like thofe of Knot-grafs ; the flowers come out fingl.y
on the fide of the Falks, which make little appear-
ance, fo is feldom preferved in garden.
The fecond and third forts have trailing ftalks near
two feet long, which fpread on the ground, gar-
niilied with leaves like thofe of the firft fort ; the
heads of dowers come out from the joints of the ftalk,
having neat filvery braftea furrounding them, which
make a pretty appearance. Their flowers appear in
June, and there is generally a iucceflion of them for
at kail two months and when the autumn proves
warm, they will ripen their feeds the beginning of
October.
Thefe three forts may be propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown on a bed of light earth the beginning
of April ; the plants will come up in May, when they
ihould be kept clean from weeds till the plants are
fit to remove ; then the plants Ihould be carefully tak-
en up, planting fome of each fort in fmall pots, and
the other into a warm dry border, obferving to wa-
ter and fliade them until they have taken new root ;
after which, thofe which are planted in the full ground
will require no other culture but to keep them clean
from weeds; for in the ordinary winters of England,
they will live in the open air : but as thefe plants are
fometimes killed in fevere winters, therefore I advife
fome plants to be planted in pots, which may be placed
in a common frame in winter, where they may enjoy
the open air in mild weather, but be fcreened from
froft.
As the feeds of thefe plants do not conftantly ripen
in England, fo they may be propagated by cuttings,
which, if carefully taken off in May or June, and
’ planted in a fhady border, will in two months put
out roots •, then in moift weather they may be tranf-
planted, and afterward treated as the old plants.
The other three forts are natives of the warm parts of
America ; the fourth fort grows naturally at Beunos
Ayres ; the fifth and fixth, in many of the iflands in
the Weft-Indies.
Thefe have creeping ftalks, which fend out roots from
the joints, which fallen to the ground in their native
foil, whereby they fpread to a great diftance ; and
in this country, when the pots are plunged into a
tan-bed, they will multiply as fall, by taking root in
tan, or any of the other pots of plants which are near
them.
The flowers of the fourth fort make little appear-
ance, therefore the plant is rarely propagated, except
in botanic gardens for variety •, but thofe of the fifth
and fixth fort have dry heads of flowers, refembling
thofe of the Amaranthoides, under which genus they
were formerly ranged.
Thefe three forts are tender, fo will not thrive in
the onen air in England •, therefore their feeds fhould
be fown on a hot-bed in the fpnng, at the fame time as
the Amaranthus, Gomphrena, and other tender plants;
and afterward, if they are plunged into the tan-bed
in the ftove, their branches will put out roots, whereby
they may be propagated in plenty.
I M P A T I E N S. Rivin. Ord. 4. Lin. Gen. Plant.
899. Balfamina. Tourn. Inft. R. FI. 418. tab. 235.
Female Balfamine ; in French, Balfamine.
The Characters are.
The flower has a two-leaved fmall empalement , which
is coloured , and placed on the fide of the petals. It hath
five petals which are unequal^ and jhaped like a lip-
fiower ; the petals are roundijh , the upper is ered, flight ly
cut at the point into three parts , where it is jkarp-pointed ,
forming the upper lip ; the two lower petals are broad ,
cbtufe , irregular , and refiexed ; thefe conftitate the lower
lip ; the intermediate pair are alike , and are placed oppo-
Jite , joining at their bafe. It hath a nedarium in the
bottom of the flower , jhaped like a hood or cowl , which
is oblique to th-e mouthy rifmg on the cutfide , whofe bafe ends
in a tail or [pur. It hath five floor t Jlamina which are
narrow toward their bafe , and incurved , terminated by j
I M P
flummits , which join at the top round the jlamina , but are
divided at their bafe . In the bottom is jituated an oval
fharp-pointed germen , having no Jlyle , but a fingle ftigma
Jhorter than the flummits . The germen afterward becomes
a cap fule with one 0?//, opening with an elafiicity in five
valves , which twift fpirally , and contain federal roundijh
jeeds fixed to a column.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fiction of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, which includes thofe plants
which have fingle flowers in the empalement, whofe
fiamina vary in number and fituation.
The Species are,
1. Impatiens ( Noli t anger e ) pedunculis multifloris fo-
litariis, foliis ovatis, geniculis caulinus tumentibus.
Flor. Suec. 722. Impatiens with foot-fialks flujlaining
many fingle flowers , oval leaves , and ftalks having
flwelling joints. Balfamina lutea, five, Noli me tan-
gere. C. B. P. 306. Yellow Balfamine, or Touch me
not.
2. Impatiens ( Balfamina ) pedunculis unifloris aggre-
gate, foliis lanceolatis, neltaris fioribus brevioribus.
Hort. Upfal. 276. Impatiens with foot-ftalks flujlaining
fingle flowers , which arife in dujlers , fpear-jhaped leaves ,
and nedariums which are jhorter than the flower. Bal-
famina feemina. C. B. P. 306. The female Balfamine.
3. Impatiens ( Triflora ) pedunculis trifloris folitariis,
foliis angufto-lanceoiatis. Flor. Zeyl. 315. Impatiens
with three flowers on a foot -ftalk, and narrow fpear-
jhaped leaves. Balfamina ereCla, fc. fgemina, Perficm
angufto folio Zeylanica. Herrn. Par. Bat. 105. Upright s
or female Balfamine of Ceylon, with a narrow Beach leaf.
There are feveral other fpecies- of this genus, which
grow naturally in India, which are plants of little
beauty, fo have not been introduced into the Englifh
gardens ; the forts here mentioned, are all I have
yet feen growing here, except one tall fort from
North America.
The firft fort grows naturally in feveral parts of
Weftmoreland and Yorkfhire, but is frequently in-
troduced into gardens by way of curiofity. It is an
annual plant, which rifes about a foot and a half
high, witfi an upright fucculent ftalk, whofe joints are
fwollen, garnifhed with oval fmooth leaves, which
Hand alternate on every fide the ftalk. The flowers
come out from the wings of the ftalks upon long
flender foot-ftalks, which branch into leveral other
ftnaller, each fuftaining one yellow flower, compofed
of five petals, which in front are fhaped like the lip
or grinning flowers, but at their bafe have a nelta-
rium with a long tail like the flowers of Indian Grefs ;
thefe are lucceeded by taper pods, which, when ripe,
burft open upon being touched, and twift fpirally
like a ferew, calling out the feeds with great elaf-
ticity. If the feeds of this plant are permitted to
flatter, they generally fucceed better than when they
are fown ; for unlefs they are fown in the autumn foon
after they are ripe, they very rarely grow. The plants
require no care but to keep them clean from weeds,
and thin them where they are too clofe. It flowers in
June, and the feeds ripen about a month or five weeks
after ; this delights in a fhady fituation and a moift
foil.
The fecond fort is the female Balfamine, of which
there are feveral varieties ; the common fort has been
long an inhabitant in the Englifh gardens, of this there
is the white, the red, and ftriped flowered, and like-
wife the fingle and double flowering, with variegated
flowers of two colours. Thefe forts are fo hardy as
to rife in the full ground ; and where the feeds flat-
ter, the plants will come up the following fpring ;
but fuch felf-fown plants do not come to flower fo
early as thofe which are raifed upon a hot-bed ; how-
ever, they generally are ftronger plants, and continue
much longer in the autumn in flower than the others,
fo are an ornament to the garden, when there is a
greater fcarcity of flowers.
This fort rifes a foot and a half high, dividing into
many fucculent branches, which are garnifhed with
long, fpear-fh aped, (awed leaves. The flowers come
out from the joints of the ftalks, upon flender foot-
ftalks
i M P
ftalks about an inch long, each fuftaining a fingle
flower 5 but there are two, three, or four, of thefe
foot-ftalks arifmg from the fame joint. The flowers
are compofed of five large unequal petals, which are
fhaped like thole of the former fort, but are larger,
and fpread open much wider *, there are white, pur-
ple, and red of this fort, as alfo fingle and double
flowers. If the feeds of thefe are fown on a moderate
hot-bed in the fpring, the plants will flower in June ;
but thofe which are fown in the full ground, will
not flower before the middle of July ; and thefe will
continue flowering till the froft puts a flop to them in
the autumn.
There are two other varieties of this, if not diftinft
fpecies ; one of them grows naturally in the Eaft, and
the other in the Weft-Indies ; that which comes from
theEaft-Indies, by the title of Immortal Eagle Flower,
is a moft beautiful plant; the flowers are double,
much larger than thofe of the common fort ; they
are fcarlet and white variegated, and purple and
white in others ; and the plants producing many
flowers, render them very valuable ; and if the feeds
of thefe are carefully faved, the kinds may always
be preferved ; but I have railed fome plants from
foreign feeds, whofe flowers were fo very double
as to lofe their male parts, fo did not produce any
feeds.
The feeds of thefe plants fnould be fown on a mode-
rate hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants are
come up about an inch high, they fhould be tranf-
planted on another moderate hot-bed at about four
inches diftance each way, obferving to fhade them
from the fun till they have taken new root; after which
they fhould hayeT'k large fhare of free air admitted
to them, at all times when the weather is favourable,
to prevent their drawing up tall and weak : they
will require to be often refrefhed with water, but it
fhould not be given to them in too great plenty ;
for as their Items are very fucculent, fo they are apt
to rot with much moifture. When the plants are
grown fo large as to touch each other, they fhould be
carefully taken up with balls of earth to their roots,
and each planted into a feparate pot filled with light
rich earth, and plunged into a very moderate hod-bed
under a deep frame, to admit the plants to grow,
fhading them from the fun until they have taken frefh
root ; then they fhould have a large fhare of air ad-
mitted to them everyday, and by degrees hardened,
fo as to bear the open air, into which part of the plants
may be removed in July, placing them in a warm
fheltered fituation; where, if the feafon proves favour-
able, they will flower and make a fine appearance ;
but it will be proper to keep part of the plants
either in a glafs-cafe or a deep frame, in order to
get good feeds, becaufe thofe in the open air will
not ripen their feeds unlefs the fummer proves very
warm ; and the plants in fhelter muft have a good
fhare of free air every day, otherwife they will grow
pale and fickly ; nor fhould they have too much of the
fun in the middle of the day, in very hot weather,
for that occafions their leaves hanging and their re-
quiring water, which is often very hurtful ; therefore
if the glaffes are fhaded in the middle of the day for
three or four hours, the plants will thrive better, and
continue longer in beauty than when they are expofed
to the great heat. Thofe who are curious to preferve
thefe plants in perfection, pull off all the fingle and
plain coloured flowers from the plants which they pre-
ferve for feeds, leaving only thofe flowers which are
double and of good colours ; where this is carefully
done, they may be continued without the leaft dege-
neracy conftantly.
The fort which grows in the Weft-Indies, is there
called Cockfpur. This hath fingle flowers as large as
the laft-mentioned fort, but I never faw any of them
more than half double, and only with white and red
ftripes : the plants are very apt to grow to a very large
fize before they produce any flowers, fo that it is late
in the autumn before they begin to flower ; and fome-
times in bad feafons they will fcarce have any flowers,
I M P
and but rarely ripen their feeds here, fo that few oer-
fons care to cultivate this fort, especially if they ’can
have the other.
The third fort here mentioned grows naturally in Cey-
lon, and in many parts of India ; this hath very nar-
row fpear-fhaped leaves, which are fawed on their
edges ; the foot-ftalks fuftain each three flowers, which
... are fmalier than thofe of the common fort, fo are not
worthy of a place in gardens, except for the fake of
variety. This is a tender plant, and requires the fame
treatment as the Immortal Eagle Flower.
IMPERATORIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 321. Ton rn,
Inft. R. 1 1 . 316. tab. 168. Mafterwort ; in French,
Imperatoire.
The Characters are.
It hath an umbellate d flower ; the principal umbel is
plain , and compofed of many fmalier ; the greater um-
bel has no involucrum , but the fmall ones have , which
are compofed of many narrow leaves , almoft as long as
the umbel ; the principal umbel is uniform ; the flowers
have five heart-fhaped petals , which are equal and in-
flexed. T hey have five hairy Jlamina , terminated by
roundijh fibmmits. The gerrnen is Jilmted under the pe-
tals , , fupporting two reflexed ftyles , crowned by obtufe ftig-
mas. The gerrnen afterward becomes a roundijh com-
preffed fruit divided in two parts , containing two oval-
bordered feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion of
Linnteus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Digynia,
which contains the plants whofe flowers have five fta-
mina and two ftyles.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Imperatoria ( Ofiruthium .) Hort. Cliff. 103. Mafter-
wort. Imperatoria major. C. B. P. 1 56. Greater
Mafterwort ; and the Aftrantia of Dodonaeus. Pempt.
320. Mafterwort , or falfe Peilitory of Spain.
This plant grows naturally on the Auftrian and Sty-
rian Alps, and upon other mountainous places in Italy ;
the root is as thick as a man’s thumb, running ob-
liquely in the ground ; it is fiefhy, aromatic, and has
a ftrong acrid tafte, biting the tongue and mouth
like Peilitory of Spain ; the leaves arife immediately
from the root ; they have foot-ftalks feven or eight
inches long, dividing into three very fhort ones at the
top, each fuftaining a trilobate leaf, indented on the
border ; the foot-ftalks are deeply channelled, and
when broken emit a rank odour. The fiower-ftalks
rife about two feet high, and divide into two or three
branches, each being terminated by a pretty large um-
bel of white flowers, whofe petals are fplk ; thefe are
fucceeded by oval compreffed feeds, fomewhat like
thofe of Dill, but larger. It flowers in J une, and the
feeds ripen in Auguft.
This plant is cultivated iu gardens to fupply the
markets. It may be propagated either by feeds, or
by parting the roots : if you would propagate it by
feeds;' they fliould be fown in autumn foon after
they are ripe, on a bed or border, in a fhacly fitua-
tion y obferving not to fow the feeds t too thick,
nor fnould they be covered too deep. In the fpring
the plants will appear, when they fhould be carefully
weeded ; and if the feafon fhould prove very dry, they
fliould be now and then refrefhed v/ith water, which
will greatly promote their growth. Toward the be-
ginning of May, if you find the plants come up too
clofe together, you lhould prepare a moift fhadv bor-
der (and thin the plants carefully, leaving them about
fix inches afunder ;) and plant thofe which you draw
up into the border about the fame diftance apart every
way, being careful to water them duly, if the feafon
fliould prove dry, until they have taken root ; after
which time, thefe plants (as alfo thofe remaining in
the feed-beds) will require no other culture but to
keep them clear from weeds ; which may be eafily ef-
fefted, by hoeing the ground between the plants now
and then in dry weather, which will deftroy the weeds ;
and by thus ftirring the ground, will be of great ferviceto
the plants. The following autumn thefe plants fhould
be tranfplanted where they are defigned to remain,
which fhould be in a rich moift foil and a fhady fitu-
4 ation ;
1
I N D
ration ; where they will thrive much better than if too
much expofed to the fun, or in a dry foil, for they
delight in filade and moifture ; fo that where thefe are
wanting the plants will require a conftant fupply of
water in dry weather, otherwife they will thrive but
ilowly. The diftance which thefe plants fhould be
placed, not be lefs than two feet every way, for
where they like their fit nation, they will fpread and in-
creafe much- When thefe plants are rooted, they will
require no other culture but to keep them clear from
weeds ; and in the fpring, before they fhoot, the
ground fhould be every year gently dug between the
plants ; in doing of which, great care fhould be had
not to cut or bruife their roots. Thefe plants, with
this management, will continue feveral years, and
will produce feeds in plenty.
If you would propagate thefe plants by offsets, their
roots fhould be parted at Michaelmas, and planted in
a fhady fituation, at the fame diffance as has been di-
rected for the feedling plants, obferving to water them
until they have taken root, after which time they
muff be managed as the feedlings.
The roots of this plant are ufed in medicine, and are
greatly reccommended for their virtue in contagious
diftempers, or the bites of venomous creatures ; they
are alexipharmic and fudorific ; by fome they are re-
commended for choiics and afthmas, for the cramp,
and all cold difeafes of the nerves.
INARCHING is a method of grafting, which is
commonly called grafting by approach. This method
of grafting is ufed when the ffock you intend to graft
on, and the tree from which you would take the graft
ftand fo near (or can be brought fo near) that they
may be joined together. The method of performing
it is as follows : take the branch you would Inarch,
and having fitted it to that part of the ffock where
you intend to join it, pare away the rind and wood on
one fide about three inches in length. After the fame
manner cut the ffock or branch in the place where the
graft is to be united, fo that the rind of both may join
equally together, at leaft on one fide, that the fap
may meet ; then cut a little tongue upwards in the
graft, and make a notch or flit in the ffock down-
ward to admit it ; fo that when they are joined, the
tongues will prevent their flipping, and the graft will
more clofely unite with the ffock. Having thus placed
them exactly together, you muff tie them with fome
bafs, or other foft bandage •, then cover the place with
grafting clay, to prevent the air from entering to dry
the wound, or the wet from getting in to rot the
ftock : you fhould alfo fix a ftake into the ground to
which that part of the ffock, as alfo the graft fhould
be fattened, to prevent the wind from breaking them
afunder, which is often the cafe when this precaution
is not obferved.
In this manner they are to remain about four months,
in which time they will be fufficiently united, and the
graft may then be cut from the mother tree, ob-
ferving to Hope it off clofe to the ftock •, and if at this
time you cover the joined parts with freflh grafting
clay, it will be of great fervice to the graft.
This operation is always performed in April or May,
that the graft may unite with the ftock before the
fucceeding winter, and is commonly pradtifed upon
Oranges, Myrtles, Jafmines, Walnuts, Firs, Pines, and
feveral other trees, which will not fucceed fo well by
common grafting or budding. But although I have
mentioned Orange-trees among the reft, yet I would
by no means advife this practice where the trees are
defigned to grow large, which, in this method, they
rarely ever will do ; and it is chiefly pradifed upon
thofe trees only as a curioflty, to have a young plant
with fruit upon it, in a year or two from feed 1 , by
Inarching a bearing branch into a young ftock,
whereby it is effedted, yet thefe plants are feldom
long lived.
I N DJ G O F E R A. Lin. Gen. 83 9 . Indigo.
The Characters are,
The empalcmem is of one leaf fphading almoft flat , and
cut into five figments ; the flower is of the butterfly kind ,
I N D
having a roundijh fpreadmg ftandard, which is indented
at the -point and refiexed : the wings are oblong , obtufe ,
and their under borders fpreading ; the keel is obtufe ,
fpreading , and acute-pointed. It hath ten ftamina digejied
in a cylinder whofe points afiend , terminated by roundijh
fummits , and a cylindrical ger men, fupp orbing a fhort fiyle ,
crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward be-
comes a long taper pod , inclofing kidney fhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedtion of
Linnaeus's feventeenth clafs, intided Diadelphia De-
candria, from the flowers having ten ftarnina formed
in two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Indigofera ( Tinlloria ) leguminibus arcuatis incanis,
racemis folio brevioribus. Flor. Zeyl. 273. Indigo with
hoary arched pods , and the bunches of flowers Jhcrter than
the leaves. Anil five Indigo Americana, liliquis in
falcula: modum contortis. Acad. R. Scien. 1718.
Guatemala Indigo .
2. Indigofera ( Sujfruticcfa ) leguminibus arcuatis In-
canis, caule fruticofa. Indigo with a Jhrubby flalfi and
hoary arched pods.' Colutea affinis fruticofa argentea,
floribus fpicatis e viride purpureis, filiquis falcatis.
Sloan. Cat. Jam. 1.42.
3. Indigofera ( Caroliniana ) leguminibus teretibus, fo~
liolis quinis fpicis longiffimis fparfis, radice perenne.
Indigo with taper pods , leaves with five lobes , long loofi
fpikes of flowers , and. a perennial root . .
4. Indigofera ( Indica ) leguminibus pendulis lanatis
comprefils, foliis pinnatis. Indigo with woolly , com-
prejfid , hanging pods , and winged leaves.
5. Indigofera ( Glabra ) leguminibus glabris teretibus,
foliolis trifoliatis. Indigo with finooth taper pods, and tri-
foliate leaves.
The firft and fifth forts are annual plants with us ; the
feeds of thefe muft be fown on a hot-bed eaily in the
fpring of the year, and when the plants are come up
two inches high, th?y fhould be transplanted into
fmall pots filled with good frefti earth, and the pots
plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark ; when the
plants have obtained fome ftrength, they muff have
a great fhare of free air, by railing the glades in the
day time ; and in June they may be expofed more to
the open air, by which time they will begin to pro-
duce their flowers, which will be fucceeded by pods
in a fhort time after, and in Auguft their feeds will
be perfected, if the plants are brought forward in the
fpring.
The fecond fort grows to the height of five or fix feet,
and will abide two or three years, if it is preierved in
a very warm ftove in winter •, this produces fpikes of
flowers from the wings of the leaves on the tides of
the Items of the plant, and fometimes will perfedr its
feeds in England. This muft be raifed in a hot-bed,
as was directed for the two former, but muft not
be wholly expofed to the open air, even in the hottefi:
weather.
The fourth fort is fuppofed to be promifeboufiy ufed
to make the Indigo, but the firft is the common fort
which is cultivated in the Engfifh plantations in
America ; but I have been affured by a perfon of great
credit, that he. has made as good Indigo from the
fecond fort, as any that was produced in our plan-
tations ; and this being a much larger plant, will af-
ford a greater quantity from the fame compafs of
ground, than any one of the other fpecies, - efpecially
if cut before the ftalks grow ligneous ; and this fort
will grow on poorer land, f° may be cultivated in
fuch places where the firft fort will not thrive fo well,
by which means great improvements may be made
with this plant in our American plantations. There are
fome other forts of this plant which are natives of
India, from which this commodity is made; two of
which, viz. the fourth and fifth forts I have had
growing in the garden at Chelfea, both which are very-
different in their leaves and pods from either of the
American forts which have been cultivated. I have
alfo received feeds from India of the third fort, which,
is the fame fpecies of Indigo which grows naturally
in South Carolina, and which was greatly ffteemed •
7 F fome
I N D
feme years ago by the Indigo planters of that country.
For the beauty of the commodity which it produced •, •
but the plants being (lender and thinly garniilied with
leaves, which were final!, they did not furnifli a
quantity of Indigo in proportion to their bulk, fo of
late this fort has not been, much cultivated there ;
though the account which I received with the feeds
was, that it was what the beft Indigo of India was
made from.
The whole procefs in making the Indigo being ex-
actly defcribed by Pere Labat in his voyages, I thought
it would not be unacceptable to the Englifh reader,
to tranilate his account in this place, which is as
follows :
There was formerly a great deal of Indigo made in
the pariih of Macauba : there is not a ftream nor
river in it, where one does not meet with Indigo
works, that is, backs or vats of (tone- work well ce-
mented, in which the plant that yields the dye is put
to digeft : there are ufually three of thefe vats one
above another, in the manner of a cafcade ; fo that
the fecond, which is lower than the bottom of the
firft, may receive the liquor contained in the firft,
when the holes which are made in the bottom of the
firft are unftopped ; and that the third may in its
turn receive what was in the fecond.
The firft, largeft, and higheft of thefe vats is called
the fteeper or rot ; it is ulually made twenty feet long,
twelve or fifteen feet wide, and three or four feet
deep. The fecond is called the battery, it is almoft
half as fmall again as the firft : and the third, which
is much lefs than the fecond, is called the devilling.
The names of the two firft perfedly agree with their
ufes, for the plant is laid to fteep in the firft, where
it ferments, is macerated, and becomes like rotten
dung : after that the falts and fubftance of the leaf
and rind are diffufed in the water by the fermentation,
which the heat and ripenefs of the plant has excited
in it. It is in the fecond that they agitate and beat
this water, impregnated and loaded with the falts of
the plant, till having collefted, re-united, and, as it
were, coagulated them with one another, they form
the particles which compofe the dye.
As for the name of the third, I do not fee how it
agrees with it, unlefs it be becaufe this vat is deeper
coloured than the others ; for the Indigo already
formed remaining in it, confequently dyes and co-
lours it much deeper than the others.
To which I fhould add, that it is only at St. Domingo
that they make ufe of this name. In the Windward
Iflands they call this laft vat the fettler, and this name
fuits it perfectly well, becaufe it is in this, that the
Indigo begun in the fteeper, and perfected in the
battery unites, grows into a mafs, feparates itlelffrom
the particles of water which remained in it, leaves
them at top, and fettles at the bottom of the vat ;
whence it is taken out to be put into little bags, and
then into the boxes, as I fhall mention hereafter.
Nothing ought to be omitted in the building and
making thefe vats fubftantial ; the ftrength of the fer-
mentation is fo great, that unlefs the ftone-work and
plafter be very well done, and the mortar carefully
chofen and wrought, they crack; and a very mo-
derate crack is fufficient to let out a vat of Indigo,
and caufe a confiderable lofs to the owner.
When this misfortune happens, the following is an
eafy and infallible remedy, which I can anfwer for,
as having experienced it. Take fome fea {hells of
any kind whatever, pound them without burning
them, powder them, and fift them through a fine
fieve. Take an equal quantity of quick lime and
lift it ; mix thefe together with water enough to make
a ftiff mortar, and as quick as you can, ftop the
cracks of your vats with it. This mixture incorpo-
rates, fticks, and dries in a moment, and immediately
prevents the matter’s running out of the vat.
Every body does, or fhould know, that Indigo is a
dye ufed to dye wool, filk, cloths, and fluffs, blue :
the Spaniards call it Anilo : the fineft they make, i. e.
in New Spain, comes from Guatimala, which makes
I N D
a great many people call it barely Giiatimalo. It is
made alfo in the Kail-Indies, particularly in the do-
minions of the Great Mogul, the kingdom of Go!-
conda, and other places thereabouts, as Mr. Tavernier
relates in his voyages. This fort is in. Europe oftener
called India than Indigo or Anil, people taking for
its proper name the name of the place it was made at.
Some authors, and among others. Father du Tertre
of our order, having fancied that the Indigo which
comes from the Eaft-Indies is more beautiful, finer,
and dearer, than that which comes from the Weft-
Indies, which they call flat Indigo, while they call
that from the Eaft barely India. They would have
lpoken more properly, if they had called the flatter
round India ; for, by their leave, all the difference
between the two Indias, or Indigos, is, that that made
in the Eaft-Indies is fit aped like half eggs, and that
of the Weft like cakes ; tor as for goodneJs and
beauty, the one will not be- a whit fuperior to the
other, if both are wrought with equal care and fi-
delity.
The fhape of the Oriental Indigo obliges the mer-
chants who would carry it into Europe to pound it,
that they may put the more into the chefts, or barrels
they put it up in. It is certain, that being thus
pounded, its grain having been broken under the
peftle, ground, and reduced to powder, makes it
finer than the Weft-Indian Indigo-, which coming in
cakes juft as it was dried, {hews its nr air? entire, and
confequently muft appear coarfer ; but what Is that
to the intrinfic goodnefs of the commodity ; I main-
tain it is the fame in both, though there feems to be
a difference.
To be convinced of this truth, take a lump of fu-
gar equally white throughout, break it in two, pound
one part of it, and reduce it to powder ; this will
look finer and whiter than that which is whole, which,
proceeds only from this, that the grain of the one has
been feparated and divided into a greater number of
parts, which, though very fmall, and almoft inlen-
fible, yet have a greater number of furfaces, and con-
{equently reflect more ligh ; whereas the other re-
maining entire, prefenting ro the fight only a large
grain, which has but little lurface, of courfe reflects
lefs light, and by a neceffary confequence muft ap-
pear leis white ; which is the fame as appearing left
beautiful, fince the beauty of fugar confifts in its
whitenefs. Methinks we may reafon in the fame
manner upon Indigo, and lay, that casteris paribus,
the Weft-Indian Indigo is as beautiful as the Eaft-
Indian, when they are both wrought alike.
I think I ftiould add, that the American Indigo is
beuer for ufe than the other; for who does not fee,
that there is no pounding this dye, without the moft
fubtle parts being difiipated in the air, as Mr. Ta-
vernier allows f And who can doubt that thefe parts
are the beft, and thofe that go fartheft when it is
ufed ?
I grant that the Indigo which comes from the Eaft-
Indies, is dearer than that which is made in the Weft-
Indies ; the reafon is plain, it comes farther, runs
greater rifles ; and thofe who bring it would not find
their account in felling it, at the fame price with that
which comes from a much nearer place ; but that
does not at all prove it to be more beautiful, or
better.
Indigo is compofed of the fait and fubftance of the
leaves and rind of a plant of the fame name ; fo that
one may fay, it is a diffolution or digeftion of the
plant, caufed by the fermentation it has excited in
the water it was laid to fteep in. I know iome writers
pretend, that the fubftance of the leaves does not pro-
duce the Indigo, which (as they would have it) is
only a vifeous tin&ure, or colour, which the fermen-
tation of the plant diffufes in the water : but before I
take their words for it, I defire they would tell me
what becomes of the fubftance of the plant; for
when it is taken out of the fteeper, it is certain, that
it has no longer the fame weight, confidence, nor
colour, it had before. The leaves, which were very
plump.
plump, and very full of juice, are light, flabby, and
withered, and look more like dung than any thing
elfe, which makes them frequently give the name of
rot to the fteeper. If then we no longer find in the
leaves, and the reft of the plant, the fame fubftance
that was obfervable in it before it was laid to fteep,
is it not moft natural to believe, that it is the fame
fubftance and faks, which, being freed from their in-
clofures, and diffufed in the water, have thickened it,
and by their union or coagulation have formed that
blue mafs which they call Indigo, fo ufeful in painting
and dyeing ?
The culture.] This plant requires a good rich level
foil, not too dry ; it greatly robs and impoverifties
the ground where it grows, and muft be alone. There
cannot be too much care taken to keep it clean, and
to hinder herbs of any kind whatever from growing
near it. They weed and cleanfe the ground where
they intend to plant the Indigo feed, five times over.
I fhould think they fhould call it fowing, but the
term of planting is confecrated in our ifles, and I do
not think I ought for the fake of a word to fall out
with our planters, who delerve our efteem upon a
thoufand accounts, though they have got a habit of
murdering the French language. They fometimes
carry their neatnefs to luch a pitch, that they fweep
the piece of ground as they do a room. After that
they make the holes wherein the feeds are to be put
for this purpofe •, the flaves, or others, who are to
wo k at it, range themfelves in the fame line, at the
top of the piece of ground ; and going backwards
they make little drills the breadth of their hoe, of the
depth of two or three inches, at about a foot diftance
every way, and as much as poflible in a ftrait line.
When they are come to the end of the ground, each
furnifhes himfelf with a little bag of feeds, and re-
turning that way they came, they put eleven or
thirteen feeds into each of the holes they have made.
A relick of fuperftition has taught them that the
number muft be odd. I by no means approve of this
practice, but I fhall take care not to endeavour to
fhew them the ufeleffnefs and folly of it, being fa-
tisfied I fhall only lofe my time and labour.
This work is the moft toilfome of any in the manu-
facture of Indigo ; for thofe who plant it muft be al-
ways ftooping, without rifing up, till the planting of
the whole length of the piece is ended ; fo that when
that is large, which almoft always happens, they are
obliged to remain two hours, and often more, in this
pofture.
When they come to the top of the piece, they go
back again, and cover the holes where they have put
the feed in, by th rafting in with their feet the earth
they.had taken out ot them, and fo the feed is covered
with about two inches of earth.
The culture of this plant may be rendered very eafy,
provided the inhabitants of our colonies in America
could be brought to make ufe of the drill plough ;
for with this inftrument two perfons and a horfe or
mule will fow more land with Indigo in one day, than
twenty perfons can perform in the fame time, in the
method now praCtiled ; for the plough makes the
drill, and the hopper which is fixed to the plough
follows, and fcatters the feeds at equal diftances in
the drills ; and another inftrument behind the hopper
covers in the drills, whereby the whole operation is
performed at the fame time, and with great eafe. In-
deed the ufe of this machine muft be underftood by
the perfons who are to perform it, otherwife they will
do it in a bad manner, but a little pra&ice will bring
any perfon to the right ufe of it.
As the Indigo is fown in rows, a hoeing plough may
be made of a proper dimenfion, in order to clean the
ground between the rows •, with this contrivance it
may be performed in much lefs time than in the me-
thod now praCtifed. But in doing of this, I would
advife the ftirring of the ground, foon after the Indigo
plants are come up, before the weeds have got much
ftrength, at which time they are foon deftroyed ; and
by. ftirring of the ground the plants will be greatly
encouraged ; and the ftrongeft and moft thriving
plants will always make the belt Indigo.
What Le Bat fays of cutting the plants before they
are too old, in order to have the Indigo of a better
colour, is certainly right. Therefore as foon as the
flowers begin to appear, it fhould be cut - 5 for if it
ftands much longer the Items of the plants will grow
hard and ftringy, and the lower leaves will change
to a yellowifh colour, which will render the Indigo
lefs valuable *, as will alfo the plants being too cloie
together, which will occafion their bottom leaves to
decay for want of free air : the fame will happen if
weeds are fuffered to grow among the plants. There-
fore there muft be great regard to their being kept
always clean.
Though all feafons are good for the planting of In-
digo, yet care muft be taken not to put it in the
ground in a dry time : it is true, the feed may keep
a whole month in the ground, without being fpoiled j
but when it is planted fo, one runs the rifk of having
it eaten up by vermin, or carried away by the wind,
or choked by the weeds that fpring up with it ; fo that
the prudent planters never run the rifk of planting it
dry, i. e. at a time when they do not probably expetft
rain in two or three days after the planting is ended :
they chufe therefore, ufually, a moift feafon, which
promifes rain, and then they are fure of feeing the
plant fpring up in three or four days after its being
planted.
Notwithftanding all the care that has been taken in
clearing the ground where the feeds have been
planted, the planter muft not be carelefs when the
Indigo is got above ground ; becaufe the goodnefs of
the foil, joined to the moifture and warmth of the
climate, and the plentiful dews that fall every night,
makes a prodigious quantity of weeds fpring up,
which would choke and abfolutely fpoil the Indigo,
if extreme care was not taken to weed them up as foon
as they appear, and to keep the plant extraordinary
neat ; and very often the weeds are partly the caufe
of the breeding of a kind of caterpillars, which de-
vour all the leaves in a fhort time.
From the time of the plants rifing above ground, to
its perfect maturity, is but two months, and then it
is fit to cut : if one was to ftay longer it would blofiom,
its leaves would grow drier and harder, and confe-
quently they would yield lefs fubftance, and the co •
lour would not be near fo beautiful.
After this firft cutting, the new branches and leaves
which the plant produces may be cut about every fix
weeks, provided the feafon be rainy, and that care
be taken not to cut it in a time of drought, becaufe
then we fhould infallibly lofe the plant, or, as they
call it there, the Choupues, and be obliged to plant
again ; but all things being rightly managed, the plant
may laft two years ; after which it muft be plucked
up, and new ones planted.
When the plant is ripe, which is known by the leaves,
which grow brittle and lefs fupple, they cut it fome
inches from the ground. They ufe for the cutting
of it great crooked knives made like fickles. Some
planters make it into bundles like double bottles of
hay, that a negro may eafily carry them to the fteeper ;
but moft people put it into large pieces of coarfe
cloth, which they tie by the four corners ; and this is
more convenient, theplantis lefs handled and fqueezed,
and the fmall are carried away as fafely as the great •,
and befides the work goes on quicker this way, than
in making bottles *, and as time is precious every
where, and efpecially in America, there cannot be too
much care taken not to lofe any.
Eighteen or twenty packets of plants, each about the
fize of two bottles of hay, are fufficient to fill a fteeper
of the afore-mentioned fize. When it is filled with
water, fo that it covers the plants, they put pieces of
wood on the top, that the plants may not rife above
the water (much after the manner as they do upon the
Grapes that are put into the prefs) and let all ferment.
According as.the heat is greater or Ids, or the plant
more or lefs ripe, the fermencsCon is raifed 1'ooner or
later.
I N D
later, foraetinies in fix, eight, or ten hours ; and-
fometim.es one is obliged to wait eighteen or twenty
hours, but very feldom longer. Then the effeCt of
the fermentation vifibly appears, the water heats, and
boils up on all iides, as the Grapes do in the vat ;
<■ and the water which at firft was clear, infenfibly grows
thick, and becomes of a blue, inclining to a Violet
colour. Then without meddling at all with the plants,
they open the cocks, which are at the bottom of the
flee per, and let all this water, loaded with the falts
and fubftance of the plant, which were freed by the
fermentation, run into the battery ; and while they
throw away as ufelefs, and aim oil rotten, the plants
that were in the deeper, and clean it, that it may be
filled with frefh, they beat the water, which they have
Jet out of the deeper into the battery.
They formerly tiled for this purpofe a battledoor
wheel, whole axle was placed upon the middle of the
vat, and which they turned by two handles that were
at the end of the fame axle. Since that, in the room
of battledoors, they have put little bottomlefs boxes,
and afterwards others, whofe bottoms were bored full
of holes : at prefent they ufe a kind of pretty large
pails, fattened to ftrong poles, placed upon chande-
liers, by means of which, the negroes violently and
continually raife, beat, and ftir the water, till the
fairs and other parts of the fubftance of the plant are
united, and diffidently, as it were, coagulated to in-
corporate.
The hitting this minute exa&ly ftiews the (kill of him
who overfees the making of the Indigo •, for if he
makes them leave off beating a little too foon, the
grain not yet formed, remains difperfed in the water,
■without finking and gathering together at the bottom
of the vat, and is loft with the water, when they
are obliged to let it out, which is a great lofs to the
owffer •, or if when it is formed they continue to beat,
they ’ diiTolve it, and the fame inconvenience follows.
This minute then mu ft be nicked, and when it is
found, they muft leave off beating and let the matter
reft.
To find this minute, they make ufe of a little filver
cup, defigned for this ufe alone ; they fill it with this
water, while the negroes beat it, and according as
they obferve that the feces fink to the bottom of the
cup, or remain difperfed in the water, they ceafe, or
continue beating*.
The General Dictionary printed at Trevoux, relates
very ferioufly, upon the credit of father Plunder a
minim, that the Indigo-maker having taking up fome
of the water of this battery in his cup, fpfts in it ; and
that if the Indigo be formed, the faeces immediately
fink to the bottom of the cup, and that then he makes
them leave off beating, if not, he makes them con-
tinue it. This is not the only incident in which people
have impofed upon father Plumier’s credulity and
fimplicity. I have been a witnefs of it upon other
occafions.
When they have left off beating they let the matter
reft, the feces fink to the bottom of the vat, and
gather together like a kind of mud ; and the water
freed from all the falts it was impregnated with,
fwims above it, and grows clear. Then they open
the cocks, which are placed in the battery at different
diftances from the bottom, and let this water run
away ; and when they come to the furface of the fas-
ces, they open the cocks of the bottom, that the
feces may all fall into the devilling or fettler. There
they let it fettle a little while longer, after which they
put it into linen bags, fifteen or eighteen inches long,
made with a point, where it perfectly purges itfelf
from the reft of the water, which remained among
its particles. When that is done, they fpread it in
little boxes three or four feet long, two feet broad,
and about three inches deep, and expofe it to the air
to dry it perfeddy. They obferve not to expofe it to
the fun, becaufe it would ftarve the colour in drying
it ; and they take a great deal of care to keep it from
the rain, becaufe that would diffolve and utterly
fpoil it.
I N D
It fometimes happens that the caterpillars get among
the Indigo , and if they are let alone ever io little a
while they eat all the leaves, and often the very nnd
and ends of the branches, and kill the flocks ; it is
but loft time to endeavour to deftroy them, or hinder
them from ravaging a whole piece, by. popping them
with a ditch. The fureft way is to cut down the In-
digo with all fpeed, let its age be what it will, and to
throw both plants and caterpillars together into the
fteeper ; there they burft, and part with what they
had devoured, and the Indigo is not the lefs beau-
tiful for it. It is true, when the plant is not come to
its perfect maturity, it yields much lefs ; but many
experiments have taught us, that the colour it yields
is much more beautiful ; fo that what is loft one way
is gained another.
I would not wait for fo perfeCt a ripenefs before I cut
the plant. Perhaps all the fecret of thole, whofe In-
digo is fo much extolled beyond ours, lies only in
cutting the plant when it yields the livelieft colour. I
have experienced that in leaving fome cochineal flies
upon fome Indian Figs, which were too ripe, inftead
of being red, they grew of a filemot colour, like the
fruit they fed upon. The fame thing might happen
in Indigo ; and what I here propofe is not a ground-
lefs doubt, fince it is backed by the experiment I have
juft related; which plainly proves, that the fame
plant, cut at different ages, produces colours different
in beauty. I would not venture to give this advice
to men wedded to their intereft, who value the quan-
tity rather than the quality of their commodity 5 but
I believe I have nothing to fear from our iflanders,
who are generous and magnificent, fometimes even
beyond their abilities : I adv/fe them therefore to make
different trials, as to the foil, the feafon, the age of
the plant, the water they fteep it in, the point of dif-
folution, &c. and I am fure, that with a little time,
labour, and patience, they will make Indigo that will
equal, and even excel, the moft boafted Indigo of
foreign countries. The planters of St. Domingo know
that in 1701 their coarfe fugar was very bad, and was
not made without infinite trouble ; and at prefent
every body allows, that by their labour, affiduity, and
enquiries, it is grown much more efteemed than that
of the Windward Iflands : why may not the fame be
hoped for in Indigo ?
Mr. Pomet, author of the General Hiftory of Drugs,
fays in his firft part, chap. 10. That the Indians of
the village of Sarquefle, near Amadabat, ufe only the
leaves of the Indigo, and throw away the plant and
branches; and that it is from thence the moft efteemed
Indigo comes.
I am pretty much of his opinion ; for we fee, that
thofe who take the pains to ftrip off the Grapes from
the branches, before they put them into the vat, and
throw away the ftalks entirely, make much the belt
wine ; becaufe the ftalks always contain an acid, which
mixes with the juice of the Grape in the treading and
preffmg them both together ; and for the fame reafon,
the ftalks of the Indigo plant muft contain a liquid
much lefs perfeCt in colour than that of the leaves :
but one ought to have the leifure and patience of the
Indians to undertake ftich a work, and have work-
men as cheap as they are in that country, fuppofing
the faCt true, as Mr. Pomet delivers it from the re-
lation of Mr. T avernier.
Though I am a great friend to thole experiments
which may carry our manufactures to a greater per-
fection, yet i dare not propofe this, becaufe of the
expence they muft be at, who would try it ; and be-
caufe the profit arifing from it would not perhaps quit
coft : however, I have here given the method of the
Indians of Sarqueffe, that I may have no reafon to re-
proach myfelf with having omitted a thing which
may be of fome ufe to my country.
Good Indigo ought to be fo light, as to fwim upon
water ; the more it finks the more it is to be fufpefted
of being mixed with earth, afhes, or powdered Hate.
Its colour ought to be a deep blue, inclining to a
Violet, brilliant, lively, and bright: it ought to be
more
I N D
more beautiful within than without, and look (hinhig,
and as it were filvered.
If it is too heavy in proportion to its bulk, it ought
to be fufpeded, and its quality examined into ; for as
it often bears a conliderable price, it is fit that thofe
who buy it, fhould be acquainted with the frauds that
may be committed in it.
The firft is the beating the plant too much in the
deeper, that the leaves and rind of it may be entirely
coniumed. It is certain that the quantity of the mat-
ter is very confiderably increafed by this diffolution,
but the Indigo is a great deal the lefs beautiful for it ;
it is blackifh, thick, heavy, and fitter to be thrown
away than ufed.
The fecond is the mixing afhes, earth, or a certain
brown (hining fand (which is pretty commonly found
in the bays by the fea-fide) and efpecially powdered
flate, with the feces, as they fall into the devilling,
and Ibirring all well together, that it may incorporate,
and the fraud not appear : and this fraud is much more
eafily committed in the powdered Indigo, than in that
which is in cakes ; becaufe it is very difficult for thofe
heterogeneous bodies to unite fo well together, as not
to make in many places, as it were, beds of a different
matter ; and then, by breaking the piece of Indigo,
they are eafily perceived.
The two following expedients may be made ufe
of, in order to know the goodnefs or badnefs of
Indigo.
The firft is to diflolve a bit of it in a glafs of water.
If it is pure and well made, it it will entirely diftblve ;
but if it is adulterated, the foreign matter will fink to
the bottom of the glafs.
The fecond is to burn it. The good Indigo will burn
all away, whereas the afhes, earth, fand, and flate,
remain after the true Indigo is confumed.
In 1694, Indigo was fold at the Windward Iflands,
from three livres ten fols, to four livres per pound,
according to its beauty, and the number of veffels to
be freighted with it. I have known it fince at a much
lower price j however, the planter would not fail of
making a very confiderable profit of it, though he
Ihould fell it for no more than forty fols per pound,
becaufe this commodity requires fewer utenfils and lefs.
charges than a fugar-work.
Since the cultivation of Indigo was introduced in
South Carolina, great quantities of that ufeful dye has
been brought from thence to England •, and it may be
hoped that the encouragement granted by parliament
to the planters, will enable them to profecute this
branch of commerce with fuch fuccefs, as to be a
great national benefit, and of equal advantage to that
colony : but as yet the planters have not arrived to
fo much perfection in the making of it as could be
wifhed ; for mold of the Indigo which I have feen of
the produce of that country, has been fo hard as to
render it difficult to diflolve, occafioned by their pour-
ing a quantity of lime-water into the vat, in order to
make the feces of the plant fubfide. I have alfo
been informed by letters from many of the planters,
that after the fermentation of the plant in the vat, it
comes out again almoft entire, being but in a very
fmall proportion leflened, either in bulk or weight.
This may probably be owing, in great part, to their
culture of the plant, as alfo from their vats not being
large enough to contain a fufficient quantity of the
herb, to make the fermentation ftrong enough to
diffolve it ; or from the vats being built in the open
air, whereby the fermentation may be impeded, by
the cooler breezes of the evening air : for in the iflands
where the belt Indigo is made, their vats are all built
under cover, where their heat is much greater than
that in Carolina, therefore this requires the attention
of the planters of Indigo.
As to the culture of the plant, by all the information I
have been able to procure from thence, they commit
a great error in fowing their feeds too thick, whereby
the plants are drawn up with (lender fterns, which are
not fufficiently garnifhed with leaves ; nor are the
leaves fo large and fucculent as they would naturally
I N O
grow, were the plants allowed a greater (hare of room*
fo that the (talks confift of little elfe but ftrong vef-
fels which are not diffolvable by the fermentation, and
it is only the upper parts of the plant which are fur-
nifhed with leaves, like young; trees growing clofe to-
gether which are drawn up with (lender (terns, having
no lateral branches, nor leaves, but at their tops
therefore it is not to be fuppofed, a great quantity of In-
digo can be produced from plants 1b managed ; for it
is a common obfervation of the cultivators of Woad,
that when their plants fpire, and have narrow thin
leaves, they produce but little of the dye-, fo that
they make choice of rich ftrong land for fowing the
feeds of this plant, and are careful to thin them*
that they may have room to fpread, and produce large
fucculent leaves, from which they always reap the
greateft profit. If the planters of Indigo in America
would but imitate the cultivators of Woad in this par-
ticular, they would certainly find their advantage in
fo doing-.
Another thing in which they err is, letting the plant
(land too long before they cut it, fuppofing from the
height of the plant to procure a great quantity of the
dye ; but in this they are greatly miftaken, for the
older the plant is before it is cut, the drier and firmer
will be the (talks , therefore but little of the plant
will be diifolved by fermentation, nor will the feces
of the old plants be near fo beautiful as that of the
young. Therefore it is' to be wiflied, that they would
try fome few experiments in the culture and manage-
ment of the plants, by fowing thin, and keeping the
plants pferfedly clean from weeds as alfo to cut them
while young and full of juice, and hereby they will be
better informed how to improve it to the greateft ad-
vantage. But as labour is dear in that country, fo
many perfons probably objeft to the expence of culti-
vating the Indigo in this method , therefore, to avoid
this, I have before propofed fowing the feeds with a
drill plough, whereby the firft expence will be greatly
leflened, and the feeds more equally fown , and by the
ufe of the hoe plough, ten acres may be kept clean
from weeds with as fmall expence, as one when ma-
naged by the hand hoe *, and by ftirring of the ground
often, and earthing up the plants, they would grow
much ftronger, be lefs liable of being deftroyed by-
flies, and have larger and more fucculent (talks and
leaves.
INGA. See Mimosa.
INOCULATING, or Budding. This is com-
monly praCtifed upon all forts of (tone fruit, in parti-
cular, fuch as Peaches, Nectarines, Cherries, Plums,
&c. as alfo Oranges and Jafmines, and is preferable
to any fort of grafting for moft forts of fruit. The me-
thod of performing it is as follows : you muft be pro-
vided with a (harp penknife, having a flat haft (the
ufe of which is to raile the bark of the ftock, to ad-
mit the bud) and fome found bafs mat, which ffiould
be foaked in water to increafe its (Length* and make
it more pliable ; then having taken off the cuttings
from the trees you would propagate, you fhould
choofe a fmooth part of the ftock about five or fix
inches above the furface of the ground, if defigned
for dwarfs, and for half ftandards at three feet , but
for ftandards, they (hould be budded fix or more feet
above ground ; then with your knife make an hori-
zontal cut crofs the rind of the ftock, and from the
middle of that cut make a flit downwards about two
inches in length, fo that it may be in the form of a
T ; but you muft be careful not to cut too deep, left
you wound the ftock : then having cut off the leaf
from the bud, leaving the foot-ftalk remaining, you
(hould make a crofs cut about half an inch below'the
eye, and with your knife flit off the bud, with part
of the wood to it, in form of an efcutcheon : this
done, you muft with your knife pull off that part of
the wood which was taken with the bud, obferving
whether the eye of the bud be left to it, or not (for all
thofe buds which lofe their eyes in (tripping, (hould
be thrown away, being good for nothing) then having
gently raifed the bark of the ftock where thtf croft ii>
7 G ’ eifion
Hi
I N U
tifion was made, with the flat haft of your penknife
clear to the wood, you fhould thruft the bud therein,
obferving to place it fmooth between the rind and the
wood of the flock, cutting off any part of the rind
belonging to the bud, which may be too long for the
flit made in the ftock ; and fo having exactly fitted
the bud to the ftock, you muft tie them clofely round
with oafs mat, beginning at the under part of the flit,
and fo proceed to the top, taking care that you do
not bind round the eye of the bud, which fhould be
left open.
When your buds have been inoculated three weeks
or a month, you will fee which of them have taken ;
thofe of them which appear flirivelled and black, be-
ing dead, but thofe which remain frelh and plump,
you may depend are joined ; and at this time you
fhould loofen the bandage, which, if not done in
time, will pinch the ftock, and greatly injure, if not
deftroy, the bud.
The March following you muft cut off the ftock
about three inches above the bud, doping it that the
wet may pafs off, and not enter the ftock ; to this
part of the, ftock left above the bud, it is very proper
to fallen the fhoot which proceeds from the bud, aafi*
would be in danger of being blown out, if not pre-
vented ; but this muft continue no longer than one
year, after which it muft be cut off clofe above the
bud, that the ftock may be covered thereby.
The time for Inoculating is, from the middle of
June until the middle of Auguft, according to the
forwardnefs of the feafon, and the particular forts of
trees to be propagated; but the time may be eafily
known, by trying the buds, whether they will come
off well from the wood. However, the moft ge-
neral rule is, when you obferve the buds formed
at the extremity of the fame year’s fhoots, which
Is a flgn of their having finifhed their fpring growth.
The ftrft fort commonly inoculated is the Apricot,
and the laffc the Orange-tree, which fhould never be
done until the middle of Auguft ; and in doing of
this work, you fhould always make choice of cloudy
weather ; for if it be done in the middle of the day, in
very hot weather, the fhoots will perfpire fo fail, as to
leave the buds deftitute of moifture ; nor fhould yon
take off the cuttings from the trees long before they
are ufed ; but if you are obliged to fetch your cut-
tings from fome diftance, as it often happens, you
fhould then be provided with a tin box or cafe, hav-
ing a focket about ten inches long, and a cover to the
top, which muft have five or fix holes ; in this focket
you fhould put as much water as will fill it about
two or three inches high, and place your cuttings
therein in an upright pofition, fo that that part which
was cut from the tree may be fet in the water, and fo
fallen down the cover to keep out the air ; and the
holes in the cover will be fufficient to let the perfpi-
ration of thefe branches pafs off, which, if pent in,
would be very hurtful to them ; you muft alfo be
careful to carry it upright, that the water may not
reach to the buds ; for it is a very wrong pradlice in
thofe who throw their cuttings all over in water, which
fo faturates the buds with moifture, that they have no
attractive force left to imbibe the fap of the ftock,
whereby they very often mifcarry.
But before I leave this head, I beg leave to obferve,
that though it is the ordinary pradtice to diveft the
bud of that part of the wood which was taken' from
the fhoot with it yet, in many forts of tender trees.
It is beft to preferve a little wood to the bud, with-
out which they often mifcarry. The not obferving
this, has occanoned fome people to imagine, that fome
forts of trees are not to be propagated by Inoculation ;
whereas, if they had performed it in this method,
they might have fucceeded, as I have feveral times
experienced.
I N T Y B U S. See Cxchorium.
INULA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 860. Enula. Caefalp. He-
lenium. Raii Meth. 33. After. Tourn. Infc. R. H.
481. tab. 274. Elecampane.
I N U
■ The Characters are.
It hath a radiated compound flower , with an imbricated
empdement , compofed of loofe , fpreading , fmall leaves ,
the outer being the broadeft, The dijk , or middle of the
flower , is compofed of hermaphrodite florets , and, the bor - .
der, or ray of the female half florets , jlretched out like v
a tongue. The hermaphrodite florets are funnel-fhapea ?,
erects and cut into five fegments at the top ; thefe have
five fhort fender flamina , terminated by cylindrical fiurn-
mits , which coalefce at the top : they have one long ger-
tnen , crowned with down, Jiipporting a fender ftyle the
length of the flamina , crowned by an upright bifid ftig-
ma. The female half florets have a narrow entire tongue ,
no flamina , but a long crowned ger men with a hairy ftyle,
and an upright fligma. The germen in both flowers be-
come a fmgle, narrow, four-cornered feed , crowned with a
down , fitting on a naked receptacle.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedlion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia
Polygamia fuperflua, which includes the plants with
a compound flower, made up of hermaphrodite florets
in the difk, and female half florets for the rays, which
are fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Inula (’ Helenium ) foliis amplexicaulibus ovatis, ru~
gofis, fubtus tomentofus, calycum fquamis ovatis.
Amoen. Acad. i.p. 410. Elecampane with oval rough
leaves , which embrace the ftalks , woolly on their under fide ,
and the fcales of the empalement oval. After omnium
maximus, Helenium di&us. Tourn. Inft. 483. The
great eft Starwort, called Elecampane.
2. Inula {Odor a) foliis amplexicaulibus dentatis hirfu-
tiflimis radicalibus ovatis, caulinus lanceolatis cauie
paucifloro. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1236. Inula with hairy in-
dented leaves embracing the ftalks , thofe at the bottom oval ,
but thofe on the ftalks fpear-fhaped , which have but few
flowers. After luteus radice odora. C. B. P. 266.
Yellow Starwort with a flweet root.
3. Inula ( Salicina ) foliis feflilibus lanceolatis recurvis
ferrato-fcabris, floribus inferioribus altioribus, ramis
fub-angulatis. Amoen. Acad. 1. p. 410. Inula with
fpear-fhaped , recurved , rough , fawed leaves , fitting clofe
to the ftalks , and the under flowers growing taller than
the upper , and angular branches. After montanus lu-
teus, falicis glabro folio. C. B. P. 266. Yellow Moun-
tain Starwort with a fmooth Willow leaf.
4. Inula ( Germanica ) foliis feflilibus lanceolatis recur-
vis, fcabris, floribus fubfafciculatis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
883. Inula with fpear-fhaped recurved leaves fitting clofe
to the ftalks , which are rough , and flowers growing in
clufters. After Thuringiacus altifiimus latifolius,
montanus, flore luteo parvo. Haller. Jen. 181. Talleji
broad-leaved Mountain Starwort of Thuringia , with a
fmall yellow flower.
5. Inula ( Crithmoides ) foliis linearibus carnofis tricuf-
pidatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 883. Inula with narrow flefloy
leaves ending in three points. After maritimus flavus
crithmum chryfanthemum di&us. Raii Syn. Ed. 3.
p. 174. Yellow maritime Starwort, called Golden Sam-
phire.
6. Inula {Montana) foliis lanceolatis hirfutis integerri-
mis, cauie unifloro calyce brevi imbricato. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 124. Inula with hairy, fpear-fhaped, entire leaves ,
one flower on a ftalk, having a fljori ficaly cup. After
montanus luteo magno flore. C. B. P. 267. Moun-
tain Starwort with a large yellow flower.
7. Inula {Oculis Chrifti) foliis amplexicaulibus oblongis,
integerrimis hirfutis, cauie pilofo, corymbofo. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 1237. Inula with oblong, entire , hairy leaves,
and flowers growing in a corymbus. Conyza Pannonica
lanuginofa. C. B. P. 265. Hungarian woolly Fleahane.
8. Inula {Brit arnica) foliis amplexicaulibus lanceola-
tis, diftinbtis ferratis, fubtus villofis, cauie ramofo
villofo erebto. Flor. Suec. 756. Inula with fpear-
fioaped fawed leaves embracing the ftalk , hairy on their
under fide , and an ereli branching ftalk. After paluftris
luteus, folio longiore lanuginofo. Tourn. Inft. 483.
Yellow Marfih Starwort with a longer woolly leaf.
9. Inula
INU
9. Inula (. Hirta ) foliis feffilibus knceolatis, recurvatis,
fubferrato-fcabris, floribus inferioribus, altioribus,
caule teretiufculo fubpilofc. Lin. Sp. 12 39. Inula with
fpear-fhaped , recurved , rough leaves, fitting clofe to the
folks, and the lower flowers rifling above the other. Af-
ter luteus, falicis folio hirfuto. C. B. P. 266. Yellow
After with a hairy Willow leaf
10. Inula ( Bifrons ) foliis oblongis decurrentibus den-
ticulatis, floribus congeftis terminalibus fubfeflilibus.
Lin. Sp. 1236. Inula with oblong indented leaves run-
ning along the flalks, and flowers in ctufters terminating
th ft a Iks f Conyza Pyrenaica, foliis primulas veris.
Par. Bat. 127.
11. Inula iSquarofa) foliis ovalibus Isevibus reticulato-
venofls fubcrenatis, calyciSus fquarrofis. Lin. Sp. 1 240.
Inula with fmooth oval leaves and netted veins, with rough
empalements to the flowers. After Conyzoides odora-
tus luteus. Tourn. Inft. 483.
j2. Inula ( Canarienflis ) foliis linearibus carnofls tricnl-
pidatis, caule fruticofo. Inula with narrow , flejhy,
three-pointed leaves , and a fhrubby ftalk. After Cana-
rienfis frutefcens, folio tridentato craffa. Hort. Ghelf.
2 6. Shrubby Canary Starwort with a thick leaf, ending in
three points.
13. Inula ( Saturejaoides ) foliis linearibus hirfutis op-
~pofitis, pedunculatis nudis unifloris. Inula with narrow
hairy flalks placed oppofite, and naked foot-ftalks, having
cne 'flower. After faturejas foliis conjugatis & pilofis,
flole futeo. Houft. MSS. Starwort with hairy Savoury
leaves growing by pairs, and a yellow flower.
14. Inula ( Mariana ) caule eredto hifpido, foliis lan-
ceolatis afperis, floribus alaribus folitariis feflllibus,
terminalibus umbellatis. Inula with an erehl prickly
ftalk, fpear-flsaped rough leaves, flowers proceeding fingly
from thefldes of the flalks , fitting clofe , and terminating
in an umbel. After luteus Marianus Saligneis brevio-
ribus foliis hirfutis pubefeentibus, ftimmo caule ra-
mofus. Pluk. Mant. 30. Yellow Starwort of 'Maryland,
with Jhorter, fallow , hairy leaves, and the top of the
ftalk branching.
15. Inula {Fruticofo) foliis lanceolatis acutis, fubtus
trinerviis, fquamis calycinis acutis caule fruticofa.
Inula with fpear-fhaped acute leaves, having three veins
cn their under fide, the feales of the empalement floarp-
pointed, and a fhrubby ftalk.
The firft fort grows naturally in feveral parts of Eng-
land, but it is alfo cultivated in gardens for the fake
of the roots, which are ufed in medicine, and are ac-
counted carminative, fudorific, and alexipharmic, of
great fervice in fhortnefs of breath, coughs, fluffing
of the lungs, and infedtious diftempers.
This hath a perennial root, which is thick, branching,
and of a ftrong odour. The lower leaves are a foot
long, and four inches broad in the middle, rough
on their upper fide, but downy on their under. The
ftalks rife about three feet high, and divide toward
the top into feveral fmaller branches, garniffied with
oblong oval leaves, which are indented on their edges,
and end in acute points. The flowers terminate the
ftalks, each branch ending with one large, yellow,
radiated flower, fitting in a fcaly empalement, whofe
feales are oval, and placed like the feales on fiffi over
each other. The flowers are fucceeded by narrow
four-cornered feeds crowned with down. It flowers
in June and July, and the feeds ripen the latter end
of Auguft.
This fort may be propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown in autumn foon after they are ripe ; for if
they are kept till the fpring, they feldom grow ; but
where they are permitted to fcatter, the plants will
corne up the following fpring without any care, and
may be either tranfplanted the following autumn ;
or if they are defigned to remain, they fhould be
hoed out to the diftance of ten inches, or a foot each
way, and conftantly kept clean from weeds ■, thefe
roots will be fit for ufe the fecond year.
But molt people propagate the plant by offsets, which.
If carefully taken from the old roots, with a bud, or
eye, to each, will take root very eafily •, the beft time
for this is the autumn, as foon as the leaves begin to
I N U
decay thefe fhould be planted in rows about a foot
afunder, and nine or ten inches diftance in the rows %
the fpring following the ground muft be kept clean
from weeds, and if in autumn it is flightly dug, it
will promote the growth of the roots \ thefe will be
fit for ufe after two years growth, but the roots will
abide many years, if they are permitted to ftand •, how-
ever, the young roots are preferable to thofe which are
old and ftringy. It loves a gentle loamy foil, not too
dry.
The fecond fort hath a perennial root, from which
arife feveral ftalks, about two feet high* The leaves
at bottom are oval, indented, and hairy ; thofe above
embrace the ftalks with their bafe. The ftalks are
divided into feveral branches, garnifhed with a few
fcattering yellow flowers. The root has a very fweet
odour when broken. It flowers in July, but rarely
ripens feeds here.
The third fort hath a perennial root, from which
arifes many fpear-fhaped leaves, which are fmooth
and recurved. The ftalks rife near two feet high 5
they are angular, and branch at the top into feveral
foot-ftalks, each fuftaining one yellow radiated flower.
It flowers in June, July, and Auguft, and the feeds
ripen in September.
The fourth fort riles with an upright ftalk between
three and four feet high, with fpear-fhaped leaves,
which are turned backward, indented on their edges,
and rough on their upper fide. The flowers are col-
lected in clofe bunches on the upper part of the ftalks 5
they are fmall and yellow. It grows on the Alps, and
other mountainous parts of Europe. It flowers in
June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The fifth fort grows naturally on the fea-coafts in ma-
ny parts of England. I have feen it growing plenti-
fully near Sheernefs, in the ifle of Sheepy, in Kent ;
this rifes with an upright ftalk a foot and a half high,
garniffied with fleffiy fucculent leaves, which come out
in duffers, and are about an inch and a quarter
long, and one eighth of an inch broad, ending in three
points. The flowers come out at the top of the
ftalks in fmall umbels ^ they are yellow, and have a
border of rays •, this flowers in J uly, and the feeds
ripen in autumn. The younger branches of this
plant are frequently fold in the London markets
for Samphire •, but this is a great abufe, becaufe this
plant has none of the warm aromatic tafte of the true
Samphire.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Germany ; this rifes
with upright ftalks a foot and a half high, garniffied
with fpear-fhaped leaves which are covered with foft
hairs, and are entire. The ftalks each fupport one
large yellow flower, which appears in July, but rarely
ripens feeds here.
The feventh fort hath a perennial root and an annual
ftalk ; this grows naturally in Hungary. The leaves
are oblong and hairy the ftalks branch at the
top in form of a corymbus. The flowers are fmall,
yellow, and are in clofe clufters thefe appear in
July, but feldom perfect feeds in England.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Auftria, Bohemia,
and other parts of Germany ; it hath a perennial root,
and an annual ftalk which rifes near two feet high,
garniffied with fpear-fhaped woolly leaves, which are
fawed, and clofely embrace the ftalks with their bafe.
The upper part of the ftalk divides into two or three
eredt branches, or foot-ftalks, each fuftaining one
pretty large deep yellow flower ; thefe are in beauty
in July, but feldom ripen feeds here.
The ninth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
Spain, and Italy ; this hath a perennial root, from
whence arife feveral ftalks about one foot high J the
lower leaves are fpear-fhaped and prickly ; the upper
half embrace the ftalks, which divide into feveral
branches, each being terminated by one yellow flower,
which appears in July, but feldom perfects feeds
here.
The tenth fort rifes about a foot high, dividing into
many branches, which are garnished by oval hairy
leaves, which half embrace the ftalks with their bafe
each'
\
I
I N U
each of the branches is terminated by one large yellow
flower, whofe empalement is compofed of oval fcales.
It flowers in July and Auguft, but never perfeds
feeds in this country.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in Hungary; this
rifes with Angle upright ftalks near two feet high,
garnifhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, which are
llightly indented on the edges, and fit clofe to the
ftalks, which are hairy, and divide in form of a co-
rymbus at the top. The flowers are pretty large, of
a pale yellow colour* and appear in July, but are not
fucceeded by feeds in this country.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in the Canary Iflands ;
this rifes with feveral fhrubby ftalks near four feet
high, Which divide into fmaller branches, garnifhed
with clufters of narrow flefhy leaves, which are di-
vided into three fegments at their points. The flowers
come out on the fide of the branches at the top of
the ftalks ; they are fmall, and of a pale yellow co-
lour, appearing in Auguft.
The fecond, third, fourth, fixth, feventh, eighth,
and ninth forts are abiding plants, which will thrive
and flower in the open air in England ; they may be
all propagated by parting of their roots. The beft
time for doing of this is in autumn, at which time
the plants may be removed ; thefe may be intermixed
with other flowering plants in the borders of large
gardens, where they will make an agreeable variety
during their continuance in flower. As thefe roots
multiply pretty faft, they fhould be allowed room
to fpread, therefore fhould not be planted nearer
than two feet from other plants ; and if they are re-
moved every third year, it will be often enough, pro-
vided the ground between them is dug every winter,
and, in fnmmer, if they are kept clean from weeds,
they will require no other care.
As fome of thefe forts produce good feeds in England,
they may be propagated by fowing of the feeds in
the autumn, on a border of light earth expofed to the
eaft, where the morning fun only is admitted ; and in
the fpring, when the plants appear, they fhould be
kept clean from weeds till they are fit to remove, when
they fhould be tranfplanted on a fhady border, fix
inches afunder, obferving to fhade and water them till
they have taken new root ; and during the fummer
feafon they fhould be kept clean from weeds, and in
autumn they may be tranfplanted into the borders
where they are to remain.
The tenth fort grows naturally iii the fouth of France,
and on the Pyrenean mountains. This hath a thick
fibrous root, which is perennial, fending out many
oblong indented leaves, whofe bafe runs along the
ftalks from one joint to another : from the root arife
three or four ftalks about two feet high, which divide
each into three or four fmall branches, which are ter-
minated by clufters of fmall yellow flowers, fitting
clofe between the fmall leaves ; thefe appear in June
and July, and are fucceeded by narrow feeds, crowned
with down, which ripen in the autumn.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown on
a bed of light earth early in the fpring ; in May the
plants will appear, which fhould be kept clean from
weeds till they are fit to tranfplant, when they fhould
be planted in an eaft border, at about fix inches dif-
tance each way, watering and fhading them till they
have taken new root ; after which they will require
no other culture but to keep them clean from weeds
till the autumn, when they fhould be planted where
they are defigned to remain.
The eleventh fort grows naturally near Montpelier,
and alio in Italy ; this hath a fibrous root, from which
arife two or three ered ftalks about two feet high,
garnifhed with ftnooth oval leaves placed alternate,
fitting clofe to the ftalks the veins of the leaves are
flender, and formed like - net-work. The ftalks are
terminated by one yellow flower inclofed in a rough
fcaly empalement, and at the two joints of the ftalk
immediately under the flower, come out fmall foot-
ftalks, with fmaller flowers than thofe on the top.
This plant feldom continues above two or three years,
] OH
therefore young plants fhould be raifed from feeds to
fucceed them. The feeds may be fown at the fame
time, and in the fame manner as is directed for the tenth
fort, and the plants afterward treated in the fame way.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fait marfhes
in feveral parts of England, which are flowed by the
tides, therefore is feldom admitted into gardens.
The roots of this are perennial, but the ftalks decay
in autumn ; and if any one has curioftty to keep a plant
or two of it in their gardens, they may tranfplant it in-
to a fhady border from the place of its natural growth,
and, by keeping it moift in dry weather, it will thrive
pretty well, but the ftalks will not rife fo high, nor will
the leaves be near fo flefhy as in the fait marlines.
The twelfth fort will not live abroad in the open air
in England, during the winter feafon, fo muft be re-
moved into fhelter in autumn, but fhould have as
much free air as poffible at all times, when the wea-
ther is mild, otherwife it is apt to draw up weak. In
cold weather the plants muft have very little water,
for their ftalks and leaves being fucculent, they are
very apt to rot with too much wet ; in fummer they
fhould be placed abroad with other hardy exotic plants
in a fheltered fituation, where they will add to the va-
riety, though they are plants of no great beauty, and
feldom flower in England, unlefs the fummer is very
warm. This is eafily propagated by cuttings, any
time in fummer, which, if planted in a fhady border,
will take root in a fhort time.
The thirteenth fort w r as difcovered by the late Dr,
Houftoun, growing naturally at La Vera Cruz ; this
rifes with a fnrubby ftalk about two feet high, divid-
ing into many fmaller branches, which are hairy, and
garnifhed with narrow ftiff leaves placed oppofite,
without foot-ftalks ; from the edges of thefe arife long
hairs, which are ftiff, and come out by pairs ; at the
end of the branches arife the naked foot-ftalks, which
are four or five inches long, fuftaining one fmall, yel-
low, radiated flower.
This is propagated by cuttings during the fummer
feafon, which muft planted on a bed of light earth,
and fhaded till they have taken root •, after which the
plants muft be treated in the fame manner as other
hardy exotics, fheltering them from froft in winter.
The fourteenth fort was fent me from Maryland,
where it grows naturally •, this rifes with a ftrong
ftalk about a foot and a half high, which is pretty
clofely fet with prickly hairs, and garnifhed with
rough fpear-fhaped leaves, about three inches long,
and near one inch broad in the middle : toward
the upper part of the ftalk there are fingle flowers
coming from the wings at each joint, and the ftalk
is terminated by a clufter of fmall yellow flowers, dif-
pofed in form of an umbel. This plant flowers here in
Auguft, but has not as yet perfe&ed feeds in England.
The fifteenth fort was difcovered growing naturally
at Carthagena, by the late Dr. Houftoun *, this rifes
with a fhrubby ftalk to the height of ten or twelve
feet, divided into feveral ligneous branches, garnifhed
with fpear-fhaped leaves five inches long, and one
inch and a half broad in the middle, and fmooth on
their upper fide, but on their under have three longitu-
dinal veins. The flowers are produced at the end of the
branches, having very large fcaly empalements ; they
are as large asafmallSun-flower,of apaleyellow colour.
This plant is too tender to live in the open air in
England, fo muft be conftantly kept in the bark-ftove.
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be procured
from the country where it naturally grows, for it does
not produce any here ; thefe muft be fown upon a
hot-bed, and when the plants are fit to remove, they
fhould be each planted into a fmall pot filled with light
earth, and plunged into a frefh hot-bed, treating them
in the fame manner as other tender plants from the
fame country.
jOHNSONIA. Dale. Callicarpa. Lin. Gen. Plant.
12 7. Spondylococus. Mitch. 20. This plant was
fo titled by the late Dr. Dale, of South Carolina, in
memory of Dr. Johnlbn, who publifhed an edition
of Gerard’s Herbal, corrected and much improved.
3 The
JON
The Characters are,
The flower hath an empalement of one leaf \ cut at the brim
into four Jhort fegments , which are erect. It hath one
petal , which is tubulous , and divided into four parts at
the brim , which fpread open. It hath four Jlender fmn-
mits , which are longer than the petal , terminated by ob-
long yellow fummits. In the center is fituated a roundifh
germen , fupporting a Jlender ftyle , crowned by a thick ob-
tufefligma. The germen afterward becomes a flnooth glo-
bular-berry., inciting four hard oblong feeds.
Dr. Linnaeus ranges this genus of plants in the firft
fedtion of his fourth clafs, mtitled Tetrandria Mono-
gynia, which includes the plants whofe flowers have
four ftamina and one ftyle. As the feeds of this plant
were lent me from Carolina by the late Dr. Dale with
this title, in the year 1739, and with them the cha-
rafters of the genus, which was before it was men-
tioned by Dr. Linnaeus, I have continued it under the
Dodlor’s title.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Johnsonia ( Americana ) floribus verticillatis feflilibus,
foliis ovato lanceolatis oppofitis, caule fruticofo. Dale.
Shrubby Johnfonia with oval fpear-Jhaped leaves placed op-
pofite , and flowers growing in whorls fitting clofe to the
flalks. Callicarpa. Adt. Upfal. 1741. Mr. Catefby,
in his Hiftory of Carolina, has figured it under the
following title, Frutex baccifer verticillatus, foliis fca-
bris latis dentatis & conjugatis, baccis purpureis dense
congeftis, voi. ii. p. 47.
This Ihrub grows plentifully in the woods near
Charles-town, in South Carolina. It riles from four
to fix feet high, lending out many branches from the
root, which are woolly when young, like thofe of the
Wayfaring-tree, garnillied with oval lpear-lhaped leaves
placed oppofite, Landing on Ihort foot-ftalks ; they are
about three inches long, and one inch and a quarter
broad in the middle, growing narrow at both ends,
and a little indented on their edges, their furface
rough, and a little hoary. The flowers come out in
whorls round the Italics, fitting very clofe to the
branches at the foot-ftalks of the leaves ; they are
fmall, tubulous, cut into four obtufe fegments at the
top, which expand, and are of a deep purple colour ;
thefe are fucceeded by foft fucculent berries, which
turn firft to a bright red colour, but afterward change
to a deep purple when ripe, and inclofe four hard ob-
long feeds.
The feeds of this plant were fent me by Mr. Catefby,
from Carolina, in 1724-, and many of the plants were
then raifed in feveral curious gardens in England ;
moft, if not all all of them were afterward planted in
the open air, where they ftourifhed very well for fome
years, and feveral of the plants produced flowers in
the Chelfea garden for four or five years, but thefe
were not fucceeded by fruit ; and in the fevere froft
in 1740, they were moft of them deftroyed, as were
alfo the young plants which were raifed from Dr.
Dale’s feeds the year before, which were only fhelter-
ed under a frame ; fo that until the Dodfor fent a frefh
fupply of feeds in 1 744, there were l'carce any of the plants
living in the Englifh gardens •, but fince then, there
has been quantities of the feeds brought to England.
This plant rifes eafily from feeds, if they are fown in
a moderate hot-bed •, the belt way is to fow the feeds
in pots, and plunge them into a tan-bed of a moderate
•warmth ; ai)d when the plants come up, and have ob-
tained fome ftrength, they fhould be gradually inured
to the open air, into which they fhould be removed
in June, and placed in a fheltered fituation, where
they may remain till autumn •, during which time
they mult be kept clear from weeds, and gently re-
frefhed with water in dry weather ; but as thele young
plants are tender, they fhould be placed under a frame
before the early froft comes on ; for a froft in au-
tumn will kill the tender part of their fhoots, which
often caufes their ftalks to decay moft part of their
length before the fpring. During the v r inter feafon
they fhould be lereened from froft, but in mild wea-
ther they muft enjoy the free air, otherwife their fhoots
will turn mouldy and decay. The following fpring,
juft before the plants fhoot. they fhould be carefully
I P 0
turned out of the pots, fo as not to break their roots I
and part of them may be planted in fmall pots filled
with light earth, and the others into a nurfery-bed
in a warm fituation, at about four or five inches afun-
der *, thole in the pots fhould be plunged into a mo-
derate hot-bed, which will forward their taking root*
but afterward muft be hardened to bear the open air
as before ; thefe plants in the pots fhould be fhel-
tered under a frame in winter for three or four years,
till they have obtained ftrength; then they may be
turned out of the pots* and planted in a warm fitu-
ation, where they will live in the open air in common
winters ; but in fevere froft they are in danger of be-
ing killed, if they are not fheltered ; therefore the
furface of the ground about their roots fhould be co-
vered with old tan to keep out the froft, and their
tops covered with Straw, Peas-haulm, or Fern, which
will protedt them.
Thofe plants in the beds fhould alfo be covered with
mats, or Straw, in frofty weather, and after they halve
obtained ftrength, they may be tranfplanted into a
warm fituation, and treated every winter in, the fame
manner as the other.
The leaves of this fhrub were often ufed by Dr.
Dale, in dropfical cafes, with very good fuccefs. A
particular account of the virtues of this, and many
other plants of Carolina, was fent me with dried l'am-
ples of each, by the Doctor, during the laft war ; but
as the fhips were taken in their paffage, they were all
loft, and the Dodtor dying Icon after, I could never
recover them.
J O N T H L A S P I. See Clypeola.
JQNQJLJIL. See Narcissus.
IPOMOEA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 199. Quamoclit.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 116. tab. 39. Quamoclit , or Scar-
let Convolvulus.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a fmall permanent empalement , cut into
five parts at the top. The petal is funnel-jhapcd , having
a long cylindrical tube , whofe brim is five-pointed , fpread-
ing open flat. It hath five awl-Jhaped ftamina , nearly the
length of the petal , terminated by roundifh fummits. In
the bottom of the tube is fituated a round germen , fupport-
ing a Jlender ftyle , crowned by a rouMifh ftigma. The
germen afterward becomes a roundiflo capfule with three
cells , inclofing three oblong feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, mtitled Pentandria Monogynia,
which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have five
ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Ipomoea ( Quamoclit ) foliis pinnatifidis linearibus,
floribus fubfolitariis. Hort. Cliff. 60. Ipomoea with
very narrow many-pointed leaves , and folitary flowers .
Quamoclit foliis tenuiterincifis&pennatis. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 1 1 6. Quamoclit with narrow , cut, winged leaves .
2. Ipomoea ( Coccinea ) foliis cordatis acuminatis, baft
angulatis, pedunculis multifloris. Hort. Upfal. 39.
Ipomoea with heart-Jhaped pointed leaves , angular at the
bafe , and many flowers on a ftalk. Quamoclit Ame-
ricana folio heder$ flore coccineo. Com. Rar. Plant.
2 1 . American Quamoclit with an Ivy leaf and a fear let
flower , commonly called Scarlet Convolvulus.
3. Ipomoea ( Solanifolia ) foliis cordatis acutis Integerri-
mis, floribus folitaris. Prod. Leyd. 430. Ipomoea with
acute , heart-Jhaped , entire leaves 5 and folitary flowers ,
Quamoclit Americana folani folio, flore rofeo. Plum.
Cat. 3. American Quamoclit with a Night (hade leaf, and 1
a Rofe-coloured flower.
4. Ipomoea ( Violacea ) foliis cordatis integerrimis, flori-
bus confertis corollis indivifis. Sauv. Monfp. 114.
Ipomoea with heart-Jhaped entire leaves , flowers growing
in clufters , and undivided petals. Quamoclit foliis am-
pliffimis cordiformibus. Plum. Cat. 4. Quamoclit with
large heart-Jhaped leaves.
5. Ipomoea ( Tuber of a ) foliis palmatis, lobis feptenis
lanceolatis integerrimis pedunculis trifloris. Hort. Up-
fal. 39. Ipomoea with hand floaped leaves, ccmpofed of [even
fpear-Jhaped entire lobes , and foot-ftalks having three
flowers. Convolvulus major heptaphylius, flore ful-
phureo odorato. Sloan. Cat. 55. Greater f even-leaved
7 H Bind,
\
I P o
Bindweed with a yellow fweet flpwerfl called Spanijh Ar-
bour Vine.
6. Ipomoea {Triloba) foliis trilobis eordatis, pedunculis
trifloris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 161. Ipomea with heart -
fihaped leaves having three lobes , and three flowers on a
foot-ftalk. Convolvulus pentaphyllos minor, flore pur-
pureo. Sloan. Cat. 55. Smaller five-leaved Bindweed
with a purple flower.
7. Ipomoea ( Hepaiicafolia ) foliis palmatis, floribus ag-
gregates. Plon Zeyl. 79. Ipomoea with hand-Jhaped
leaves , and flowers growing in clufters. Volubilis Zey-
lanica pes tigrinus dida. Hort. Elth. 318. Volubilis of
Ceylon , called Tyger' s-fioot.
8. Ipomoea ( Digit at a ) foliis digitalis glabris floribus
fdTilibus, caule laevi. Lin. Sp. Plant. 162. Ipomoea
with fimcoth hand-Jbaped leaves , whofie lobes fit clofie , and
a fmqoth ftalk. Convolvulus quinquefolius glaber
Americanus. Pluk. Aim. 116. Smooth five-leaved Ame-
rican Bindweed,
The firft fort grows naturally in both Indies ; in the
Weft-Indies it is called Sweet-William, and by fome
Indian Pink. It rifes with a twining ftalk feven or
eight feet high, fending out many {lender twining
branches, which twift about any neighbouring plants
for fupport ; the leaves are winged, being cOmpofed
of feveral pair of very fine narrow lobes, not thicker
than fine flowing thread ; they are about an inch long,
of a deep green, and fometimes are by pairs oppofite,
and at others they are alternate ; the flowers come
out fingly from the fide of the ftalks, {landing upon
flender foot-ftalks about one inch long •, they are fun-
nel-lhaped, having a tube an incbftong, which is nar-
row at bottom, but gradually widens to the top, which
fpreads open flat, with five corners or angles : they
are of a moft beautiful fcarlet colour, fo make a fine
appearance. This is an annual plant in England, but
whether it is fo in its native place I cannot tell ; for as
the feeds fall to the ground, fo there is a fucceflion of
young plants, which continue flowering great part of
the year.
This is a tender plant, fo will not thrive in the open
air in England; it is propagated by feeds, which
fhould be flown on a hot-bed in the fpring •, and as the
plants will foon appear, they ftiould be each tranf-
planted into a fmall pot filled with light earth, before
they twine about each other, for then it will be difficult
to difen gage them without breaking their tops. When
they are potted, they ftiould be plunged into a new
hot-bed, and flicks placed down by each plant for their
ftalks to twine about ; after they have taken new root,
they ftiould have a good ftiare of air in warm wea-
ther to prevent their drawing up weak ; and when they
are advanced too high to remain under the frame,
they ftiould be removed into the tan-bed in the ftove,
where they ftiould have fupport, for their branches
will extend to a confiderable height. They will begin
to flower in June, and there will be a fucceflion of
flowers till the end of September, and the feeds will
ripen well in this fituation every autumn.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Carolina and the
Bahama I {lands ; this is alfo an annual plant in Eng-
land, but is not fo tender as the former. It hath a
twining ftalk, which rifes fix or eight feet high, gar-
niflied with heart-ftiaped leaves ending in acute
points, which are divided into angles at their bafe ;
the flowers come out from the fide of the branches,
upon flender foot-ftalks, which fupport three or four
flowers of the fame form and fize as the former, but
are not fo deep coloured. There is a variety of this
with Orange-coloured flowers, but they do not differ
in any other reipecl. If the feeds of this fort are
flown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants
come up, if they are gradually hardened, and after-
ward tranfplanted into a warm border, in favourable
feafons they will flower and produce good feeds ; but
moft people raife the plants on a very gentle hot-bed,
' and transplant them afterward into another ; by which
method they are brought forward, fo will perfect!:
their feeds earlier.
The third fort is like the fecond, but the leaves have
\ IPO
no angles, and the flowers are of a Rofe ' colour, : each
foot-ftalk fuftaining one flower. This may be treated
| in the fame manner as the fecond fort.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies ?
where it twines about any neighbouring fupport, sAd
rifes ten or twelve feet high, garniftied with large
heart-ftiaped entire leaves : the flowers come out from
the fide of the branches upon flender foot-ftalks, in
clufters ; they are of a blue colour, and their brims
are not angular as in the former Aperies, but entire.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown on a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants af-
terward treated in the fame way as is before direfted
for the firft fort, for it is too tender to thrive in the
open air here.
The fifth fort is cultivated in moft of the iflands in
the Weft-Indies, but is fuppofed to have been intro-
duced there from the Spanifh Main. Thefe plants rife
to a very great height, and fend out many branches,
fo are planted to cover arbours for fhade in the iflands,
from whence it had the appellation of Spanifli Arbour
Vine. The ftalks of this plant are covered with a pur-
ple bark ; they twine about any neighbouring fup-
port, fending out many fide branches, fo that one
plant will cover an arbour of fifty feet long. The
leaves are divided into feven lobes almoft to the bot-
tom ; the flowers come out from the fide of the
ftalks; they are large, funnel-ftiaped, of a bright
yellow colour, and fmell very fweet ; thefe are fuc-
ceeded by large round ifh capfules with three cells,
containing one large feed in each, which are of a
dark colour.
This is a perennial plant, but too tender to thrive in
the open air in England ; the feeds of this muft be
fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the
plants come up, they muft be tranfplanted into fepa-
rate pots, and plunged into a frelh hot-bed ; but as
they will foon grow too tall to ftand under a frame,
they fhould be removed into the bark-ftove, where
they muft be fupported, otherwife they will twine
about all the neighbouring plants. As thefe plants
extend their {hoots to a very great length, they re-
quire a tall ftove, where they may have room to grow,
without which they will never produce any flowers.
I have had thefe plants feveral years, but have only
feen one flower produced from them ; for they grow
fo very large before they begin to have flowers, as that
few of the ftoves in England have height enough for
their growth.
The fixth fort grows naturally in moft of the iflands in
the Weft-Indies ; this hath a twining ftalk, which
rifes ten or twelve feet high, garniftied with leaves
divided into three lobes, which are heart-fhaped ; the
foot-ftalks arife from the fide of the ftalks, each fuf-
taining three purple flowers. This is alfo tender, fo
the plants muft be raifed on a hot-bed in the fpring,
and afterward planted in feparate pots, plunging them
into another, hot-bed, where they may remain till they
reach the glades, when they fhould be removed into
a glafs-cafe where they may have room, and be fcreen-
ed from the cold, but fnould have a large fhare of
free air admitted to them in warm weather ; with this
treatment the plants will flower and produce ripe feeds.
The feventh fort grows naturally in India ; this rifes
with a twining hairy ftalk four or five feet high, gar-
nifhed with hand-ftiaped leaves which are hairy, and
divided at the bottom into feveral lobes ; the flowers
come out in clufters, inclofed in a five-cornered invo-
lucrum ; they are of a purplifh colour, but fmall, and
open only in the evening, fo make no figure. This
is propagated by feeds, and requires the fame treat-
ment as the fixth fort.
The eighth fort grov/s naturally in the Weft-Indies ;
this hath a frnooth twining ftalk which rifes four or
five feet high, garniftied with hand-fhaped leaves
having five lobes, which fit clofe to the ftalks ; the
flowers come out from the fide of the ftalks upon
Abort foot-ftalks, which fuftain two or three purple
flowers ; thefe are fuceeeded by round tricapfular feed-
vefiels ; in each cell there is one brown feed.
This
This fort requires the fame treatment as the two for-
mer, with which it will produce flowers and perfect
its feeds in England.
I R E S I N E. Lin. Gen. 1 1 13. Amaranthus, Sloan. Cat.
Jam. 49.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers on different plants ; the
male flowers have an empalement compofed of two neat
fmall leaves, and five erett, fmall, fpear-Jbaped petals, and
five nett aril fituated between the five erett ftamina, which
are terminated by roundifh fimmits ; the female flowers on
the other plants, have the like empalement and corolla as
the male , with an oval germen but no ftyle , crowned by
two roundifh ftigma ; the empalement, afterward becomes an
oval capfule , incloflng woolly feeds.
This genus is ranged in the fifth order of Linnsus’s
twenty-fecond clals of plants, intitled Dioecia Pen-
tandria, from their having male and female flowers
on different plants, and the male flowers having five
ftamina.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Jresine ( Celofmdes .) Lin.Sp. 1456= Amaranthus panicula
fiavicante gracili holofericea. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 49.
Amar ambus with /lender yellowiflj panicles of filky flowers.
This plant grows naturally in Jamaica, and moft of
the other iflands in the Weft-Indies, from whence I
have received the feeds. It is perennial ; the ftalks
are weak, 10 require fupport ; they rife ten or twelve
feet high, having large knots at each joint, garnifhed
with oval, fpear-fhaped, fmooth leaves. The ftalks
are very diffufed, branching out on every fide •, the
flowers are produced on the top, in flender loofe pa-
nicles, covered with a filky down, of a pale yellow
colour; thefe appear in July and Auguft, and in warm
feafons the feeds will ripen in the autumn.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown upon
a hot-bed in the fpring, and the plants fhould be af-
terward treated in the fame manner as hath been di-
rected for the tender forts of Amaranthus, till they
are grown too tall to remain in the frame, when they
fhould be removed to the bark-ftove, plunging the
pots into the tan-bed, and fupporting the branches of
the plants with a trellis to prevent their falling on
other plants ; in this fltuation they will produce flowers
and feeds the fecond year, but the plants may be con-
tinued three or four years longer.
IRIS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 358. tab. 186, 187, 188.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 57. Flower-de-luce; in French,
Fiambe.
The Characters are.
The flowers are inclofed in fpatha {or floeaths ) which are
permanent ; the flowers are divided into fix parts-, the three
outer petals are oblong, obtufe, and reflexed , the three inner
are erett , and end in acute points ; thefe all join at their
bafe : they have three awl-Jhaped ftamina, which lie upon
the reflexed petals, and are terminated by oblong depreffed
fimmits. Under the flower is fituated an oblong germen,
fupporting a flender ftyle , crowned by a large three-pointed
ftigma ; the germen afterward becomes an oblong angular
capfule with three cells, filled with large feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s third clafs, intitled Triandria Monogynia,
which contains thofe plants whofe flowers have three
ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Iris [Ffeudoacorus ) corollis imberbibus, petalis inte-
rioribus ftigmate minoribus, foliis enflformibus. Hort.
Cliff. Iris with an unbearded flower, the inner petals
/nailer than the ftigma , and flword-fhaped leaves. Iris
paluftris lute a. Tabern. Icon. 643. Fellow Marjh
Flower-de-luce ,
2. Iris ( Squalens ) corollis barbatis, caule foliis longiore
mukifloro. Hort. Cliff. 18. Iris with bearded flowers,
and the ftalks longer than the leaves , having many flowers.
This is the Iris vulgaris Germanica five fylveftris.
C. B. P. 30. Common German, or wild Flower-de-luce.
3. Iris .( Aphylla ) corollis barbatis, fcapo nudo longitu-
dine foliorum. mukifloro. Prod. Leyd. 17. Iris with a
bearded flower, and a naked ft alk the length of the leaves ,
with many flowers. Iris latifolia, caule aphyllo. C. B, P.
32. Broad-leaved Flower-de-luce , whofe ftalks are without
leaves.
4. Iris ( Variegata ) corollis barbatis; caule fubfoliofo
longitudine foliorum mukifloro. 'Prod. Leyd. 17. Iris
with a bearded flower, and a leafy ft alk the length of- the
leaves , with many flowers. Iris latifolia pannonica, co-
lore multiplici. C. B. P. 31. Broad-leaved Hungarian
Flower-de-luce of many colours.
5. Iris ( Sujiana ) corollis barbatis, caule foliis longiore
unifloro. Hort. Cliff. 18. Iris with a bearded flower^
and a ft alk longer than the leaves, having one flower. Iris
Sufiana, fiore maximo ex-albo nigricante. C. B. P. 31.
Flower-de-luce with a very large flower of a black and
white colour, commonly called Chalcedonian Iris.
6 . Iris ( Biflora ) corollis barbatis, caule foliis breviore
trifloro. Hort. Upfal. 17. Iris with a beardej flower,
and a ft alk fhorter than the leaves, with three flowers.
Iris humiiis major, faturate purpurea biflora. Tourn.
Inft. 361 . Greater Dwarf Flower-de-luce of a darkpurpk
colour , and having two flowers on each ftalk.
7. Iris ( Pumila ) corollis barbatis, caule foliis breviore
unifloro. Lin. Sp. Plant. 38. Iris with a bearded flower ,
and a ftalk floor ter than the leaves , with one flower. Iris
humiiis minor, flore purpurea. Tourn. Inft. 361,
Smaller Dwarf Flower-de-luce with a purple flower.
8. Iris ( Germanica ) corollis barbatis, caule foliis longi-
ore mukifloro, floribus inferioribus pedimculads. Lin,
Sp. 55. Iris with a bearded flower, a ftalk longer than
the leaves with many flowers, and the lower flowers on
foot-ftalks. Iris Afiatica caerulea polyanthos. C. B, F,
Blue Aflatic Flower-de-luce with many flowers , called
greater Dalmatian Iris,
9. Iris ( Orientals ) corollis barbatis, germinibus trigonis*
foliis enflformibus longiffimis caule foliis longiore bi-
floro. Pluk. 1 54. Iris with a bearded flower , a three-
cornered germen , very long flword-fhaped leaves, and a,
ftalk longer than the leaves , with two flowers .
10. Iris ( Graminea ) corollis imberbibus, germinibus
fexangularibus, caule ancipiti, foliis linearibus. Hort,
Cliff. 19. Iris with flowers having no beards, a fix-cor-
nered germen, a ftalk having flowers on both Jides , and
narrow leaves. Iris anguftifolia prunum redolens mi-
nor. C. B. P. 33. Smaller narrow-leaved Flower-de-luce
fmelling like Plums.
11. Iris ( Maritima ) corollis imberbibus, caule foliis
breviore trifloro, foliis lineari-enfiformibus. Iris whofe
flowers are not bearded, the ftalk fhorter than the leaves ,
having three flowers, and narrow flword-fhaped leaves.
Iris anguftifolia maritima major. C. B. P. 33. Greater
narrow-leaved maritime Flower-de-luce.
12. Iris ( Anguftifolia ) corollis imberbibus, caule foliis
aequalibus mukifloro, fpatha majoribus ereftis. Iris
whofe flowers have no beards , the ftalks equal in length
with the leaves, having many flowers which are larger
and more erett than the fpatha. Iris anguftifolia, ma-
ritima minor. C. B. P. Smaller narrow-leaved maritime
Flower- de-luce.
13. Iris ( Bicolor ) corollis imberbibus, caule foliis lon-
giore mukifloro, germinibus fexangularibus, foliis li-
nearibus. Iris whofe flowers have no beards, the ftalks
longer than the leaves, with many flowers, a fix-cornered
germen , and very narrow leaves. Iris anguftifolia, bi~
color. C. B. P. 33. 'Narrow-leaved Flower-de-luce with
two colours.
14. His ( Spuria ) corollis imberbibus, germinibus fex-
angularibus, caule tereti, foliis fublinearibus. Hort.
Cliff. 19. Iris whofe flowers have no beards, with a fix-
cornered germen, a taper ftalk, and very narrow leaves.
Iris pratenfis anguftifolia, folio foetido. C. B. P. 32.
Narrow-leaved Meadow Flower-de-luce , with a J. linking
leaf.
15. Iris ( Sativa ) corollis imberbibus, fpatha bifolia*
caule foliofo longitudine foliorum, pedunculis lon-
gioribus. Iris with flowers having no beards, a J heath
containing two leaves , a leafy ftalk the length of the leaves , ,
and longer foot-ftalks to the flowers. Iris fativa lutea.
C. B. P. 32. Fellow Garden Fhiver-de-luce.
16. Iris {Pitta) corollis imberbibus, caule longitudine
foliorum mukifloro, foliis enflformibus. Ids Faith .art
j unbearded flower, a ftalk the length of the leaves, with
many
o
I R l .
many flowers, and fword-jhaped leaves. Iris humilis
minor, flare pifto. Tourn. Inft. 362. Lefler Dwarf
Flower-de-luce with a painted' flower.
17. Iris (Verna) coroliis imberbibus, caule unifloro fo-
liis breviore, radice fibrosa. Flor. Virg. 10. Iris with
cm tinbearded flower , a, ftalk Jhorter than the leaves , with
one flower , and a fibrous root. Iris Virginiana pumila
five chamaeiris verna anguftifolia, flore purpuro-cse-
ruleo odorato. Pluk. Aim. 196. Dwarf Spring Vir-
ginia Flower-de-luce , ' with a narrow leaf j and a purple
blue fweet fmelling flower.
1 8. Iris (Verftcolor) coroliis imberbibus, germinibus fub-
trigonis, caule tereti, foliis enfiformibus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 39. Iris with an unbearded flower , a three-cor-
nered germen, a taper flalk, and fwordfloaped leaves. Iris
Americana verficolor ftylo crenato. Dill. Hort. Ekh.
188. Party-coloured American Flower- de-luce , with a
crenated ftyle.
19. Iris (. Fcetidifflma ) coroliis imberbibus petalis interi-
oribtis patentiffimis, caule uniangulato foliis enfifor-
mibus. Hort. Cliff. 19. Iris with an unbearded flower,
the inner petals fpreading, a flalk with one angle, and flword-
fhaped leaves. Iris fcetidiffima, feu Xyris. Tourn. Inft.
360. Mcfl Jlhiking Flower-de-luce , or Xyris, called Stinking
Gladwyn.
20. Iris \Sibmcd) coroliis imberbibus, germinibus tri-
gonis, caule tereti, foliis linearibus. Lin. Hort. Cliff.
1 9. Iris with an unbearded flower , a three-cornered ger-
men , a taper flalk, and narrow leaves. Iris pratenfis,
anguftifolia non foetida altior. C. B. P. 32. Fatter
narrow-leaved Meadow Flower-de-luce, not Jlinking.
21; Iris ( Fuberofa ) coroliis imberbibus, foliis tetragonis.
Yir. Cliff. 6. Iris with an unbearded flower and four-
cornered leaves. Hermodactylus folio quadrangulo.
Tourn. Cor. po. Hermodadtyle with a four-cornered leaf.
22. Iris (. Florentine. 1) coroliis barhatis, caule foliis altiore
fubbifloro floribus feffilibus. Lin. Sp. 55. Iris with a
bearded corolla , ftalks tatter than the leaves , having two
fejfile flowers. Iris alba Florentina. C. B. P. 31. White
Florentine Iris.
23. Iris ( Sambucina ) coroliis barbatis, caule foliis altiore
multifloro, petalis deflexis plants, erebtis emarginatis.
Lin. Sp. 55. Iris with a bearded corolla, ftalks tatter
than the leaves , having many flowers whofe petals are de-
ftexed, and the upright are indented. Iris latifolia Ger-
manica, fambuci odore. C. B. P. 31.
The firft fort grows naturally in ditches and {landing
waters in moft parts of England ; this is titled in the
Pharmacopeia, Acorus adultermus, cr Pfeudo acorus.
Baftard Accrus. The roots of this are pretty thick,
fiefhy, and fpread every way near the furface of the
ground ; the leaves are lword-fhaped, very long, of
a deep green colour, and not fo (tiff as thofe of the
Garden Iris ; the ftalks rife from two to three feet
high, toward the top of which grow three or four
flowers one above another, which gradually fucceed
each other •, they are fhaped like the ordinary Flower-
de-luce, but the three inner petals are lefs than the
ftigmas, fo they want the three upright petals which
are termed ftandards. Thefe appear in June, and are
fucceeded by large three-cornered capfules, containing
three rows of flat feeds.
This fort is not cultivated in gardens, but being an
officinal plant, it is here mentioned to introduce the
other.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Germany, but has
been long cultivated in the Englifh gardens for or-
nament •, the roots of this are very thick, flefhy, and
divided into joints, fpreading juft under the furface of
the ground ; they are of a brownifh colour on their
outfide, but white within •, the leaves arife in duffers,
embracing each other at their bale, but fpread af tinder
upward in form of wings they are a foot and a
half long, and two inches broad, having (harp edges,
ending in points like fwqrds ; the ftalks between thefe,
which are a little longer than the leaves, having at
each joint one leaf without a foot-ftalk ; thefe diminifh
in their lize upward 5 the ftalks divide into three
branches, each of which produce two or three flowers
one above another at diftances, each inclofed in a
1 R f
(heath; they have three large Violet- colon red petals
which turn backward, and are called falls ; thefe have
beards near an inch long on their midrib toward their
bafe, and have a fhort arched petal which cover the
beard, with three broad erect petals of the fame co-
lour, called ftandards ; the (lamina lie upon the re-
flexed petals. Under each flower is fituated an ob-
long germen, which turns to a large three-cornered
caplule with three cells, filled with large comprefied
feeds. This flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in
Augufl.
There is a variety of this with blue ftandards and
purple falls, which is titled Iris hortenfis latifolia, by
Cafpar Bauhin ; and one with pale purple ftandards,
another with white, and a third with a fmaller flower,
but thefe are accidental varieties which have come
from feeds.
The third fort has broader leaves than the laft, the
ftalks have no leaves upon them, and are equal in length
with the leaves ; they have three or four large bright
purple flowers, which (land above each other, having
purplifh (heaths or hoods ; the three bending petals
or falls are ftriped with white, from the bafe to the
end of the beard ; the flowers are fucceeded by large
blunt triangular capfules with three cells, filled with
comprefied feeds. It flowers the latter end of May,
and the feeds ripen the beginning of Auguft.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Hungary; the
leaves of this are like thofe of the fecond lbrt, but
are of a darker green ; the ftalks rife as tall as the
leaves, and toward the bottom are garnifhed with ope
leaf at each joint, whofe bafe embrace the ftalks ; the
upper part is naked, and branches into three, each
having two or three flowers above one another ; the
three upright petals or ftandards are yellow, and the
bending petals or falls are variegated with purple
(tripes. This flowers in June, but is rarely fucceeded
by feeds in England.
The fifth fort grows naturally near Conftantinople,
and in other parts of the eaft. The leaves of this fort
are not fo broad as thofe of the fecond, and are of a
grayifti colour ; the (talks rife two feet and a half
high, fupporting one very large flower; the three
upright petals are almoft as broad as a hand, but very-
thin, of mixed black and white (tripes; the three
bending petals or falls are of a darker colour, from
whence fome gardeners have called it the Mourning
Iris. This flowers the latter end of May, or the be-
ginning of June, but never has any feeds in England.
The fixth fort hath broad leaves like thofe of the fe-
cond fort, but (horter; the (talks rife nine or ten
inches high, branching into two or three at the top,
each fuftaining two deep purple flowers. This flowers
in May, but is not fucceeded by feeds in England.
The feventh fort hath narrower and (horter leaves
than the former ; the (talks are (horter than the leaves,
and fupport one flower on the top, of a light purple
colour. This flowers the beginning of May, but
rarely produces feeds in this country. There are two
or three varieties of this, which differ in the colour
of their flowers.
The eighth fort hath the larged leaves of any of the
Flower-de-luce, they are of a grayifh colour and
fpread wide, embracing each other at their bafe, where
they are purplifti. The ftalks rife near four feet high,
and divide into feveral branches, each fupporting three
or four flowers above each other at diftances, covered
with a thin (heath ; the three bending petals or falls,
are of a faint purple inclining to blue, with purple
veins running lengthways ; the beard is yellow, and
the three erebt petals or ftandards are of a bright blue,
with fome faint purple ftripes, the flowers have an
agreeable feent. They appear the latter end of June,
but are feldom fucceeded by feeds in England.
The feeds of the ninth fort were brought from Car-
niola, by the Right Rev. Dr. Pocock, Bifnop of
Offory, who found the plants growing there naturally:
thefe v/ere fown in the Cheifea garden, where they
fucceeded very well, and the plants have been fince
communicated to many curious gardens in Eurore.
This plant hath a thick fiefhy root, divided into many
knots or tubers, which ipread and multiply in the
ground •, thefe fend out many ftrong, thick, fiefhy fi-
bres, which ftrike deep in the earth, putting out fe-
veral fmaller fibres from their fides. From thefe roots
arife clu iters of fiat fword-fhaped leaves of a deep
green colour, which are more than three feet Ions,
and little more than one inch broad in the broadeit
part, ending in points 5 thefe leaves are connected to-
gether at their bafe into feveral heads or bundles,
wrapping over each other •, and between thefe arife
the flower-ftalks, which grow four feet high and are
jointed, having very long fpathae or fheaths at each
of the upper joints, which include the flowers. Thefe
Talks generally fuftain two flowers, one coming out
of each fheath or fpatha ; thefe are permanent, and
when the flowers are pad', clofely cover the feed-veffel.
The flowers are divided into nine leaves, three of
thefe Hand erect, which are white, and fix turn down,
which are joined together at their bafe, the lower
ipreading out into a broad, obtufe, reflexed fall,
having a beard which is of a bright yellow colour ; the
upper fegment is arched over the lower, ib as to form
a fort of lip, which is refiexed backward ; under thefe
is fituated an oblong three-cornered germen, which af-
terward becomes an oblong, fwollen, three-cornered
feed-veffel, ending in a long point, which opens into
three longitudinal cells, in which the feeds are ranged;
thefe are angular and comprefifed. This plant flowers
the latter end of June, or the beginning of July, and
the feeds ripen in the autumn. It is very hardy, and
thrives well in the open air without any protection.
The leaves decay to the root in the autumn, and new
ones arife in the fpring. The roots aifo propagate
very faft, when they are in a light moifl foil, lb that
it may foon be had in plenty, without waiting for
plants from feeds.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Auftria ; this hath
narrow, fiat, Grafs-like leaves, about a foot long, of
a light green colour ; between thefe arife the italics
about fix inches high, having two narrow green leaves,
which are much longer than the {talks ; thefe ftalks
fuftain two or three flowers, which are fmaller than
any of the former fpecies ; the petals have no beards,
but have a broad yellow line adorned with purple
ftripes ; the three falls are of a light purple colour
ftriped with blue, and have a convex ridge running
longitudinally, the other are of a reddilh purple va-
riegated with violet; they have a fcent like frefh
Plums. It flowers in July, and is fucceeded by feed-
veflels which are fliort, having three borders or wings
running lengthways, opening in three cells, which are
filled with angular feeds, which ripen in September.
The eleventh fort grows naturally near the fea, in the
fouth of France, and in Italy. This hath narrow
fword-ihaped leaves, little more than a foot long, of
a deep green colour ; the ftalks do not rife fo tall as
the leaves; they fuftain at the top two or three flowers
which Hand near together; they are of a bright
purple colour with very deep falls, and the three
itandards are blue ; the bending petals have no beards,
but inftead of that white broad ftripes through the
middle. This flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
September.
The twelfth fort hath narrower leaves than the former,
but of the fame deep green colour; the ftalks do not
rife higher than the leaves, and fupport two or three
flowers, which have long permanent empalements
Handing* ered, which cover the feed-veffel till the
feeds are ripe ; the flowers are fmaller, and of a paler
colour than thofe of the eleventh fort.
The thirteenth fort has very narrow, long, Grafs-like
leaves, of a light green ; the ftalks rife two feet and
a half high, fuftaining three or four flowers above each
other, which have blue falls, and purple Itandards
ftriped with pale blue lines. This flowers in July,
and the feeds ripen at Michaelmas.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally in Germany ; this
hath leaves like thofe of the eleventh fort, which,
when broken, have a difagreeable fcent; but this is
accidental, and not common to all the plants ; the
ftalks of this are taper, and rife a little above the
leaves, and fuftain three or four flowers one above
another, which have light blue ftandards, and purple
variegated falls without beards; inftead of which, they
have a broad white line in the middle; thefe are fuc-
ceeded by fhort thick capfules, which have ficarco anv
angles, opening in three cells, which are filled 1 with
angular feeds, it flowers in July, and the feeds ripen
in September.
The fifteenth fort has narrower leaves than thofe of
the lecond, of a pale green colour, and not fo ft.iff 5
the ftalks are equal in height with the leaves, and
branch out on both fides with long foot -ftalks, each
fuftaining one pretty large yellow flower, inclofed in
a long two-leaved fheath ; at each joint where the
foot- ftalks come out there is a Angle leaf, which em-
braces the ftalks with their bafe. This flowers in June,
but rarely produces feeds in this country.
There are two varieties of this fort, one with a ful-
phur-coloured, and the other with a variegated flower,
which are fuppofed to be only varieties which have
been accidentally produced from feeds.
The fixteenth fort hath broad fword-fnaped leaves
about eight inches long ; the ftalks rife about the fame
height with the leaves, and divide into two or three
foot-ftalks, each fuftaining two or three flowers one
above another, which have yellow ftandards, and the
falls are variegated with dark ftripes. This flowers
in June, but does not produce feeds here.
The feventeenth fort grows naturally in North Ame-
rica ; this hath tufted fibrous roots, from which arife
many Grafs-like leaves about nine inches long ; from
between thefe come out the ftalks, which are Jborter
than the leaves, fupporting one purple flower with
blue ftandards. This fort flowers in May, but feldom
produces feeds in England.
The eighteenth fort grows alfo in North America ;
this hath narrow {word Tr aped leaves about a foot ,
long, of a light green colour ; the ftalks rife a little
above the leaves, they are taper, and fupport two or
three flowers one above another ; the ftandards are of
a light blue, and the falls are purple variegated, with
a broad white line inftead of a beard through the
middle.. The germen, which is fituated under the
Tower, is three-cornered below, but taper toward the
top. This flowers in June, and often produces feeds
here.
The nineteenth fort grows naturally in moift places
in many parts of England, fo is feldom admitted into
gardens. This hath thick tufted fibrous roots ; the
leaves are of a Grafs-green, fword-ihaped, and when
broken emit a ftrong odour, not much unlike that of
hot roaft beef at the firft fcent, but if fmelt too clofe,
becomes difagreeable. It is generally called flunking
Gladwyn in England ;. the ftalks rife about the fame
height with the leaves, fuppordng two {mall flowers,
of a purple colour, variegated. It flowers in June,
and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The twentieth fort grows naturally in Auftria and
Bohemia; this hath narrow fword-ihaped leaves near
a foot and a half long, of a dark green colour ; the
fiower-ftalks rife above the leaves, and iupport two
or three flowers with light blue ftandards, and deep
blue falls, with a broad ftripe of white, inftead of the
beard. This flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
September.
There are feveral varieties of thefe flag or fwqrd-leaved
Irifes, which chiefly differ in the colour of their flow-
ers, fo are not to be regarded as diftinct fpecies ; thofe
which are here enumerated are fuppofed to be fpe-
cificaily Gifteient, great part of them I have cultivated
by feeds, and found them conftantly produce the fame
as the parent plants. •
All thefe forts are generally propagated by parting
of their roots, which moft of them multiply faft
enough. The beft time to remove and part the roots
is in autumn, that they may get good root before the
fpring, otherwise they will not flower ftrona the fol-
lowing fummer. All thofe forts which fpread much' 1
I S A
I S A
■ at their roots fhould be tranfplanted every other year,
to keep them within bounds, otherwife they will
fpread fo much as to become troublefome, efpecially
if they are planted near other flowers •, indeed, the
large growing kinds are moft of them too fpreading
for the flower-garden, fo are only fit to fill up the
fpaces between trees and fhrubs in large plantations,
where they will have a good effedt during the time of
their flowering.
The fifth, fixth, feventb, tenth, eleventh, fixteenth,
feventeenth and eighteenth forts, grow in lefs com-
pafs, fo may be admitted into the large borders, or in
dumps of flowers in the pleafure-garden, where they
will add to the variety. The fifth fort fhould have a
warmer fituation, being a little tender, but all the
other forts will grow in almoft any foil or fituation ;
thefe may all be propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown fbon after they are ripe, then the plants will
come up the following fpring ■, but if the feeds are
fown in the fpring, they will lie a year in the ground
before they vegetate : when the plants come up they
muff be kept dean from weeds, and the following au-
tumn fhould be tranfplanted into beds at ten inches
or a foot diftance, where they may remain till they
flower, which will be the fecond fummer after trans-
planting ; but as moft of the forts are fo eafily pro-
pagated by their roots, few people care to wait for
feedling plants, unlefs of thofe forts which are fcarce.
The twenty-firft fort grows naturally in the iflands of
the Archipelago •, this hath a tuberous knobbed root,
from which arife five or fix long, narrow, four-cor-
nered leaves, between which arife the ftalk, which
fupports one flower, fhaped like thofe of the Iris, but
fmall, and of a dark purple colour. This flowers in
April, but does not produce feeds in England. It is
propagated by the roots, which fend out offsets •, thefe
may be taken up and tranfplanted when their leaves
decay, but fhould not be kept too long out of the
ground. If thefe are planted in a deep loofe foil, the
roots will run down, and be loft in a few years where
they are not difturbed, fo they fhould be annually
tranfplanted, and have a fhallow foil ; they are hardy
in refpedb to cold, and require no farther care but to
keep them clean from weeds.
The twenty-fecond fort grows naturally in the warm
parts of Europe, but is hardy enough to thrive in the
open air in England ; the leaves of this fort are broad,
of a pale green colour ; the flower-ftalks rife taller
• than the leaves, fupporting one or two white flowers
which fit clofe to the ftalks. The roots of this are
ufed in medicine, and is ufnally called Sweet Iris.
The twenty-third fort hath broad leaves, of a deeper
preen than thofe of the laft fort. The ftalks rife much
above the leaves, each having four or five flowers,
which have a yellow ground, variegated with dark
brown ftripes, and have a fcent like Elder ; the two
forts flower the latter end of May, or beginning of
June.
They are fo hardy as to thrive as well as the fecond
fort in the open air in this country, and may be pro-
pagated by parting of their roots, or by feeds, in the
fame way as is dire&ed for that fort.
IRIS bulbofa. 1 c v
rnron r I- See XlPHIUM.
1 R I S Perfica. j
I S A T I S. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 21 1. tab. 100. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 738. Woad; in French, P aft el.
The Characters are,
’The empalement of the flower is compofed of four oval co-
loured leaves , which fpread open and fall away . The
flower hath four oblong petals, placed in form of a crofs ,
which are narrow at their bafe , but broad and obtufe at
their ends. It hath fix ftamina, four of which are as long
as the petals , the other two are Jhorter ; thefe are ter-
minated by oblong lateral fiummits. It has an oblong com-
prefified germen , the length of the two ftoorter ftamina ,
crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen becomes an ob-
long comprejfed pod with one cell , opening with two valves ,
inciofing one oval comprejfed feed in the center.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth dafs, intitled Tetfl adynamia
Siliquofa, which - includes the plants whofe flowers
have four long and two (barter ftamina, and their feeds
in pods.
The Species are,
1. Isatis ( Tindtoria ) foliis radicalibus oblon go-ovatis
obtufis integerrimis, caulinis fagittatis fiiiculis oblon-
gis. - Wood with oblong , oval, blunt , entire leaves at
bottom , but thofe on the ftalks arrow-pointed , and oblong
pods . Ifatis fativa vel latifolia. C. B. P. 113. Broad-
leaved cultivated Woad .
2. Isatis ( Dalmatica ) foliis radicalibus lanceolatis cre-
natis, caulinis lineari-fagittatis, fiiiculis breVioribus
emarginatis. IVoad with fpear-Jhaped lower leaves which
are ftightly crenated, thofe on the ftalks very narrow and
arrow-pointed, and Jhorter indented pods. Ifatis Dal-
matica major. Bobart. Greater IVoad of Dalmatia.
3. Isatis ( Lufitanica ) foliis radicalibus crenatis, caulinis
fagittatis, pedunculis fubtomentofis. Lin. Sp. 93 d.
Wo ad with crenated lower leaves, thofe on the ftalks hal-
bert-Jhaped , and the foot-fialks of the flowers woolly.
Ifatis fylveftris, minor Lufitanica. H. L. App. Smaller
wild Portugal IVoad.
4. Isatis (TEgyptiaca) foliis omnibus dentatis. Lin. Sp,
937. Woad whofe leaves are all indented.
The firft fort is cultivated in feveral parts of England
for the purpofes of dyeing, this being ufed as a foun-
dation for many of the dark colours.
This is a commodity well worth propagating in all
places where the land is fuitable for it, which muft be
a pretty ftrong foil, but not too moift.
The plant is biennial, in which it differs from the
third and fourth fort, which are annual. The lower
leaves of this are of an oblong oval figure, and pretty
thick confiftence, when growing in a proper foil;
they are narrow at their bafe, but broad above, and
end in obtufe roundifh points, entire on their edges,
and of a lucid green. The ftalks rife near four feet
high, dividing into feveral branches, garnilhed with
arrow-fhaped leaves, fitting clofe to the ftalks ; the
ends of the branches are terminated by fmall yellow
flowers, in very clofe clufters, which are compofed of
four fmall petals, placed in form of a crofs ; thefe are
fucceeded by pods fhaped like a bird’s tongue, half
an inch long, and one eighth of an inch broad, which
when ripe turn black, and open with two valves,
having one cell, in which is fituated a Angle feed. It
flowers in July, and the feeds ripen the beginning of
September.
The third fort has been fuppofed to be the fame fpe-
cies as the firft, only differing by culture ; but I have
propagated both forts more than forty years, and have
not found either of them alter; there, are alfo very
efifential differences between the two plants, particu-
larly in the fhape of the under leaves, which in the
wild fort are narrow and fpear-fnaped, and thofe on
the ftalks are not more than half the breadth of thofe
of the cultivated Woad. The ftalks do not branch
fo much, and the pods are narrower than thofe of the
other fort, nor do the roots abide fo long, for they
generally die the fame year.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Dalmatia; this is
a biennial plant; the lower leaves are fpear-fh aped,
and crenated on their edges, but thofe on the ftalks
are very narrow and arrow-pointed. The ftalks branch
more than thofe of the firft fort, and rife higher. The
flowers are larger, and of a brighter yellow colour.
The feed-veffels are fhorter, and broader at their ends,
which are indented. Thefe plants all flower in July,
and their feeds ripen in September.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Egypt, and is an
annual plant, which is too tender to thrive in the open
air in England, therefore the feeds fhould be fown on
a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants are fit
to remove they muft be tranfplanted on a frefh hot-
bed to bring them forward, but as foon as they have
taken new root, they fhould have a large fhare of
frefh air admitted to them daily, to prevent their being
drawn up weak. In this bed they may remain five or
fix weeks, by which time they will be fit to transplant
into pots,, which fhould be carefully performed, not
to
X
to let the earth fall from their roots ; the pots fiiould
0o, be plunged into a moderate hot-bed, giving the
plants plenty of air at all times when the weather
will permit, and fupporting their ftalks, which will
otherwife trail on the ground •, with this management
the plants will flower in June, and ripen their feeds
in September.
The three . laft forts are not cultivated for ufe, fo
are only preferved in botanic gardens for the fake of
variety *, thefecond and third forts are propagated by
feeds, which ftrould be fown in autumn ; and when
the plants come up, they muft be thinned, leaving
them fix inches apart ; afterward they muft be kept
clean from weeds : the fummer following they will
flower and produce ripe feeds, after which thefe forts
foon decay ; the roots of the firft fort will live another
year. The flrft fort which is propagated for ufe, is fown
upon frefti land which is in good heart, for which the
cultivators of Woad pay a large rent ; they generally
chufe to have their land fituated near great towns,
where there is plenty of drefling, but they never ftay
long on the fame fpot, for the beft ground will not
admit of being fown with Woad more than twice
for if it is oftener repeated, the crop feldom pays the
charges of culture, &c.
Thole who cultivate this commodity, have gangs of
people, who have been bred to this employment, fo
that whole families travel about from place to place,
wherever their principal fixes on land for the purpofe ;
but thefe people go on in one track, juft as their pre-
decefiors taught them ; nor have their principals de-
viated much from the practice of their anceftors, fo
that there is a large field for improvement, if any of
the cultivators of Woad were perfons of genius, and
could be prevailed on to introduce the garden cul-
ture fo far as it may be adapted to this plant ; this I
know from experience, having made numbers of
trials in the culture of this plant, therefore I lhall in-
fert them here for the benefit of thofe who may
have ingenuity enough to ftrike out of the old beaten
track.
As the goodnefs of Woad confifts in the fize and
fatnefs of the leaves, the only method to obtain this,
is by fowing the feed upon ground at a proper feafon,
and allow the plants proper room to grow, as alfo to
keep them clean from weeds ; which, if permitted to
to grow, will rob the plants of their nourifhment.
The method pra&ifed by fome of the moft fldiful
kitchen-gardeners in the culture of Spinach, would
be a great improvement to this plant, for fome of
them have improved the round-leaved Spinach fo
much by culture, as to have the leaves more than fix
times the fize they were formerly •, and their fatnels
has been in the fame proportion, upon the fame land,
which has been effected by thinning of the plants
when young, and keeping the ground conftantly
clean from weeds ; but to return to the culture of
Woad.
After having made choice of a proper fpot of land,
which ihould not be too light and fandy, nor over ftiff
and moift, but rather a gentle hazel loam, whofe
parts will eafily feparate : the next is to plough this up
juft before winter, laying it in narrow high ridges,
that the froft may penetrate through the ridges, to
mellow and foften the clods ; then in the fpring plough
it again croffway, laying it again in narrow ridges •,
after it has lain fome time in this manner, and the
weeds begin to grow, it fnould be well harrowed to
deftroy them this fhould be twice repeated while the
weeds are young, and if there are any roots of large
perennial weeds, they muft be harrowed out, and car-
ried off the ground. In June the ground fiiould be a
third time ploughed, when the furrows fhould be nar-
row, and the ground ftirred as deep as the plough will
go, that the parts may be as well feparated as poflible ;
and when the weeds appear again, the ground fiiould
be well harrowed to deftroy them. Toward the end
of July, or the beginning of Auguft, it fhould be
ploughed the laft time, when the land fiiould be laid
liiiooth, and when there is a profpedt of ihowers, the
I S A
ground muft be harrowed to receive the feeds, which
fhould be fown either in rows with the drill plough/
or in brcad-caft, after the common method -, but it will
be proper to fteep the feeds one night in water before
they are fown, which will prepare them for vegetation :
if the feeds are fown in drills with a plough, they will
be covered by an inftrument fixed to the plough for
that purpofe ; but thofe which are fown broad-caft in
the common way, muft be well harrowed in. If the
feeds are good and the feafon favourable, the plants
will appear in a fortnight, and in a month or five
weeks after will be fit to hoe ; for the fooner this is
performed when the plants are diftinguifhable, the
better they will thrive, and the weeds being then
young, will be foon deftroyed. The method of hoe-
ing thefe plants is the fame as for Turneps, with this
difference only, that thefe plants need not be thinned
fo much ; for at the firft hoeing, if they are feparated
to the diftance of three or four inches, and at the laft
to fix inches, it will be fpace enough for the growth
of the plants ; if this is carefully performed, and in
dry weather, moft of the weeds will be deftroyed :
but as fome of them may efcape in this operation,
and young weeds will arife, fo the ground fhould be
a fecond time hoed in October, always chufing a dry
time for this work ; at this fecond operation, the plants
fhould be Tingled out to the diftance they are to re-
main. After this the ground will be clean from weeds
till the fpring, when young weeds will come up, there-
fore about a fortnight in April will be a good time
to hoe the ground again, when the weeds will be
young, fo may be performed in lefs than half the
time it would require if the weeds were permitted to
grow large, and the fun and wind will much fooner
kill them this hoeing will alfo ftir the furface of the
ground, and greatly promote the growth of the
plants $ if it is performed in dry weather, the ground
will be clean till the firft crop of Woad is gathered,
after which it muft be again well cleaned •, if this
is carefully repeated, after the gathering of each
crop, the land will always lie clean, and the plants
will thrive the better. The expence of the firft hoe-
ing will be about fix {killings per acre ; and for the
after-hoeingshalf that price will be fufficient, provided
they are performed when the weeds are young ; for if
they are buffered to grow large, it will require more
labour, nor can it be fo well performed •, therefore it
is not only the beft hufbandry to do this work foon,
but it will be found the cheapeft method ; for the fame
number of men will hoe a fiekftof ten acres three times,
when it is performed while the weeds are young, as
is required to hoe it twice only, becaufe the weeds
have longer time to grow between the operations.
If the land in which the feed is fown, fhould have
been in culture before for ether crops, fo not in good
heart, it will require drefling before it is fov/n, in
which cafe rotten liable dung is preferable to any
other ; but this fhould not be laid on till the laft
ploughing before the feeds are fown, and not fpread
but as the land is ploughed, that the fun may not
exhale the goodneis of it, which in fummer is foon
loft, when fpread on the ground. The quantity
fhould not be lefs than twenty loads to each acre,
which will keep the ground in heart till the crop of
Woad is fpent.
The time for gathering the crop is according to the
feafon, but it Ihould be performed as foon as the
leaves are fully grown, while they are perfectly green ,
for when they begin to change pale, great part of
their goodneis is over ; for the quantity will be lels,
and the quality greatly diminilhed.
If the land is good, and the crop well hufbanded, it
will produce three or four gatherings, but the two
firft are the beft •<, thefe are commonly mixed together
in the manufacturing of it, but the after-crops are al-
ways kept feparate 5 for if thefe are mixed with the
other, the whole will be of little value. The two
firft crops will fell from twenty-five to thirty pounds
a ton ; but the latter will not bring ipore than
feven or eight pounds, and fometimes not fo much.
4 An
An acre of land will produce a ton of Woad, and in
good feafons near a ton and a half.
"When the, planters intend to fave the feeds, they cut
three crops of the leaves, and then let the plants Hand
till the next year for feed ; but if only one crop is cut,
and that only of the outer leaves, letting all the mid-
dle leaves ftand to nourifh the ftalks, the plants will
grow ftronger, and produce a much greater quantity
of feeds.
Thefe feeds are often kept two years, but it is al-
ways bell to fow new feeds when they can be obtained.
The feeds ripen in Auguft • when the pods turn to a
dark colour, the feeds fhould be gathered ; it is beft
done by reaping the ftalks in the fame manner as
Wheat, fp reading the ftalks in rows upon the ground,
and in four or five days the feeds will be fit to threfli
out, provided the weather is dry ; for if it lies long,
the pods will open and let out the feeds.
There are fame of the Woad planters who feed down
the leaves in winter with flieep, which is a very bad
method ; for all plants which are to remain for a fu-
ture crop, Ihould never be eaten by cattle, for that
greatly weakens the plants ; therefore thofe who eat
down their Wheat in winter with flieep are equally
blameable.
ISOPYRUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 621. Helleborus.
Amman.
The Characters are.
The flower has no empalement. It hath five equal oval pe-
tals, which fall off, and five fioort tububulous nediarn,
fituated within the petals, divided at their brim into
three lobes, . the middle one being the largefi. It hath a
great number of jhort hairy ftamina , terminated by Jingle
fiummits , apd fever at oval germen , with fmgle ftyles of
the fame length , crowned by an obtufe fiigma the length of
the ftamina. The germen afterward become fo many re-
curved cap files with one cell , filled with fnrall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh feftion
of Linn^us’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Po-
lygynia, which includes thole plants whofe flowers
have many ftamina and ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Isopyrum ( Fumaroides ) ftipulis fubulatis, petalis acu-
tis. Hort. Qpfal. 157. Ifopyrum with awl-Jhaped fti-
pulw, and acute petals. Helleborus fumarias foliis.
Amman. Ruth. 57. tab. 12. Hellebore with Fumitory
leaves.
2. Isopyrum [Thalidlr oides) ftipulis ovatis, petalis o’b-
tufis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 557. Ifopyrum with oval ftipuR,
and obtufe petals. Ranunculus nemoroflus, thaliftri fo-
lio. C. B. P. 178. Wood Crowsfoot with a Meadow
Rue leaf.
3. Isopyrum ( Aquilegioides ) ftipulis obfoletis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 557. Ifopyrum With cbfolete Jiipule. Aquilegia
montana, flore parvo, thaliftri folio.' C B. P. 144.
Mountain Columbine with a fmall flower , and Meadow
Rue Leaf ’.
The firft fort grows naturally in Siberia, from whence
the feeds were lent to the Imperial garden at Peterf-
burgh, and the late Dr. Amman, profeffor of botany
there, fent me part of the feeds ; this is an annual
plant, which feldom rifes more than three or four
inches high. The leaves are Ihaped like thofe of
Fumitory ; they are fmall, and of a gray colour. The
stalk is naked to the top, where there is a circle of
leaves juft under the flowers. The flowers are fmall,
of an herbaceous colour on their outfide, but yellow
within, having five acute petals, and as many honey
glands, with a great number of ftamina which are
fhorter than the petals, and feveral reflexed moon-
fhaped germen, having fo many Angle ftyles, crowned
by obtufe ftigraas. The flowers are fucceeded by many
recurved feed-veffels with one cell, filled with fmall
ftiining black feeds. It flowers the beginning of
April, and the feeds ripen in May, then the plants
decay.
The feeds of this plant fhould be fown in a fliady
border foon after they are ripe, for when they are
kept long out of the ground, they feldom grow the
firft year ; therefore when the feeds are permitted to
fcatter, they fucceed better than thofe which are fown,
and the plants will require no other care but to keep
thern clean, from weeds ; as there is no 'great beauty
m this plant, fo a fmall patch, or two of them in any
fhady part of the garden, by way of variety A will be
fufficient.
The fecond and third forts were fent me from Verona,
near which place they grow naturally. The fecond
fort hath leaves very like thofe of the fmalleft Mea-
dovv Rue. j he ftalks rife four or five indies: high, (Im-
porting a few fmall white flowers, - with obtufe petals,,
containing many fmall, feeds. It flowers tfie latter
end ot March, and the feeds ripen In . May,
The third fort hath leaves like
the fecond
. - - — — , ~ 4t a little
larger, and of a greener colour. The ftalks, rife about
fix inches high, fupporting two or three fmall '.white
flowers, fhaped like thofe of the fecond fort ; thefe
are fucceeded by 'recurved feed-veffels, filled with
fmall feeds. It flowers in April, and the feeds ripen
in June.
Both thefe plants delight in a moift fh-ady fkuation
they are propagated by feeds in the fame way as. the
firft fort, but thefe will live, two or three years.
ISORA. See Helicteres.
I T E A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 243. Fior. Virg. 143. Di-
conangia. Mitch. Gen. 5.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is final ! , permanent , and
crept , ending in five acute points. The flower has five
petals, which are inferted in the empalement. . It hath
five awl-flhaped ftamina inferted in the empalement , which
are as long as the petals, terminated by round iff fiummits ,
and an oval germen fupporting a cylindrical ftyle , which is
permanent , , crowned by an obtufe fiigma. The germen
afterward becomes a long oval cap fide , with the ftyle -at
the top , having one cell filled with fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’S fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have’ five
ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Itea ( Virginica .) Flor. Virg. 143. Wt have no English
title for this plant,
This fhrub grows in moift foils in feveral parts of
North America, where it rifes to the height of fix or
feven feet, fending out many branches from the
ground upward, garnifbed with fpear-Oiaped leaves
placed alternately, (lightly fawed on their edges,
which are reflexed, veined, and of a light green. At
the extremity of the fame year’s (hoots, in the month
of July, are produced fine (pikes of white flowers,
three or four inches long, erect • and v/hen thefe fltrubs
are in vigour, they will be entirely covered .with thefe
fpikes of flowers, fo that they make a fine appearance
at their feafon of flowering.
This fhrub is now pretty-common in England ; but
the garden where I have Teen it in the greateft
vigour, is that of his late Grace the Duke of ArgyJe,
at Whitton, near Hounflow, where the foil agrees fo
well with this plant, that it thrives and .flowers there
as well as in its native country.
This fhrub will live in the open air in England, the
cold never injuring it, but it will npt thrive upon dry
gravelly ground, being very apt to die in fetch places
in the feimmer feafon. It is propagated by layers,
which, if laid down in the autumn, will put out roots
fo as to be fit to remove by the following autumn;
v/hen they may be tranfplanted into. a nirriery, or to
the place where they are to remain. This fhrub
flowers at a feafon when there are few others in beauty.
fo it is the more valuable on that acount.
IV A. Lin. Gen. 1059. Tarconanthus. Vail. Aft. Par.
I 7 I 9-
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers in the fame plant ; the
flowers have a roundijh permanent empalement , including
feveral florets, which are convex ; the male flowers have
one petal, which is funnel- ficape a , and indented in five
parts at the brim •, thefe are fituated in the clijk ; they have
five brijlly ftamina, terminated by ere 8 - fiimmis, approach-
jug
ing each other the female half florets have neither petal
or Jlamina •, they have an oblong germen fupporting two
hair-like flyles , crowned with acute fligmas. 'The im-
palement afterward becomes the capfule , including one naked
feed .
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fecnon of
Linnaeus's twenty-firft clafs, intitled Moncecia Pen-
tandria, from the plants having male and female flo-
rets, and the male florets having five ftamina.
The Species are;
1. Iva {Annua) foliis lanceolato-ovatis, caule herbaceo.
Hort. Upfal. 285. Ivy with oval fpear-Jhaped leaves
and an herbaceous flalk. .Tarconanthus foliis cordatis
ferratis trinervis. Prod. Leyd. 538.
2 . Iva {Frutef certs) foliis lanceolatis, caule fruticofo.
Amcen. Acad. 3. p. 25. Iva with fpear-Jhaped leaves
and a Jhrubby flalk. Agerato affinis, PerUviana fru-
tefcens. Pluk. Alrri. ii.
The firft fort grows naturally in many parts of the
Weft-Indies ; it is an annual plant, with an her-
baceous ftalk, which rifes from two to three feet
high, fending out feveral branches from the fides,
which are garnifhed with Oval fpear-fhaped leaves,
having three deep longitudinal veins, and are fawed
on their edges 5 the ftalks arid branches are terrhi-
nated by fmall clufters of pale blue flowers, which
appear in July, and are fucceeded by feeds which ri-
pen in the autumn.
This is propagated by feeds, which fliduld be fowri in
the fpring upon a moderate hot-foed : and wheri the
plants are fit to remove, they ftiould be tranfplanted
bn another hot-bed to bring them forward, treating
them in the fame way as is dire&ed for Impatiens,
with which management the plants will fibber and
perfeft their feeds.
The fecorid fort has been long an inhabitant of the
Englifh gardens, where it has been known by the ti-
tle of Jefuits Bark-tree. It hath {lender ligneous
branches which rife eight or ten feet high, garnilhed
with fpear-fhaped fawed leaves ; the branches (in
warm feafons) are terminated by fmall clufters of
flowers, of a pale purple colour, which appear the
latter end of Auguft, but are* not fucceeded by feeds
in England. .
This fhrub was fome years paft pfeferved in green-
houfes, being fuppofed too tender to live through the
winter in the open air ; but late trials have m&de it
appear, that the ordinary winters in England feldom
hurt it, provided it is planted in a dry foil and a fhel-
tered fituation. It is propagated in the nUrfery-gar-
dens about London for fale, and if the branches are
layed into the ground in the fpring, they will put out
roots in fix months \ or if cuttings are planted iri a
fiiady border iri May, they will take root.
JUDAICA ARBOR. See Cercis.
JUGLANS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 950; Nux. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 581. tab. 346. Walnut j in French* Noi-
fetier.
The Characters are,
It hath rria'le and female flowers at feparate diJlanceS on
the fame tree. The male flowers are difpofed in an oblong
rope , or katkin , which is cylindrical and imbricated , with
Jpaces between the fcales each fcale has one flower , with
one petal fixed in the outer center , toward the outflde of
the fcale. The petal is divided into fix equal parts ; in the
center is fituated many Jho'rt ftamina, terminated by erebl
acute fummits. The female flowers grow in fmall clufters ,
fitting clofe to the branches * ihefe have a floor t, erect, four-
pointed empalement , fitting on the germen , and an acute
eredt petal , divided into four parts. Under the empale-
ment Jits a large oval germen, fupporting two Jhort flyles,
crowned by large reflexed fligmas. The germen afterward
becomes a large oval dry berry, with one cell, inclofing a
large oval nut with netted furrows, whofe kernel hath
four lobes, which are varioufly furrowed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth fefbion
of Linnseus’s twenty-firft clafs, intitled Moncecia Po-
lyandria, including thofe plants which have male and
female flowers on the fame plant, and the male flowers
have many ftamina.
JUG
; The Species dre,
1. Juglans ( Pwgia ) foliolis oval 1 bus glabris fubferraq
tis fubsequalibus. Hort.. Cliff. 449. Walnut with oval
fmall leaves or lobes, which arefmooth, fawed, and equal
Nux juglans five Regia vulgaris. C. B. P„, 417,, Com-
mon Walnut. , - . . ,
2. Juglans {Nigra) foliolis quindenis lanceolatis fetria*
tis, exterioribus minoribus gemmulis. fuper axillari-
bus. Lin. Sp. 1415. Walnut-tree with fpear-floaped
lobes which are Jharply fawed, the middle being the
largeft . Nux juglans Yirginiana nigra. H. L. 452.
Black Virginia Walnut . .
3. Juglans {OUonga) foliolis cordato-lariceolatis I;n-
ferne nervoiis, pediculis foliorum pubefcentibus.
Walnut with heart fpear-Jhaped lobes , having many veins
on their under fide , and downy foot-ftalks to the leaves 4
Juglans nigra, fruftu oblongo profundiffime infculptO;
Cat. Hort. Chelf. Black Virginia Walnut , with an oblong
fruit very deeply furrowed. - .
4. Juglans {Alba) foliolis lanceolatis ferratis, exterio-
ribus latioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 997. Walnut with
fpear-Jhaped fawed lobes, the outer being the broad eft,,
Nux juglans alba Yirginienfis. Park. Theat, 1414,
White Virginia Walnut called Hickery Nut.
5. Juglans {Glabra) foliolis cuneiformibus ferratis, ex-
terioribus majoribus. Walnut With wedge-Jhaped lobes
which are fawed , the outer being the largeft. Juglans
alba fruftu minori cortice glabra. Clayt. Flor, Virg,
• White Walnut with a f mailer fruit, and a fmooth bark.
6 . Juglans {Ovata) foliolis lanceolatis ferratis glabris
fubtequalibus. Walnut with ‘fmooth, fpear-Jhaped, Jawed
lobes, which are equal. Juglans alba frudtu ovato
compreflb, nucleo dulce, cortice fquamofo. Clayt.
Flor. Virg. White Walnut with an oval comprejfed fruit „
a fwee't kernel, and a fcaly bark, commonly called Shag-
bark in America .
There ate feveral varieties of the common Walnut,
which are diftingUifhed by the followihg titles : the
large Walnut, the thin fhelled Walnut, the French
Walnut, the late ripe Walnut, and the double Wal-
nut 5 but thefe do all of them vary when raifed by
the feed; fo that the nuts from the fame tree will pro-
duce plarits whofe fruit will differ • therefore there
can be no dependence upon the trees which are raifed
’from nuts, till they have produced fruit-, fo that
thofe perfons who plant the trees for their fruit,
fhould make choice of them in the nurferies when
they have their fruit upon them, otherwife they
may be deceived, by having fuch as they would not
fchufe.
The fecond fort is commonly called Black Virginia
Walnut i this grows to a large fizein North America.
The leaves of this fort are compofed of five or fix
pair of fpear-fhaped lobes, which end in acute points,,
and are fawed on their edges ; the lower pair of lobes
are the leaft, the other gradually increafe in their fize
to the top, where the pair at the top* and the fmgle
lobe which terminates the leaf, are fmaller ; thefe
leaves, when bruifed, emit a ftrong aromatic flavour,
as do alfo the outer cover of the nuts, which are
rough, arid rounder than thofe of the common Wal-
nut. The fhell of the nut is very hard and thick, and
the kernel fmall, but very fweet.
The third fort grows naturally in North America,
where the trees grow to a large fize. The leaves of
this fort are compofed of feven or eight pair of long
heart-fhaped lobes* broad at their bafe, where they
are divided into two round ears, but terminate in acute
points * they are rougher, and of a deeper green than
thofe of the fecond fort, and have nothing of the aro-
matic feent which they have. The fruit is very long.
The fhell is deeply furrowed, arid \s very hard. The
kernel is fmall, but well flavoured.
The fourth fort is very common in moft parts of
North America, where it is called Hickery Nut. The
leaves of this fort are compofed of tv/o or three pair
of oblong lobes, terminated by an odd one * thefe are
of a light green, and fawed on their edges / the lower
pair of lobes are the fmalleft, .and the upper the
largeft. The fruit is ihaped like the common Wal-
7 & nut j
J U G
nut •, but the lliell is not furrowed, and is of a light
colour.
The .fifth fort is not fo large as the fourth. The
leaves are composed of two pair of lobes, terminated
by, an odd .one , thefe are narrow at their bafe, but
broad and rounded at their ends , they are fawed on
their edges, and are of a light green. The nuts are
fmall, have , a fmooth fhell, and are very hard and
white.
The fixth fort grows naturally in North America,
where it rifes to a middling ftature. The leaves of
this fort are compofed of three pair of fmooth fp'ear-
fhaped lobes, of a dark green colour, fawed oh their
edges, and ending in acute points. The fruit is oval,
the fhell white, hard, and fmooth ; the kernel fmall,
but very fweet. The young fhoots of the tree are
covered with a very fmooth brownifh bark, but the
Items and older branches have a rough fcaly bark,
from whence it had the appellation of Shagbark, in
America,
The common Walnut is propagated in many parts of
England for the fruit, and formerly the trees were
propagated for their wood, which was in very great
efteem, till the quantity of Mahogany, and other
ufeful woods which have been of late years imported
into England, have alm'oft baniihed the ufe of
Walnut.
Thefe trees are propagated by planting their nuts,
which, as was before obferved, feldom produce the
fame fort of fruit as are fown •, fo that the only way
. to have the defired fort, is to fow the nuts of the
beft kinds ; and if this is done in a nurfery, the
trees fhould be tranfplanted out when they have had
three or four years growth, to the place where they
are defigned to remain ; for thefe trees do not bear
tranfplanting when they are of a large fize, therefore
there may be a good number of the trees planted,
which need not be put at more than fix feet apart,
which will be diftance enough for them to grow till
they produce fruit ; when thofe whofe fruit are of
the defired kind may remain, and the others cut up,
to allow them room to grow •, by this method a fuf-
ficient number of the trees may be generally found
among them to remain, which will thrive and fiourifh
greatly when they have room ; but as many people
do not care to wait fo long for the fruit, fo the next
beft method is to make choice of fome young trees
in the nurferies, when they have their fruit upon them;
but though thefe trees will grow and bear fruit, yet
they will never be fo large or fo long lived, as thofe
which are planted young.
All the forts of Walnuts which are propagated for
timber, fhould be fown in the places where they are
to remain for the roots of thefe trees always incline
downward, which being flopped or broken, prevent
their afpiring upward, fo that they afterwards divari-
cate into branches, and become low fpreading trees •,
but fuch 'as are propagated for fruit, are greatly
mended by tranfplanting ; for hereby they are ren-
dered more fruitful, and their fruit are generally
larger and fairer ; it being a common obfervation,
that downright roots greatly encourage the luxuriant
growth of timber in all forts of trees but fuch trees
as have their roots fpreading near the furface of the
ground, are always the moft fruitful and beft fla-
voured.
The nuts fhould be preferved In their outer covers
in dry fand until February, when they fhould be plant-
ed in lines, at the diftance you intend them to re-
main i but in the rows they may be placed pretty
dole, for fear the nqts fhould mifcarry ; and the
young trees, where they are too thick, may be re-
moved, after they have grown two or three years,
leaving the remainder at the diftance they are to
ftand.
In tranfplanting thefe trees, you fhould ob-
, ferve never to'" prune either their roots or large
branches, both which are very injurious to them ;
nor. fhould you be too bufy in lopping or pruning
the branches -of thefe trees w hen grown to a large
JUG
fize, for it often caufes -them to decay ;, but when
there is a neceftky for cutting any of their branches
off, it fhould be done early in September (for at that
feafon the trees are not fo fubjedt to bleed) that the
wound may heal over before the cold inereafes ; the
branches fhould always be e'ut-. off quite daft, to the
trunk, othefiwife the flump which is. left will decay,
and rot the body of the tree.
The beft feafon for tranfplanting thefe trees is as
foon as the leaves begin to decay, at which time if
they are carefully taken up, and their branches pre-
ferved ‘entire, there will 'be little danger of their iuc-
ceeding, although they are eight or ten years old, as
I have feveral times experienced ; though, as was be-
fore obferved, thefe trees will not grow fo large, or
continue fo long, as thofe which are removed young.
This tree delights in a firm, rich, loamy foil, or fuch
as is inclinable to chalk or marl ; and will thrive
very well in flony ground, and on chalky hills, as
may be feen by thofe large plantations near Leather-
head, Godftone, and Carfhakon in Surry, where are
great numbers of thefe trees planted upon the downs,
which annually produce large quantities of fruit, to
the great advantage of their owners ; one of which
I have been told, farms the fruit of his trees, to thofe
who fupply the markets, for 30 1. per annum.
The diftance thefe trees fhould be placed, ought not
to be lefs than forty feet, efpecially if regard be had
to their fruit ; though when they are only defigned
for timber, if they ftand much nearer, it promotes
their upright growth. The black Virginia Walnut
is much more inclinable to grow upright than the
common fort, and the wood being generally of a
more beautiful grain, renders it preferable to that,
and better worth cultivating. I have feen fome of
this wood which hath been beautifully veined with
black and white, which, when polifhed, has appeared
at a diftance, like veined marble. This wood is
greatly efteemed by the cabinet-makers for inlaying,
as alfo for bedfteads, ftools, tables, and cabinets ; and
is one of the moft durable woods for thofe ptirpofes
of Englifh growth, being lefs liable to be infefled
with infefls than moft other kinds (which may pro-
ceed from its extraordinary bitternefs ft but it is not
proper for buildings of ftrength, it being of a brittle
nature, and exceeding fubjeft to break very fhort,
though it commonly gives notice thereof, by its crack-
ing fome time before it breaks.
The general opinion is, that the beating of this fruit
improves the trees, which I do not believe, fince in the
doing of this, the younger branches are generally
broken and deftroyed ; but as it would be exceeding
troublefome to gather it by hand, fo in beating it off,
great care fhould be taken that it be not done with
violence, for the reafon before affigned. In order
to preferve the fruit, it fhould remain upon the trees
till it is thorough ripe, when it fhould be beaten,
down, and laid in heaps for two or three days ; af-
ter which they fhould be fpread abroad, when, in a
little time, their hulks will eafily part from the
fhells-, then you muft dry them well in the fun,
and lay them up in a dry place, where mice or other
vermin cannot come to them, in which place they
will remain good for four or five months ; but there
are fome perfons who put their Walnuts into an
oven gentry heated, where they let them remain
four or five hours to dry, and then put them up
In oil jars, or any other clofe veffel, mixing them
with dry fand, by which method they will keep good
fix months. The putting of them in the oven is to
dry the germ, and prevent their fprouting •, but if
the oven be too hot it will caufe them to fhrink, there-
fore great care muft be had to that.
All the other forts are propagated in the fame way,
but as few of the forts produce fruit in England, fo
their nuts muft be procured from North America ;
which fhould be gathered when fully ripe, and put up
in dry fand, to preferve them in their p adage to Eng-
land : when they arrive here, the fooner they are
planted the greater chance there will be of their foe-
feeding ;
J u N
ceeding ; when the plants come up, they fhould be
kept clean from weeds j and if they flioot late in the
autumn, and their tops are full of fap, they fhould
be covered with mats, or fome other light covering,
to prevent the early frofts from pinching their tender
fhoots, which often caufes them to die down a con-
iiderable length before the fpring •, but if they are
fcreened from thefe early frofts, the fhoots will be-
come firmer and better able to refill the cold. Some
of thefe forts are tender while young, fo require
a little care for the two firft winters, but afterward
will be hardy enough to refill the greatell cold of this
country.
The black Virginia Walnut is full as hardy as the
common fort : there are fome large trees of this kind
in the Chelfea garden, which have produced great
quantities of fruit upward of forty years •, the nuts
have generally ripened fo well there as to grow, but
their kernels are fmall, fo are of little value.
The trees all require the fame culture as the com-
mon Walnut, but they grow bell in a foft loamy foil
not too dry, and where there is a depth of foil for
their roots to run down. The Hickery, when young,
is very tough and pliable, fo the flicks of it are much
efteemed ; but the wood when grown large is very
brittle, fo not of any great ufe. The black Virginia
Walnut is the moll valuable wood of all the forts ;
fome of the trees are beautifully veined, and will take
a good polifh, but others have very little beauty,
which is the cafe of many other forts of wood.
JUJUBE. See Ziziphus.
JULIANS, or R O C K E T S. See Hesperis.
JULY FLOWER. See Dianthus.
J UNCUS. Tourn. Xnft. R. H. 246. tab. 127. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 3 96. Rufh ; in French, Jonc.
The Characters are,
It hath a chaff opening with two valves, an empalement
with fix oblong pointed little leaves which are perma-
nent •, the flower hath no petals , but the coloured em-
palement is by fome taken for petals. It hath fix ffort
hairy ftamina , terminated by oblong erelt fummits , and a
three-cornered pointed germen , with a Jhort fender ftyle ,
crowned by three long , hairy , fender fiigrnas , which are re-
flexed. The germen afterward becomes a clofe three-cor-
nered capjule with one cell , opening with three valves , in-
clofing roundijh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl fedtion of
Linnaeus’s flxth clafs, intitled Hexandria Monogynia,
■which contains the plants whofe flowers have fix {la-
mina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
j, Juncus (. Acutus ) culmo fubnudo tereti mucronato,
panicula terminali, involucro diphyllo fpinofo. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 325. Rufh with a naked , taper, pointed folk,
terminated by a panicle, and a prickly two-leaved involu-
crum. Jhncus acutus, capitulis forghi. C. B. P. 11.
Prickly large Sea Rufh.
2. Juncus ( Filiformis ) culmo nudo, apice membrana-
ceo incurvo, panicula laterali. Lin. Sp. Plant. 326.
Rufh with a naked fialk, an incurved membranacous
apex , and a lateral panicle. Juncus acutus, panicula
fparfa. C. B. P. Common hard Ruff.
3. Juncus ( Effufus ) culmo nudo ftri£lo, panicula late-
rali. Flor. Leyd. 44. Ruff with a naked clofe fialk, and
a lateral panicle. Juncus kevis, panicula fparsa, major.
C. B. P. Larger common foft Ruff, with a fpreading
panicle.
4. Juncus ( Conglomerates ) culmo nudo flridto, capitulo
laterali. Prod. Leyd. 44. Ruff with a clofe naked
fialk and lateral heads. Juncus lasvis, panicula non
fparsa. C. B. P. Soft Ruff with a more compact panicle.
There are many other fpecies of this genus, fome of
which grow naturally in England, and are very trou-
biefome weeds in many places, fo are not worthy of
being enumerated here •, and thofe which are here
mentioned, is only to point out a method of deflroy-
ing them.
The firft and fecond forts grow on the fea-- (hares,
where they are frequently watered by the fait water.
Thefe two forts are planted with great oare on the.
_ J u N
banks of the fea in Holland-, in order to prevent the
water from waffling away the earth ; ' which ' being
very loofe, would be in danger of removing every
tide, if it were not for the roots of thefe Ruffles, which
fallen themfeives very deep in the ground, and mat
themfelves near the furface, fo as to hold- the earth
clofely together. Therefore, whenever the roots of
thefe Rufhes aredeftroyed, the inhabitants immediately
repair them to prevent farther damage. In the furn-
mer time, when the Rulhes are fully grown, the in-
habitants cut them, and tie them up into bundles,
which are dried, and afterward carried into the lar-
ger towns and cities, where they are wrought into
bafkets, and feveral other ufeful things, which are
frequently fent into England. Thefe forts do not
grow fo ftrong in England, as they do on the Maefe,
and fome other places in Holland, where I have feen
them upw r ard of four feet high.
The third and fourth forts grow on moift, ftrong, un-
cultivated lands in moll parts of England, and con-
fume the herbage where they are fullered to remain.
The bell method of deftroying thefe Rufhes is, to
fork them up clean by the roots in July, and after
having let them lie a fortnight or three weeks to dry,
to lay them in heaps, and burn them gently ^ and the
allies which thefe afford, will be good manure for
the land ; but in order to prevent their growing again,
and to make the paflure good, the land ihould be
drained, otherwife there will be no deftroying thefe
Rufhes entirely ; but after it is well drained, if the
roots are annually drawn up, and the ground kept
duly rolled, they may be fubdued.
JUNIPER U S. Tourn. Ml. R. H. 588. tab. 36 r.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 1005. Juniper , in French, Genevrier .
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers in different plants , and
fometimes at feparate difiances on the fame plant. The
male flowers grow on a conical katkin •, the flowers are
placed by threes , two of them faflened along the common-
tail oppofite , terminated by a fingle one the feales are
broad, ffort, lying over each other, and fixed to the co-
lumn by a very ffort foot -fialk. The flower has no petal ,
but three ftamina in the male flower which are joined in
one body below, having three diftinH Jummits , adhering
to the feales of the lateral flowers. The female flowers
have a fmall three-pointed empalement fitting upon the
germen, which is permanent they have three ftiff, acute ,
permanent petals \ the germen fitting below the empalement ,
fupports three Jingle ftyle s, crowned by fligmas. The ger-
men afterward becomes a roundijh berry , inclofing three
ftony feeds, which are oblong and angular on one fide, but
/ convex on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the twelfth fedtion of
Linngeus’s twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dioecia Mo-
nodelphia, which includes thofe plants which have
male and female flowers in different plants, whofe fta-
mina are joined in one body.
The Species are,
1. Juniperus ( Communis ) foliis ternis patentibus mu-
cronatis bacca longioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1040. Ju-
niper with fpreading fharp-pointed leaves placed by threes.
Juniperis vulgaris fruticofa. C. B. P. 488. The com-
mon Engliflo Juniper.
2. Juniperis ( Suecia ) foliis ternis patentibus, acutiori-
bus, ramis eredlioribus, bacca longioribus. Juniper
with longer and more acute-pointed leaves placed by threes ,
erelt branches , and longer berries. Juniperis vulgaris
arbor. C. B. P. 488. The Tree , or Swediff Juniper.
3. Juniperus (JVirginiana ) foliis ternis omnibus paten-
tibus. Juniper with leaves placed by threes , which are all
of them fpreading. Juniperus Virginiana. H. L. Fo-
lio ubique juniperino. Boerh. I rid. Cedar of Virginia - ,
or red Cedar.
4. Juniperus ( CaroUnianq ) foliis ternis bafi adnatis, ju~
nioribus imbricatis, fenioribus patulis. Hort. Cliff.
464. Juniper with leaves placed by threes adhering at
their bafe, the young ones lying over each other, and the
old ones fpreading. Juniperus Virginiana, foliis infe-
rioribus juniperinis, fuperioribus fabinam, vel cypref-
fum referentibus, Boerh. Ind. Carolina Cedar ,
5- Juki-
J U N
5= Juniperus ( Bermudiana ) foliis inferiorlbus terms,
luperioribus quadrifariam imbricatis. Juniper with
fpreading under leaves -placed by threes , and the upper by
fours , which lie clofe over each other . Juniperis Ber-
mudiana. H, L. Cedar of Bermudas .
©„ Juniper is ( ThurifeYa ) foliis quadrifariam imbricatis
acutis. Lin, Sp. 1471, Juniper with awUJhaped acute
leaves- placed by fours, lying over each other . juniper us
major bacca caerulea. C: B. P. Greater Juniper with
blue berries .
7, Juniperus ( Phoenicia ) foliis terms obliteratis imbri-
caiis obtufis. Lin. Sp. 1471. Juniper with leaves placed
by threes , which are obliterate , obtufe , and lying over
each other. Cedrus folio cuprefli major, fruftu flave-
fcente. C. B. P. Greater Cedar with a Cyprefs leaf and
yellowijh fruit.
Z. Juniperus ( Lycia ) foliis teriiis undique imbricatis
ovatis obtufis. Flor. Leyd. 90. Juniper with oval
blunt leaves , which every where lie over each other. Ce-
drus folio cuprefli media, majoribus baccis. C. B. P.
488. Middle Cedar , with a Cyprefs leaf and larger
berries.
9. Juniperus ( Barbadenfis ) foliis omnibus quadrifariam
imbricatis junioribus ovatis fenioribus acutis. Prod.
Leyd. 90. Juniper with all the leaves placed by fours ,
lying over each other , the young being oval , the older
acute. Juniperus maxima cuprefli folio minimo, cor-
tice exteriore in tenues philyras fpiralis du&ili. Sloan.
Cat. Jam. 128. Great eft Juniper with the leaf Cyprefs
leaf, and the outer bark fplitting off in thin dublile pieces,
commonly called Jamaica Berry-bearing Cedar .
10. Juniperus ( Sabina ) foliis oppolitis ere&is decur-
rentibus, ramis patulis. Juniper with oppoftte, erebl,
running leaves , and fpreading branches. Sabina folio ta-
marifei. C. B. P. 487. Savin with a Tamarifk leaf, or
common Savin.
31. Juniperus ( Lufitanica ) foliis oppofitis patulis de~
currentibus, ramis ere&ioribus. Juniper with oppoftte
fpreading leaves, which run over each other, and more
\ 'erebl branches. Sabina folio cuprefli. C. B. P. 487.
Savin with a Cyprefs leaf, commonly called Berry-bearing
Savin.
12. Juniperus ( Oxycedrus ) foliis undique imbricatis ob-
tufis, ramis teretibus. Juniper with obtufe leaves every-
where lying over each other , and taper branches. Juni-
perus major, bacca rufefeente. C. B. P. 489. Greater
Juniper with a brownijh berry.
13. Juniperus (Hifpanica) foliis quadrifariam imbrica-
tis acutis. Prod. Leyd. 90. Juniper with acute leaves
lying over each other , placed four ways. Cedrus Hifpa-
nica procerior, frudu maximo nigro. Tourn. Inft.
588. 'Taller Spanijh Cedar , with a very large black fruit.
The firfb fort grows naturally upon chalky lands
In many parts of England. This is a low fhrub, fel-
dom riling more than three feet high, fending out
jmany fpreading branches, which incline on every fide,
covered with a brown bark, and garnilhed with nar-
row awl-fhaped leaves ending in acute points, which
are placed by threes round the branches, pointing
outward •, thefe are of a grayifh colour, and conti-
nue through the year •, the male flowers fometimes
are fltuated on the fame plant with the female, but at
diftances, at other times they are upon diftind
plants : the female flowers are fucceeded by round-
lih berries, which are firft green, but when ripe, are
Of a dark purple colour. The berries ripen in the
autumn. ^
The wood, the berries, and the gum, are ufed in
medicine *, the gum is titled Sandaracha.
q[*he fecond fort is known in the gardens by the ti-
tle of Swedifn Juniper : this is by many fuppofed to
be only a variety of the firft, but is undoubtedly a
diftind fpecies, for I have many years raifed both
Ions from the feeds, and have never found them al-
ter. This fort rifes to the height of ten or twelve
feet, the branches grow more ered, the leaves are
narrower, and end in more acute points : they are
placed farther afurider on the branches, and the ber-
ries are longer. It grows naturally in Sweden, Den-
mark, and Norway.
J U N
The third fort grows naturally in moft pans of
North America, where it is called red Cedar, to diftin-
guifti it from a fort of Cyprefs, which is called white
Cedar there. Of this there are two, if not three va-
rieties, befides the fpecies here enumerated one of
which has leaves in every part, like thofe of the Sa-
vin, and upon- being rubbed, emit a very ftrong un-
grateful odour : this is commonly diftinguifhed in
America, by the title of Savin-tree. There is ano-
ther with leaves very like thofe of Cyprefs, but as
thefe generally arife from the fame feeds when they
are fent from America, fo they may be fuppofed
to be only feminal variations.
The lower leaves of the fourth fort are like thofe
bf the Swedifh Juniper, but the upper leaves are like
thofe of the Cyprefs ; and this difference is conftant,
if the feeds are carefully gathered from the fame tree ;
but as moft of thofe people who fend over thefe feeds,
are not very careffil to diftinguiih the difference, fo
it often happens that the feeds of two or three forts
are mixed together, which has given occafion to peo-
ple to imagine them but one Ipedes ° 9 but all the leaves
of the third are like thole of the Juniper, fo the gar-
deners call this the red Virginia Cedar •, and the fourth
they call Carolina Cedar, though all the forts grow
naturally in Virginia.
The fifth fort is the Bermudas Cedar, whofe wood
has a very ftrong odour,- and was formerly in great
efteem for wainfootting of rooms, and alfo for fur-
niture ; but the odour being too powerful for manv
perfons, has rendered it lefs valuable, and at pre-
font there is riot much of it imported into Eng-
land. Thefe plants, while young, have acute-pointed
leaves, which fpread open, and are placed by threes
round the branches •, but as the trees advance, fo
their leaves alter, and the branches are four-cornered y
the leaves are very fhort, and placed by fours round
the branches, lying over each other like the fcales
of filh •, the berries are produced toward the end of
the branches j thefe are of a dark red colour, inclining
to purple. As there are few of thefe trees of any
great fize in England, fo I have not had an oppor-
tunity of examining their flowers, therefore do not
know if they have male and female flowers on the
fame plant, or if they are on different plants % for
although I have received very fine fpecimens from
Bermudas, yet they are all with fruit on them almoft
fully grown, and not one with male flowers-, and as thefe
trees areeommonlydeftroyedinEnglandwheneverthere
happens a fevere winter, where they are not flickered,
fo we have little hopes of feeing them in flower here.
The flxth fort grows naturally in Iftria, from whence
I received the berries, which have fucceeded with me
in the Chelfea garden. This hath fpreading branches,
growing thinly, which are garnilhed with acute-
pointed leaves, placed by fours round the branches y
they are of a deep green, and not very clofe to each,
other, but grow horizontally, pointing outward ; the
berries are much larger than thofe of the common
Juniper, and are blue when ripe.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Portugal, from
whence I have frequently received the berries. This
fort grows with its branches in a pyramidical form \
the lower ones are garnilhed with fhort, acute-pointed,
grayifh leaves, placed by threes round the branches,'
pointing outward 5 but thofe on the upper branches
are of a dark green, lying over each other like the
fcales of filh, but end in acute points. The male
flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches j
they are fltuated in a loofe, fcaly, conical katkin,
ftanding upon a fhort foot-ftalk ereft ; the fruit is
produced fometimes upon the fame tree, at diftances
from the flowers, and at other times they are upon
feparate trees ; the berries of this are of a pale yellow
when ripe, and about the fize of thofe of the common
Juniper.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy,
from both which countries I have received it. The
branches of this fort grow ereft, and are covered with
a reddifh brown bark 5 the leaves are final!, obtufe,
and
and lie over each other like the fcales of fifn , the
male flowers grow at the extremity of the branches
in a conical katkin, and the fruit grows; Engle from
the lide of the branches below the katkins, on the
fame branch ; the berries are large, oval, and, when
ripe, are brown.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and alfo
in the. other iflands of the Weft-Indies, where it riles
to be one of the largeft timber trees in thofe coun-
tries ; the wood is frequently fetched from thence by
the inhabitants of North America, for building of
fhips. This fort is generally confounded with the Ber-
mudas Cedar, and taken for the fame, but the fpeci-
mens of it which were font me by the late Dr. Houf-
toun, prove them to be different trees ; for the branches
of this fpread very wide, the leaves are extremely
fmall, and are everywhere lying imbricatim over
each other ; the bark is rugged, and fplits oft' in
firings, and is of a very dark colour ; the berries
are fmallerthan thofe of the Bermudas Cedar, and are
of a light brown colour when ripe : this fort is male
and female in different trees.
The tenth fort is the common Savin ; this grows na-
turally in Italy, Spain, and the Levant, upon the
mountains where it is cold. It fends out its branches
horizontally, fo feldom rifes more than three or four
feet high, but fpreads to a confiderabie diftance every
way ; the branches are garnifhed with very fnort acute-
pointed leaves placed oppofite, which run over each
other along the branches, whole ends point upward.
This fort very rarely produces either flower or feed
in the gardens ; I have frequently examined old plants
which have been handing more than fifty years, and
have not more than three times found any male
flowers upon them, and but once have feen any ber-
ries, which were upon a feparate tree from the flowers ;
thefe berries were fmaller than thofe of the common
Juniper, but of the fame colour, and were a little
compreffed ; the whole plant has a very rank ftrong
odour when touched. The leaves of this fhrub are
much ufed by the farriers for horfes when they have
worms ; and Mr. Ray commends the juice of it mixed j
with milk, and fweetened with fugar, as an excellent
medicine for children who are troubled with worms.
The leaves beaten into a cataplafm with hog’s-lard,
will cure children’s fcabby heads.
The eleventh fort has, by many, been fuppofed to
be only an accidental variety of the former, but there
is a a manifeft difference between them •, for the
branches of this grow more ereft than thofe of the
eleventh fort, the leaves are fhorter, and end in
acute points which fpread outward. This fort will
rife to the height of feven or eight feet, and produces
great quantities of berries. I have propagated this
fort from feeds, but have never found it vary. It has
been diftinguiflhed by moft of the old botanifts, by
the title of Berry-bearing Savin. It grows natu-
rally on the Alps, from whence I have received the
berries.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in Spain, Portugal,
and the fouth of France, where it rifes ten or twelve
feet high, fending out branches the whole length of
the ftem, which are garnifhed with fmall obtufe
leaves, lying over each other like the fcales of fifh •
the branches are fmall and taper, having no angles or
corners, as moft of the others have ; the male flowers
are fituated at the end of the branches in conical fcaly
katkins, and the berries grow below from the fide
of the fame branches. Thefe are larger than thofe
of the common Juniper, and when ripe are brown.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in Spain and
Portugal, where it rifes from twenty-five to thirty
feet high, fending out many branches which form a
fort of pyramid •, the branches are garnifhed with
acute-pointed leaves, which lie over each other four
ways, fo as to make the branches four-cornered ;
the berries of this fort are very large, and black when
ripe.
Theie plants are all propagated by fowing their feeds,
the beft feafon for which is as foon as they are ripe, if
they can then be procured for when they are kept
until fpring before they are fown, they will not come
up until the fecoftd year. The ground in which, the
feeds of the hardy forts are fown, fhould be frefli and
light, but it fnould not be dunged : it fhould be well
dug and levelled very even •, then fow your feeds
thereon pretty thick, and lift forne earth over them
about half an inch thick this bed will require no
farther care than only to keep it clear from . weeds,
and toward the middle or latter end of April, you.
will find fome of your plants appear above ground,
though, perhaps, the greateft part of them may lie
till the fpring following before they come up ;
therefore you fhould carefully clear the beds from
weeds, and in very dry weather refrefh them with
fome water, which will greatly promote the growth
of thofe plants which are up, and alfo caufe the other
feeds to vegetate ; but if the bed in which thefe feeds
are fown is much expofed to the fun, it fliould
be fhaded with mats in the day ; for when the plants
come firft up, they will not bear too much heat.
In this bed they fhould remain till the fecond autumn,
when you mu..: prepare fome beds to tranfplant them
into, which ihpuld alfo be of light, frefh, undunged
foil ; and having well dug and cleanfed the ground
from all noxious weeds and roots, you fhould make
it level ; and then in the beginning of October, which
is the proper feafon for removing thefe plants, you
fhould raife up theyoung plants with a trowel, preferr-
ing as much earth as. poflible to. their roots, and plant
them into beds about five or fix inches afunder each
way, giving them fome water to fettle the earth to
their roots •, and if it fhould prove very dry weather,
you may lay a little mulch upon the furface of the
ground round their roots, which will be of great fer-
vice to the plants. But as many of the feeds will be
yet left in the ground where they are fown, fo the
beds fliould not be difturbed too much in taking up
the plants ; for I have known a bed fown with theie
berries, which has fupplied plants for three years
drawing, fome of the berries having lain fo long in
the ground before they fprouted ; therefore the fur-
face of the beds fnould be kept level, and conftantly
clean from weeds.
The plants may remain two years in thefe beds, ob-
ferving to keep them clear from weeds ; in the
fpring you fhould ftir the ground gently between
them, that their roots may with greater eafe ftrike
into it ; after which time they fliould be tranfplanted,
either into a nurfery, at the diftance of three feet
row from row, and eighteen inches afunder in the
rows, or into the places where they are to remain
for good. The beft feafon to tranfplant them (as I
before obferved) is in the beginning of Gcftober, when
you fliould take them up carefully, to preferve a
ball of earth to their roots ; and when planted, their
roots fliould be mulched ; all which, if carefully at-
tended to, as alfo obferving to refrefh them with
water in very dry weather until they have taken new
root, will preferve them from the danger of not
growing-, and they being extreme hardy in refpedfc
to cold, will defy the fevereft of our winters to in-
jure them, provided they are not planted in a moift
or rich foil.
In order to have thefe trees afpire in height, their
under branches fhould be taken off, efpecially where
they are inclined to grow ftrong, but they muff
not be kept too clofely pruned, 'which would retard
their growth ; for all thefe Evergreen trees do more
or lefs abound with a refmous juice, which in hot
weather is very apt to flow out from fueh places as are
wounded •, fo that it will not bo abvifeable to take off
too many branches at once, which would make, fo
many wounds, from which their fap in hot weather
would flow in fuch plenty, as to render the trees v/eak
and unhealthy.
The two forts of Virginian Cedars grow to a much
greater height than the former, and in, their native
country afford excellent timber for many ufesg but
with us there are very few which are above twenty-
7 L five
J u N
five or thirty feet high, though there is no doubt of
their growing larger ; for they thrive very faft after
the three firft years, and refift the fharpeft froft of our
climate exceeding well, and are very apt to grow
ftrait and regular, provided they are not fuffered to
fhoot out too much at bottom.
Thefe plants are alfo propagated by feeds, which
muft be procured from Virginia or Carolina (for they
rarely produce ripe feeds in England) and fown as was
direded for the other junipers •, but as this feed can-
not be procured in England till fpring, fo when fown
st that feafon, it remains in the ground until the fuc-
ceeding fpring before the plants appear •, therefore you
muft obferve to keep the beds clear from weeds, and
not fuffer the feeds to be difturbed, which is often the
fault of fome impatient people, who think, becaufe
the plants do not rife the firft year, that they will ne-
ver come up, and fo dig up the ground again, where-
by their feeds are buried ; but if they are let remain,
they feidom fail to grow, though fometimes it is two
years after fowing before they come up. When the
plants come up they muft be carefully weeded, and
in dry weather fhould be refrefhed with water, which
will greatly forward their growth ; and the autumn
following they fhould have a little rotten tan laid be-
tween them, to keep out the froft. In this bed the
plants may remain till they have had two years growth,
then they fhould be tranfplanted into other beds, as
was directed before for the other forts, obferving to
preferve a ball of earth to their roots ; and after
they are planted, if the feafon proves dry, they muft be
carefully watered, and the furface of the ground co-
vered with mulch, to prevent the fun and wind from
entering the earth to dry their fibres ; but they fhould
not be too much watered, which often proves inju-
rious to thefe trees, by rotting their tender fibres foon
after they are emitted, whereby the plants have been
often deftroyed.
In thefe beds they may remain two years, obferving
to keep them clear from weeds ; and in winter you
fhould lay a little frefh mulch upon the furface of the
ground round their roots, which will prevent the froft
from penetrating to them, and effectually preferve
them •, for while the plants are fo young, they are lia-
ble to be injured by hard frofts, when too much
expofed thereto; but when they have attained a
greater ftrength, they will refift the fevereft of our
cold.
After two years, they fhould either be removed into
a nurfery (as was directed for the common Juniper)
or tranfplanted where they are defigned to remain, ob-
ferving always to take them up carefully, otherwife
they are fubjeCt to fail upon tranfplanting ; as alfo to #
mulch the ground, and water them as was before di-
rected, until they have taken root ; after which they
will require no farther care, than only to keep the
ground clear about their roots, and to prune up
their fide branches to make them afpire in height.
The foil in which you plant thefe trees fnould be
frefh and light, but muft not be dunged, efpeciaily at
the time when they are planted ; for dung is very
hurtful to them, if it be not quite rotted to mould;
therefore the mulch which is laid upon the furface
of the ground fhould not be dung, but rather
fome old tanners bark or fea-coal "afhes, which will
prevent the froft from penetrating deep in the
ground.
Thefe trees being thus managed, will in a few years
rife to a confiderable ftature, and by the variety of
their evergreen leaves and manner of growth, will
greatly add to the beauty of all plantations, if rightly
difpofed, which indeed is what we feidom obferve in
any of the Englifh gardens or wilderneffes ; for there
are few people who confider the different growths of
the feveral trees with which they compofe fuch plan-
tations, fo as to place the , tailed: growing trees the
backwardeft from fight, and the next degree to fuc-
ceed them, and fo gradually diminifhing till we come
to the common Juniper, and othersof the famegrowth,
whereby all the trees will be feen, and the gradual de- I
J U N
clivity of their tops will appear like a verdant dope,
and be much more agreeable to the fight, as alfo more
advantageous to the growth of the trees, than to place
fhrubs of humble growth near fuch plants as will
grow to the firft magnitude, whereby the fhrub is hid
from fight, and will be over-fhadowed and deftroyed ;
nor can the diftance which each tree requires, be fo
juftly proportioned any other way ; for in this diftn-
bution, the largeft trees being feparated by themfelves,
may be placed at a due diftance ; and then thofe of a
middling growth fucceeding, may be accordingly al-
lowed fufficient room ; and the finaller, which are
next the fight, being placed much clofer, will hide
the naked ftems of the larger trees, and have an
agreeable effed to the fight.
The timber of thefe trees is of excellent ufe in Ame-
rica, for building of veffels, wainfcotting houfes, and
for making many forts of utenfils, it abounding with
a bitter refin, which prevents its being deftroyed by
vermin, but itis very brittle, therefore not fo proper for
ftubborn ufes ; but however, by increafing the num-
ber of our timber trees, we fhall find many advan-
tages, befides the pleafure their variety affords ; for
we may hereby have trees of very different kinds,
which are adapted to grow in various foils and ficu-
tions, whereby we fhall never want proper trees for all
the different forts of foils in England, if proper care
be taken in their choice ; which would be a great im-
provement to many parts of this kingdom, which now
lie unplanted, becaufe the owner, perhaps, find that
neither Oaks nor Elms will thrive there, and conle-
quently concludes, that no otherfort of tree will, which
is a great miftake ; for if we confider how different the
ftrudture of trees are (being defigned by the wife Au-
thor and contriver of all things, to grow on different
foils and flotations) and only obferve what forts are
adapted for growing on dry barren mountains, and
what are defigned for the lower and richer valleys, we
need never be at a lofs for proper trees for all forts' of
ground.
The Bermudas Cedar being a native of that ifland,
and alfo of the Bahama Iflands, is much tenderer than
either of the former forts, except that of Jamaica, fo is
not likely to thrive well in this country ; for although
many of thefe plants have lived feveral years in the open
air in England, yet whenever a fevere winter happens,
it either kills them, or fo much defaces them, that they
do not recover their verdure in a year or two after.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds in the fame
manner as the former, with only this difference, that
thefe fhould be fown in pots or tubs of earth, that
they may be removed into ftielter in the winter time,
otherwife the young plants are often hurt by hard
frofts ; but they will require no more care than only
to be placed under a common hot-bed frame, where
the glaffes may be conftantly kept oft’ in mild wea-
ther, when they cannot have too much free air, and
only covered in hard frofts. Thefe feeds conftantly
remain in the ground until the fecond year before they
come up, therefore the earth in the pots fhould not
be difturbed ; and in the fummer time they fhould
be placed in the fhade, to prevent the earth from
drying too faft ; and in very dry weather they fhould
be often watered, but do not give too much water to
them at once, which would rot the feeds.
The fpring following, when the young plants come
up, they muft be carefully cleared from weeds, and in
dry weather refrefhed with water ; but fnould ftand,
during the fummer feafon, in a place defended from
ftrong winds ; and in winter muft be placed under
frames, where they may be covered in hard frofty
weather, but muft have open air when the weather
is mild. In April following you fhould tranfplant them
each into a fingle halfpenny pot filled with frefh light
earth, being careful to raife them up with a ball of
earth to their roots ; and when they are planted, you
fiiould water them, to fettle the earth to their roots ;
then place the pots in a warm fituation, where they
may be defended from fun and wind : but if you will
bellow a moderate hot- bed to plunge the pots in, it
will greatly promote their taking new root ; however,
you muft carefully defend them from the great heat
of the fun, which is injurious to them when frefh re-
moved ; but when they have taken root, you may ex-
pofe them by degrees to the open air. If you fuffer
the pots to remain plunged all the fummer, it will
preferve the earth therein from drying fo fait as it
would do, if they were fet upon the ground.
In Odober you fhould again remove thefe plants into
fhelter, or elle plunge their pots into the ground un-
der a warm hedge, where they may be protected from
the cold north and eaft winds ; and in the fpring fol-
lowing you muft Ihift the plants into pots a fize larger,
taking away fome of the earth from the outfide of the
ball, and adding fome frelh, which will promote their
growth ; and fo continue to manage them as was be-
fore directed, until you plant them out in the places
where they are deligned to remain ; which fhould not
be done till they are four or five years old, by which
time they will be ftrong enough to bear the cold of
our common winters.
The reafon for my direding thefe plants to be pre-
ferved in pots until they are planted put for good is,
becaufe they are difficult to tranfplant, and being
tender will require fome fhelter while young ; and
whoever obferves the method here laid down, will
find the plants fo managed to gain two years growth
in fix, from thofe raifed in the open air, and be in
lefs danger of being deftroyed ; and as the trouble
and expence in raifing them this way is not great, fo
it is worth pradifing, fince in a few years the trees
will recompenfe the trouble.
The timber of this tree is of a reddifli colour, and
very fweet, and is commonly known in England by
the name of Cedar Wood ; though there are divers
forts of wood called by that name, which come from
very different trees, efpecially in the Weft-Indies,
where there are feveral trees of vaftly different ap-
pearances and genera, which have that appellation :
it is this wood which is ufed for pencils, as alfo to
wainfcot rooms, and make ftair-cafes, it enduring
longer found than moft other forts of timber, which,
perhaps, may be owing to fome extreme bitter tafte
in the refill, with which the tree abounds ; for it is
very remarkable, that the worms do not eat the bot-
toms of the veflels built with this wood, as they do
thofe built with Oak ; fo that the vefiels built with
Cedar are much preferable to thofe built with any
other fort of timber, for the ufe of the Weft-India
feas, but they are not fit for fhips of war, the wood
being fo brittle as to fplit to pieces with a cannon
ball.
The Jamaica Juniper is more impatient of cold dian
the Bermudas, fo will not live through the winter in
the open air in England, and the plants muft be pre-
ferved in pots and houfed in the winter ; this is pro-
pagated by feeds, in the fame way as the Bermudas
Cedar ; but if the pots are plunged into a moderate
hot-bed the fecond fpring after the feeds are fown, it
will bring up the plants fooner, and they will have
more time to get ftrength before winter.
All the other forts are hardy enough to live in the
open air, fo are very well worth propagating, as they
will add to the variety of Evergreen plantations ; fome
of the forts will rife to a very confiderable height, fo
may prove to be ufeful timber, and may be adapted
to luch foils as will not fuit many other trees.
The common Savin fhould not be negledted, becaufe
it is To very hardy as never to be injured by the fevereft
froft ; and as this fpreads its branches near the ground,
fo if the plants are placed on the borders of woods,
they will have a good effect in winter, by fcreening
the nakednefs of the ground from fight.
All thefe forts are propagated by their feeds, which
may be fown in the fame way as the common Juniper,
aiyd the plants afterward fo managed; and moft of the
forts may be propagated by cuttings, which, if planted
in autumn in a ffiady border will take root ; but
thofe plants which are raifed from cuttings will never
grow fo upright, nor to fo large a fize as the plants
which are raifed from feeds j fo that when thefe carl
be procured, it is much the better method, but the
other is frequently p raft i fed on thofe forts which do
not perfedt their feeds in England.
As feveral of thefe forts grow to the height of eighteen
or twenty feet, the procuring as many of the forts as
can be gotten from the countries of their growth, will
be adding to the variety of our Evergreen plantations,
which cannot be too much propagated in England,
where, in general, our winters are temperate enough
for them to thrive to advantage ; and as the forts
which are a little more tender than the others obtain
ftrength, they will be in lefs danger of differing by
fevere winters, as we find by many other plants, which
were fo tender as not to live in the open air at firft,
but now defy the fevereft cold of our climate .
J U S S I JE A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 47S.
The Characters are.
It hath a fmall permanent empale merit, divided Into five
fegnients at the top, fitting upon the germen. "The flower
has five roundijh [presiding petals, and ten Jhort fender
flamina, terminated by roundijh furnmits. The oblong ger-
men fupports a Jlender ftyle, crowned by a flat filigma , marked
with five ftripes. The germen afterward becomes a thick
oblong capfule, crowned by the empalement , which opens
lengthways , and is filled with fmall feeds .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linn$us’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
which includes the plants whofe flowers have ten fta-
mina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Jussizea ( Suffmticofa ) ere&a villofa, floribus tetrape-
talis, decandriis feffiiibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 555. Up-
tight hairy Jufifiiaa, with flowers fitting clofie to the flalks f
having four petals and ten flamina. Lyfimachia Indica
non pappofa, fiore luteo minimo, filiquis caryophyl-
lum aromaticum ^mulantibus. H. L. 396. Indian
Primrofe with a very fmall yellow flower, and pods re-
fembling Cloves.
2. Jussi/EA (Pubefcens) villofa, caule erecto ramofo, fio-
ribus pentapetalis, decandriis feffiiibus. Hairy Jnjfiaa
with an eredl branching ftalk , flowers having five petals,
and ten flamina which fit clofie to the ftalk. Lyfimachia
lutea eredta, non pappofa major, folds hirfutis, frudhi
caryophylloide. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 85. Telbw upright
larger Tree-Primrofe with hairy leaves , and a fruit like
Cloves.
3. JussiiEA ( Eredla ) erecta glabra, floribus tetrapetalis
odlandris feffiiibus. Flor. Zeyl. 170. Smooth upright
JuJjicea with four petals, and eight flamina to the flowers,
which Jit clofie to the ftalk. Lyfimachia lutea non pap-
pofa, eredta, foliis glabris, fructu caryophylloide.
Sloan. Cat. Jam. 8 5. Tellow upright Tree-Primrofe with
fimooth leaves, and a fruit like Cloves.
4. Jussizea ( Onagra ) caule eredla ramofo glabro, flori-
bus tetrapetalis oftandris feffiiibus, foliis lanceolatis.
Juflitea with an upright , branching, frnooth ftalk, flowers
having four petals, and eight flamina fitting clofie to the
ftalk, and fpear-Jhaped leaves. Onagra foliis perficarise
amplioribus, parvo fiore luteo. Plum. Cat. 7. Tree-
Primrofe with a large Arfefmart leaf, and a fmall yellow
flower.
5. Jussi/ea ( Hirfiuta ) caule erefito fimplici hirfuto, fo--
liis lanceolatis, floribus pentapetalis decandris feffiiibus.
Jujffiua with a Jingle, upright , hairy ftalk, fpear-Jhaped
leaves, and flowers which have five petals, and ten [la-
mina flitting clofie to the ftalk. Onagra erecta, caule ru-
bro hirfuto, foliis oblongis, fiore magno luteo. Houft.
MSS. Upright Primrofe with a hairy leaf of a reddifib
colour , oblong leaves, and a large yellow flower.
The firft fort grows naturally at Campeachy, from
whence the feeds were fent me by the late Mr. Robert
Millar ; this rifes with afhruhby ftalk near three feet
high, fending out feveral fide branches, which are gar-
niffied with oblong hairy leaves placed alternate. The
flowers come out from the fide of the (talks kingly,
having ffiort foot-ftalks ; they have four fmall yellow
petals with eight ftamina thefe fit upon the germen,
which afterward becomes an oblong feed-veffel, crown-
ed by the four-leaved empalement, and has a great re-
femblance
J U s
J u
femblance to Cloves. This plant flowers in July
and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in Oftober.
The fecond fort 'grows naturally in Jamaica. The
feeds of this were fent me by the late Dr. Houftoun ;
this rifes with a hairy branching ftalk two feet high,
and is garniihed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves,
placed alternate. The flowers come out toward the
end of the branches fingly from the wings of the
leaves, fitting clofe to the ftalk ; they are cdmpofed
of five pretty large yellow petals, and ten ftamina ;
thefe fit upon a long germen, which afterward be-
comes the feed-veffel, crowned by the empalement ;
thefe are. filled with final! feeds. It flowers and feeds
about the fame time with the laft.
The third fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the feeds were fent me with thofe of the former
fort •, this rifes with a fmooth erect ftalk three feet
high, garnifhed with long, narrow, fmooth, fpear-
fhaped leaves. The flowers are large and yellow,
fitting clofe to the ftalk •, thefe are fucceeded "by long
feed-veffels, fhaped like thofe of the other forts. It
flowers and feeds at the fame time with the
former.
The fourth fort was fent me from Carthagena by the
late Dr. Houftoun ; this hath a branching fmooth
ftalk near three feet high, garnifhed with fpear-
fhaped leaves, {landing upon fhort foot-ftalks. The
flowers are fmall, yellow, and are compofed of four
petals and eight ftamina *, thefe fit very clofe to the
ftalk, and are fucceeded by feed-veffels, fhaped like
thofe of the former forts.
The fifth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz, by
the late Dr. Houftoun •, this rifes with fingle upright
red ftalks three feet high, which are hairy and chan-
nelled. The leaves are fpear-fhaped, and placed al-
ternate on the ftalks. Handing nearer .together than
in any of the other forts. The flowers come out from
the wings of the leaves, toward the top of the ftalk •,
they are compofed of five large yellow petals, and ten
ftamina fitting clofe to the ftalks, and are fucceeded
by feed-veffels which are one inch long, and fhaped
like thofe of the former forts.
The firft, fecond, and fourth forts are annual plants,
at leaft they are fo in England ; for if the plants are
raifed early in the fpring, they will flower in July,
and ripen their feed the beginning of Oftoher and
thofe plants which are raifed later in the fpring, cannot
be preferved through the winter, though they are
placed in a warm ftove; nor do their ftalks ever grow
ligneous, or fhew any figns of their being perennial
in their native country.
The third and fifth forts have continued through the
winter in the bark-ftove, but thofe have been fuch
plants as did not flower and feed the firft year ; for
after they had perfe&ed feeds, the following fummer
the plants decayed.
All thefe forts are propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown early in the fpring, in pots filled with a foft
loamy foil, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed ; but
as thefe feeds often lie a whole year in the ground
before they vegetate, the earth muft be kept moift,
and the glades of the hot-bed fhaded in the heat of
the day, by this method the feeds may be brought
foon to vegetate ; when the plants come up, and are
fir to remove, they fhould be each planted into a
fmall feparate pot, filled with light loamy earth, and
plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, where they
fhould be fhaded from the fun till they have taken
new root ; after which they fhould have free air ad-
mitted to them every day, in proportion to the warmth
of the feafon ; they muft alfo be frequently refrefhed
with water, but it muft not be given to them in too
great plenty : when the roots of the plants have filled
thefe fmall pots, the plants fhould be removed into
others a fize larger and if the plants are too tall to
ftand under the frames of the hot-bed, they fhould be
removed into the bark-ftove, where they may remain
to flower and perfe<5t their feeds ^ for when the plants
rife early in the fpring, and are brought forward in
hot- beds, all the forts will flower and perfedt their
s
feeds the fame year, which is better than to have them
to keep through the winter.
JU STIC I A. Houft. Nov. Gen. Lin. Gen. Plant.
27. Adhatoda. Tourn. Lift. K:*H. 175. tab. 79, This
plant was fo named by the late Dr. Houftoun, in ho-
nour of James juftice, Efqj a great lover ajkh en-
courager of gardening and botany.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is fmall , and divided into five
acute fegments at the top. The flower hath one petal ,
which is divided into two lips almoft to. the bottom , which
are entire. 1 'he upper lip is raifed archways , and the
under is reft.exed. It hath two awl-jhaped ftamina fit u at ed
under the upper Up , terminated by erect fummils which
are bifid at their bafle. It hath an oblong germen , flap-
porting a fender ftyle which is longer . than the petal ,
crowned by a fingle ftigma. The germen afterward be-
comes an oblong capfule with two cells , divided by a par-
tition . , which is contrary to the two valves , which open
with an elafticity , and. cafl oat the rounMjh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s fecond clafs, intitled Diandria Monogynia,
which includes thofe plants whole flowers have two
ftamina and one ftyle. To this genus of Dr. Houf-
toun’ s is joined the Adhatoda of Tournefort, but there
is a diftinction in their flowers •, the two lips of Jutti-
cia are entire, but the upper lip of Adhatoda is in-
dented at the end, and the under is divided into three
parts •, and in the capfule of Jufticia there are feldom
more than two feeds, but in Adhatoda feveral.
The Species are,
1. Justicia {Scorpioides) foliis oblongo-ovatis birfutis,
fefiilibus, floribus fpicatis alaribus, caule fruticofo.
Jufticia with oblong , oval, hairy leaves fitting clofe to
the ftalks , and flowers growing in Jpikes proceeding from
the fide of the ftalks , which are fhrubby. Jufticia fru-
tefeens, floribus fpicatis majoribus, uno verfu difpo-
fitis. Houft. MSS. Shrubby Jufticia with larger flowers
growing in j pikes , which are ranged on one fide.
2. Justicia (. Sgxangularis ) caule erecto ramofo hexan-
gulari, foliis ovatis oppofkis, bracteis cuneiformibus
confertis. Jufticia with an erect branching ftalk , having
fix angles , oval leaves placed oppojite , and wedge-Jhapcd
fmall leaves ( or bradlea) groining in clufters. Jufticia an-
nua hexangulari caule, foliis Circteae conjugates, Acre
miniato. Houft. MSS. Annual Jufticia with an hex angu-
lar ftalk , Enchanters Night/hade leaves fet by pairs , and
a carmine flower .
3. Justicia [Fruticofo) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, pedicu-
latis, hirfutis, braefteis cordatis acuminatis, caule fru-
ticofo. Jufticia with oval fpear-ftoaped leaves growing on
foot-ftalks , heart-Jhaped acute-pointed braHem, 'and a
fhrubby ftalk. Jufticia frutefeens & hirfuta, foliis ob-
longis pediculis longiflimis, flore rubro. Houft. MSS.
Shrubby and hairy Jufticia with oblong leaves growing on
very long foot-ftalks , and a red flower.
4. Justicia ( Adhatoda ) arborea, foliis lanceolato-ovatis,
bradteis ovatis perfiftentibus, corollarum galea con-
cava. Flor. Zeyl. 1 6. Tree-Jufticia with oval fp ear -Jh aped
leaves , oval permanent bradtea, and a concave helmet to
the flower. Adhatoda Zeylanenfium. H. L. 6.4.2. Ad-
hatoda of Ceylon , commonly called Malabar Nut.
5. Justicia ( Hyjfopifolia ) fruticofa, foliis lanceolatis in-
tegerrimis, pedunculis trifloris ancipitibus, br adders
calyce brevioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1 5. Shrubby Jufticia
with entire fpear-fhaped leaves , foot-ftalks having three
flowers placed different ways , and a bradiea floor ter than
the empalement. Adhatoda Indies, folio faligno, flore
albo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 239. Indian Adhatoda with
a Willow leaf and white flower , commonly called Snap-
tree.
6. Justicia ( Spinofa ) fpinofa, foliis oblongo-ovatis emar-
ginatis, caule fruticofo ramofo. Prickly Jufticia with
oblong oval leaves indented at their edges , and a fhrubby
branching ftalk. Adhatoda Antegoana, Lycii facie,
fpinofa. Petiv. Prickly Adhatoda of Antigua , with the
appearance of Boxthorn.
7. Justicia {Arborea) arborea, foliis lanceolato-ovatis
fefiilibus, fubtus tomentofis, fiorii}Us fpicatis congeftis
terminalibus. Tree-Jufticia with'- fpear-fhaped oval leaves,
woolly
4
JUS
woolly on their under fide , fitting clofie to the fivalks , with
l pikes of flowers growing in clufters at the ends of the
’ branches . Adhatoda arborea, foliis oblongis, fubtus
villofis, fioribus fpicatis albis. Houd. Three- Adhatoda
with oblong leaves , hairy on their under fide , and fipikes
of white flowers.
3. Jtjsticia ( Ecbolhm ) arborea, foliis lanceolate ovatis,
bradeeis ovatis deciduis mucronatis, corollarum galea
refiexa. Flor. Zeyl. 17. Tree-JuJHcia with fpear-Jhaped
oval leaves , oval-pointed bradtea which fall off, and a
reflexed helmet to the flowers. Adhatoda (pica longiffi •
ma, flore refiexo. Burman. Zeyl. 7, tab. 4. f. 1. Ad-
hatoda with a very long fpike , and a reflexed flower.
The firlt fort was difcovered growing naturally at La
/era Cruz, by the late Dr. Houftoun, who lent the
feeds to England ; this rifes with a fhrubby brittle
italic five or iix feet high, fending out many branches,
which are garnifhed with oblong oval leaves, two
inches long, and one inch broad, which are hairy and
placed oppofite •, from the wings of the leaves come
out the (pikes of (lowers, which are reflexed like a
fcorp ion’s tail. The flowers are large, of a carmine
colour, and ranged on one fide of the fpike •, thefe
are fucceeded by (hort pods about half an inch long.
The fecond fort was difcovered by the fame gentle-
man, in the fame country; this is. an annual plant
with an upright (talk, having fix angles, which rifes
two or three feet high, dividing into many branches,
garnifhed with oval leaves placed oppofite, an inch
and a half long, and one inch broad ; they are fmooth,
as are alfo the (talks. At each joint come out cluders
of fmall wedge-fhaped leaves, which are by Dr. Lin-
nams termed brabte^, and long before the fcalks de-
cay, mod of the larger leaves fall off, fo there are
only thefe fmall leaves remaining. The fiow'ers are pro-
duced in fmall (pikes at the fide of the branches,
fitting very clofe among the leaves ; they are of a
beautiful carmine colour, and have but one petal,
which has two lips. The upper lip is arched, bending
over the lower, which is alfo a little reflexed, but
both are entire. The flowers are fucceeded by fhort
wedge-fhaped capfules, opening lengthways, inclofing
two fmall oval feeds.
The third fort was difcovered by the fame gentleman
at Campeachy •, this rifes with a hairy fhrubby (talk
four or five feet high, dividing into feveral branches,
garnifhed with oval, fpear-fhaped, hairy leaves, four
inches long, and two inches and a half broad, (landing
upon foot-dalles which are above an inch long, placed
oppofite. At the bale of the foot-dalks come out a
cluder of fmall heart-fhaped leaves, ending in acute
points, which are termed bradles. The flowers come
out in loofe clufters from the wings of the ftalks, to-
ward the end of the branches ; they are of a pale red
colour, and fhaped like thoie of the former fort.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown early in the fpring, in fmall pots filled with
frefh. light earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-
bed of tanners bark, obferving to water the earth
gently as it appears dry. The feeds of thefe plants
frequently lie a year in the ground, fo that the pots
rr.uft not be difturbed, if the plants do not come up
the fame year ; but in the -winter fhould be kept in
the dove, and the fpring following plunged into a
frefh hot-hed, which will bring up the plants if the
feeds were good. When the plants begin to appear,
the glaffes of the hot-bed fhould be railed every day,
when the weather is warm, to admit frefh air to them.
The plants mud alfo be frequently watered in warm
weather-, but water fhould not be given in large
quantities while. the plants are young, becaufe they
are then very tender, and lubjedt to rot at the bottom
of their ftems, with much moifture.
"When the plants are about two inches high, they
fhould be carefully taken up, and each transplanted
Into a feparate fmall pot filled with frefh light earth,
and then plunged into the hot-bed again, being careful
to water and fhade them until they have taken new
root ; after which time they fhould have air admitted
to. them every 'day, in proportion to the warmth of
JUS
the feafon, and fhould be duly watered every two or
three days in hot weather.
As the plants advance in their growth, they fhould
be drifted into larger pots, for if their roots are too
much confined, the plants will not make any confide-
rable progrefs ; but they fhould not be over potted;
for that will be of worfe confequence than the other ;
becaufe when they are planted in very large pots, they
will ftarve and decay, without producing any flowers.
They are too tender to endure the open air in this
country, therefore they fhould always remain in the
hot-bed, being careful to let them have a due pro-
portion of air in hot weather; and the annual fort
fhould be brought forward as fad as poffible in the
fpring, that the plants may flower early, otherwife
they will not produce good feeds in England.
The firft and third forts fhould remain in the hot-bed
during the dimmer feafon (provided there is room
under the glaffes, without being fcorched ;) but at
Michaelmas they fhould be removed into the dove,
and plunged into the bark-bed, where they mud; re-
main during the winter feafon, obferving to keep
them warm, as alfo to water them gently once or twice
a week, according as they fhall require. The following
dimmer thefe plants will flower, and abide feveral
years, but they rarely produce good feeds in Europe.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the ifland of Cey-
lon, but has been long in the Englifh gardens, where
it is commonly known at prelent by the title of Ma-
labar Nut ; but was formerly called Beetle Nut, and
was by fome fuppofed to be the tree of which the
Chinele chew the leaves and nuts : this, though a
native of fo warm a country, is hardy enough to live
in a good green-houfe in England, without any ar-
tificial heat. It rifes here with a ftrong woody ftalk
to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, fending out
many fpreading branches, which are garnifhed with
fpear-diaped oval leaves more than fix inches long,
and three inches broad, placed oppofite. The flowers
are produced on fhort fpikes at the end of the
branches, which are white, with fome dark fpots %
,thefe appear in July, but are not fucceeded by any
feeds in England.
This fort may be propagated by cuttings, which, if
planted in pots in June or July, and plunged into a
very moderate hot-bed, will take root; but they mud
be every day fereened from the fun, and if the external
air is excluded from them, they will fucceed better
than when it is admitted to them. It may alfo be
propagated by laying down their young branches,
which will take root in the tubs or pots in one year 3
then the young plants fhould be; put each Into, a fe-
parate pot, filled with loft loamy earth, and placed
in the (hade till they have taken new nxp when they
may be placed in a iheltered ficuation during the
dimmer, but in winter they mud be houfed, and
treated in the fame way as Orange-trees, with only
this difference, that thefe require more water.
The fifth fort grows naturally in India ; this rifes with
a fhrubby ftalk from three to four feet high, fending
out branches on every fide from the bottom, fo as to
form a kind of pyramid ; thefe are covered with a
white bark, and garnifhed with fpear-fhaped entire
leaves, near two inches long, and one third of an inch
broad ; they are fmooth, ftiff, and of a deep green,
(landing oppofite. At the bafe of the foot-dalks comer
out clufters of fmaller leaves, of the fame fhape and
texture. The flowers come out upon fhorf foot-dalks
from the fide of the branches, each foot-ftalk fup-
porting one or two white flowers, having long etn-
palements ; thefe are fucceeded by oblong feed-veffels,
which, when ripe, cad out their feeds with an elaf-
ticity, from whence it had the title of Snap-tree.
This is propagated by cuttings during any of the
dimmer months ; they fhould be planted in pots filled
with light loamy earth, and plunged into a moderate
hot-bed, and (haded from the fun, and now and then
gently refrefhed with water, and not too much air
admitted to them. In about two months the cuttings
will have taken root, then they mud be gradually
7 M inured
f
I X I
I X I
ihured to bear the open air, into which they fhould
be removed, placing them in a flickered fituation,
where they may ftay till autumn •, but if they get root
pretty early in the fummer, it will be proper to fe-
parate them each into a fmgle fmall pot, letting them
in the fh'ade till they have taken new root, after which
they may be placed as before dire&ed ; but when it
is late in the feafon before they take root, it will be
better to let them remain in the fame pots till the fol-
lowing fpring. In winter thefe plants mull be placed
in a warm green-houfe, or in a moderately warm
ftove, for they are impatient of cold and damp, nor
will they thrive in too much warmth ; they will often
require water in winter, but during ' that feafon it
muft be given them moderately •, in fummer they
muft be removed into the open air, but fhould have
a warm flickered fituation, and in warm weather they
muft have plenty of water. This plant flowers at
different feafpns, but never produces fruit here.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent it to England ;
this riles with many fhrubby fender ftalks about five
feet high, fending out branches on every fide from
the root upward, which grow erect, and are covered
with a whitifh bark, garnifhed with fmall, oblong,
oval leaves, coming out on each fide the ftalk op-
pofite, and under the leaves are placed at every joint
two fnarp thorns like thofe of the Berberry •, the Bow-
ers come out fingly from the wings of the leaves, they
are fmall, and of a pale red colour, fhaped like thofe
of the other forts.
The feventh fort was found by the late Dr. Houftoun,
growing naturally at Carnpeachy. This riles with a
ftrong woody ftem twenty feet high, dividing into
many crooked irregular branches, covered with a light
brown bark, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped oval leaves,
near four inches long and two broad, which are co-
vered with a foft down on their under fide. The
flowers grow in fpikes from the end of the branches,
three, tour, or five of thefe fpikes arifing from the
fame point, the middle fpike being near three inches
long, and the others about half that length. The
flowers are fmall and white, but fhaped like thofe of
the other fpecies.
The eighth fort grows naturally at Malabar and in
Ceylon ; this riles in its native foil with a ftrong
woody ftem ten or twelve feet high, dividing into
many branches, which are garnifhed with fpear-fhaped
oval leaves five inches long, and two and a half broad,
of a lucid green, placed oppofite. The flowers grow
in very long fpikes from the end of the branches, they
are of a greenifti colour with a fhade of blue •, the
helmet of the flower is reflexed.
Thefe three forts are propagated by feeds in the fame
manner as the three firft, and the plants muft be
treated in the fame way, efpecialiy while they are
young but afterward the eighth fort may be more
hardily treated, when they have gotten ftrength. This
fort may alfo be propagated by cuttings, in the fame
’ manner as the fifth fort ; and when the plants are two
or three years old, they will thrive in a moderate de-
gree of warmth in winter, and in the fummer they
may be placed abroad for two months in the warmeft
feafon of the year ; but they fhould have a warm fhel-
tered fituation, and when the nights begin to grow
cold, they muft be removed into the ftove, but they
muft have free air admitted to them at all times when
the weather is warm. The other two forts ihould
conftantly remain in the bark-ftove, and require the
fame treatment as other tender plants from the warmeft
countries.
IX I A. Lm. Gen. Plant. 54. Sifyrinchium. Com. Hort.
Am ft.
The Characters are,
It hath oblong permanent fpatha {or Jh eat hs) which incloje
the get men \ the flower has Jin oblong Jhear-ftaped petals
which are equal , and three avol-jhaped jiamina which are
porter than the petals , filiated at equal difiances ? termi-
nated li fmgle fummils. It hath an oval three-cornered
' gerrnsn fitmted below the power? fupporting a fmgle Jlyle
which is the length of the ftamina ? crowned by a thick
trifid fiigma ■? the germen afterward becomes an oval three-
cornered cap file with three cells ? filled with rcundfij
feeds.
Phis genus of plants is ranged in the firft fed ion of
Lihnteus’s third clafs, intitled Triandria Monogynia,
which includes thofe plants whole flowers have three
ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Ixi a ( Chincnfts ) foliis enfiformibus, floribus remotis
panicula dichotoma, floribus pedunculatis. Hort. Up-
fal. 1 6. Ixi a with fw or 'd- ft aped leaves? and fewer s ' funding
remote in forked panicles upon foot -ftalks. Bennudiana
iridis folio majori flore croceo, eleganter punctata.
Krauf. Hort. 25. tab. 25. Bermudiana with a larger
Iris leaf? and a Saffron-coloured flower? which is beauti-
fully /potted.
2. Ixi a ( Africana ) floribus capitatis, fpathis lacerh. Lin.
Sp Plant. 36. Ixia with flowers growing in heads ? having
ragged jheaths. Bermudiana Capenfis, capitulis : anu-
ginofis. ret. Hort. Sicc. 242. Bermudiana from the Cape
of Good Hope , with woolly heads.
3. Ixia ( Still ariis ) foliis gladiolatis, nervous, hirfutis,
floribus fpicatis terminaiibus. Icon. tab. 1 55. fig 1.
Ixia with f wor d-paped? hairy ? veined leaves , and flowers
growing in Jpik.es at the ends cf the ftalks .
4. cxi a ( Polyftacia ) foliis linean-gladiolatis, floribus ala-
ribus & terminaiibus. Icon. tab. 155. fig. 2. Ixia with
narrow /word- ft aped leaves ? and flowers proceeding from
the fides and lops of the /talk.
5. Ixia ( Crocata ) foliis gladiolatis glabris, floribus co-
rymbofis terminaiibus. Icon. tab. 1 56. Ixia with jmooth
fpear fhaped leaves , and flowers growing in a corymbus
terminating the ftalk. Sifyrinchium Africanum maius,
flore luteo macula notato. Olden. Greater African Sify-
rinchium with a yellow Jpotted flower.
6 . Ixia ( Bulbifera ) f.diis lineari-giadiolatis, floribus al-
ternis, caule bulbifero. Ixia with narrow fw- r d-paped
leaves? flowers placed alternate ? and ftalks bear eng bulbs.
7. Ixia ( Sparfa ) foliis gladiolatis, floribus diitantibus.
Ixia with flwon
aiftant.
8 . Ixia ( Flexuofa ) foliis lineari-giadiolatis, floribus fpi-
catis feflilibus terminaiibus. Ixia, with narrow jword-
ftaped leaves ? and fefljile flowers growing in fpikes at the
top of the ftalk.
The firft fort grows naturally in India, where the
ftalks rife to the height of five or fix feet, but in
England they are feldom more than half that height.
It hath a pretty thick flefhy root, divided in knots or
joints of a yellowifh colour, fending out many fibres;
the ftalk is pretty thick, fmooth, and jointed, gar-
niflied with fword-ftiaped leaves a foot long and one
inch broad, with feveral longitudinal furrows em-
bracing the ftalks with their bafe, ending in acute
points ; the upper part of the ftalk divaricates into
two fmaller, with a foct-ftalk arifing between them,
which fupports one flower •, the fmaller branches di-
varicate again in the fame manner into foot-ftalks,
which are two inches long, each fuftaining one flower.
At each of thefe joints is a fpathaor fheath embracing
. the ftalk, which at the lower joints are three inches
long, but the upper are not more than one inch,
ending in acute points which are permanent; the
flowers are compofed of fix equal petals, of a yellow
colour within, and variegated with dark red fpots;
the outfide is of an Orange colour. Thefe appear in
July and Auguft, and in warm feafons are fucceede
by feeds.
This fort may be propagated either by feeds or part-
ing of the roots : if by feeds they fhould be fov/n in
pots, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, which
will bring up the plants much fooner than when they
are fown in the full ground ; when the plants are fit
to remove, they fhould be each planted in a fmall fe-
parate pot filled with light earth, and if they are placed
under a frame till they have taken good root in the
pots, it will greatly forward their growth afterward
they may be placed in the open air in a flickered fi-
tuation, where they may remain till the autumn, when.
they
-paped leaves , and flowers growing
I X I
they muft be placed under a frame to fcreen them
from fro d ; and in the fpring molt of the plants may
be turned out of the pots and planted in a warm
border, where they will abide through the common
winters very well, but in fevere frofts they are often
killed, unlefs they are covered with tan, or other
covering to keep out the froft; therefore a few of the
plants may be kept inkpots, and fheitered under a
frame in winter.
The ftalks and leaves of this plant decay to the root
in autumn, fo that if the furface of the ground about
the roots is covered two or three inches thick with
tan, it will fee u re them from the danger of froft •, and
in the fpring, before the roots Ihoot, will be the beft
time to remove and part the roots •, but this fhould
not be done oftener than every third year, for when
they are often parted they will be weak, and will not
dower fo well.
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope ; this is a low plant, which rarely rifes more
than three or four inches high; the leaves are narrow
and veined, the flowers are fmall, growing in a
downy head on the top of the ftalk, but they make
little appearance, fo are only kept for the fake of
variety.
The third fort I raifed from feeds, which were fent
me from the Cape of Good Hope. This hath a round
bulbous root a little comprened, covered with a red
fkin, from which arife five or fix fword-fhaped leaves
about three or four inches long, hairy, and with fe-
veral longitutinal furrows ; thefe embrace each other
at their bale, but fpread afunder at the top •, between
thefe come out the flower-ftalk, which rifes fix or
eight inches high, is naked to the top, and terminated
by a duller of flowers, each having a fpatha or hood,
which dries and is permanent ; the flowers are of a
deep blue colour, and appear in May ; thefe are fuc-
ceeded by roundilh three-cornered feed-veffels with
three cells, filled with roundilh. feeds which ripen in
July, then the leaves and ftalks decay.
The fourth fort was raifed from feeds in the Chelfea
garden, which came with thofe of the former fort.
This hath a fmall round bulbous root, from which
arife four or five narrow, long, fword-fhaped leaves,
fix or feven inches long ; between thefe come out a
very (lender round ftalk about ten inches long, from
the fide of which there comes out one or two clullers
of flowers, Handing upon fhort foot-flalks, and at the
top of the ftalk the flowers grow in a loofe 'fpike ;
they' are of a pure white, and fhaped like thofe of the
other fpecies. Thefe appear in May, and the feeds
ripen in July.
The feeds of the fifth fort were fent me from the Cape
of Good Hope ; this has an oval bulbous root which
is a little corrrpreffed, from which come up three or
four narrow, thin, fword-fhaped leaves, near a foot
long •, the flower-ftalk rifes a little above the leaves,
it is very (lender, naked, and terminated by a round
>rlufter of flowers, each having a fpatha or hood ; they
are compofed of fix pretty large oblong petals which
are concave, and of a deep yellow colour, each
having a large black fpot at the bafe. This flowers
early in May, and the feeds ripen the latter end of
Jftne.
The fixth fort hath narrow fpear-fhaped leaves about
fix or (even inches long ; the ftalk rifes near a foot
and a half high, garmfhed with one leaf at each of
the lower joints, of the fame fhape with the other,
fbut fmaller •, thefe embrace the ftalk with their bafe,
and (land erect ; the upper part of the ftalk is adorned
■with flowers, compofed of fix oblong oval petals of a
fulphur colour, which are placed alternate on the ftalk,
which is bent at each joint where the flowers (land ;
the flowers have three fhort (lamina which are joined
at their bafe, terminated by long, flat, ereft fummits ;
xhe gerhnen is fituated under the flower, fupporting a
long (lender ftyle, crowned by a trifid ftigma ; the
german afterward becomes a roundifh capfule with
three cells, filled with roundilh fmall feeds. The
(talks at each of the lower joints thruft cut fmall
bulbs, which, if planted, will grow and product
• flowers.
The feventh forthath (horterand broader leaves than
the former ; the ftalk is (lender and furrowed, and at
each of the lower joints is garnilhed with one leaf of
the fame ihape, embracing the ftalk with their bafe *
the flowers come out toward the top of the ftalk, at
two or three inches di (lance, each ftalk fupporting
two or three fulphur-coloured flowers, which are each
compofed of fix fpear-fhaped petals an inch and a
half long, equal in their iize and regular in pofition ;
they have a (hort permanent empalement, cut into
two long and two (hotter acute fegments ; thefe are
fucceeded by round capfules with three cells, filled
with round feeds. This fort flowers in March, and
the feeds ripen about two months after.
1 he eighth fort hath very fmall, round, bulbous roots,
from which arife three or four long, (lender, Grafs-
like leaves, of a dark green colour; between thefe
come out the ftalk, which is very (lender and round,
riling a foot and a half high ; at the top the flowers
are collected in a fpike fitting clofe to the ftalk, each
having a thin, dry, permanent fpatha or (heath, which
covers the capfule after the flower is fallen. Tiie flov/-
ers are of a pure white, and (haped like thofe of the
other fpecies, but are (mailer; they are fucceeded by
(mall round feed-veffels with three cells, each con-
taining two or three round feeds. It flowers the latter
end or May, and the feeds ripen in July.
1 here are feme other varieties of this genus, which
have flowered in the Chelfea garden, differing only
in the colour of their flowers, fo are not fuppofed to
be diftmdl fpecies ; one of which is purple on the out-
flde, and wmte within ; another has white flowers,
with a blue ftripe on the outfide of each petal, and a
third has white flowers with yellow bottoms. Thefe
have already flowered in the Chelfea garden, where
there are many more, which have been fince raifed
from feeds, whofe flowers have not as yet appeared ;
and at the Cape of Good Hope, where thefe plants
grow naturally, there are more than thirty varieties
mentioned in a catalogue of Dr. Herman’s. The roots
of moft, if not all thefe forts, are frequently eaten by
the inhabitants at the Cape of Good Hope, who
greatly efteem them.
All the forts multiply very fall by offsets, fo that
when once obtained, there will be no occafion to raife
them from feeds ; for the roots put out offsets in great
plenty, moft of which will floveerthe following feafon,
whereas thofe from feeds are three or four years be-
fore they flower. Thefe plants will not live through
the winter in the full ground in England, fo fhould be
planted in fmall pots filled with light earth, and placed
under a frame in winter, where they rpay be protedled
from froft, but in mild weather fhould enjoy the free
air; but during the winter they muft be guarded from
mice, who are very fond of thefe roots, and if not
prevented will devour them.
IXORA. Lin. Gen. 13 1. Jafminum. Burman.
The Characters are.
It hath a fmall 'permanent emp dement cut into four feg-
ments ; the flower has one funnel-fhaped petal, having a
flender tube , cut into flour fegments at the top. It hath
feur floort ft amina fituated in the divificns of the petal , ter-
minated by oblong fummits, and a rcufidifh germen fituated
at the bottom of the involucrum, fupporting a fender ftyle
the length of the tube , crowned by a bifid, ftigma ; the mer-
men afterward becomes a berry with two cells , containing
two convex angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft order of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy-
nia, the flowers having four ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Ixora ( Coccinea ) foliis ovatis -femiamplexicaulibus,
ftoribus fafciculatis. Fior. Zeyl. 22. Ixora with oval
haves half embracing the ftalks , and flowers growing in
bunches. Jafminum Xndicum lauri folio, inodorum
umbellatunV ftoribus coccineis. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 50.
f. 2. '
a. Ixora
Ixora (Alba) foliis ovatq-Ianceolatis, floribus fafcicu-
latis. Lin. Sp. 160. Ixora with oval fp ear -Jh aped leaves ,
and flowers growing in bunches. Jafminum Indicum,
lauri folio, inodorum, floribus albicantibus & fchetti
album. Pluk. Phyt. 109. £2.
3. Ixora (Americana) foliis tern is lanceolato-ovatis, fio-
ribus thyrfoideis. Amcen. Acad. 5. p. 393. Ixora with
oval fpear-fhaped leaves placed by threes , and flowers in a
loofe flpike. Pavetta foliis oblongo-ovatis oppofitis, fti-
pulis fetaceis. Brown. Jam. tab. 6. f. 2.
The firft fort grows naturally in India, where it rifes
with a woody italic five or fix feet high, fending out
many (lender branches covered with abrovvnbark, gar-
nifhed with oval leaves, placed fometimes oppofite,
and at others there are three or four at each joint.
The flowers terminate the branches in clufters ; they
have very long fender tubes, are cut into four oval
fegments at the top, and are of a deep red colour.
The fecond fort grows aifo in India •, this hath a woody
ftalk rifing fix or feven feet high, fending out weak
branches, garnifhed with oval fpear-fhaped leaves
placed oppofite, fitting clofe to the branch •, the flow-
ers terminate the branches in fmall clufters •, they have
long {lender tubes, divided into four fegments at the
top, and are white, without fcent.
The third fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and fome
other iflands in the Weft-Indies, -where it is called
Wild Jafrnine. This rifes with a flirubby ftalk four
or five feet high, fending out (lender branches op-
pofite, which are garnifhed with oval fpear-fhaped
leaves placed oppofite, which are fix inches long, and
two inches and a half broad, having fhort foot-ftalks »
the flowers are produced at the end of the branches
in a loofe fpike, they are white, and have a fcent like
Jafrnine.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, v/hen they can
be procured from the countries where they grow na-
turally, for they do not perfect any feeds in England.
They fhould be fown in fmall pots as foon as they ar-
rive, and plunged into a hot-bed ; if they arrive in
autumn or winter, the pots may be plunged in the
tan-bed in the ftove, between the other pots of plants,
fo will take up little room •, but v/hen they arrive in
the fpring, it will be beft to plunge them in a tan-
bed under frames •, the feeds will fornetimes come up
in about fix weeks, if they are quite frefh •, otherwise
they will lie in the ground four or five months, and
fometimes a whole year, therefore the earth fhould
not be thrown out of the pots till there is no hopes
of their growing •, v/hen the plants come up, and are
fit to remove, they fhould be each planted in a fepa-
rate fmall pot, filled with light earth, and afterward
treated in the manner diretfted for the Coffee-tree.
They may alfo be increafed by cuttings during the
fummer months, and planted in fmall pots plunged
into a moderate hot-bed, covering them clofe either
with bell or hand-glafles to exclude the external air,
fhading them carefully from the fun during the heat
of the day, until they have put out good roots, when
they fhould be parted, and each put into a feparate
pot, treating them as the feedling plants.
K A L
ALI. See Salsola.
KALMIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 482. Cha-
macrhododendros. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 604.
tab. 373.
The Characters are,
The flower has a fmall permanent empalenient cut into five
parts , and one petal cut into five fegments , which flpread
open and are roundijh. It hath ten fiamina the length of
the petal, which decline in the middle , terminated by oval
flummits. In the center is fituated a roundijh germen , flup-
porting a fender ftyle as long as the petal , crowned by an
obtufle ftigma. The germen afterward becomes am oval or
globular capflule with five cells , filled with very fmall
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogynia,
which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have ten
ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Kalmia ( Latifolia ) foliis ovatis, corymbis terminali-
bus. Amcen. Acad. 3. p. 19. Kalmia with oval leaves ,
and flowers growing in bunches terminating the branches.
Chamsedaphne foliis tini, floribus bullatis umbellatis.
Catefb. Carol. 2. p. 98. tab. 98. Dwarf Laurel with a
Tinus leaf , and ftudded flowers growing in umbels , com-
monly called Ivy-tree in America.
2. Kalmia ( 'Angufti folia ) foliis lanceolatis corymbus la-
teralibiK. Lin. Gen. Nov. 1079. Kalmia with fpear-
fhaped leaves , and flowers growing in round bunches on the
(Ues of the ftalk. Chamredaphne fempervirens, foliis
K A L
oblongis anguftis, foliorum fafciculis oppofitis. Catefb.
Carol. 3. p. 17. Evergreen Dwarf Laurel, with oblong
narrow leaves growing in bunches , which are placed oppofite.
The firft fort grows naturally upon rocks and in barren
foils in Virginia and Penfylvania, where it rifes with
a branching ftalk to the height of ten or twelve feet,
garnifhed with very ftiff leaves, which are two inches
long and one broad, of a lucid green on their upper
fide, but of a pale green on their under; they
have fhort foot-ftalks, and ftand without order round
the branches ; between thefe the buds are formed for
thenext year’s flowers, at theextremityof the branches;
thefe budsfwell during the autumn and fpring months,
till the beginning of June, when the flowers burft out
from their empalements, forming a round bunch (or
corymbus) fitting very clofe to the branch ; they are
of a pale falufh colour, the outfide of the petal is of
a Peach colour. The flower has but one petal, whofe
bafe is tubulous, but is cut into five roundifli feg-
ments, ftudded with purple fpots, which are promi-
nent ; after the flowers are paft, the germen in the
center becomes an oval capfule, crowned by the per-
manent ftyle, having five cells, which are full of very
fmall feeds. This fhrub in its native foil continues
flowering great part of the fummer, and is one of the
greateft ornaments to the country •, but as yet it is not
fo well naturalized to our climate as could be wifhed,
though the plants are not injured by the cold, and
fome of them have flowered feveral years paft in the
Chelfea garden.
In
K A R
In the country where this fhrub grows tiaturaily, it
fends cut plenty of fuckers irom the roots, fo that
they form thickets which are almoft im pa (Table ; but
here they have not as yet produced any fuckers, nor
do the feeds come to maturity, fo that the plants are
not very common in England ; for the feeds which are
lent from America lie in the ground a whole year be-
fore the plants appear, and afterward they make very
Tow progrefs, which has difcouraged moil people from
attempting to raile the plants in that method. The
only perfon who has fucceeded well in the railing of
thefe, is Mr. James Gordon of Mile End, who has a
good number of the plants which have arifen from
feeds.
The fecond fort is a native of the fame country with
the fir ft, where it riles from three to fix feet high,
dividing into fmall ligneous branches which are very
clofe, covered with a dark gray bark, garnilhed with
ltiff leaves about two inches long and half an inch
broad, cf a lucid green, placed without order upon the
branches, Handing upon fender faot-ftalks ; the flow-
ers grow in loofe bunches on the fide of the branches,
upon flender foot-fcalks j they are of one petal, having
a Ihort tube, but fpread open at the top, where they
are cut into five angles : the fiowers are of a bright red
colour when they firfi: open, but afterward fade to a
blulh or Peach bloom colour •, thefe are fucceeded by
roundilli compreffed feed-veflfels crowned by the per-
manent ftyle, divided into five cells, which are filled
with fmall roundilli feeds. This fhrub flowers great
part of fummer in its native country, but is not yet
fo well naturalized to this country as to do the like.
The leaves of this elegant plant are fuppofed to have
a noxious quality, deftroying fheep and oxen when
they feed upon them, yet the deer eat them with
impunity.
Both thefe forts multiply by their creeping roots in
their native foil, and at Whitton, where they have flood
unremoved a coafiderable time, they put out fuckers
in pretty great plenty ; and as thefe plants which come
from luckers, are much more likely to produce others
than thofe which are raifed from feeds, and will flower
much fooner, fo the plants fhouid not be removed,
but encouraged to fpread their roots and fend out
fuckers.
KARAT AS, the Penguin or wild Ananas.
The Characters are,
It hath a tubuloas bell-Jhaped flower , which is divided into
three parts at the mouth , from whofe empalement where
the germen is ftuated arifes the point al , fixed like a nail in
the hinder part of the fower, attended by fix floor t flamina ;
the germen afterward becomes a flefiyy almofi conical fruit ,
which is divided by membranes into three cells , that are
full of oblong feeds.
There is but one fort of this plant at prefent known
in England, which is,
Ivaratas ( Penguin ) foliis ciliato fpinofis mucronatis, ra-
cemo terminal!. The wild Ananas or Penguin.
Father Plunder has made a great miftake in the figure
and delcription of the characters of this plant, and the
Caraguata; for he has joined the flower of the Cara-
guata to the fruit of the Karatas, and vice versa ; this
has led many perfons into miftakes, who have joined
the Bromelia and Ananas to this, making them all of
the fame genus, whereas by their characters they
fnould be feparated.
This plant is very common in the Well-Indies, where
the juice of its fruit is often put into punch, being of
a fharp acid flavour. There is alio a wine made of
the juice of this fruit which is very ftrong, but it will
not keep good very long, fo is only for prefent ufe.
This wine is very intoxicating and heats the blood,
therefore fhouid be drank very fparingly.
In England this plant is preferred as a curiofity, for
the fruit feldom arrives to any degree of perfedion in
this country, though it has often produced fruit in
the gardens, which fometimes has ripened pretty well;
but if it were to ripen as thoroughly here as in its
native country, it would be little valued on account
K JE M
of its great autarky,- which will often take the fkin off
from the mouths and throats of thofe people who eat
it incautiouily.
This plant- is propagated by feeds, for though there
are often fuckers lent forth from the old plants, yet
they come cut from between the leaves, and are" fo
long, {lender, and ill-fhapen, that if they are planted
they feldom make regular plants. Thefe feeds fhouid
be fown early in the fpring, in fmall pots filled with
light rich earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tan-
ners bark. When the plants are ftrong enough to
tranfplant, they fhouid be carefully taken up, and each
planted into a feparate pot filled with light rich earth,
and plunged into the hot-bed again, obferving to re-
frefh them frequently with water, until they have taken
new root, after which time they fhouid have air and
water in proportion to the warmth of the feafon. In
this bed the plants may remain till Michaelmas, at
which time they fhouid be removed into the ftove,
and plunged into the bark-bed, where they fnould be
treated in the fame manner as the Ananas.
Thefe plants will not produce their fruit in England
until they are three or four years old, fo they fhouid
be fhifted into larger pots, as the plants advance in
their growth ; for if their roots are too much confined,
they will make but little progrefs. They fhouid alio
be placed at a pretty great dillance from each other,
for their leaves will be three or four feet long, which
turning downward occupy a large fpace.
The leaves of this plant are ftrongly armed with
crooked fpines, which renders it very troublefome to
iliif c or handle the plants ; for the fpines catch hold
of whatever approaches them by their crooked form,
being fome bent one v/ay, and others the reverfe, fo
that they catch both ways, and tear the fkin or clothes
of the perfons who handle them, where there is not
the greateft care taken of them.
The fruit of this plant is produced in cluflers, growing
upon a ftalk about three feet high, and having ge-
nerally a tuft of leaves growing on the top, fo has, "at
firfi fight, the appearance of a Fine Apple ; but, when
clofer viewed, they will be found to be a clufler of
oblong fruit, each being about the fize of a finger.
A KATKIN is an aggregate of fummits, hanging
down in form of a rope, or Cat’s tail, as in the Sallow,
Hazel, Birch, &c. and is called in Latin iulus.
KfEMPFERIA. L.in. Gen. Plant. 7.
The Characters are.
It hath a fingle fpatha ( or Jheath ) of one leaf ; the flower
hath one petal with a long fender tube, divided into fix
parts above ; three of them are alternately fpear-Jhaped and
equal, the other are oval , and at bottom cut into two feg~
ments which are vertically heart- jhaped. It hath bat one fa-
men, which is membranaceous , oval, and indented, terminated
by a linear fummit , faflened to it all the length , fcarcely
emerging out of. the tube of the petal. It hath a round
germen fupporting a fiyle the length of the tube, crowned
by an obtufe fligma ; the germen afterward becomes a
roundif: three-cornered capjule with three cells , filled with
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfi fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s firfi: clafs, intitled Monandria Monogynia,
which includes thofe plants whofe fiowers have one
ftamen and one ftyle.
The Species are,
I- ^ V ^ MPFERIA ( G along a) foliis ovatis feffilibus. Flor.
Zeyl. 8. Ktempferia with oval leaves fitting clofe to the
root. Katsjuli Kelengu. Hort. Mai. and the'Wanhom.
Kaempf. Amcen. 901. Galangale.
2. K^mpferia ( Rotunda ) foliis lanceolatis petiolatis,
Flor. Zeyl. 9. Kampferia with fpear-Jhaped leaves having
foot-folks. Zedoaria rotunda. C. B. P. Round Ze do ary,
Thefe plants are both natives of the Eaft-Indies, where
their roots are greatly ufed in medicine as fudorific
and carminative. The firfi fort hath much the feent of
green Ginger, when frefh taken out of the ground; the
roots are divided into feverai fiefhy tubers, which are
fometimes jointed, and grow about four or five inches
long; the leaves are oval, about four inches lono-
7 N ' and
and two broad ; thefe are without foot-ftalks, growing
dole to the root, and feem as if fet on by pairs,
fpreading open each way •, and from between thefe
leaves the flowers are produced fingly, having no
foot-ftalks, but are clofely embraced by the leaves •,
the flowers are white, having a bright purple bottom.
Thefe are not fueceeded by any fruit in England.
The lecond fort hath roots fomewhat like thole of the
firft, but are Ihorter, growing in large clutters, covered
with an Afh-coloured Ikin, but within are white; from
the roots arife the leaves, which fold over each other
at their bale ; they are fix or eight inches long, and
three broad in the middle, gradually ending in acute
points ; the flowers arife immediately from the roots,
each having a lpatha (or fheath) at bottom cut into
two iegments, which clofely embrace the foot-ftalk ;
thefe have fix petals, the three lower which decline
downward are long and narrow, the two upper are
divided fo deeply as to appear like a flower with four
petals, and the fide petal is bifid ; they are of mixed
colours, blue, purple, white and red, having a fragrant
odour: they flower in July and Auguft, but do not
produce feeds in England.
Thefe plants being natives of hot countries, wall not
bear the open air in England, fo requires a warm
ftove to preferve them through the winter ; but as
their leaves decay in the autumn, fo the plants fhould
not have too much wet while they are in an inactive
ftate. If the plants are placed in the bark-ftove, and
treated in the fame manner as is directed for the
Ginger, they will thrive, and produce plenty of
flowers every fummer. They are both propagated
by parting of their roots ; the belt time for this is in
the fp ring, juft before they begin to put cut their
leaves
KETMIA. See Hibiscus.
KIGGEL ARIA. Tin. Gen. Plant. 1001. Lauras.
Sterb. We have no Englifn title for this plant.
The Characters are,
It hath male and hermaphrodite flowers fituated on different
trees ; the male flowers have an empalement of one leaf ,
cut into five concave figments, and five concave petals
* which are longer than the empalement , flu aped like a
pitcher ; each of the petals have a honey gland faflened to
their bafle , which have three ohtufi lobes and are coloured ,
faflened to the tails of the petals ; they have ten flmallfia-
mina , terminated by oblong fummits. "The hermaphrodite
flowers have empalement s and petals like the male , but few
of them have ftamina. In the center is fituated a roundifh
germen , flupporting five ftyles , crowned by obtufe ftigmas.
The germen afterward becomes a rough globular fruit
with a thick cover , having one cell , filled with angular
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth fedtion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dioecia De-
candria ; but it fhould be removed to his twenty-third
clafs, as the hermaphrodite flowers are fruitful, tho’
they are fituated upon diftinct plants, whofe male
flowers have ten ftamina.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
K-IGgelAria ( Africana .) Hort. Clift. 462. fol. 20. Euony-
mo-affinis Aithiopica fempervirens, fructu globofo fca-
bro, folks falicis rigidis ferratis. H. L. 139. An
Ethiopian Evergreen plant refimbling the Spindle-tree ,
with a rough globular fruit , and jiff flawed Willow
leaves.
This plant grows naturally at the Cape of Good Hope,
where it rifes to be a tree of middling ftature ; but as
it will not live in the open air here, they cannot be
expected to grow to a great magnitude in England.
There are plants of it in the Chelfea garden upward
of ten feet high, with ftrong woody Items and pretty
laro-e heads ; the branches have a fmooth bark, which
is firft green, but afterward changes to a purplifh co-
lour the leaves are about three inches long and one
broad, of a light green colour, and iawed on their
edges, Landing upon fhort foot-ftalks alternately. The
flowers come out in duffers from the fide of the
branches, and hang downward ; they are of an herba-
ceous white colour, and appear in May, at which
time the plants are thinly garnifhed with leaves, for
moft of the old leaves drop juft before the ne w ones ap-
pear. The male flowers fall away loon after their farina
is fhed, butthe hermaphrodite flowers are fueceeded by
globular fruit about the flze of common red Cherries ;
the cover of thefe is very rough, and of a thick con-
fluence, opening in five valves at the top, having one
cell filled with final! angular feeds. Thefe fruit have
grown to their full fize in the Chelfea garden, but
the feeds have rarely come to maturity here.
Thefe plants were not very common in Europe fome
years paft, being very difficult to propagate, unlds
by feeds, which fome plants both in Holland and
England have lately produced, fo that they are now
much more plenty than they were in both countries ;
for when any of the young branches are laid down,
they are two years before they put out roots, and
fcarce one in five will then have any roots ; nor do
the cuttings fucceed better, for not one in twenty of
them will take root, when planted with the utmoft
care : the belt time to plant the cuttings is in the
fpring, juft before the plants begin tofheot; thefe
fhould be planted in pots filled with a loft loamy earth,
and plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, covering
them clofe with a glafs, to exclude the air from them,
and flbade them every day from the fun ; they ftiould
have very little water after their firft planting. If any
of them grow, they ftiould be planted into feparate
Jmall pots, filled with loamy earth, and may be ex-
pofed to the air in a fheltered fituation till autumn,
when they mult be removed into the green-houfe, and
treated in the fame manner as Orange-trees.
KITCHE N-G ARDEN. A good Kitchen-garden
is almoft as necefiary to a country feat, as a kitchen
to the houfe ; for without one, there is no way of
being fupplied with a great part of necefiary food; the
markets in the country being but poorly furnifhed
with efculent herbs, and thofe only upon the market
days, which are feldom oftener than once a week ; fo
that unlefs a perfon has a garden of his own, there
will be no fuch thing as procuring them freffi, in which
their goodnefs confifts ; nor can any variety of thefe
be had in the country markets ; therefore whoever
propofes to refide in the country, fhould be careful
to make choice of a proper fpot of ground for this
purpofe; and the fooner that is made and planted,
the produce of it will be earlier in perfection ; for
, fruit-trees and Afparagus require three years to grow,
before any produce can be expedited from, them ; fo
that the later the garden is made, the longer it will
be before a fupply of thefe things can be had for the
table. And although the ufefulnefs of this garden is
acknowledged by almoft every one, yet there are few
who make a proper choice of foil and fituation for
fuch a garden ; the modern tafte, which is, perhaps,
carried to as extravagant lengths, in laying open and
throwing every obftruction down, as the former cuft
tom of inclofing within walls was ridiculous ; fo that
now one frequently fees the Kitchen-garden removed
to a very great diftance from the houfe and offices,
which is attended with great inconveniencies ; and
often fituated on a very bad foil, fometimes too moift,
and at others without water, fo that there is a great
expence in building walls and making the garden,
where there can be little hopes of fuccefs.
Nor will a Kitchen-garden be well attended to, when
it is fo fituated as to be out of fight of the poffeffor,
efpecially if the gardener has not a love and value for
it, or if it lies at a great diftance from his habitation,
or the other parts of the garden ; for when it fo hap-
pens, a great part of the labourer’s time will be loft
in going from one part to the other: therefore, be-
fore the general plan of the pleafu re- garden is fettled,
a proper piece of ground ftiould be chofen for this
purpole, and the plan fo adapted, as that the Kitchen-
garden may not become offenfive to the fight, which
may be effected by proper plantations of fihrubs to
foreen the walls ; and through thefe ffirubs may be
contrived
contrived fome winding walks to leaci to the Kitchen-
garden, which will have as good an e fleet as tnoie
which are now commonly made in gardens for pleaiure
only. In the choice of the fituation, if it does not
ohftrudl the view of better objects, or fhut out any
material proipedt, there can be no objeCton to the
placing it at a reafonable diftance from the houfe or
offices •, for as particular things may be wanted for the
kitchen, which were not thought of at the time when
directions were given to the gardener what to bring
in 5 fo if the garden is fituated at a great diftance
from the houfe, it will be found very inconvenient to
fend thither as often as things are wanting : therefore
it fhould be contrived as near the (tables as poftible,
for the conveniency of carrying the dung thithei •,
which, if at a great diftance, will add to the expence
of the garden. . -
As to the figure of the ground, that is of no great
moment, fince in the diftnbution or the quarteis all
irregularities may be hid *, though if you are at full
liberty, an exad fquare or an oblong, is preferable to
any other figure.
The great thing to be confidered is, to make choice
of a good foil, °not too wet, nor over dry, but of a
middling quality ; nor ftiould it be too ftrong or ftub-
born, but of a pliable nature, and eafy to work $ and
if the place where you intend to make the Kitchen-
garden ftiould not be level, but high in one part and
low in another, I would by no means advife the le-
velling it •, for by this fituation you will have an ad-
vantage which could not be obtained on a perfedl le-
vel, which is, the having one part dry ground
for early crops, and the low part for late crops,
whereby the kitchen may be the better fupplied
throughout the feafon with the various forts of herbs,
roots, &c. And in very dry feafons, when in the
upper part of the garden the crop will greatly luffer
with drought, then the lower part will fucceed, and
fo vice versa •, but I would by no means dired the
chuftng a very low moift fpot of ground for this pur-
pol'e for although in fuch foils garden-herbs are
commonly more vigorous and large in the dimmer
feafon, yet they are feldom fo weft tailed or whole-
fome as thofe which grow upon a moderate foil ; and
efpecially fince in this garden your choice fruits
fhould be planted, it would be wrong to have a very
wet foil.
This garden fiiould be fully expofed to the fun, and
by no means overfhadowed with trees, buildings, &c.
which are very injurious to your kitchen plants and
fruit-trees ; but if it be defended from the north wind
by a diftant plantation, it will greatly preferve your
early crops in the fpring ; as alfo from the ftrong
fouth-weft winds, which are very hurtful in autumn
to fruit and garden-herbs. But thefe plantations fhould
not be too near nor very large ; for I have generally
found where Kitchen-gardens are placed near woods or
large plantations, they have been much more troubled
with blights in the fpring, than thofe which have been
more expofed.
The quantity of ground neceftary for aKitchen-garden
muft be proportioned to the largenefs of the (arnily,
or the quantity of herbs defired : for a fmall family,
one acre of ground may be fufficient ; but for a large
family, there fhould not be lefs than three or four
acres ; becaufe, when the ground is regularly laid out,
and planted with eipaliers of fruit-trees, as will here-
after be directed, this quantity will be found little
enough, notwithftanding what fome perfons havefaid
on this head.
This ground muft be walled round, and if it can be
conveniently contrived, fo as to plant both fides of the
walls which have good afpefts, it will be a great ad-
dition to the quantity of wall fruit and thofe flips
of ground which are without fide of the walls, will
be very ufeful for planting of Goofeberries, Currants,
Strawberries, and fome forts of kitchen plants, fo
that they may be rendered equally ufeful with any of
the quarters within the walls •, but thefe flips ftiould
not be too narrow, left the hedge, pale, or plantation
of flirubs* which inclofe them, ftiould (hade the bor-
ders where the fruit-trees (land : the lead width of
thefe flips fhould be twenty-five or thirty feet, but if
they are double that, it will be yet better, and the flips
will be more ufeful, and the fruit-trees will have a
larger fcope of good ground for their roots to run.
Thefe walls fhould be built about twelve feet higfq
which will be a fufficient height for any fort of fruit.
If the foil where you intend to place yourKitchen-gar-
den be very ftrong, then you fhould plough or dig it
three or four times before you plant any thing therein 5
and if you throw it up in ridges to receive the rroft in
winter, it will be of great fervice to meliorate and
loofen its parts. ,
The manure which is moft proper for fticH foils, is
fea-coal afhes, and the cleanfing of ftreets or ditches,
which will render it light much fooner than any other
dung or manure ■, and the greater the quantity of
allies the better, efpecially if the ground be cold ;
and where thefe allies are not to be obtained in plenty,
fea-fand is a very proper dreffing, where it can be
eafily procured, or rotten wood, or the parts' of ve-
getables rotted are very good ; all which will greatly
loofen the foil, and caufe it to be not only eafier to
work, but alfo more advantageous for the growth of
plants.
But, on the contrary, if your foil be light and warm,
you fhould manure it with rotten neats dung, which
is much preferable to any other dreffing for hot foils ;
but if you ufe horfe dung, it muft be well rotted,
otherwife it will burn up the crops upon the find hot
dry weather. , , ,
The foil of this garden ftiould be at lead two feet
deep, but if deeper it will be ftill better, otherwife
there will not be depth enough of foil for many forts
of efculent roots, as Carrots, Parfneps, Beets, &c.
which run down pretty deep in the ground, and moft
other forts of efculent plants delight in a deep foil ;
and many plants, whofe roots appear fhort, yet if
their fibres by which they receive their nourifhment
are traced, they will be found to extend to a conft-
derable depth in the ground ; fo that when thefe are
flopped by meeting with gravel, chalk, clay, &c. the
plants will foon fhew it by their colour and dinted
growth.
You fhould alfo endeavour to have a fupply of wa-
ter in the different parts of the garden, which, if pof-
fible, fhould be contained in large bafons or refervoirs,
where it may be expofed to the open air and fun, that
it may be loftened thereby •, for fuch water as is taken
out of wells, &c. juft as it is ufed, is by no means
proper for any fort of plants.
In the diftribution of this garden, after having built
the walls, you fhould lay out banks or borders under
them, which fhould be at lead eight or ten feet broad,
whereby the roots of the fruit-trees will have greater
liberty than in fuch places where the borders are not
above three or four feet wide •, and upon thefe banks
you may fow many forts of early crops, if expofed to
the fouth ; and upon thofe expofed to the north, you
may have fome late crops ; but I would by no means
advife the planting any fort of deep rooting plants too
near the fruit-trees, efpecially Peas and Beans ^ tho 5
for the advantage of the walls, to preferve them in
winter, and to bring them forward in the fpring, the
gardeners in general are too apt to make ufe of thofe
borders, which are near the beft afpebled walls, to the
great prejudice of their fruit-trees ; but for thefe pur-
pofes it is much better to have fome Reed-hedges fixed
in fome of the warmed quarters, under which you
fhould fow and plant early Peas, Beans, &c. where
they will thrive as well as if planted under a wall, and
hereby your fruit-trees will be entirely freed from fuch.
tro.ubiefome plants.
Then you fhould proceed to dividing the ground out
into quarters, which muft be proportioned to the larger
nefs of the garden ; but I would advife never to make
them too fmall, whereby your ground will be loft in
walks ; and the quarters being inclofed by eipaliers
of fruit-trees the plants therein will draw up flender^
K I T.
and never arrive to half the fize as they would do in
a more open expoiure.
i he walks of this garden fhouid, be alio proportioned
to the fize of the ground, which in a fmall garden
fliould be four feet, but in a large one fix ; and on
eacli fide of the walk fhouid be allowed a border five -
"or fix feet wide between the dpalier and the walk,
whereby the diftance between the efpaliers /will be
greater, and the borders being kept conftantly worked
and manured, will be of great advantage to the roots
of the trees ; and in thefe borders may be Town feme
fmall fal lad, or any other herbs, which do not con-
tinue long or root deep, fo that the ground will not
be loft.
The breadth of thefe middle walks which I have here
affigned them, may by many peribns be thought too
great •, but my reafon for this is to allow proper room
between the efpaliers, that they may not fliade each
other, or their roots interfere and rob each other of
their nourifhment : but where the walks are not re-
quiredof this breadth, it is only enlarging of the bor-
ders on each fide, and fo reducing the walks to the
breadth defired.
But the walks of thefe gardens fhould.not be gravelled,
for as there will conftantly be occafion to wheel ma-
nure, water, &c. upon them, they would foon be de-
faced, and rendered unfightly •, nor fhouid they be
laid with turf; for in green walks, when they are
wheeled upon or much trodden, the turf is loon de-
ftroyed, and thofe places where they are much ufed,
become very unfightly alfo ; therefore the belt walks
for a Kitchen-garden are thofe which are laid with a
binding land ; but where the foil is ftrong and apt to
detain the wet, there fhouid be forne narrow under
ground drains made by the fide of the walks, to carry
off the wet, otherwife there will be no ufing of the
walks in bad weather ; and where the ground is very
wet, and the water is detained by the ftiffnefs of the
foil, if fome lime-rubbifh, flints, chalk, or any fuch
material as can be procured with the lead: expence, and
is laid at the bottom of thefe walks ; or if neither of
thefe can be had, a bed of Heath or Furze fhouid be
laid, and the coat of fand laid over it ; the fand will
be kept drier, and the walks will be found and good
in allfeafons. Thefe fand-walks when they are well
laid, are by much the eafieft kept of any ; for when
either weeds or Mcfs begin to grow, it is but feuffling
them over with a Dutch hoe in dry weather, and raking
them over a day or two after, and they will be as
clean as when firft laid.
The beft figure for the quarters- to be difpofed into,
is a fquare or an oblong,- where the ground is adapted
to fuch a figure ; otherwife they may be triangular,
or of any other fhape, which will be moll advantageous
to the ground.
When the garden is laid out in the fhape intended, if
the foil is ftrong, and fubiect to detain the moifture,
or is naturally wet, there fhouid always be under-
ground drains made, to carry off the wet from every
quarter of the garden,- for otherwife moil forts of
kitchen plants will fuffer greatly by moifture in winter;
and if the roots of the fruit-trees get into the wet, they
will never produce good fruit, fo that there cannot be
too much care taken to let off all fuperfious moifture
from the Kitchen-garden.
Thefe quarters fhouid be conftantly kept clear from
weeds, and when any part of the ground is unoccu-
pied, it fhouid always be trenched up into ridges, that
it may fweeten and imbibe the nitrous particles of the
air, which is of great advantage to all forts of land,
and the ground will then be ready to lay down when-
ever it is wanted.
The ground in thefe quarters fhouid not be fown or
planted with the fame crop two years together, but
the crops fhouid be annually changed, whereby they
will prove much better than when they conftantly grow
upon the, fame fpot. Indeed the kitchen-gardeners
near London, where the land is dear, are often obliged
to put the lame crop upon the ground for two or
three years together ; but then they dig and manure
K N A
their land io well every year, as to render it alrnoft
new ; though notwkhftanding all this, it is conftantly
obferved, that frefh land always produces the belt
crops.
In one of thefe quarters, which is fituated neareft to
the (tables, and beft defended from the cold winds ;
or if either of the flips, without the garden wall, which
is well expofed to the fun, lies convenient, and is of
a proper width, that fhouid be preferred for a place
to make hot-beds for early Cucumbers, Melons, &c.
The reafons for my giving the preference to one of
thele flips, is, firft, there will be no dirt or litter
carried over the walks of the Kitchen-garden in winter
and fpring, when the weather is generally wet, fo that
the walks will be rendered unfightly ; ieconclly, the
view of the hot-beds will be excluded from fight ; and
laftly, the convenience of carrying the dung into thefe
flips, for by making of a gate in the hedge, or pale,
wide enough for a fmall cart to enter, it may be done
with much lefs trouble than that of barrowing it thro 5
the garden ; and where there can be a flip long enough
to contain a fufficient number of beds for two or three
years, it will be of great ufe ; becaufe by the (hitting
of the beds annually, they will fucceed much better
than when they are continued for a number of years
on the fame ipot of ground ; and as it will be abfo-
lutely neceffary to fence this Melon-ground round
with a Reed-hedge, it may be fo contrived as to move
away in pannels ; and then that hedge which was on
the upper fide the firft year, being carried down to a
proper diftance below that which was the lower hedp-e,
and which may remain, there will be no occafion°to
remove more than one of the crofs hedges in a year;
therefore I am perfuaded, whoever will make trial of
this method, will find it the moft eligible.
The moft important points of general culture confift
in well digging and manuring the foil, and giving a
proper diftance to each planC according to their dif-
rent growths (which is conftantly exhibited in their
feveral articles in this book) as alfo in keeping them
clear from weeds ; for if weeds aae permitted to grow
until their feeds are ripe, they will fhed upon the
ground, and fill it fo as not to be gotten out again in
feveral years. You fhouid alfo obferve to keep your
dunghills always clear from weeds, for it will be to
litte purpofe to keep the garden clean, if this is not
obferved ; for the leeds falling among the dung, will
be brought into the garden, v/hereby there will be a
conftant fupply of weeds yearly introduced, to the no
fmall damage of your plants, and a perpetual labour
occafioned to extirpate them again. Another thing
which is abfolutely neceffary to be obferved, is, to car-
ry off all the refufe leaves of Cabbages, the (talks of
Beans and haulm of Peafe, as foon as they are done
with, for the ill feent which moft people complain of
in the Kitchen-gardens, is wholly occafioned by thefe
things being buffered to rot upon the ground ; there-
fore when the Cabbages are cut, all leaves fhouid be
carried out of the garden while they are frefh, at
which time they may be very ufeful for feeding of
hogs, or other animals, and this will always keep the
garden neat and free from ill (cents. As for all other
neceffary direftions, they will be found in the articles
of the feveral forts of kitchen plants, which renders it
needlefs to be repeated in this place.
KLEINI A. See Cacalia.
K N A U T I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 109. Lychni-Scabiofa.
Boerh. Ind. 1. 13 1.
This name was applied to this plant by Dr. Linnaeus,
in honour of the memory of Dr. Chriftian Knaut, who
publifhed a method of clafting plants.
The Characters are,
It hath a 'fmgle oblong empalement , containing feveral flofi-
cular flowers , which are ranged fo as to appear regular ,
but each irregular , having ttibes the length of the empale-
ment , but are cut at the brim into four irregular fegments ,
the cuter being the biggeft ; it hath four fiamina the
length of the tube , inferted in the receptacle , terminated by
oblong incumbent fummits ; and a germen under the petal ,
fupporting a fender ftyle., crowned by a thick bifid fiigma ,
which
/
&
K N A
which afterward becomes a four-cornered feed with a hairy
apex.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, intitled Tetrandria Monogy-
nia, the flowers having four ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Knautia {Orient alls) foliis omnibus pinnatifidis, co-
rollls calyce longioribus. Lin. Sp. App. 1679. Knau-
tia with all the leaves wing- pointed, and the petal longer
than the empalement. Lychni-fcabiofa, fiore rubro,
annua. Boerh. Ind. alt.
2. Knautia (Propontica) foliis fuperioribus lanceolatis
indivifis, corollis calyce aequalibus. Lin. Sp. App.
1666. Knautia whofe upper leaves are fpear-fhaped and
whole , and the petal of the flower equal to the empale-
ment. Scabiofa Orientalis viilofa, fiore fuaverubente,
fruciu pulchro oblongo. Tourn. Cor. 35.
Thefe plants are natives of the Eaft, they are both
annual ; the firft has been long cultivated in the Eng-
liftt gardens-, this rifeswithan eretft branching ftalk four
feet high, garni ftied with wing-pointed leaves ; the
branches are terminated by Angle foot-ftalks, each flip-
porting one flower, having a tubular empalement cut
into four fegrnents at the top, and each contain four flo-
rets of a bright red colour, cut into four unequal feg-
ments, the outer being much larger than the other ;
thefe have four ftamina the length of the tube of the pe-
tal, terminated by oblong fummits and the flowers
are fucceeded by oblong four-cornered feeds, which,
when ripe, foon fall out of the cup if they are not ga-
thered.
The fecond fort differs from the firft in its upper leaves
being whole, and the petal of the flower being equal
to the cup. The lower leaves of this are fawed on
their edges, and terminate in acute points.
Thefe plants propagate eafily ; if their feeds are
permitted to fcatter in the autumn, the plants will
come up foon after ; and if fome of thefe are planted
in the borders of the pleafure-garden, or among low
fhrubs near the walks in Qbtober, the plants will
live through the winter, and flower in June ; fo their
feeds will ripen the end of July or beginning of Au-
guft, therefore require no other culture but to keep
them clean from weeds.
KNIGHTS CROSS, or SCARLET CROSS,
is the Scarlet Lychnis. See Lychnis.
LAB
ABIATE FLOWERS are fuch as have
lips, or more properly a labiated flower, is
- an irregular monopetalous flower, divided into
two lips ; the upper is called the creft, the un-
der the beard fometimes the creft is wanting, and
then the ftyle and chives fupply its place, as in the
Ground Pihe, Scordium, Bugula, &c. but the greateft
part have two lips, which, in fome fpecies the upper
lip is turned upwards, as the Ground Ivy, &c. but
molt ufuafly the upper lip is convex above, and turns
the hollow part down to the lower lip, and fo repre-
len ts a kind of helmet, or monk’s hood, from whence
thefe are called galeate, cucullate, and galericulate
flowers, in which form are moft of the verticillate
plants.
LABLAB. See Phaseolus.
LABRUM VENERIS. See Dipsacus.
LABRUSCA. See Vitis.
LABURNUM. SeeCYTisus.
LABI RINTH [Aafqpi/0© j ,] a winding, mazy,
and intricate turning to and fro, through a wildernefs
or a wood.
' The defign of a Labyrinth is, to caufe an intricate
and difficult labour to find out the center, and the
aim is, to make the walks fo intricate, that a perfon
may lofe himfelf in them, and meet with as great a
number of flops and difappointments as is poffible,
they being the moft valuable that are moft intricate.
As to the contrivance of them, it will not be poffible
to give directions in words, there are feveral plans and
deflgns in books of gardening ; they are rarely met
with but in great and noble gardens, as Hampton-
court, &c.
There are two ways of making them, the firft is with
Angle hedges ; this method has been pradtifed in Eng-
land. Thefe, indeed, may be beft, where there is but
a fm.all ipot of ground to be allowed for the making
LAC
them, but where there is ground enough, the double
are moft eligible.
Double ones, or thofe that are made with doubls
hedges of a confiderable thicknefs of wood between
hedge and hedge, are approved as much better than
Angle ones, as is the manner of making them in
France, and other places, of all which, that of Ver-
failles is allowed by all to be the nobleft of its kind in
the world.
It is an error in Labyrinths in making them too nar-
row, for by that means the hedges muft be kept clofe
clipped whereas, if the walks are made wider, ac-
cording to the foreign practice, they will not ftand in
fo much need of it.
The walks are made with gravel, and the hedges are
ufually fet with Hornbeams ; the pallifades ought to
be ten, twelve, or fourteen feet high ; the Hornbeam
ffiould be kept cut, and the walks rolled.
LACRYMA JOBI [fo called, becaufe the feed
of it refembles a tear, or drop.] Job’s Tears. See
Coix.
LAC TIFEROUS P LAN T S are fuch as abound
with a milky juice, as the Euphorbia, Sonchus, Lac-
tuca, &c.
LACTUCA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 473. tab. 267.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 814. [fo called from lac, Lat.
milk, becaufe the leaves, ftalks, flower, and branch,
being broken, plentifully emit a milk, or white milky
juice, quickly turning yellow and bitterilh.] Lettuce 5
in French, Laitue.
The Characters are,
The flowers are compofed of feveral hermaphrodite florets,
inclofled in one flcaly oblong empalement ; thefe lie over each
other like the flcales of fifh. The florets have one petals
which is ftretched cut on one fide like a tongue , and is
flightly indented at the end in three or four parts % thefe
have each five fhort hairy ftamina ; ' the oval germen flip-
7 Q ports
\
tU
LAC
■ports a /tender ftyle, crowned by two reflexed fligmas , and
afterward becomes one oblong pointed feed , crowned with
a Jingle down., fitting in the ficaly empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft: Section of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitied Syngenefia Polyga-
mia aequalis, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
are compofed of all hermaphrodite, or fruitful florets,
and have their ftamina and ftyle connected.
It would be befide my purpofe to mention in this
place the feveral forts of Lettuce that are to be found
in botanic writers, many of which are plants of little
ufe, and are never cultivated but in botanic gardens
for variety •, fome of them are found wild in many
parts of England. I fhall therefore pafs over thofe,
and only mention the feveral varieties which are cul-
tivated in the kitchen-garden for ufe : i . Common or
Garden Lettuce. 2. Cabbage Lettuce. 3. Cilicia Let-
tuce. 4. Dutch Brown Lettuce. 5. Aleppo Lettuce.
6. Imperial Lettuce. 7. Green Capuchin Lettuce.
8. Verfailles, or Upright White Cos Lettuce. 9. Black
Cos. 10. Red Capuchin Lettuce. 11. Roman Let-
tuce. 12. Prince Lettuce. 13. Royal Lettuce. 14.
Egyptian Cos Lettuce.
The firft of thefe forts is commonly fown for cutting
very young, to mix with other Small fallad herbs, and
is only different from the fecond fort, in being a de-
generacy therefrom, or otherwife the fecond is an im-
provement by frequent cultivation from the firft •, for
if the feeds are faved from fuch plants of the fecond
fort as did not cabbage clofely, the plants produced
from that feed will degenerate to the firft fort, which
is by the gardeners called Lapped Lettuce, to diftin-
guifti it from the other, which they call Cabbage Let-
tuce. The feeds of the firft, which are commonly
faved from any of the plants, without having regard
to their goodnefs, are generally fold at a very cheap
rate (efpecially in dry feafons, when thefe plants al-
ways produce the greateft quantity of feeds,) though
fometimes this feed is fold in the feed-fhops, and by
perfons who make a trade of felling feeds, for the
Cabbage Lettuce, which is often the occafion of peo-
ples being difappointed in their crop •, fo that this fort
Ihould never be cultivated but to be cut up very
young, for which purpofe this is the only good fort,
and may be fown any time of the year, obferving only
in hot weather to fow it in fhady borders ; and in the
fpring and autumn upon warm borders, but in win-
ter itlhould be fown under glaffes, otherwife it is Sub-
ject to be deftroyed by fevere frofts.
'The Cabbage Lettuce may alfo be fown at different
times of the year, in order to have a continuation of
it through the whole feafon. The firft crop is gene-
rally fown in February, which fhould be upon a
warm fpot of ground, and when the plants are come
up, they fhould be thinned out to the diftance of ten
inches each way, which may be done by hoeing them
out, as is praCtifed for Turneps, Carrots, Onions, &c.
provided you have no occafion for the fuperfluous
plants, otherwife they may be drawn up, and trans-
planted into another fpot of good ground at the fame
diftance, which, if done before the plants are too
large, they will Succeed very well, though they will
not be fo large as thofe which are left upon the
fpot where they were fown, but they will come Some-
what later, which will be of Service where people do
not continue Sowing every fortnight or three weeks in
Summer.
You muft alfo obServe in Sowing the Succeeding crops,
as the feafon advances, to chufe a fhady moift Situ-
ation, but not under the drip of trees, otherwife, in
the heat of Summer they will run up to feed before
they cabbage. In the beginning of Auguft you fhould
fow the laft crop, which is to ftand over winter ;
the feeds fhould be fown thin upon a good light foil,
in a warm Situation, and when the plants are come
up they muft be hoed out, fo as they may ftand Singly,
and cut down all the weeds to clear them. In the be-
ginning of October they fhould be tranfplanted into
warm borders, where, if the winter is not very fevere,
they will Stand very well •, but in order to be Sure of
L A C
a crop, it will be advifeable to plant a few upon a bed
pretty clofe together, where they may be arched over
with hoops, and in fevere frofts they fhould be co-
vered with mats and Straw, or Peas-haulm, to Secure
them from being deftroyed •, and in the Spring of the
year they may be tranfplanted out into a warm rich
foil, at the diftance before-mentioned but Still thole
which grew under the wall, if they efcaped the win-
ter, and were Suffered to remain, will cabbage Sooner
than thofe which are removed again ; but you muft ob-
ferve not to place them too clofe to the wall, which
would occafion their growing up tall, and prevent
their being large or hard.
In order to Save good feeds of this kind, you fhould
look over your Lettuces when they are in perfection,
and fuch of them as are very hard, and grow low,
fnould have flicks thruft into the ground, by the Sides
of as many of them as you intend for feed, to mark
them from the reft ; and you fhould carefully pull ud
all the reft from amongft them as foon as they begin
to run up, if any happen to be left, left when they are
run up to flower, they Should, by the intermixing
their farina with the good ones, degenerate the feeds.
It may be fome perfons may object, that fuppofe
fome bad ones Should happen to be left among them
(for feeds to fow for fmall fallads,) yet the good ones
being marked, the feeds need not be mixed, and fo no
danger can enfue from thence ; but notwithstanding
ever So much care be taken to keep the Seeds Sepa-
rate, yet, whether from the intermixing of the farina
during the time of their being in flower, or what other
caufe, I cannot fay, but it hath been frequently ob-
served, that where good and bad plants have been left
for feed upon the fame fpot, the feeds of the good plants
which were carefully faved Separately, have very much
degenerated, and proved worfe than fuch as have Seeded
by themfelves. The Seeds fhould always be Saved
either from thofe which flood through the winter, or
thofe which were fown early in the Spring, for the
late ones very Seldom perfeCt their feeds.
The Cilicia, Imperial, Royal, Black, White, and Up-
right Cos Lettuces may be fown at the following times ;
the firft feafon for Sowing thefe feeds is at the latter
end of February, or the beginning of March, upon a
moderate hot-bed, or on a warm light foil in a Shel-
tered Situation ; and when the plants are come up
and are fit to tranfplant, thofe which were fown on
the hot-bed fhould be planted on another warm bed
about four inches afunder, row from row, and two
inches diftance in the rows, obferving to fnade them
from the fun till they have taken new root ; after
which they Should have a larger fhare of air ad-
mitted to them daily, to prevent their drawing up
weak ; but if the feafon proves favourable, they
fhould be tranfplanted the beginning of April to
the place where they are to remain, allowing them
Sixteen inches room every way, for thefe large forts
muft not be planted too near each other thole which
were fown in the full ground will be later before they
come up, fo fhould be either hoed out, or trans-
planted into another fpot of ground (as was directed
for thofe fown on the hot-bed allowing them as
much room) efpecially if the foil be good ; after
they have taken new root, you muft carefully keep
them clear from weeds, which is the only culture
they will require, except the Black Cos Lettuce,
which fhould be tied up when they are full grown (in
the manner as was directed for blanching of Endive,)
to whiten their inner leaves, and render them crifp,
otherwife they are Seldom good for much, rarely cab-
baging without this affiftance.
When your Lettuces are in perfection, you fh’ould
look over them, and mark as many of the heft of them
as you intend for feed (in the fame manner as was
before dire&ed for the common Cabbage Lettuce,)
being very careful not to Suffer any ordinary ones to
feed°amongft them, as was before obferved, which
would prove more injurious to thefe forts than to the
common, as being more inclinable to degenerate with
us, if they are not carefully faved.
You
LAC
You may alfo continue thefe forts through the whole
feafon of Lettuce, by lowing . them in April, May, and
June, obferving, (as was before directed) to fow the
late crops in a" fhady fituation, otherwife they will
run up to feed before they grow to any fize ; but in the
middle of September you may fow of thefe forts, to
abide the winter which plants fnould be tranfplanted
either under glaffes, or into a bed, which fhould be
arched over with hoops, in order to be covered in the
winter, otherwife in hard winters they are often de-
ftroyed ; but you muft conftanly let thefe plants have
as much free air as pofiible, when the weather is mild,
only covering them in hard rains or frofty weather ;
for if they are kept too clofely covered in winter,
they will be fubjeft to a mouldinefs, which foon rots
them.
In the fpring thefe plants fhould be planted out into a
rich light foil, allowing them at lead; fixteen inches
diftance each way •, for if they are planted too dole,
they are very fubjeft to grow tall, but feldom cab-
bage well •, and from this crop, if they fucceed well,
it will be proper to fave your feeds j though you
fhould alfo fave from that. crop fown on the hot-bed
in the fpring, becaule fometimes it happens, that the
iirft may fail by a wet feafon, when the plants are
full in flower, and the fecond crop may fucceed, by
having a more favourable feafon afterwards ; and if
they fhould both fucceed, there will be no harm in
that, fince the feeds will grow very well when two
years old, and if well faved, at three, but this will not
always happen.
The moft valuable of all the forts of Lettuce in Eng-
land, are the Egyptian Green Cos, and the Verfailles,
or White Cols, and the Cilicia, though fome people
are very fond of the Royal and Imperial Lettuces,
but they feldom fell fo well in the London markets as
the other, nor are fo generally efteemed. Indeed of
late years, fince the White Cos has been commonly
cultivated, it has obtained the preference of all the
other forts, until the Egyptian Green Cos was intro-
duced, which is fo much fweeter and tenderer than
the White Cos, that it is by all good judges efteemed
the beft fort of Lettuce yet known. This fort will
endure the cold of our ordinary winters full as well as
the White Cos •, but at the feafon of its cabbaging, if
there happens to be much wet, this being very tender,
is very fubjeft to rot.
The Brown Dutch and Green Capuchin Lettuces are
very hardy, and may be fowh at the fame feafons as
was direfted for the common Cabbage Lettuce, and
are very proper to plant under a wall, or hedge, to
fland the winter, where many times thefe will abide,
when moft of the other forts are deftroyed, and there-
fore they will prove very acceptable at a time when
few other forts are to be had •, they will alfo endure
more heat and drought than moft other forts of Let-
tuce, which renders them very proper for late fowing ;
for it very often happens, in very hot weather, that
the other forts of Lettuce will run up to feed in a few
days after they are cabbaged, whereas thefe will abide
near a fortnight in good order, elpecially if care be
taken to cut the forwarded: firft, leaving thofe that
are not fo hard cabbaged to be laft. If fome plants
of thefe two laft forts are planted under frames, on a
moderate hot-bed in Oftober, they will be fit for ufe
in April, which will prove acceptable to thofe who
are lovers of Lettuce, and being covered by glafles,
v/ill render them tender. In faving of thefe feeds,
the fame care fhould be taken to preferve only fuch as
are very large and well cabbaged, otherwife the feeds
will degenerate, and be good for little.
The Red Capuchin, Roman, and Prince Lettuces are
pretty varieties, and cabbage very early, for which
reafon a few of them may be prelerved, as may alfo
fome of the Aleppo, for the beauty of its fpotted
leaves though very few people care for either of thefe
forts at table, when the other more valuable ones are
to be obtained ^ but in a fcarcity, thefe may fupply
the place pretty well, and thefe forts are very proper
for foups. The feeds of thefe muft alfo be faved from
L A M
fuch as cabbage beft, otherwife they will degenerate,
and be good for little.
In faving feeds of all thefe forts of Lettuce, you
fhould obferve never to let two forts ftand near each
other, for by their farina mixing, they will both vary
from their original, and partake of each other ; and
there fhould be a flake fixed down by the fide of each,
to which the ftem fhould be faftened, to prevent their
being broken, or blown out of the ground by wind,
to which the Cilicia, Cos, and the other large growing
Lettuces, are very fubjeft when they are in flower.
You muft alfo obferve to cut fuch branches of the
large growing Lettuce as ripen firft, and not wait to
have the feed of the whole plant ripe together, which,
never happens ; but, on the contrary, fome branches
will be ripe a fortnight or three weeks before others j
and when you cut them, they muft be fpread upon a
coarfe cloth in a dry place, that the feeds may dry,
after which you fhould beat them out, and dry them
again, and then preferve them for ufe, being careful
to hang them up where mice and other vermin can-
not come at them •, for if they do, they will foon eat
them up.
LACTUCA AG NINI. See Valerianella.
LADY’s SLIPPER. See Cypripedium.
LADY’s SMOCK. See Cardamin.
L A G CE C I A, Baftard Cumin.
The Characters are,
It hath many flowers collected into a head , which have
one common empalement , compofed of eight indented leaves ,
hut the flmple empalement to each flower hath five leaves ,
which are very narrow and pinnated , ending in many
hair-like points. 'The flower confifts of five horned petals,
which are floorter than the empalement •, at the bottom of
each flower is fituated the germen , fupporting a ftyle
crowned by a fimple ftigma , attended by five ftamina,
which are long and narrow •, the germen afterward changes
to an oval feed , crowned with the empalement .
There is but one Species of this plant, viz.
Lagoecia ( Cuminoides .) Lin. Hort. Cliff. Baflard , or
Wild Cumin.
We have no other Englifh name for this plant, nor
is this a very proper one, but as it has been titled by
fome of the antient botanifts Cuminum fylveftre, i. e.
Wild Cumin, and by Dr. Tournefort it is made a
diftind genus, by the title of Cuminoides, it may
be ftyled Wild, or Baftard Cumin.
This is an annual plant, which grows about a foot
high. The leaves refemble thofe of the Honey wort.
The flowers, which are of a greenifh yellow colour,
are collected in lpherical heads at the extremity of the
ftalks ; but there being little beauty in the plant, it
is rarely cultivated, except in botanic gardens. It
grows plentifully about Aix, in Provence, as alfo in
moft of the iflands of the Archipelago. It is annual,
and perifhes foon after the feeds are ripe. The feeds
of this plant fhould be fown in autumn on a warm
, border, foon after they are ripe ; or if they are per-
mitted to fcatter, the plants will come up, and re-
quire no other care but to clear them from weeds.
When the feeds are fown in the fpring, they com-
monly remain in the ground a year before they grow,
and fometimes I have known them to lie two or three
years in the ground, fo that if the plants do not come
up the firft year, the ground fhould not be difturbed.
LAGOPUS. See Trifolium.
LAMINATED fignifies platted. Thofe things are
faid to be laminated, whofe contexture difcovers fuch
a difpofition as that of plates lying over one another,
or the fcales of fifh.
LAMIUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 183. tab. 89, Lin.
Gen. Plant. 636. Dead Nettle, or Archangel.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf,
which is tubulous , and cut into five equal figments at the
top , which end in beards. The flower is of the lip kind ;
it hath one petal , with a jhort cylindrical tube, fwollen at
the chaps and comprejjed ; the upper lip is arched , roundijh ,
obtufle , and entire the under is Jhort , heart-Jhaped, re-
flexed, and indented at the end. It hath four awl-Jhaped
L A M
..ftamim joined to the upper lip, two of which are longer
than the other , terminated by oblong hairy fummits . It
hath a four-cornered germen , fupporting a fender ftyle
Jituated with the fiamina , and crowned by an acute two-
pointed fligma ; the germen afterward become four three-
cornered feeds, fitting in the open empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth ciafs, intitled Didynamia Gym-
nofpermia, in which he ranges thofe plants whofe
flowers have two long and two fhorter ftamina, and
are fucceeded by naked feeds fitting in the empale-
ment.
The Species are,
1. Lamium ( Purpureum ) foliis cordatis obtufis petiola-
tis. Hort. Cliff. 314. Dead Nettle with heart-Jhaped
obtufie leaves funding on foot-folks. Lamium purpu-
reum fcetidum, folio fubrotundo, five Galeopfis Di-
ofcoridis. C. B. P. Purple finking Archangel , or Dead
Nettle, or the Galeopfis of Diofcorides with a roundifh
leaf.
2. Lamium {Album) foliis cordatis acuminatis ferratis
petiolatis. Hort. Cliff. 314. Dead Nettle with pointed
heart-Jhaped leaves , which are fawed , and have foot-
falks. Lamium album, non foetens, folio oblongo.
C. B. P. White Archangel or Dead Nettle which does
not ftink , with an oblong leaf.
3. Lamium ( Garganicum ) foils cordatis pubefcentibus,
corollis fauce infiata, tubo redto dente utrinque gemi-
no. Lin. Sp. 808. Dead Nettle with heart-Jhaped hairy
leaves , and the chaps of the flower inflated , indented
with two teeth. Lamium garganicum fubincanum,
fiore purpurafcente, cum labio fuperiore crenato.
Micheli. Hoary Dead Nettle with a purplifh flower ,
whofe upper lip is crenated.
4. Lamium ( Mofchatum ) foliis cordatis obtufis glabris,
floral ibus feffihbus, calycibus profunde incifis. Dead
Nettle with heart-Jhaped , obtufe , fmooth leaves , the upper
fitting clofe to the folks , and empalements deeply cut. La-
mium Orientale, nunc mofchatum, nunc foetidum,
magno flore. Tourn. Cor. Eafiern Dead Nettle , fome-
times fweet-fcented and fometimes finking , with a large
flower.
5. Lamium ( Melijflefolium ) foliis cordatis nervofis fer-
ratis, petiolis longioribus, caule eredto. Dead Nettle
with heart-Jhaped veined leaves which are fawed , and
longer foot-folks with an erect flalk. Lamium mon-
tanum meliffae folio. C. B. P. 231.. Icon. PL 158.
Mountain Dead Nettle with a Balm leaf.
There are leveral other fpecies of this genus, as alfo
forne varieties of it, but as molt of them are weeds,
I have paffed them over, for there are few who care to
admit them into their gardens.
The firft fort grows naturally in moil parts of Eng-
land, under hedges and by the fide of highways •, it is
alfo a troublefome weed in gardens, but as it ftands
in moft of the difpenfaries as a medicinal plant, I
have chofen to infert it. This is an annual plant,
whofe ftalks feldom rife more than four or five inches
high •, the under leaves are heart-fhaped, blunt, and
ftand upon pretty long foot-ftalks, but the upper
leaves fit nearer to the ftalks ; the flowers come out in
whorls on the upper part of the ftalk t they are of
a pale purple colour, and are fucceeded by four naked
feeds fitting in the empalement •, after the feeds are
ripe the plant decays. It flowers in the middle of
March, when the autumnal felf-fown plants appear ;
thefe are fucceeded by others, which continue in fuc-
ceflion all the fummer.
The fecond fort is commonly called Archangel *, this
is alfo ufed in medicine, for which reafon I have enu-
merated it here. The roots of this are perennial,
and creep much in the ground, fo is difficult to extir-
pate, where it happens to grow under buffies and
hedges; for the roots intermix with thofe of the bullies,
and every fmall piece of them grow and fpread. The
ftalks of this rife much higher than thofe of the laft,
the flowers are larger, white, and grow in whorls
round the ftalks •, thefe continue in fucceffion moft
part of the fummer.
The third fort grows naturally upon the mountains
L A N
in Italy ; this hath a perennial creeping root, from
which arife many thick fquare ftalks a foot high, gar-
niffied with heart-fhaped leaves which are hairy" placed
oppofite, Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; the
Bowers come out in whorls at the upper joints of
the ftalk, they are large, and of a pale purplifh co-
lour ; thefe continue in fucceffion moft part of the
fummer, and the flowers are fucceeded by feeds which
ripen about fix weeks after. This .may be propa-
gated by feeds, but as the roots fpread greatly in the
ground, fo when once it is obtained, it will propagate
faft enough without culture.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the Archipela-
go ; this is an annual plant, which, if permitted to
Icatter its feeds, the plants will come up and thrive
better than when fown by the hand. The plants come
up in the autumn, and during the. winter their
leaves make a pretty appearance, for they are marked
with white fomewhat like thofe of the autumnal Cy-
clamen ; the ftalks rife eight or nine inches high,
and are garnifhed with fmooth heart-fhaped leaves
placed oppofite ; thefe in dry weather have a mufky
fcent, but in wet weather are fetid ; the flowers are
white, Handing in whorls round the ftalks. They ap-
pear in April, and the. feeds ripen in June, then the
plants decay ; this requires no culture, but to keep
the plants clear from weeds.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Portugal •, this hath
a perennial root and an annual ftalk, which rifes a
foot and a half high ; it is ftrong, fquare, and grows
ered ; the leaves are large, heart-fhaped, and much
veined *, they are deeply fawed on their edges, and are
placed oppofite. The x flowers come out in whorls
round the ftalks at every joint ; they are very large,
and of a deep purple colour ; thofe on the lower part
of the ftalks appear the beginning of May, which are
fucceeded by others above, fo that there is a continu-
ance of flowers almoft two months on the fame ftalks.
This plant very rarely produces good feeds in Eng-
land, nor do the roots propagate very faft, fo that it
is not common here.
The belt time to remove and part thefe roots is in Oc-
tober, but they mult not be tranfplanted oftener than
every third year if they are required to flower
ftrongly ; for the great beauty of this plant confifts in
the number of ftalks, which are always proportional to
the fize of the plants ; for fmall plants will put out one
or two ftalks only, whereas the larger ones v/ill have
eight or ten. The roots are hardy, and will thrive
belt: in a loft loamy foil.
LAMPS AN A. See Lapsana.
LAND. Its improvement.
1. By inclofing.
Inclofing of Lands, and dividing the fame into feve-
ral fields, for pafture or tillage, is one of the prin-
cipal ways of improvement ; firft, by afcertaining to
every man his juft property, and thereby preventing
an infinity of trefpaffes and injuries, thatLands in com-
mon are fubjedt unto, befide the difadvantage of be-
ing obliged to keep the fame feafons with the other
people who have Land in the fame field ; fo that the
lowing, fallowing, and tilling the ground, milft be
equally performed by all the landholders ; and when
there happens a flothful negligent perfon, who has
Land intermixed with others, it is one of the greateft
nuifances imaginable. Secondly, it being of itfelf
a very great improvement ; for where Land is pro-
perly inclofed, efpecially in open countries, and the
hedge-rows planted with timber trees, &c. itpreferves
the Land warm, and defends and flickers it from the
violent cold nipping winds, which, in fevere winters,
deftroy much of the corn, pulfe, or whatever grows
on the open field or champain grounds. And where
it is laid down for pafture, it yields much more
Grafs than the open fields, and the Grafs will begin to
grow much fooner in the fpring. The hedges and
trees will afford fhelter for the cattle from the cold
winds in winter, as alfo fhade for them in the great
heats of fummer. And thefe hedges afford the di-
ligent hufbandman plenty of fuel, as plough-boor,
cart-
4r
LAN LAN
cart-boot, &c. And where they are carefully planted
and prelerved, furnifti him with timber and alfo mail
for his fwine ; or where the hedge-rows are planted
with fruit-trees, there will be a fupply of fruit for cy-
der, perry, &c. which in moft parts of England are
of no fmall advantage to the hufbandman.
By this method of inclofing, there is alfo much more
employment for the poor, and is therefore a good re-
medy againft beggary •, for in thole open countries,
where there are great downs, commons, heaths, and
waftes, there is nothing but poverty and idlenefs to
be been amongft the generality of their inhabitants. It
is very obfervable of late years, how much advan-
tage the inclofing of the Land in Worcefterfhire, and
fome other counties at a diftance from London, has
been to the inhabitants : for before this method was
introduced amongft them, the Lands for the moft part
lay in commons, &c. Upon which the poorer fort of
people built themfelves cottages with mud walls,
where they contented themfelves with a cow or two,
and fome fwine ; and thole of them who were more
induftrious than the reft, travelled to the neighbour-
hood of London every fpring, where they were em-
ployed in the gardens and fields for the fummer feafon ;
and in autumn they returned to their native countries,
wherb they lived in winter upon what money they had
laved in fummer. But fince they have converted
their waftes and commons into inclofures, there are
but few of the inhabitants of thole countries, who
come to London for work, in comparifon to the
numbers that formerly came ; fo that moft of the
labourers, who come to London for employment,
are either Welch, or inhabitants of fome more diftant
counties, or from Ireland, where this improvement
hath not as yet been introduced.
The advantages of inclofing Land are now fo gene-
rally known, that there is no occafion for me to enu-
merate them here ; fince the improvements which
have been made of late years in feveral parts of Eng-
land, and the increafe of rent that is every where made
by thofe who inclofe, are fufficient arguments to en-
force the practice, and render it general ; more efpe-
cially in the north, where it is moft negle&ed, be-
caufe it would greatly fhelter the Lands, and render
them much warmer than they now are.
In inclofing of Land, regard Ihould be had to the
nature of the foil, and what it is intended for, be-
caufe Corn Land Ihould not be divided into fmall par-
cels ; for befides the lofs of ground in hedges, &c.
the Corn doth feldom thrive fo well in fmall inclo-
fures, as in more open fields, efpecially where the
trees are large in the hedge-rows. The Grafs alfo in
paftures is not fo fweet near hedges, or under the
drip of trees, as in an open expofure fo that where
the inclofures are made too fmall, or the Land over-
planted with trees, the herbage will not be near fo
good, nor in fo great plenty, as in larger fields ;
therefore, before a perfon begins to inclofe, he fhould
well confider how he may do it to the greateft advan-
tage •, as for inftance, it is always necelfary to have
fome fmaller inclofures near the habitation, for the
flicker of cattle, and the conveniency of fliifting them
from one field to another, as the feafon of the year
may require j and hereby the habitation, barns, {ta-
bles, and outhoufes, will be better defended from
ftrong winds, which often do great damage to thofe
that are expofed to their fury. Thefe fmall inclofures
may be of feveral dimeniions, fome of them three,
four, fix, or eight acres in extent ; but the larger di-
vifions for Corn fhould not contain lefs than twenty or
thirty acres or more, according to the fize of the farm,
or the fituation of it.
'The ufual method of inclofing Land is, with a ditch
and bank fet with quick. But in rnarfh Land, where
there is plenty of water, they content themfelves with
only a ditch, by the fides of which they ufually plant
Sallows or Poplars, which being of quick growth, in
a few years afford {hade to the cattle •, and when they
are lopped, produce a confiderable profit to their own-
ers. In fome counties the divifion of their Lands is
by dry Walls made of fiat ftones, laid regularly one
upon another, and laying the top courfe of ftones in
day, to keep them together, the" weight of which fe-
cures the under ones. But in fome parts of Suffex
and Hampftiire, they often lay the foundation of their
banks with fiat ftones, which is of a confiderable
breadth at bottom ; upon which they raife the bank
of earth, and plant the hedge on the top, which in a
few years makes a ftrong durable fence, efpecially if
they are planted with Holly, as fome of thofe in Suf-
fex are.
In marfhes and open paftures, where there are no
hedges, the ditches are generally made fix feet wide
at the top, efpecially thofe which are on the fide of
highways or commons ; but the common ditches
about inclofures are feldom more than three feet and a
half wide at top, and one foot and a half at bottom,
and two feet deep, that the fides may have a good
Hope, and not be too upright, as they are frequently
made about London, fo that they are continually
waffling down with great rains. In thefe narrow bot-
tomed ditches, the cattle cannot ftand to turn them-
felves, fo as to crop the quick ; but where the ditches
are made wider, they fliould be proportionally deeper :
as for inftance, if the ditch is made five feet broad, it
muft be three feet deep -, and if fix feet broad, three
feet and a half deep, and lo in proportion.
The method of inclofing Lands, by raifing high
banks of earth, on the fide of which the quick is
planted (as is too much practifed in many places near
London) is intolerable, for it is not only unfightly,
but very expenfive ; becaufe thefe banks are continu-
ally waffling down, fo that they mi lift be repaired
every year at leaft, if not oftener, otherwise the
earth will be in a few years waihed from the roots of
the quick, and for want of proper nourifhment, the
hedge will foon decay, which is the cafe with the
greateft number of the hedges about London : be-
lides, it is a very uncertain way of planting quick on
the fide of a fteep bank, where all the moifture runs
off ; fo that if the fpring Ihould prove dry after it is
planted, there is a great hazard whether half the
plants will grow, and thofe that take feldom make
much progrefs •, whereas thofe planted on the plain
furface, where they enjoy the advantages of fun and
moifture, will in four years make a better fence than
one of thefe bank hedges will in eight or ten, and
will continue good much longer than the other.
Therefore I advife, that the banks on which the
hedges are to be planted, fliould not be raifed more
than one foot above the furface of the ground, where
the Land is dry, and in wet Land not more than two
feet, which will be enough.
I fliall now mention the moft proper plants for mak-
ing of fences for the different foils and fituations, fo
as to aniwer the expectation of the planter : and firft,
the white Thom is efteemed the beft for fencing, and
will grow upon almoft any foil and in any fituation,
but it fucceeds beft on a hazle loam. Of this there
are three or four varieties, which differ in the breadth
of their leaves and the fize of their Haws, but that fort
with the fmalleft leaves and Haws will make the clofeft
fence. For it is very certain, that the branches of all
forts of trees are produced at a diftance, in propor-
tion to the fize of their leaves i fo that Yews, and
other Evergreen trees with fmall leaves, will always
make a clofer hedge than other trees whofe leaves are
larger. Therefore, for the clofeft hedge, the fmalleft
Haws ihould be chofen •, but where the moft vigorous
{hooters are required, for the advantage of lopping,,
there the largeft Haws Ihould be preferred. But as
thefe hedges are ufually planted from a nurfery, where
the Haws are promifeuoufly fown, it is very common
to fee two or three forts planted in the fame hedge
which may be eafily diftinguiftied, when they have
obtained ftrength, by the difference of their growth.
Indeed, where a perfon is curious in raifing of his own
quick, it is worth while to gather the Haws fepa-
rately, and fow them apart ; and each fort ihould be
planted in a feparate hedge, which will render the
7 hedges
iAt
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hedges more equal in their growth. If thefe Haws
are Town in the places where they are defigned to re-
main for a fence, they will make a much greater pro-
gress in a few years, than thofe which are tranfplanted •,
but as the feeds remain a whole year in the ground be-
fore the plants appear, few people care to pra&ife
this method •, however, thofe who are defirous to raife
their hedges this way, fhould bury the Haws, by put-
ting them in pots foon after they are ripe, and bury-
ing the pots two feet deep in the ground, where they
may remain one year, then take them up and fow
them •, by this preparation the plants will come up the
following fpring ; but before they are fown, the
Haws fhould be bruifed with hands, and their outer
coverings waffied off, whereby the feeds may be fown
at a more regular diftance ; for as moll of the Flaws
inclofe four or five feeds, fo if they are fown entire
there will be as many plants arife in a duller, which
if permitted to Hand, will prevent each other’s
growth ; and in drawing out the fuperfluous plants,
there will be great danger of injuring thofe which are
to remain.
The next to the white Thorn is the black Thorn,
which, though not fo generally efteemed as the white,
yet it will make an excellent fence, where proper care
is taken in the planting and after management of it ;
and the loppings of this hedge make much the bell
bufhes for draining of Land, and are of longer dura-
tion for dead hedges than thofe of any other fort of
tree, and are very proper to mend gaps in fences ;
for their branches being befet with fharp thorns,
the cattle are not fo apt to crop them as the white
Thorn, and fome other forts. Thefe hedges are alfo
better, if the ftones of the Plumbs are fown on the
ipot where they are to remain, than where the plants
are taken from a nurfery •, if thefe are fown in the au-
tumn foon after the fruit is ripe, the plants will come
up the fpring following.
The Crab will alfo make a ftrong durable fence ; this
may be raifed by lowing the kernels in the place where
the hedge is defigned •, but then there fhould be great
care taken of the plants while they are young, to keep
them clear from weeds, as alfo to guard them from
cattle. When thefe flocks have obtained ftrength,
fome of them may be grafted with Apples for cyder,
where the fence is not expoled to a public road ; but
thefe grafts fhould not be nearer than thirty-five or
forty feet, left they fpoil the hedge, by their heads
overgrowing and dripping on it.
The Holly is alfo an excellent plant for evergreen
hedges, and would claim the preference to either of
the former, were it not for the flownefs of its growth
while young, and the difficulty of tranfplanting the
plants when grown to a moderate fize. This will grow
belt in cold ftony Lands, where, if once it takes well,
the hedges may be rendered fo clofe and thick, as to
keep out ail forts of animals, and will grow to a con-
fiderable height, and is of long duration. Thefe
hedges may be raifed, by fowing the berries, either
in the place where they are defigned to remain, or by
planting young plants of three or four years growth ;
but as the berries continue in the ground an entire
year before the plants appear, few perfons care to
wait fo long ; therefore the ufual method is, to plant
the hedges with plants of the before-mentioned age.
But where this is praflifed, they fhould be tranfplant-
ed, either early in the autumn, or deferred till toward
the end of March ; then the furface of the ground
fhould be covered with mulch near their roots after
they are planted, to keep the earth moift ; and if the
feafon fhould prove dry, the plants fhould be wa-
tered at leaft once a week, until they have taken root,
otherwife they will be in danger of mifcarrying ; for
which reafon the autumnal planting is generally pre-
ferred to the fpring, efpecially in dry grounds.
The Alder will alfo make a good hedge, when planted
on a moift foil, or on the fide of rivers, or large
ditches ; and will preferve the bank from being waffied
away, where there are running ftreams ; for they fpread
pretty much at bottom, and fend forth fuckers from
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their roots in great plenty ; but thefe hedges mould
be fheared at leaft once a year, in order to make them
thick. Thefe Alder hedges are very ornamental, when
they are well kept in large gardens ; and as they will
thrive beft on wet fwampy Lands, where many other
plants will not live, they fhould be fele&ed for fuch
fituations.
Of late years the Furz has been much propagated for
hed ges in feveral parts of England, and indeed will
make a good fence on poor, fandy, or gravelly foils,
where few other plants will grow. The beft method
of raffing thefe hedges is, to fow the feed about the
latter end of March, or the beginning of April, in the
place where the hedge is defigned j for the plants will
not bear to be tranfplanted, unlefs it be done while they
are young, and then there is great hazard of their
taking. The ground where the feeds are to be fown
fhould be well cleanfed of weeds, and the furface made
light ; then there fhould be two or three drills made
(according to the width which the hedge is intended)
about half an inch deep, into which the feeds fhould
be fcattered pretty thick •, and then the drills fhould
be filled up with the head of a rake, to cover the
feeds. This work fhould be performed in dry weather,
for if much wet falls foon after the feeds are fown, it
is apt to burft them. When the plants are come up,
they fhould be kept clear from weeds, that they may
fpread and grow thick at bottom ; and if thefe hedges
are fecured from cattle broufing on them, and are cut
every fpring juft before they begin to fhoot, they will
make an exceeding clofe fence •, but where they are
defigned to be cut for fuel, then the beft way is to
let them fpread in width ■; and when they are two years
old, to cut them down in the fpring, juft before they
begin to fhoot, within two or three inches of the
ground, which will caufe them to fend forth a num-
ber of ffioots from each root, and thereby increafe
the width of the hedge j and by fo doing, the plants
will not run up tall and weak, and be in danger of be-
ing weighed down by great falls of fnow. Thefe
hedges when they are well grown, may be cut down
every third or fourth year for fuel ; wherefore if there
is a treble row of Furz fown, at about -three feet apart,
they may be cut down alternately, fo that there will be
a fence always remaining. But this is only recom-
mended for fuch fandy Lands as lett for a final!
rent, and where fuel is lcarce. The beft fort of Furz;
for this purpofe is the greater kind, commonly called
the French Furz, which will grow to eight or ten
feet high, and is not apt to fpread fo much as the or-
dinary finall fort.
Elder is fometimes planted for hedges, being very
quick of growth fo that if fticks or truncheons about
four or five feet long be thruft into a bank flopewife
each way, fo as to crofs each other, and thereby form,
a fort of chequer work, it will make a fence for fnel-
ter in one year. But as this is a vigorous growing
plant, it will never form a clofe fence ; and the
young ffioots being very foft and pithy, are foon
broken by cattle or boys in their fport. Befides,
where they are fuffered to bear berries, and thefe are
fcattered over the neighbouring Land, they will come
up the following fpring, and become very troublefome.
Where thefe hedges are planted, they may be cut
down every third year near the ground ; and thefe
flakes (when divefted of their bark, fo as to prevent
their growing) will laft longer in the ground, to fup-
port Vines or any other plants, which do not require
tall ftakes, than any other fort of tree yet known..
And where the trees are fuffered to grow to any con-
fiderable fize, the wood is as hard as Box, and there-
fore very ufeful for turners and in fir urgent makers.
The beft feafon for planting thefe truncheons isffoon
after Michaelmas, beeaufe the plants fhoot very early
in the fpring. Of late years there have been many
hedges, and other plantations, made of the white ber-
ried Elder, for the fake of their fruit to make wine 5
which, if rightly made, hath the flavour of Frontiniae
wine, and is by fome perfons mixed with white wines,,
and vended for it.
/
There
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There are fome other plants which have been recom-
mended for fences, but thole here enumerated are the
moil ufeful forts for fuch purpofe's •, wherefore I fhall
pais over the others, as not worthy of the care of the
hufbandman. And as to the farther directions for
planting and preferring of hedges, with inftrubtions
for plafhing or laying them, the reader is defired to
turn to the articles of Fences and Hedges, where
there are particular directions for thefe works exhi-
bited, which I fhall not here repeat.
The draining of Land is alfo another great improve-
ment to it for though meadows and paflures, which
are capable of being overflowed, produce a greater
quantity of herbage than dry Land, yet where the
wet lies too long upon the ground, the Grafs will be
four and extremely coarfe ; and where there is not care
taken in time to drain this Land, it will produce little
Grafs, and foon be overun with Rufhes and Flags, fo
as to be of fmall value. The land which is molt lia-
able to this, is cold fliff clays where the water cannot
penetrate, but is contained as in a difh ; fo that the
wet which it receives in winter, continues till the heat
of the fun exhales the greateft part of it.
The belt method for draining of thefe Lands is, to
cut leveral drains acrofs the Land, in thofe places
where the water is fubjebt to lodge •, and from thefe
crofs drains to make a convenient number of other
drains, to carry off the water to either ponds or ri-
vers in the lower p'arts of the Land. Thefe drains need
not be made very large, unlefs the ground be very
low, and fo fituated as not to be near any river to
which the water may be conveyed ; in which cafe there
fhould be large ditches dug at proper diftances, in the
loweft part of the ground, to contain the water ; and
the earth which comes out of the ditches fhould be
equally fpread on the Land, to raife the furface. But
where the water can be conveniently carried off, the
bell method is, to make under ground drains at proper
diflances, which may empty themfelves into large
ditches, which are defigned to carry off the water.
Thefe fort of drains are the molt convenient, and as
they are hid from the fight do not incommode the
Land, nor is there any ground loft where thefe are
made.
The ufual method of making thefe drains, is to dig
trenches, and fill the bottoms with ftones, bricks,
Rufhes, or bufhes, which are covered over with the
earth which was dug out of the trenches ; but this
is not the beft method, becaufe the water has not a
free paffage through thefe drains, fo that whenever
there is a flood, thefe drains are often flopped by the
foil which the water frequently brings down with it.
The beft method I have yet obferved to make thefe
drains, is to dig trenches to a proper depth for carry-*
ing off the water, which for the principal drains fhould
be three feet wide at their top, and doped down for
two feet and a half depth, where there fhould be a
fmall ledge or bank left on each fide, upon which
the crofs flakes or bearers fhould be laid, and below
thefe banks there fhould be an open drain left, at
leaft one foot deep, and ten or eleven inches wide,
that there may be room for the water to pafs through.
Thefe larger drains fhould be at convenient dis-
tances, and fmaller drains of about feven or eight
inches wide at top, and the hollow under the bufhes
eight or nine inches deep, fhould be cut acrofs the
ground, which fhould difcharge the water into thefe
larger drains. The number and fituation of them muft
be in proportion to the wetnefs of the Land ; and the
depth of the earth above the bufhes, muft alfo be
proportioned to the intended ufe of the Land ; for if
it is arable Land to be ploughed, it muft not be ffial-
lower than fourteen inches, that there may be fuffi-
cient depth for the plough, without difturbing the
bufhes ; but for pafture Land, one foot deep will be
full enough ; for when the bufhes lie too deep in ftrong
Land, they will have little effebt, the ground above
will bind fo hard as to detain the wet on the furface.
When the drains are dug, there fhould be prepared a
quantity of good brufh wood, the larger flicks fhould
be cut out to pieces of about fixteen or eighteen inches
in length, which fhould be laid acrofs upon the two
fide banks of the drain, at about four inches diflance j
then cover thefe flicks with the fmaller brufh wood,
Furz, Broom, Heath, or any other kind of brufh,
laying it lengthwife pretty clofe •, on the top of thefe
may be laid Rufhes, Flags, &c. and then the earth
laid on to cover the whole. Thefe fort of drains will
continue good for a great number of years, and are
never liable to the inconveniencies of the other, for the
water will find an eafy paffage through them ; and
where there is plenty of brufh wood, they are made at
an eafy expence ; but in places where wood is fcarce,
it would be chargeable to make them : however, in
this cafe, it would be a great advantage to thefe
Lands, to plant a fufficient number of cuttings of
Willow, or the black Poplar, on fome of the moift
places, which would furnifh brufh wood for thefe pur-
pofes in four or five years ; and as the expence of
planting thefe cuttings is trifling, there cannot be a
greater advantage to an eftate which wants draining,
than to prablife this method, which is in every perfon’s
power, fince there is little expence attending it.
In countries where there is plenty of ftone, that is the
beft material for making thefe under ground drains j
for when thefe are properly made, they will never want
repairing.
The beft time of the year for making thefe drains
is about Michaelmas, before the heavy rains of au-
tumn fall, becaufe at this feafon the Land is ufuaily
dry, fo that the drains may be dug to a proper depth 5
for when the ground is wet, it will be very difficult to
dig to any depth, becaufe the water will drain in
wherever there is an opening in the ground.
When thefe drains are made, and the water carried
off the Land, it will be proper to pare off the Ruffies*
Flags, &c. which may be laid in heaps in proper
places to rot, and will afford a good manure for the
land. The ground muft alfo be ploughed to deftroy
the roots of noxious weeds, and if it be laid fallow
for one feafon, and ploughed two or three times, it
will greatly mend the Land. The Rufhes and Flags
which were pared off the ground when rotten, fhould
be fpread over the furface, and the Grafs-feed fown
thereon, which will greatly forward the Grafs, fo that
it may foon be brought to a good turf ; which Land
thus mended, has been lett for four times the rent it
was fet at before.
There are fome perfons, who, after they have pared
off the Flags, Rufhes, &c. from their Land, lay them
in fmall heaps, and burn them in dry weather, then
fpread the affies on the Land to improve it, which is
a good method, where a perfon is in hafle to have
Grafs again ; but where the ground can be fallowed
one year, it will loofcn the foil, and more effebtually
deftroy the roots of all noxious weeds ; and the Rufhes,
&c. when rotted, will afford a much larger quantity
of manure for the Land than when it is burnt : be-
tides, this can only be prablifed in the fummer fea-
fon, when the weather is very dry ; for if there fhould
fall much rain, the fires will go out, and it will be
impracticable to burn it. But where the method of
burning is _ prablifed, the heaps fhould not be too
great, and it fhould burn very ilowly ; which will ren-
der the affies a much better manure, than when the
fire is too violent, or the heaps too large ; for in this
cafe, the inner part will be over-burnt before the fire
reaches the outfide of the heap.
As the draining of cold wet Lands is a great im-
provement to them, fo the floating or watering of dry
looie Land is not a lefs advantage to them. This
may be eafily effebled where there are rivers, or re-
fervoirs of w r ater, which are fituated above the level of
the ground defigned to be floated, by under ground
drains (made after the manner of thofe before directed
for draining of Land,) through which the water may
be conveyed at proper feafons, and let out on the
ground : in order to this, there muft be good fluices
made at the heads of the drains, fo that the water
may never get out, but at fuch times as is required ;
for
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"for if this be not taken care of, the water, inftead of
improving the Land, will greatly damage it.
But where the Land lies fo high, as that there is no
water in the neighbourhood lying above its level, it
will be more expenfive *, becaufe in l'uch cafe, the wa-
ter muft be raifed by machines, from refervoirs or
Lrearns which lie below it. The moft common engine
ufed for this purpofe is the Perfian wheel (which, be-
ing well defcribed and figured in Woolridge’s Art of
Hufbandry, is needlefs for me hereto repeat.) Yet
notwithstanding the expence of raifing the water, it
has been found greatly advantageous in many parts
of England, to drown the Lands, for the profit has
many times more than doubled the charge.
The time for drowning of Land, is ufually from
November till the end of April ; but though this is the
general practice, yet I cannot approve of it for many
reafons. The firft is, that by the wet lying continu-
ally on the ground in winter, the roots of the finer
lort of Grafs are rotted and deftroyed ; and by letting
on the water, at the feafon when the feeds of Docks,
and other bad weeds, which commonly grow by ri-
ver tides, are falling, thefe feeds are carried upon the
Land, where they remain and grow, and fill the ground
with bad weeds, which is commonly the cafe with moft
of the water meadows in England, the Grafs in ge-
neral being deftroyed ; fo that Rufhes, Docks, and
other trumpery, make up the burden of thefe Lands :
but if thefe meadows were judicioufiy managed, and
never floated till March or April, the quantity of fweet
good Grafs would be thereby greatly increafed, and
the beautiful verdure of the meadows preferved : but
there is little hope of convincing thofe perfons by any
arguments, who are fo much wedded to their own pre-
judices, as to fliut their eyes and ears againft experi-
ments or reafon. Where the Land is very hot and
dry, and it lieth convenient to be watered at a fmall
expence, it fhould be repeated every week in dry hot
weather, which will prove a great advantage to the
Land. But whenever this is done, there fhould no
cattle be admitted while it is wet, for they will poach,
and fpoil the turf.
Another great improvement of Land, is byTburning
of it, which, for four, heathy, and rulhy Land, be it
either hot or cold, wet or dry, is a very great im-
provement ; fo that fuch Lands will, in two or three
years after burning, yield more, exclufive of the
charges, than the inheritance was worth before ; but
this is not to be pradtifed on rich fertile Land ; for as
the fire deftroys the acid juice, which occafions fteri-
lity in the poor Land, fo it will in like manner con-
fume th*e good juices of the richer Land, and thereby
impoveriih it, fo that it hath been with great reafon
difufed in deep rich countries.
The ufual method of burning Land is, to pare off
the turf with a breaft plough, turning it over as it is
cut, that it may dry the better. And if it proves hot
dry weather when this work is done, then it needs no
more turning ; but if rain fhould fall, it muft be turn-
ed, and the turfs fet a little hollow, that they may
dry the better ; and when they are thorough dry, they
may be laid on fmall heaps, about half a cart load
on a heap, or lefs, for the fmaller the heaps are, pro-
vided there is quantity enough to make a good fire,
fo as to confume the whole to afhes, it is the better •,
if the turf be full of fibrous roots, or hath much
Mofs or Fern on it, it will burn without any addi-
tional fuel ; but if it hath not, the heaps fhould be
railed on fmall bundles of Heath, Fern, Gorze, &c.
which will fet the whole on fire ; yet there fhould be
no more of thefe things applied, than what is neceftary
to kindle the fire, becaufe the flower the turf con-
fumes, the better wiil be the afhes. When the turf
is wholly confumed, the afhes fhould be equally Mat-
tered over the ground in a calm day, left the wind
fhould drive it in heaps. Then the Land fhould be
gently ploughed, and the feeds fown thereon ; for if
the ground is ploughed too deep, the afhes will be
buried too low for the roots of the Grafs or Corn to
reach them for a confiderable time * nor fhould the
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afhes lie too near the furface, becaufe then the roots
will reach them too foon, and the ftrengch of the
afhes will be fpent to nourifb only the blade, fo that
the Corn will grow too rank in winter ^ and when the
roots in the fpring ftrike down lower, they will meet
with a poorer foil, nor will the ftalks and ears have
fo much advantage from the improvement, as the
ufelefs blade. But when care is taken in this parti-
cular, it is wonderful what fuccefs it hath ; for by
this method the pooreft plains, and four heathy
Lands, have been rendered as fertile as almoft any
good cultivated ground whatever.
It is alfo a very great improvement, where Land is
overgrown with Broom, Furz, &c. to ftub them
up by the roots, and when they are dry, lay them
on heaps, and cover them with the parings of the
earth, and burn them, and fpread the afhes over
the ground. By this method vaft tracts of Land,
which at prefent produce little or nothing to their
owners, might be made good at a fmall expence,
fo as to become good eftates to the proprietors.
There are feveral other methods of improving
Land befide thofe here mentioned, as by planting
of wood, or adapting the feveral forts of plants
to the particular foils with which they agree ; but
as moft of thefe things are treated pf under the fe-
veral articles where thefe plants are mentioned, I
fhall forbear to repeat them in this place, but fhall
beg leave to offer a few general hints on the
prefent fituaticn of the Lands in England, which
may probably excite lome abler hand to undertake
a fuller and more complete difquifition of this
fubjeft.
For fome years paft, the quantity of Corn raifed
in England, has greatly exceeded the confumption,
fo that great quantities of Corn have been exported,
by which great fums of money have been brought
into England •, but this was accidental for had
not the crops failed in the neighbouring countries,
there would have been no demand for the produce
of England, fo that the quantity here grown muft
have reduced the price fo low, as to have almoft
ruined the farming intereft ; nor is it poffible to
contrive any fcheme, in a country circumftanced as
this, whereby the public may not, at times, fuffer
from the extravagant price, which, in a lcarcity,
this commodity may be raifed to •, or, on the other
hand, the farmers are fometimes almoft undone by
the low price which it is often reduced to in times
of plenty ; and furely there can be no one thing
more worthy of the lerious attention of every per-
fon, who has the leaft regard for the public wel-
fare, than this, of always making fuch provision of
Corn, againft accidental fcarcities, as that the inhabi-
tants may never be diftrefled for want of the ficaff
of life, or the price be fo high, as that the com-
mon people cannot purchafe it. If I am not greatly
miftaken, there has been, within the fpace of three
or four years, fuch a difproportion in the price of
Corn, as can hardly be conceived, and this within
the memory of numbers of perfons ; the time I mean
is between 1705 and 1709, in the compafs of which,
time the peck loaf of fine bread was rifen from
fourteen pence to four fhillings and twopence • the
low price of this commodity was as detrimental to
the farmers, as the extravagant price was afterward
to the' public, neither of which would have fo fe-
verely felt the effects, had there been public grana-
ries where the Corn might have been depofited,
and this purchafed from the farmer, at a price by
which he might live, at the public expence, and
fold out again at an eafy rate in times of fcarcity •,
but I fear this is not an age for encouraging any
fcheme for public utility, when in every thing of
this kind, however beneficial it may be to the
country, and though propofed as fuch to the pub-
lic, if it meets with any reception, it is with a view
to turn it to private intereft ; the pra&ice of turning
all things into private jobs, has fo much prevailed of
late years, as to have almoft extinguifaed every fociai
virtue ;
4
L A N
virtue ; but I fear I may have incurred. the cenfureof
many for this digteffion but, be it as it will, I could
not omit it, when it fo properly came in my way ;
and as it is from a fmcere love and regard to my
country, that I have mentioned this, fo it may be hoped,
that if any harfh expreffion has been ufed, it will be
forgiven. But to return to my 1 abject •, as the quan-
tity" of Land now in tillage is very great in England,
from the deftrufition of woods, the ploughing up of
downs, the inclofmg of commons, &c. fo that, unlefs
there happens a failure in the crops of Corn in great
part of England, the markets muft be fo low, as that
the farmer will always find it difficult to fupport his
family, and pay his rent ; the firft muft be done, let
the landlord fare as he will, for the farmers know,
that when the farms are occupied by the landlords,
few of them can make the produce of the Land and
pay then* expence, lo that the whale rent of the farm
* is often funk, beftde the trouble and fatigue of
managing the farms •, and it is greatly to be feared,
from the prefent condition of the farmers in general,
that many landlords will be obliged to undertake
this difagreeable affair, which will be the more fo,
as their Lands will be left without ftock, and the foil
exhaufted, and overgrown with weeds, which will
require fome years to put into proper condition, and
will be attended with great expence.
The extraordinary price which Corn bore fome years
fince, tempted the farmers to break up the downs
in many parts of England ; and the landlords v/ere
brought to comply with the requeft of the farmer,
for the fake of a little advance of the rent, not
confidering the future confequence of it ; fo that
hereby, great extents of downs have been ruined,
and not likely to be recovered again ; for the foil
in many places was not more than four br five
inches deep, upon beds of flint or chalk, which,
in ploughing, were turned up on the furface, and
the little foil which covered them, was in a few
years fo much exhaufted, as not to produce the quan-
tity of grain which was fown upon them ; and as there
was no probability of procuring dreffing for the
Lands, the farmers have been obliged to throw them
up, which now lie wafte, and appear like quarries
of flints, or beds of chalk, without Grafs, or almoft
any other plant growing upon them. By this paf-
fion for ploughing, the farmers have lefiened their
ftock of cattle, and, of confequence, their quantity
of manure has been lefiened in proportion, fo that
they have either been obliged to purchafe dreffing at
a great expence, or deftroy their Lands of their ve-
getative quality : by the former method, when grain
bears a low price, the farmer is ruined, and by the
latter, every one muft know what will be the con-
fequence to both tenant and landlord •, therefore it
is a matter of great concern to the proprietors of
Lands, to fee that no more ground in their farms
is kept in tillage, than the tenant can fupply with
dreffing, fo as to maintain the Land in heart ; and
that a proper ftock of cattle be kept up, in pro-
portion to the fize of the farms, which cannot be done
where there is not a proportion of pafture kept to that
of the arable Land in each farm. There are many
perfons, who, by a miftake in the article of inclofmg
Lands, are likely to fall into a great error, by fup-
pofing, that the inclofing of commons will be a
great advantage to their eftates, and perhaps there
may be tenants on their eftates, who may encourage
the gentlemen fo to do, from a prefent intereft of their
own •, but wherever this has been done, the eftates
have foon fallen in their rents, much lower than the
addition made by inclofing the commons, which muft
always be the cafe ; for if there is not common pafture,
where the farmers can turn out their cattle in hum-
mer, it cannot be fuppofed they can keep up a ftock
of live cattle upon their inclofed pafture ; fo that, al-
though the dividing and inclofing the Lands in the
common fields would be a very great benefit, yet the
deftroying of pafture commons would on the other
extreme be a national difadvantage and lofs. There
L A N
are many other particulars, which might be here
enumerated, to fhew the caufe of the low condition of
the farmers in general but thefe few hints may
probably lead fome perfons of abler heads to the con-
fideration of this affair,, io i fha.ll not enlarge upon
them here.
LANIGEROUS TREES are fuch as bear a
woolly or downy fubftance, as is commonly contained
in the katkins of Willows, &c.
LANTAN A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 683. Camara. Plum.
Nov. Gen. 32. tab. 2. American Viburnum, or Ca-
mara.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the f ewer is cut into four fegments.
The flower is monopet aims, of an irregular fhape , having
a cylindrical tube , which extends beyond the empalement ,
and is flpread open at the brim , where it is divided into
five fegments. In the center of the flower is ftuated the
pointal , fupporting a crooked ftigma , attended by four
jlamina , two being longer than the other. The pointal
afterward changes to a roundifh fruit , opening into two
cells , and inclofmg a roundifh feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feclion
of Linnaeus's fourteenth ciafs, intitled Didynamia
Angiofpermia, which includes thofe plants whofe
flowers have two long and two ffiarter ftamina, and
the feeds are inclofed in the capfule.
The Species are,
1. Lantana ( Aculeata ) foliis oppofitis, caule aculeato
ramofo, floribus capitato-umbellatis. Lin, Sp. 874.
Lantana with leaves growing cppof.te , a branching prickly
fialk , and umbellated flowers growing in heads. Vibur-
num Americanum odoratum, urticae foliis latioribus
fpinofum, floribus miniatis. Pluk. Aim. 285. tab.
223. Sweet prickly American Viburnum , with broad Net-
tle leaves , and carmine flowers.
2. Lantana ( [Tnerma ) caule inermi, foliis lanceo-
latis dentatis alternis, floribus corymbolis. Lanta-
na with a fmooth fialk , flpear-floaped indented leaves
placed alternate , and flowers growing in round bunches .
Periclymenum rectum, falvise foliis majoribus ob-
longis, mucronatis, fubtus villofis, alternatim fitis,
flore & frufitu minoribus. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 164. Up-
right Hoyieyfluckle with larger , oblongs acute-pointed Sage
leaves , which are hairy on their under fide , placed alter-
nate , and a frnaller flower and fruit.
3. Lantana (. Lanuginofa ) caule ramofo lanuginofo, fo-
liis orbiculatis crenatis oppofitis, floribus capitatis.
Lantana with a hairy branching fialk , round crenated
leaves placed oppofite , and flowers collected in heads.
Periclymenum refit urn, falviae folio rugofo minore,
fubrotundo. Cat. Jam. 164. Upright Honey fuckle with
a flmaller rough roundifh leaf.
4. Lantana ( Trifolia ) foliis terms, caule inermi fpicis
oblongis imbricatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 873. Lantana
with leaves placed by threes round the fialk, without
[pines, and oblong imbricated J pikes of flowers. Ca-
mara trifolia, purpurafeente flore. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 32. Three-leaved Camara, with a purplijh
flower.
5. Lantana ( Urticafolia ) caule aculeato, foliis oblongo-
cordatis ferratis oppofitis, floribus corymbofis. Lantana
with a prickly fialk, oblong, h ear t-Jh aped flawed, leaves ,
and flowers growing in a corymbus. Periclymenum rec-
tum urticas folio hirfuto majore, flore fiavo. Sloan.
Cat. Jam. 163. Upright Honeyfuckle with a larger Net-
tle leaf, and a yellow flower.
6 . Lantana ( Camara ) caule inermi, foliis ovato-lan-
ceolatis, ferratis, rugofis, floribus capitatis lanuginofis.
Lantana with a fmooth fialk, oval \ fpear-Jhaped, rough ,
fazved leaves , and flowers growing in woolly heads. Pe-
riclymenum refit um, falviae folio rugofo, majore, fub-
rotundo & bullato. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 163. Upright
Honeyfuckle with a large, rough. Sage leaf, which is
roundifh and ftudded.
7. Lantana ( Bulla t a ) foliis oblongo-ovatis acumina-
tis ferratis rugofis alternis, floribus capitatis. Lantana
with oblong, oval-pointed , flawed leaves , which are rough,
placed alternate , and flowers growing hi heads. Pericly-
menum refit um, falvise folio rugofo, minore, bullato,
7 Of. flore
Bore albo. Sloan. Cat. 163. Upright Honeyfuckle with
a j mailer rough Sage leaf, which is Jludded , and a white
flower.
8. Lantana ( Alba ) caule inermi, foiiis ovatis ferratis,
floribus capitatis alaribus feffilibus. Lantana with a
flmooth Jlalk , oval flawed leaves , and flowers growing in
heads proceeding from the wings of the leaves , fitting clofle
to the fltalks. Camara foiiis urticas, floribus mmoribus
albis, ex alis foliorum prodeuntibus. Houft. Camara
with a Nettle leaf , and fmaller white flowers proceeding
from the wings of the leaves.
9. Lantana {Annua) foiiis quaternis, caule afpero, fpi-
cis oblongis. Four-leaved Lantana with a rough ftalk ,
and oblong fpikes of flowers. Periclymenum re&um hu-
milius, folio rugofo majore, flore purpureo, frudu
oblongo, efculento purpureo. Sloan. Cat Jam. 164.
Lower upright Honeyfuckle with a larger rough leaf ', a
purple flower , and an oblong , purple , efculent fruit.
10. Lantana ( Anguftifolia ) caule inermi, foiiis ovato-
lanceolatis oppofitis, floribus capitatis pedunculis lon-
gifiimis. Lantana with a flmooth ftalk , oval ftp ear -flo aped
leaves placed oppojite , flowers collected in heads , and very
long foot-ftalks. Periclymenum re£tu m, falvias folio
rugofo, longo & anguftiffimo. Sloan. Cat. 164. Up-
right Honeyfuckle with a rough Sage leaf \ which is long
and narrow.
11. Lantana (. Africana ) foiiis alternis feffilibus, floribus
folitariis. Hort. Cliff. 320. Lantana with alternate leaves
fitting clofle to the ftalks , and flowers growing flngly. Jaf-
minum Africanum, illicis folio, flore folitario ex fo-
liorum alis proveniente albo. Com. Plant. Rar. 6, tab.
6. African Jafmine with an Ilex leaf, and a folitary white
flower coming from the wing of the leaves.
12. Lantana ( Salvifolia ) foiiis oppofitis feffilibus, flo-
ribus racemofls. Lin. Sp. 875. Lantana with leaves
placed oppofite clofle to the ftalks, and flowers in a racemus.
Frutex Africanus, foiiis conjugatis falvias anguftis, flo-
ribus hirfutis. Herm. Afr. 10.
The firft fort is pretty common in thofe Engliffi gar-
dens, where there are colledions of exotic plants ; this
grows naturally in Jamaica, and moft of the other
iflands in the Weft-Indies, where it is called wild Sage,
as are feveral of the other forts which are not dif-
tinguiffied by the inhabitants. It rifes with a woody
ftalk five or fix feet high, fending out many branches,
which have four angles, armed with (hort crooked
fpines. Lhe leaves are placed oppofite ; they are
oval, fpear-ffiaped, about an inch and a half long,
and three quarters of an inch broad, hairy, and ftand
upon fhort foot-ftalks ; toward the end of the branches
the flowers come out from the wings of the italics* two
foot-ftalks ariflng from the fame joint, one on each
fide ; they are near two inches long, and are ter-
minated by roundifh heads of flowers, thofe which
are on the outflde and form the border, are firft: of a
bright red, or fcarlet colour •, thefe change to a deep
purple before they fall. Thofe flowers which are in
the center are of a bright yellow, but after fome time
fade to an Orange colour. The flowers are fucceeded
by roundifh berries, which, when ripe, turn black,
having a pulpy covering over a Angle hard feed. This
plant in the Weft-Indies continues to flower moft
part of the year* but in England they begin to
flower in June, and continue in fucceffion till near
Chriftmas, and the early flowers are fucceeded by ripe
feeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Jamaica * this rifes
with a (lender, fmooth, ffirubby ftalk, about four feet
high, dividing into many fmall quadrangular branches
which grow ere£t, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves
about two inches long, and one inch broad, indented
on their edges, and hoary on their under fide, (landing
alternate upon iliort foot-ftalks. Toward the end of
the branches the foot-ftalks of the flowers arife al-
ternately from the wings of the leaves * thefe are very
(lender, and fupport fmall heads of pale purple flow-
ers, which are fucceeded by fmall purple berries, each
having one feed. This flowers at the fame time with
the former fort. The feeds of this fort were firft fent
me by the late Dr. Houftoun, from La Vera
Cruz, but I have fince received them from Ja-
maica.
The third fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz, by
the late Dr. Houftoun * this rifes with afhrubby ftalk
about three feet high, dividing into feveral upright
branches. The leaves are oblong, and flawed on their
edges, (landing oppofite, on the lower part of the
branches, but toward the upper part they are placed
by threes round the branches. The foot-ftalks of the
flowers come out from the wings of the leaves * they
are near three inches long, fuftaining an oblong jpike
of purple flowers, which come out from imbricated
fcales, which end in acute points. The flowers are
fucceeded by pretty large purple berries. This flow-
ers at the fame time with the former forts.
The feeds of the fourth fort were fent me from the
Havanna, by the late Dr. Houftoun * this rifes with
a fhrubby ftalk about three feet high, covered with
a gray bark, which is woolly. It divides into branches
by pairs, which are garnifhed with round leaves, in-
dented on their edges, whofe upper furface is corru-
gated and rough, like thole of Sage * they are placed
oppofite, (landing upon (hort foot-ftalks. At the end
of the branches arife the foot-ftalks of the flowers,
which are (hort, and fuftain a globular head of purple
flowers * thefe are fucceeded by pretty large purple
berries containing one feed. This flowers at the fame
time with the former forts.
There is a variety of this with white flowers, whole
leaves are not quite fo round, nor are they crenated
on their edges * but I fufpedt they both come from
the fame feeds, fo I have not enumerated it as a dif-
tindl fpecies.
The fifth fort was fent me from La Vera Cruz, by
the late Dr. Houftoun * this rifes with a woody
branching ftalk four or five feet high, garniffied with
oblong heart-fhaped leaves, which are la wed on their
edges, and end in acute points. At the end of the
branches the flowers come out in round bunches,
(landing upon (lender upright foot-ftalks, about one
inch long. The flowers are yellow, and grow in
loofer bunches or heads than thofe of the former
forts, but flowers at the fame time.
The fixth fort rifes with a woody branching ftalk five
or fix feet high, covered with a dark brown bark.
The branches are more divided than thofe of the
other forts, and are much more ligneous. The leaves
are two inches and a half long, and one inch and a
quarter broad, deeply fawed on their edges, and their
upper furface very rough, and many of them cloflely
fet with white prominent fpots as if ftudded * thefe
are placed alternately on the branches. The flowers
come out from the wings of the ftalk, (landing upon
pretty long foot-ftalks * they are white, and are col-
lected in fmall woolly heads. This flowers about the
fame time with the former forts.
The feventh fort rifes with a branching ffirubby ftalk
about four feet high, covered with a dark brown bark,
and garniffied with fmall, oblong, oval leaves, ending
in acute points * they are an inch long, and half an
inch broad, very much veined on their upper fide,
(landing alternately pretty clofe to the branches. The
flowers come out at the end of the branches upon
(hort foot-ftalks, in clofe fmall heads •, thefe are white, .
and make but little appearance. It flowers at the
fame time with the former.
The eighth fort was fent me by the late Dr. Houftoun,
from Campeachy * this hath a (lender fhrubby ftalk
which rifes three or four feet high, dividing into many
(lender, fmooth, fquare branches, which are garnifhed
with fmall, oval, fawed leaves placed oppofite * from
the wings of the ftalk, at every joint, come out the
flowers; they are fmall, white, and are collected in
clofe heads ; thefe come out by pairs, and fit clofe to
the branches. This flowers at the fame time with the
former.
The ninth fort is annual ; this was firft fent me by
the late Dr, Houftoun from La Vera Cruz, bur I
have fince received the feeds from the north fide of
the ifland of Jamaica ; it rifes with a ftrong, upright,
rough
LAN
rough ftalk near three feet high, dividing toward the
top into two or three eredl branches, which are gar-
nifced with oblong, oval, fawed leaves, ending in
acute points-, they are placed by fours at each joint,
and are a little woolly on their under fide. The
flower-ftaiks arife by pairs, and fometimes three come
out at the fame joint ; they are from two to three
inches long, and fuftain a thick fpike of large purple
flowers, which are fucceeded by large purple berries
that are very fucculent, and are frequently eaten
by the inhabitants. This fort flowers in July, pro-
vided the plants are railed early in the fpring and
brought forward, and the feeds will ripen in autumn,
foon after which the plants decay.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent me the feeds this
rifes with a {lender, fmooth, branching ftalk three feet
high. The branches are garnifhed with oval fpear-
Ihaped leaves two inches long, and one inch broad ;
they are crenated on their edges, and rough on their
. upper fide. Handing by pairs oppofite, upon very
fhort foot-ftalks, having an agreeable odour. The
flowers come out from the wings of the ftalk, upon
very long foot-ftalks ; they are placed oppofite the
whole length of the young branches, fuftaining fmall
round heads of white flowers ; thefe appear at the
fame time with the other forts, but rarely produce
feeds in England.
Thefe plants are all of them eafily propagated by
cuttings except the ninth, which is an annual plant,
fo can only be propagated by feeds. They may alfo
be propagated by feeds, which feveral of the forts
produce in England, and the others may be eafily pro-
cured from the Weft-Indies, where there are a greater
variety of thefe plants growing naturally, than are at
prefen t known in Europe -, they are all of them called
Wild Sage, by the inhabitants of the Britifh Iflands,
"Tut they do not diftinguifh the forts. Thefe feeds ftiould
be fown in pots filled with light earth, and plunged
into a hot-bed of tan ; the reafon for my advifing
them to be fown inpots, is, becaufe the feeds frequently
remain long in the ground before they vegetate ;
therefore if the plants fhould not come up the fame
year, the pots ftiould be placed in the ftove in winter,
and the following fpring plunged into a new hot-bed,
which will bring up the plants. When thefe are fit
to remove they ftiould be each planted in a fmall pot,
and plunged into another hot-bed, obferving to ftade
them till they have taken new root ; then they ftould
have air admitted to them every day, in proportion
to the warmth of the feafon, to prevent their being
drawn up with weak ftalks ; afterward they muft be
treated in the fame manner as other plants from the
fame country, till they have obtained ftrength ; then
they may be removed into an airy glafs-cafe, or a dry
ftove, where they may have a large ft are of air in
warm weather, but protected from the cold. This is
neceffary for the young plants, which ftould not the
firft year be expoled to the open air, but afterward
they may be placed abroad in the warmeft part of
fummer, and in winter placed upon Hands in the dry
ftove, where they will continue long in flower, and
many of the forts will ripen their feeds ; but in win-
ter they ftould be fparingly watered, for much moif-
ture will rot their roots.
If they are propagated by cuttings, the bell time for
planting them is in July, after the plants have been
expofed to the open air for about a month, by which
time the ftoots will be hardened fo as to be out of
danger of rotting with a little moifture. Thefe cut-
tings ftould be planted in fmall pots filled with light
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed ; and if
they are fcreened from the violence of the fun in the
middle of the day, they will be rooted in about fix
weeks time, when they muft be hardened gradually
to bear the open air, and afterward treated as the old
plants.
The. eleventh fort has been longin theEnglift gardens,
and is commonly called the Ilex-leaved Jafmine. This
fort rifes with a ftrubby ftalk five or fix feet high,
fending out many irregular branches, which are clofely
garnifhed with thin oval leaves ending in points, and
fawed on their edges, which embrace the branches
with their bafe, and from the bofom of each leaf comes
out one folitary white flower, which is cut at the top
into five parts, and at firft fight has the appearance
of a Jafmine flower ; but when clofer viewed, the
tube will be found curved in the fame manner with
thofe which Dr. Linnteus titles ringent flowers. The
flowers are not fucceeded by feeds in England, but
the plants are eafily propagated by cuttings, which,
if planted upon an old hot-bed any time in July, and
covered with a bell or hand-glafs, and (haded from
the fun, will put out roots in a month or five weeks ;
then they may be planted in pots, and placed in the
ftade till they have taken frefh root ; after which they
may be removed to a Iheltered fituation, where they
may remain till the frofts come on. This plant was
brought from the Cape of Good Hope, fo is not very
tender, therefore may be preferved in a good green-
houfe in winter ; but during that feafon it muft have
a large (hare of air in mild weather, otherwife it is apt
to grow mouldy, and this will caufe the tender
- branches to decay. In the fummer feafon it may be.
expofed in the open air, with other green-houfe plants,
in a fheltered fituation, where it will add to the va-
riety ; and although the flowers are fmall, and are r
produced fingly from between the leaves, fo do not
make any great appearance ; yet as there is a fuc-
ceflion of thefe flowers moft part of the year, and the
leaves continuing green throughout the year, it is
rendered worthy of a place in every colleftion of
plants.
The daft fort is a native of Africa; this rifes with a
ftrubby four-cornered ftalk eight or ten feet high,
covered with a pale loole bark, fending out many fide
branches, garnifhed with rough leaves five or fix
inches long, whofe bafe embrace the ftalks, but they
end with ftarp points, and are downy on their under
fide the branches are terminated by loofe fpikes of
pale purple flowers, covered with a meally down; thefe
appear in fummer, but are rarely fucceeded by feeds
in England.
This is propagated by cuttings in the fame manner as
the eleventh fort, and the plants require the fame
treatment.
LANUGINOUS, fignifies downy, or to be covered
with a foft down, as a Quince.
LAPATHUM. See Rumex.
LA PS AN A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 8 23. Lampfana &
Rhagadiolus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 479. tab. 272. Nip-
plewort.
The Characters are.
The flower is compofed of feveral hermaphrodite florets ,
which are included in one common imbricated empalement .
The florets have one petal , which is tubulous and firetched
out at the top , in floape of a tongue ; thefe have each five
floor t hairy ftamina , terminated by cylindrical fummits which
co ale flee. The ger men is fltuated at the bottom of the floret,
fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned by a reflexed bifid ftig-
ma ; the germen afterward becomes an oblong three-cor-
nered feed , fltuated in the fleale of the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia Poly-
gamia JEqualis, in which he ranges thofe plants with
hermaphrodite flowers which are fruitful, whofe fta-
mina and ftyle are connected together ; and to this
genus he has joined the Rhagadiolus and Zacintha of
Tournefqrt, making them only fpecies of the fame
genus.
The Species are,
1. Laps ana ( Communis ) calycibus fru£i;us angulatis, pe~
dunculis tenuibus ramofiffimis. Hort. Cliff. 384. Nip-
plewort with angular empalement s to the fruit , and very
narrow branching foot-ftalks. Lampfana. Dod. p. 675.
Common Nipplewort.
2. Lapsana ( Rhagadiolus ) calycibus frudbus undique pa-
tentibus, radiis fubulatis, foliis lyratis. Hort. Upfal.
245. Nipplewort with empalement s to the fruit fpreading
open every way , awl-Jhaped rays , and fpear-Jhaped undi-
vided
L A R
vided leaves. Rhagadiolus alter. Csefalp. 511. Another
Rhavcdiolus.
3, Lapsana. ( Larnpfanafoliis ) calycibus fruftiis undique
patentibus, radiis fubulatis, foliis lyratis. Hort. XJpfal.
245. Nipplewort with empalements to the fruit fpreadintg
open every way , awl-fhaped rays , and iMrpfoaped leaves .
Rhagadiolus Lamplanae foliis. Tourn. Cor. 36. Rha-
gadiolus with a Nipplewort leaf.
4. Lapsana ( Zacintha ) calycibus fru&us torulofis de-
prefiis o'btufis leffilibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 81 1. Nipple-
wort with a deprefjed knotted empalement which is obtufe ,
and Jits clofe to the branches. Zacintha five cichonum
verrucarium. Tourn. Inft. 476. Zacintha , or war ted
Cichory.
The firft fort is a common weed', which grows by the
fide of foot-paths and hedges in moft parts of Eng-
land, fo is not permitted to have room in gardens.
The fecond and third forts grow naturally in Portu-
gal, from whence I have received their feeds. Thefe
are annual plants, of no beauty or ufe, but are pre-
ferred in botanic gardens for the fake of variety. If
the feeds of thefe are permitted to lcat ter, the plants
will come up without trouble, and two or three of
them will be enough to leave to keep the forts.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Italy ; this is alio
an annual plant, of neither ufe or beauty, but is like
the others kept for variety. If the feeds of this fort
feat ter in the autumn, the plants will come up better
than if fown in the fpring. The plants require no
culture, but will thrive like weeds.
LARIX. Tourn. Inft. R. PI. 586. tab. 353. Pinus.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 956. The Larch-tree; in French,
Melefe.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers growing feparate on the
fame tree, it he male flowers are difpofed in a fcaly katkin ;
thefe have no petal , but a great number of fiamina which
are connected in a column below , but are feparated at their
‘ points , and are terminated by crept fummits. The female
flowers are diflpofed in a conical Jhape , having no petals •,
thefe are placed by pairs under each fcale , having a fmall
germen , fupporting an awl-fhaped ftyle , crowned by a Jingle
jiigma. The germen afterward becomes a nut with a mem-
braneous wing , inclofed in the feales of the cones.
This genus of plants is ranged in the ninth fedlion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clals, intitled Moncecia Mo-
nodelphia, the fame tree having male and female
flowers in different parts, and the ftamina of the male
flowers are united in one clufter. Dr. Linnaeus has
joined this genus, and the Abies of Tournefort, to the
genus of Pinus, which, according to his fyftem, may
very well be brought together ; but as Tournefort and
all former botanifts have feparated them by the form
of their leaves, thofe of the Abies coming- out Angle
from the branches, thofe of the Pine coming out by
two, three, or five out of each (heath, and thofe of
this genus arifing in clufters in the bottom, but are
fpread above like a painter’s pencil; fo thefe diftindtions
being pretty generally known by gardeners, I have
chofen to continue them under their former feparate
titles to prevent confufion.
The Species are,
1. Larix ( Decidua ) foliis deciduis, conis ovatis obtufis.
Larch-tree with deciduous leaves , and oval obtufe cones.
Larix folio deciduo, conifera. J. B. 1. p. 265. Com-
mon Cone-bearing Larch-tree.
2. Larix ( Chinenfis ) foliis deciduis, conis mucronatis
fquamis acutis. Larch-tree with deciduous leaves , and.
pointed cones having acute feales.
3. Larix ( Cedrus ) foliis acutis perennantibus, conis ob-
tufis. Larch-tree with acute evergreen leaves and obtufe
cones. Cedrus conifera, foliis laricis. C. B. P. 490.
Cone-bearing Cedar with a Larch-tree leaf , or the Cedar of
Lebanus.
The firft fort grows naturally upon the Alps and
Apennines, and of late years has been very much
propagated in England. This tree is of quick growth,
and will rife to the height of fifty feet ; the branches
are (lender, and their ends generally hang downward.
Thefe are garnifhed with long narrow leaves, which
L A II
arife in clufters from one point, and fpread open above
like the hairs of a painter’s brufh ; they are of a light
green, and fall away in autumn like other deciduous
trees. In the month of April the male flowers ap-
pear, which are difpofed in form of fmall cones ; the
female flowers are collected into oval obtufe cones,
which in fome fpecies have bright purple tops, and in
others they are white : thefe differences are acciden-
tal, for I have found the feeds taken from either of
thefe varieties, will produce plants of both forts ; the
cones are about one inch long, obtufe at their points,
and the feales lie over each other, and are fmooth ;
under each fcale there is generally lodged two feeds
which have wings.
There are two other varieties of this tree, one of which
' is a native of America, and the other of Siberia ; the
latter requires a colder climate than England, for they,
are very apt to die in fummer here, efpecially if they
are planted on a dry foil. The cones of this fort which
have been brought to England, feem to be in general
larper than thofe of the common kind ; but there is
1b little difference between the trees in their charac-
teriftic notes, as not to be diftinguifhed as different
fpecies, though by the growth of the trees there is a
remarkable difference.
The cones of the fecond fort were fentffrom China,
to the Right Hon. the Earl of Northumberland, who
was fo good as to communicate fome of the feeds to
me, which were fown in the Chelfea garden. where
they fucceeded, as they alfo did in his Lordfbip’s
garden at Stanwick. The cones of this fort were
much larger than thofe of the common fort, and ended
in acute points ; the feales were prominent like thole
of the Scotch Fine, and had fo little refemblance to
thole of the Larch, as that every one who faw them,
imagined they were a fort of Find ; they were titled,
Fir good to keep up banks. As thefe plants make
but little progreis the firft year, fo they wer e weak,
and in the autumn calling off their leaves, they
were luppofed to be dead, and moft of the plants
were thereby loft ; but thofe which efcaped, after-
ward fhot their brandies out horizontally, fpreading
clofe to the ground, and by their prelent appearance,
feem to be a fhrub which never will rife upright. This
fort is fo hardy, as to thrive in the open air without
any protedlion.
The common Larch is now very plenty in moft of the
nurferies in England, and of late years there has been
great numbers of the trees planted ; but thofe which
have been planted in the worft foil and in bad fttua-
tions, have thriven the belt ; for where trees of equal
fize have been planted in good garden earth at the
fame time, the others on the cold ftiff land, have
in twelve years been twice the height of thofe planted
in good ground ; which is an encouragement to plant
thefe trees, fince they will thrive in the moft expofed
fltuations, provided they are planted in clumps near
each other, and not Angle trees ; nor fhould the plants
which are planted in very open expofed places be
taken from warm nurferies, but rather raifed as near
to the fpot where they are to remain as poffible ; nor
fhould the plants be more than three or four years
growth when planted, where they are defigned to grow
large ; for though trees of greater fize will remoye
very well, and grow feveral years as well as if they ftf
had not been tranfplanted ; yet after twenty or thirty
years growth they will frequently fail, where the young
planted trees have continued very vigorous.
Thefe trees are raifed from feeds, which moft years
ripen well in England : the cones fhould be gathered
about the end of November, and kept in a dry place
till the fpring, when they fhould be fpread on a cloth
and expofed to the fun/ or laid before a fire, which
will caufe the feales of the cones to open and emit
their feeds. Thefe feeds fhould be fown on a border
expofed to the eaft, where the morning fun only comes
on it ; or if they are fown on a bed more expofed to
the fun, they fhould be fereened with mats from the
fun in the middle of the day ; for when the plants firft
appear above ground, they are very impatient of heat ;
LAR
and when the bed is much expofed to the fen, the
furface of the ground will dry fo faft, as to require to
have water very often, which frequently rots the tender
ftems of the plants ; which will be prevented by pro-
perly fhading them while young, and afterward they
will be in no danger. Thefe young plants Ihould be
conftantly kept clean from weeds, and if they have
made good progrefs, they may be tranfplanted the
following autumn, otherwife they may remain in the
feed-bed another year, efpecially if the plants are not
too clofe together. When they are tranfplanted, it
fnould be performed in the autumn as foon as their
leaves decay •, they may be planted in beds at about
fix inches afunder each way, which will be diftance
enough for the growth of the plants the two following
years, by which time they will be lit to tranfplant
where they are to remain.
When the young trees are planted out for good, they
need not be more than eight or ten feet diftant from
each other, always planting them clofer on expofed
fituations, than where they are more defended ; after
the trees are planted, they will require no other care
but to keep them clean from weeds for three or four
years till the trees have obtained ftrength, when they
will over-top the weeds and prevent their growth ;
but the ground between thefe trees Ihould not be
dug, for that I have found has greatly flopped their
growth.
The Siberian Larch is of flow growth in this country,
for when the fpring is mild, the trees will begin to
Ihoot in February, or early in March ; and there are
frequently fharp frofts after, whereby thefe fhoots are
often killed, and this flops the growth of the trees.
Likewife when they are planted on a v/arm dry foil,
they are frequently killed by drought in the fummer ;
therefore this is a very improper tree for this country,
iinlefs for fome cold, moift, peaty land, where they
may probably thrive, and in fuch fituations few other
trees will grow.
The American or black Larch, thrives pretty well
upon moift land, but on dry ground will make but
little progrefs. A few of thefe trees by way of variety,
may be allowed to have place in every collection of
trees defigned for pleafure ; but for profit, the common
Larch is to be preferred to any other fpecies.
In Switzerland, where thefe trees abound, and they
have a fcarcity of other wood, they build mofl of
their houfes with it ; and great part of their furniture
is alfo made of the wood, fome of which is white,
and fome red, but the latter is mofl efteemed. The
rednefs of the wood is by fome fuppofed to be from
the age of the trees, and not from any difference be-
tween them, but is rather owing to the quantity of
turpentine contained in them. They frequently cut
out the boards into fhingles of a foot fquare, with
which they cover their houfes, inftead of tiles or other
covering j thefe are at firft very white, but after they
have been two or three years expofed, become as black
as charcoal ; and all the joints are flopped by the re-
fm, which the fun draws out from the pores of the
wood, which is hardened by the air, and becomes a
fmooth fliining varnilh, which renders the houfes fo
covered impenetrable to either wind or rain •, but as
this is very combuftible, the magiftrates have made
an order of police, that the houfes fo covered Ihould
be built at a diftance from each other to prevent lire,
which has often done great damage in villages.
In mofl countries where this wood is in plenty, it is
preferred to all the kinds of Fir for every purpofe •
and in many places there are lliips built of this wood,
which they fay are durable •, therefore this may be a
very proper tree for planting upon fome of the cold
barren hills in many parts of England, which at pre-
fent produce nothing to their proprietors, and in one
age may be large eftates to their pofterity, and a na-
tional advantage •, which might be effected without a
great expence, where the buflnefs is properly con-
dufted.
The beft method for doing this, would be by making
fmall nurferies on or near the place where the plan-
L A R
tation is intended to be made, 'in thofe nurferies the
feeds Ihould be fown ; and if there are any poor cot-
tagers there, thefe may be employed in railing of the
plants, keeping of them clean, and afterward in tranf-
planting them. This will leffen the number of indi-
gent poor, and by employing them in this fort of
hulbandry, they may be brought to have a love and
regard for trees of their own planting, fo will not be
tempted to deftroy them themfelves, or fuffer others
to do it ^ and as the feafon for planting happens at a
time of year when the farmers have little employment
for their labourers, fo the finding them ufeful em-
ployment this way, will be of infinitely more advan-
tage than the giving them alms from theparifti; and
the children may be taught to weed and keep the
young plants clean in fummer, whereby, they may be
rendered ufeful, and kept from being burdenfome to
the parilhes.
From the Larch-tree is extracted the Venice turpen-
tine, which the inhabitants of the valley of St. Martin
near Lucern, make a confiderable merchandize of.
They collect this by boring holes in the trunk of the
trees, at about two or three feet from the ground,
into which they fix narrow troughs about twenty inches
long ; the end of thefe are hollowed like a ladle, and
in the middle is a fmall hole bored for the turpentine
to run into a receiver, which is placed below it ; as
the' turpentine runs from the trees, it paffes along the
Hoping gutter or trough to the ladle, and from thence
runs through the holes into the receiver. The people
who gather this vifit the trees morning and evening,
from the end of May to September, to collect the tur-
pentine from out of the receivers.
The third fort is the Cedarof Libanus, which is a tree,
of great antiquity ; and what is remarkable, this tree
is not found as a native in any other part of the world,
fo far as hath come to our knowledge.
The cones of this tree are frequently brought from
the Levant, which, if preferved entire, will preferve
their feeds good for feveral years. The time of their
ripening is commonly in the fpring, and fo confe-
quently are near one year old before we receive them,
for which they are not the worfe, but rather the
better ; the cones having difcharged a great part of
their refin by lying, and the feeds are much eafier to
get out of them than fuch as are frefti taken from th®
tree.
The beft way to get the feeds out is to fplit the cones,
by driving a lharp piece of iron through the center
lengthways, which will fplit the cone ; then you may
pull the feeds out with your fingers, which you will
find are fattened to a thin leafy fubftance called wings,
as are thofe of the Fir-tree : but before the feeds are
taken out, it will be proper to put the cones in water
for twenty-four or thirty hours, which will render
them eafier to fplit, fo that the feeds may be taken
out with greater fafety ; for there will require care in
the doing of it, otherwife many of the feeds will be
fpoiled, as they are very tender, and will bruife where
there is any force employed to get them out.
Thefe feeds Ihould be fown in boxes or pots of light
frefti earth, and treated as was directed for the Firs
(to which I refer the reader) but only fhall obferve,
that thefe require more lhade in fummer while young
than the Firs, and Ihould be frequently refreftied with
water.
When the plants come up they tnuft be guarded from
the birds, otherwife they will pick off their tops, as
they do of the young Firs where they are not guarded j
they mutt alfo be conftantly kept clean from weeds,
and not placed under the drip of trees. The plants
may remain in thefe boxes or pots in which they were
fown till the following fpring, but it will be proper
to place them under a frame in winter, or cover them
with mats j for while they are young they are in dan-
ger of lofing their tops, if they are pinched by froft,
for the young plants often Ihoot late in the autumn.
In the fpring, before the plants begin to Ihoot, they
Ihould be carefully taken up and tranfplanted into
beds at about four inches diftance, doling the earth
7 R gently^
L A R
gently to their roots ; thefe beds fnould be arched over
with hoops, and covered with mats in the heat of the
day, to ffiade the plants from the fun till they have
taken new root ; and if the nights prove frofty, it will
be proper to keep the mats over them in the night,
but in cloudy or moift weather they muft be always
open. After the plants are well rooted, they will re-
quire no other care but to keep them clean from weeds,
tmlefs the feafon fnould prove very dry, in which cafe
it will be proper to give them fome water once or
twice a ■week -, but it muft be but in fmall quantities,
for too much wet is often very injurious to them fo
that it will be better to fcreen them from the fun in
hot weather, to prevent the earth from drying too
faft, or cover the furface of the ground with mofs to
keep it cool, than to water the plants often.
In thefe beds the plants may hand two years, then
they fnould be either tranfplanted to the places where
they are defigned to remain, or to a nurfery where
they may grow two years more ; but the younger thefe
plants are when they are planted out for good, the
better the trees will thrive, and the longer they will
continue,
When thefe plants begin to flioot ftrong, you will
generally find the leading (hoot incline to one fide ;
therefore, if you intend to have them ftrait, you mult
fiippoit them with (takes,- obferving to keep the leader
always clofe tied up, until you have got them to the
height you defign them, otherwife their branches will
extend on every fide, and prevent their growing tall.
Thefe trees are by many people kept in pyramids,
and (beared as Yews, &c. in which form they lofe
their greateft beauty ; for the extenfion of the branches
is very fingular in this tree, their (hoots for the moil
part are declining, and thereby (hewing their upper
furface, which is conftantly clothed with green leaves
in fo regular a manner, as to appear at fomediftance
like a green carpet and thefe waving about with the
wind, make one of the mod; agreeable profpedts that
can be to terminate a villa, efpecially if planted on
a rifing ground.
It is matter of furprife to me, that this tree hath not
been more cultivated in England formerly, for till
■within a few years pad, there were but few here ;
fince it would be a great ornament to barren bleak
mountains, where few other trees will grow fo well,
it being a native of the coldeft parts of Mount Li-
banus, where the fnow continues great part of the
year. And from the obfervations I have made of
thofe now growing in England, I find they thrive bed
on the pooreft foil ; for fuch of them as have been
planted in a ftrong, rich, loamy earth, have made but a
poor progrefs, in comparifon to fuch as have grown
upon a ftony meagre foil. And that thefe trees are
of quick growth, is evident from four of them now
growing in the phyftc garden at Chelfea, which (as I
have been credibly -informed) were planted there in the
year 1682, and at that time were not above three feet
high ; two of which trees are at this time (viz. 1 766)
upwards of twelve feet and a half in girt, at two feet
above ground, and their branches extend more than
twenty feet on every fide their trunks which branches
(though they are produced twelve or fourteen feet
above the furface) do at every termination hang very
near the ground, and thereby afford a goodly (hade
in the hotteft feafon of the year.
The foil in which thefe trees are planted, is a lean
hungry fand mixed with gravel, the furface of which
is fcarcely two feet deep before a hard rocky gravel
appears. Thefe trees ftand at four corners of a pond,
which is bricked up within two feet of their trunks,
fo that their roots have no room to fpread on one fide,
and confequently are cramped in their growth ; but
whether their (landing fo near the water may not have
been advantageous to them, I cannot fay, but fure I
am, if their roots had had full fcope in the ground,
they would have made a greater progrels. I have
alfo obierved, that lopping or cutting of thefe trees
is very injurious to them (more, perhaps, than to any
etljer of the refinous trees) in retarding their growth ;
L A R
for two of the four trees above-mentioned, being un-
advifedly planted nearagreen-houfe, when they began
to grow large had their branches lopped, to let the
rays of the fun into the houfe, whereby they have been
fo much checked, as at prefect they are little more
than half the fize of the other two.
Thefe trees have all of them produced, for feveral
years, large quantities of katkins (or male dowers,)
though there are but three of them which have as yet
produced cones -, nor is it above thirty-five years that
thefe have ripened their cones, fo as to perfeft the
feed ; but now the feeds which fall out of the cones
on the ground near them, produce plants in plenty,
which come up naturally without care : and fince we
find that they are fo far naturalized to our country as
to produce ripe feeds, we need not fear being loon
fupplied with enough, without depending on thofe
cones which are brought from the Levant as there
are many trees of this kind in England, which already
do, and abundance more which in a few years muft
certainly bear : but I find they are more fubjed to
produce and ripen their cones in hard winters than
in mild ones; which is a plain indication, that they
will fucceed, even in the coldeft parts of Scotland,
where, as well as in England, they might be propa-
gated to great advantage.
W hat we find mentioned in feripture of the lofty Ce-
dars, can be no ways applicable to the ftature of this
tree ; fince, from the experience we have of thofe
now growing in England, as alfo from the teftimony
of feveral travellers, who have vifited thofe few re-
maining trees on Mount Libanus, they are not inclined
to grow very lofty, but, on the contrary, extend their
branches very far ; to which the allufion made by the
Pfalmift agrees very well, when he is deferibing the
flouriftung (late of a people, and fays, They (hall
fpread their branches like the Cedar-tree.
Rauwolf,. in his Travels, fays, there were not at that
time (i. e. anno 1 574) upon Mount Libanus more than
26 trees remaining, 24 of which ftood in a circle; and
the other two, which ftood at a fmall diftance, had
their branches almoft confumed with age ; nor could
he find any younger trees coming up to fucceed them,
though he looked about diligently for fome. Thefe
trees (he fays) were growing at the foot of a fmall hill,
on the top of the mountains, and amongft the fnow.
Thefe having very large branches, commonly bend
the tree to one fide, but are extended to a great length,
and in fo delicate and pleafant order, as if they were
trimmed and made even with great diligence, by
which they are eafily diftinguffhed at a great diftance
from Fir-trees. The leaves (continues he) are very
like to thofe of the Larch-tree, growing clofe together
in little bunches upon fmall brown (hoots.
Maundrel in his Travels, fays, there were butfixteen.
large trees remaining when he vifited the mountains,
fome of which were of a prodigious bulk, but that
there were many more young trees of a (mailer fize ;
he meafured one of the largell, and found it to be 12
yards 6 inches in girt, and yet found, and 37 yards in,
the fpread of its boughs. At about five or fix yards
from the ground it was divided into five limbs, each
of which was equal to a great tree. What Maundrel
hath related, was confirmed to me by a worthy gen-
tleman of my acquaintance, who was there in the year
1720, with this difference only, viz, in the dimenfions
of the branches of the larged tree, which he affured
me he meafured, and found to be twenty-two yards
diameter. Now, whether Mr. Maundrel meant thirty-
fevenyards in circumference of the fpreading branches,
or the diameter of them, cannot be determined by his
expreffions, yet either of them well agrees with my
friend’s account.
Monfieur Le Brun reckons about 35 or 36 trees re-
maining upon Mount Libanus when he was there,
and would perfuade ns it was not eafy to reckon their
numbers (as is reported of our Stonehenge on Salisbury
Plain.) He alfo fays, their cones do fome of them
grow dependent. Which is abundantly confuted by
the above-mentioned travellers, as alfo from our own
experience*
LAS
experience, for all the cones grow upon the upper
part of the branches, and Hand ereft, having a
ftrong, woody, central ftyle, by which it is firmly
annexed to the branch, fo as with difficulty to be taken
cff •, which central ftyle remains upon the branches
after the cone is fallen to pieces, fo that they never
drop off whole, as the Pines do.
The wood of this famous tree is accounted proof
againft all putrefaction of animal bodies ; the faw-
duft of it is thought to be one of the fecrets ufed
by thofe mountebanks, who pretend to have the em-
balming myftery. This wood is alio faid to yield
an oil, which is famous for preferring books and
writings •, and the wood is thought by my Lord Ba-
con, to continue above a thoufand years found. It
is alfo recorded, that in the temple of Apollo at
Utica, there was found timber of near two thou-
fand years old. And the ftatue of the goddefs, in
the famous Ephefian temple, was faid to be of this
material alfo, as was molt of the timber work of that
glorious ftru&ure.
* This fort of timber is very dry and fubjedt to fplit, nor
does it well endure to be fattened with nails, from
which it ufually fhrinks, therefore pins of the fame
wood are much preferable.
LARKSPUR. See Delphinium.
LASERPITIUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 324. tab.
172. Lin. Gen. Plant. 306. Laferwort.
The Characters are.
It hath an umbellated flower, compofed of many J, mall
umbels •, both the fmall and principal umbels have a many-
leaved involucrum. T he general umbel is uniform \ the
flowers have five equal petals , whofe points are heart-
Jhaped and inflexed •, they have five jlamina which are as
long as the petals , terminated by fingle fummits ; the round-
iflj germen is fitnated under the flower , fupporting two
thick acuminated ftyles , crowned by obtufe fpreading Jiig-
mas. The germen afterward becomes an oblong fruit
with eight longitudinal wings or membranes , refembling
the fliers of a water-mill ; the fruit divides into two parts,
each containing one feed.
This genus of plants is ranged by Dr. Linnaeus's in
the fecond fedtion of his fifth clafs, intitled Pentan-
dria Digynia, which includes thofe plants whofe
flowers have five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Laserpitium ( Commune ) foliolis oblongo-cordatis,
incifo-ferratis. Laferwort with oblong heart-Jhaped lobes ,
which are cut like a flaw. Laferpitium foliis latioribus
lobatis.Mor. Umbel. 29. Laferwort with broader leaves,
having lobes.
2. Laserpitium ( Latifolium ) foliolis-cordatis incifo-
ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 96. Laferwort with heart-f japed
lobes cut like a flaw. Laferpitium foliis amplioribus,
femine crifpo. Inft. R. H. 324. Laferwort with large
leaves and curled feeds.
3. Laserpitium (. Paludapifolium ) foliolis ovatis obtufis
acute ferratis. Laferwort with oval obtufe lobes
Jharply flawed. Laferpitium humilius, paludapii fo-
lio, fiore albo. Inft. R. H. Lower Laferwort, with a
Smallage leaf and a white flower.
4. Laserpitium (G alii cum) foliolis cuneiformibus fur-
catis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 248. Laferwort with wedge-
fhaped forked\ lobes. Laferpitium Gallicum. 156. C.
B. P. French Laferwort.
5. Laserpitium (. Anguftifolium ) foliolis lanceolatis in-
tegerrimis feffilibus. Hort. Cliff. 96. Laferwort with
fpear-Jhaped entire leaves fitting clofe to the branches .
Laferpitium anguftiffimo & oblongo folio. Inft. R.
H. 324. Laferwort with a very narrow oblong leaf.
6 . Laserpitium ( Selinoides ) foliolis trifidis acutis. La-
ferwort with acute trifid lobes . Laferpitium felinoides,
femine crifpo. Inft. R. LL Laferwort refembling fweet
Smallage, with a curled feed.
7. Laserpitium ( Trilobum ) foliolis trilobis incifis. Lin.
Sp. 357. Laferwort with trifid leaves. Libanotis la-
tifolia aquilegiae folio. C. B. P. 157.
8. Laserpitium ( 'Prutenicum ) foliolis lanceolatis inte-
gerrimis extirnis coalitis. Laferwort with fpear-fhaped
entire lobes , whofe cuter ones coaelefce . Laferpitium
LAS
daucoides jbrutenicum wifcofo femine. Breyn. Cent?
1 67.
9. Laserpitium (. Hktredanoides ) foliolis lineari-ianceo-
latis venofo-ftriatis diftinctis Amoenit. Acad. 4 ^ . p.
310. Laferwort with linear fpear-f japed leaves, which
are diftinh and veined. Laferpitium exoticum, lobis
anguftiffimis integris. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 96. f. 2.
10. Laserpitium {Siler) foliolis ovato-lanceolatis inte-
gerrimis petiolatis. Hort. Cliff. 96. Laferwort with
oval , fpear-f japed, entire, leaves, having foot-fialks. Siler
Montanum. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 276.
11. Laserpitium (Chironium) foliolis oblique cordatis,
petiolis hirfutis. Lin. Sp. 358. Laferwort with oblique
heart-Jhaped lobes , having hairy foot-fialks. Panax He-
racleum. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 315. Herculuis All-heal.
12. Laserpitium {Ferulaceum) foliolis linearibus. Lin.
Sp. 358. Laferwort with linear leaves. Cachrys Orien-
talis, ferulas folio tenuiore, fruftu alato piano. Tourn.
Cor. 23.
There are fome other varieties, if not diftind: fpe-
cies of this plant ; fome of which have been put
down as diftind fpecies, which differ only in the co-
lour of their flowers, therefore fhould not be regarded
as fuch •, but the number of fpecies has been greatly
leffened by fome late writers, who have erred as much
in leffening, as thofe before them had done in multi-
plying of the fpecies : which miftake they may have
fallen into by fowing of the feeds near old plants of
the fame genus, or on ground where fome of thefe
forts have grown, fo that their feeds have been icat-
tered and buried in the ground, where they will re-
main two or three years, and afterward grow ; fo that
unlefs their feeds are fown at a diftance from any of
the other fpecies, there will commonly fome other
fpecies come up, whereby people have been often con-
fufed in diftinguiffiing thefe plants *, nay, I have fre-
quently obferved the feeds of one fpecies fall, and the
plants come up on the head of another plant which
grew near it ; and this young plant, if not timely
rooted out, has gotten the better of the old plant,
and deftroyed it ; therefore where there is not great
care taken to prevent this, the different forts cannot
be preferved in gardens where the fpecies grow near
each other.
Thefe plants grow naturally in the fouth of France,
in Italy, and Germany, and are preferved in botanic
gardens for the fake of variety •, but as they have no
great beauty, fo are feldom cultivated in other gar-
dens : they require much room, for their roots ex-
tend far every way, and the leaves of many forts
will fpread three feet, when the plants are ftrong ;
their flower-ftalks rife four or five feet high, and
their umbels of flowers are very large ; they have
all of them perennial roots but annual ftalks. They
flower in June, and the feeds ripen in September.
It is generally fuppofed, that the Silphium of the an-
tients was procured from one fpecies of this genus,
but from which of them we are at prefent ignorant.
All the fpecies, if wounded, drop a very acrid juice,
which turns to a refinous gummy fubftance, very acri-
monious. This was externally applied by the antients
to take av/ay black and blue fpots that came by
bruifes and blows, as alfo to take away excrefcences j
it was alfo by fome of the antients prefcribed in in-
ternal medicines, but others have cautioned people
not to make ufe of it this way, from the effeds which
they mention to have feen produced from the violence
of its acrimony.
All thefe plants are extreme hardy, except the laft,
which requires a warmer fituation, otherwife will be
killed in fharp winters ; the other forts will thrive in
moll foils and fituations •, they are propagated by feed,
which if fown in autumn, the plants will come up the
following fpring •, but when they are fown in the
fpring, the feeds commonly remain in the ground a
whole year. The plants fhould be tranfplanted the
following autumn where they are defigned to remain,
for they fend out long deep roots, which are fre-
quently broken by tranfplanting if tjiey are large 5
when the plants are removed, they fhould be planted
' three
l
'•A>.
L A T
three feet afunder, for they grow very large they de-
cay to the ground every autumn, and come up again
the following fpring, but the roots will continue ma-
ny years, and require no other culture but to clear
them from weeds, and to dig between the roots
every fpring.
LATHYRUS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 394. tab. 216,
217. Lin. Gen. Plant. 781. Chichling Vetch; in
French, Gejfe ,
The Characters are,
The flower has a b ell- fh aped empalement of one leaf
cut into five parts at the top , the two upper being fhort ,
and the under longer . The flower is of the butterfly kind.
The ftandard is heart-fhaped , large , and reflexed at the
point. The wings are oblong and blunt ; the keel is half
round , the fize of the wings. It hath ten flamina , nine
of them joined , and one feparate , crowned by roundijh
fummits. It hath an oblong , narrow * comprejfed germen,
fupporting a rifling ftyle , which is flat, and the upper
part broad , with an acute point , crowned by a hairy
fligma. The germen afterward becomes a long comprejfed
pod , ending in a point , having two valves , and filled
with roundijh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De-
candria which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have ten ftamina formed in two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Lathyrus ( Sativus ) pedunculis unifloris, cirrhis di-
phyllis, leguminibus ovatis compreffis dorfo bimar-
ginatis. Hort. Cliff. 367. Chichling Vetch with one
flower upon a foot-ftalk , tendrils having two leaves , and
oval comprejfed pods with two borders on their back part.
Lathyrus annuus, flore ca;ruleo, Ochri filiqua. H. L.
Annual Chichling Vetch with a blue flower , and a pod like
Ochrus.
1. Lathyrus {Cicero) pedunculis unifloris, cirrhis di-
phyllis, leguminibus ovatis compreffis, dorfo canali-
cuiatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 730. Chichling Vetch with one
flower upon a foot-ftalk , two-leaved tendrils , and an oval
comprejfed pod a little channelled on the back. Lathyrus
fativus flore purpureo. C. B. P. 344. Cultivated Chich-
ling Vetch with a purple flower.
3. Lathyrus ( Setifolius ). pedunculis unifloris, cirrhis
diphyllis, foliolis fetaceo-linearibus. Lin. Sp. 1031.
Chichling Vetch with one flower upon a foot-ftalk, a two-
leaved tendril, and linear briftly lobes. Lathyrus foliis
anguftis, floribus fingularibus coccineis. Seg. PI.
Veron. Chichling Vetch , with narrow leaves and fingle
fcarlet flowers.
4. Lathyrus (. Parifienfus :) pedunculis unifloris, cirrhis
polyphyllis, ftipulis lanceolatis. Hort. Cliff. 368.
Chichling Vetch with one flower upon a foot-ftalk , a
many-leaved tendril, and fpear-fhaped ftipuU. Clyme-
num Pariflenfe flore caeruleo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 396.
Chichling Vetch of Paris with a blue flower.
5. Lathyrus ( Hifpanicus ) pedunculis bifloris, cirrhis
polyphyllis, foliolis alternis. Hort. Cliff. Chichling
Vetch with two flowers upon a foot-ftalk, a many-
leaved tendril, and the lobes placed alternate. Clyme-
num Hifpanicum, flore vario filiqua articulata.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 296. Spanijh Chichling Vetch, with
a variable flower and jointed pod.
6. Lathyrus ( Odoratus ) pedunculis bifloris, cirrhis
diphyllis, foliis ovato-oblongis, leguminibus hirfutis.
Hort. Cliff. 368. Chichling Vetch with two flowers on
a foot-ftalk , a two-leaved tendril, oblong oval leaves ,
and hairy pods. Lathyrus diftoplatyphyllos hirfutus,
mollis, magno & peramasno flore odore. Hort. Cath.
The jweet-feented Pea.
7. Lathyrus ( Hirfuta ) pedunculis bifloris, cirrhis di-
phyllis, foliolis lineari-lanceolatis, leguminibus hir-
futis, feminibus fcabris. Flor. Leyd. Prod. 363.
Chichling Vetch with two flowers on a foot-ftalk, a two-
leaved tendril, narrow fpear-fhaped lobes, hairy pods,
and rough feeds. Lathyrus anguftifolius filiqua hir-
futa. C. B. P. Narrow-leaved Chichling V etch with a
hairy, pod .
8. Lythyrus ( Tingitanus ) pedunculis bifloris, cirrhis
diphyllis foliolis alternis lanceolatis. Flor. Leyd.
L A T
Prod. 263. Chichling Vetch with two flowers on a
foot-ftalk, a two-leaved tendril, and fpear-fhaped alter-
nate leaves . Lathyrus Tingitanus filiquis orobi flore
ample ruberrimo. Mar. Hift. 2. 55. Chichling Fetch
of Tangier , with a bitter Vetch pod, and a large red
flower.
9. Lathyrus {Annuus) pedunculis bifloris, cirrhis di-
phyllis, foliolis enfiformibus, leguminibus glabris,
ftipulis bipartitis. Amcen. Acad. 3. p. 417. Chick-
ling Vetch with two flowers on a foot-ftalk, a two-leaved
tendril, fword-fhaped lobes , fmooth pods , and a bifid fit-
pula. Lathyrus luteus latifolius, Bot. Monfp. Yellow
broad-leaved Chichling Vetch.
10. Lathyrus ( Tuberofus ) pedunculis multifloris, cir-
rhis diphyllis, foliolis ovalibus, internodis nudis. Hort.
Cliff. 367. Chichling Vetch with many flowers on a foot-
ftalk, a two-leaved tendril, oval leaves , and naked be-
tween the joints. Lathyrus arvenfis repens tuberofus.
C. B. P. 344. Creeping Field Chichling Vetch with a
tuberous root.
11. Lathyrus (. Pratenjis ) pedunculis multifloris, cir-
rhis diphyllis, foliolis lanceolatis cirrhis fimpliciffi-
mis. Hort. Cliff. 367. Chichling Vetch with many
flowers on a foot-ftalk , a two-leaved tendril, fpear-
fhaped leaves , and fingle tendrils. Lathyrus luteus fyl-
veftris dumetorum. J. B. 2. p. 304. Yellow wild
Chichling Vetch of the woods.
12. Lathyrus ( Heterophyllus ) pedunculis multifloris,
cirrhis diphyllis tetraphyllifque, foliolis lanceolatis.
It. W. Goth. 75. Chichling Vetch with many flowers on
a foot-ftalk, a two-leaved, and fometimes four-leaved ten-
dril, and fpear-fhaped leaves. Lathyrus major Narbo-
nenfis anguftifolius. J. B. 2. 304. Greater Chichling
Vetch of Narbonne with narrow leaves.
13. Lathyrus ( Latifolius ) pedunculis multifloris, cir-
rhis diphyllis, foliolis lanceolatis, internodiis membra-
naceis. Hort. Cliff. 367. Chichling Vetch with many
flowers on a foot-ftalk, a two-leaved tendril , fpear-fhaped
leaves, and a membranaceous ftalk between the joints.
Lathyrus latifolius. C. B. P. 344. Broad-leaved Chich-
ling Vetch, commonly called Everlafiing Pea.
14. Lathyrus ( Magnoflore ) pedunculis multifloris,
cirrhis diphyllis foliolis ovato-lanceolatis, internodiis
membranaceis, Chichling Vetch with many flowers on a
foot-ftalk , a two-leaved tendril , oval fpear-fhaped leaves,
and a membranaceous ftalk between the joints. Lathy-
rus latifolius minor flore majore. Boerh. Inch alt. 2,
p. 42. Smaller broad-leaved Chichling Vetch with a
larger flower, or large, red , flowering, Everlafiing Pea.
1 5. Lathyrus ( Piftformis ) pedunculis multifloris, cir-
rhis polyphyllis, ftipulis ovatis, baft acutis. Hort.
Upfal. 217. Chichling Vetch with many flowers on a
foot-Jialk , a many-leaved tendril, and oval flipule acute at
the bafle.
1 6. Lathyrus (Nijfolia) pedunculis unifloris, foliis
flmplicibus ftipulis fubulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 729.
Chichling Vetch with one flower on a foot-ftalk , jingle
leaves , and awl-jhaped ftipula. Niftblia vulgaris. Tourn.
Inft. 65b. Crimfon Grafs Vetch.
17. Lathyrus {Amphicarpos) pedunculis unifloris calyce
longioribus, cirrhis diphyllis fimpliciffimis fubtus ve-
nofls. Chichling Vetch with fingle flowers upon a foot- 1
ftalk, which are longer than the empalement, and a two-
leaved fingle tendril.
18. Lathyrus ( Aphaca ) pedunculis unifloris, cirrhis
aphyllis, ftipulis fagitto-cordatis. Lin. Sp. 1029.
Chichling Vetch with one flower on each foot-ftalk, a ten-
dril without leaves, and a heart arrow-fhaped flipula.
Aphacha. Lob. Ic. 2. p. 7 °.
19. Lathyrus {Americana) pedunculis bifloris, foliis
reniformibus fimpliciffimis fubtus venofis. Chichling
Vetch with two flowers upon a foot-ftalk, and kidney -
ft: aped fingle leaves, which are veined on their under fide.
Niffolia Americana procumbens, folio rotundo, flore
luteo. Houft. MSS. Trailing American Nijfolia, with a
round leaf and a yellow flower.
The firft fort grows naturally in France, Spain, and
Italy ; this is an annual plant, with a climbing ftalk
about two feet high. The leaves come out at each
joint, alternate ; they are compofed of two long narro w
lobes,
L A T
lobes, with a tendril or clafper riling between,
which fallens to any fupport near. The flowers come
fm o-l y upon foot-ftalks at each joint ; they are blue,
and lliaped like thole of the Pea-, thefe are fuc-
ceeded by oval compreffed pods, with a double mem-
brane or wing running longitudinally on the back.
This flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen
in September. It is feldom cultivated, uniefs in bo-
tanic gardens for the fake of variety.
The iecond fort is cultivated in fome countries for
the feeds, which are ufed for feeding of poultry ;
this grows wild in Italy and Spain. It does not rife
fo high as the firft fort. The leaves are longer, the
pods^re near twice the length of thofe, and are chan-
nelled on their back fide ; this is cultivated in the
fame manner as Vetches or i ares.
The third fort was lent me from Verona, where it
grows naturally this is an annual plant, which feldom
riles more than fix or eight inches high. The two
lobes of the leaves are fmall, and end with clafpers.
The flowers are of a bright fcarlet, and are fuc-
ceeded by taper pods, filled with roundiih. feeds. This
is only kept for variety in feme botanic gardens.
The fourth fort grows naturally about Paris this is
an annual plant, with a (lender Italic about one foot
high, garnilhed with leaves, compofed of feveral nar-
row lobes placed alternate along the midrib, which
end in clafpers. The flowers come out fingly upon
pretty long foot-ftalks they are blue, and about the
flze of thofe of the common Tare. It grows naturally
in fome parts of England, particularly on Windfor
foreft, in moift meadows, and has often a variable
flower.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy ; it
is an annual plant, with a climbing ftalk which riles
near three feet high, garnilhed with leaves compofed
of feveral lobes, which are fpear-lhaped, placed alter-
nately along the midrib, which is terminated by very
long clafpers. The foot-ftalks of the flowers are five
or fix inches long, upon which Hand two flowers one
above the other, lliaped like thofe of the Pea. The
ftandard, which is large, is of a bright red colour,
but the keel and wings are white. The flowers are
fucceeded by pretty long jointed pods, filled with
roundifh feeds. This flowers in June and July, and
the feeds ripen in autumn.
The lixth fort is commonly known by the title of
Sweet Pea -, this grows naturally in Ceylon, but is
hardy enough to thrive in the open air in England.
It is an annual plant with a climbing ftalk, which rifes
from three to four feet high, garnilhed with leaves
compofed of two large oval lobes, whofe midrib is
terminated by long clafpers. The foot-ftalks come
out at the joints they are about fix inches long, and
fuftain two large flowers with dark purple ftandard s ;
the keel and wings are of a light blue colour. The
flowers have a ftrong fweet odour, and are fucceeded
by oblong inflated pods, which are hairy, containing
four or five roundifh feeds in each.
There are tv/o other varieties of this fort, one of
which has a Pink-coloured ftandard with a white keel,
and the wings of a pale blufh colour -, this is com-
monly called Painted Lady Pea. The flowers of the
other are all white, which are the only differences
between them.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Effex. I have
found it in places which were fpread over with Bram-
bles, near Hockerel ; this hath a perennial root, fend-
ing out three or four weak ftalks, which are near
two feet long, garnilhed with leaves compofed of
two oblong lobes, whofe midrib is terminated by
clafpers. The foot-ftalks are about four inches long,
and fuftain two purple flowers, which are fucceeded
by rough hairy pods, little more than an inch long,
containing three or four roundifh feeds. This fort
is very rarely preferved in gardens.
The eighth fort was originally brought from Tangier
to England; this is an annual plant, whofe ftalk rifes
four or five feet high, garnilhed with leaves com-
pofed of two oval veined lobes, whofe midrib ends
L A T
with clafpers. The foot-ftalks are fhort, and fuftain
two large flowers with purple ftandards, whofe Wings
and keel are of a bright red ; thefe are fucceeded by
long jointed pods, containing feveral roundiih feeds.
This is fometimes titled by the gardeners Scarlet
Lupine.
The ninth fort is an annual plant, which grows
naturally about Montpelier. I have alio received
the feeds from Siberia •, this rifes with a climbing
ftalk five or fix feet high, which has two mem-
branes, or wings, running along from joint to joint.
The leaves are compofed of two long narrow lobes,
whofe midrib ends with clafpers. The flowers ftand
upon long foot-ftalks, each fuftaining two pale yellow
flowers, which are fucceeded by long taper pods,
containing feveral roundifh feeds.
The tenth fort grows naturally amongft the Corn in
the South of France, and in Italy, but is cultivated
in the Dutch gardens for the roots, which are there
fold in the markets, and are commonly eaten : this
hath an irregular tuberous root about as big as thofe
of the Pignut, covered with a brown {kin thefe (hoot
up feveral weak trailing ftalks, garnilhed with leaves
compofed of two oval lobes, ending with clafpers.
The foot-ftalks of the flowers are weak, about three
inches long, each fuftaining two deep red flowers,
which are feldom fucceeded by pods, but the roots
increafe plentifully in the ground. This fort will
grow in mod foils, but will 1 thrive belt on light
ground.
The eleventh fort grows naturally on the banks and
under thickets in moft parts of England ; this hath
a perennial creeping root, whereby it propagates fo
fait as to be a very troublefome weed, fo fhould not be
admitted into gardens.
The twelfth fort grows naturally by, the fide of hedges,
and in thickets, in feveral parts of England ; this hath
a perennial creeping root, which fends out many
climbing ftalks which rife rive or fix feet high, gar-
nilhed with leaves, which have fometimes two, and
at others four long narrow lobes, terminated by claf-
pers. The foot-ftalks fuftain feveral fmall flowers
with pale ftandards, whofe wings and keels are blue ;
thefe are fucceeded by long taper pods, containing fe-
veral roundiih feeds. It flowers in June and July,
and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The thirteenth fort has been found growing naturally
in feveral parts of England, but is frequently culti-
vated in gardens for ornament, therefore it is doubt-
ful if it is a native here ; this hath a perennial root,
from which arife feveral thick climbing ftalks from
fix to eight feet high, which have membranaceous
wings on each fide between the joints. The leaves are
compofed of two fpear-lhaped lobes, and the midrib'
is terminated by clafpers. The foot-ftalks are eight
or nine inches long, and fuftain feveral large red
flowers, which are fucceeded by long taper pods, con-
taining feveral roundiih feeds. It flowers in June,
July, and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in autumn, foon
after which the ftalks die to the root, and new ones
arife in the fpring, from whence it is called Ever-
lafting Pea.
The fourteenth fort differs from the laft in- the ftalks,
being much fhorter and- ftronger. The leaves are
broader, and of a deeper green. The flowers are
much larger, and of a brighter red colour, fo make a
better appearance ; thefe differences are lafting from
feeds, for I have raifed many plants from feeds within
forty years paft, and have always found them them to
be the fame as the parent plant.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in Siberia this
hath a perennial root and an annual ftalk, which is
garnilhed with leaves, compofed of fix or eight pair
of oblong acute lobes. The flowers are blue, and
many of them ftand upon each foot-ftalk ; thefe are
fucceeded by pods, fhaped like thofe of the Pea. It
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft.
The fixteenth fort grows naturally in moift mea-
dows in many parts of England ; this rifes with an up-
right ftalk one foot high, which is garnilhed with
7 $ long*
LAV
long, narrow, Angle leaves at each joint. The foot-
(talks of the flowers come out from the joints toward
the upper part of the (talk ■, they are (lender, about
three inches long, fame having but one, and others
have two bright red flowers on their tops.. It flowers
in May and June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
This is rarely kept in gardens.
The feventeenth fort grows naturally in Syria y this
is an annual plant with a trailing ftallc, garnifhed
with leaves compofed of two lobes, whofe midrib is
terminated by a (ingle tendril. T. he foot-ftalk fup-
ports one flower of a pale purple colour, and when
the flowers decay, the gernjen is thruft into the ground,
where the pods are formed, and the feeds ripen.
The eighteenth fort was difcovered by the late Dr.
Houftoun, growing naturally at La, Vera Cruz in
New Spain * this is annual plant, with a trailing ftalk
a foot long, garnifhed with a Angle kidney-fhaped
■leaf at each joint. The flowers grow two together
upon very (hort foot-ftalks ; they are (mall, and of
a deep yellow colour •, thefe are fucceeded by fhort
taper pods, including three or four fmall roundifti
feeds.
This fort is tender, fo the feeds fhould be fown up-
on a hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants are
fit to remove, they fhould be each planted into a
fmall pot filled with light earth, and plunged into
a tan-bed, where they fhould conftantly remain,
treating them in the lame manner as otnei tender
plants from warm countries •, if they are brought ror-
ward in the fpring, they will flower in July, and their
feeds will ripen in autumn.
Several of the other forts are preferred in curious
gardens for the variety of their flowers, feme. of which
make a fine appearance, and continue long in flower.
Thefe may all be propagated by {owing. their feeds,
either in fpring or autumn *, but thofe which are fowed
in autumn fhould have a light foil and a warm fttua-
ation, where the plants will abide the wintei, and
come to flower early the following fpring, and their
feeds will ripen m July ■, but thofe which are fown in
the fpring fhould have an open expofure, and be
planted upon almoft any foil, if not too wet, for
they are not tender plants, noi do they leejuire
much culture : thefe forts fhould all of them be fown
where they are defigned to remain, for they feldom
fucceed when they are tranfplanted, unlefs m is done
while the plants are young ; fo that where they are
fown for ornament, there fhould be four or five feeds
fown in a fmall patch, in different parts of the bor-
ders of the flower-garden ; and when the plants come
up, they fhould be carefully kept clear from weeds •,
but when they are grown two or three inches high,
there fhould be fome flicks put down by them to
fupport them, otherwife they will trail on the ground,
or on whatever plants ftand near them, and become
tmfightly. . . r . ,
The fixth fort, with the two varieties of it, are de-
ferving room in every good garaen for the beauty
and odour of their flowers ; and the eighth fort is
by fome cultivated for the colour of the flowers •,
but there are few of the other forts worthy of room
in wardens, except the thirteenth and fourteenth forts,
which, if they are planted in a proper fituation, and
are rightly trained, will make a fine appearance.
PAT lit O LI O U S trees and plants are fuch as nave
broad leaves.
LAVATflR-A. Tourn. Aft. Gal. 1700. tab. 3.
" Dill. Gen. 10. Lin. Gen. Plant. 752.
The Characters are,
The flower has a double empalement *, the outer is of
one leaf, port, cbtufe , and trifid j the inner is of one leaf,
and quinquefid ; they are both permanent. The flower hath
five petals, which are joined at their bafie, plain, and
Spread oDen above. It has many ft amina, which are joined
in a column below, but above are loofe •, they are infer ted
in the fietal, and terminated by kidney -jo aped fiurnmts.
It has an orbicular germen , fiuf porting a fhort cylindrical
ft fie, crowned by many brjftly ftigmas. The empalement
“afterward becomes a fruit with fever al capfuls, covered
LAV
s , . V\
in front by a hollow Jhield , each capfule having one kid-
ney-fhaped feed.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus ranged in the
fifth order of his fixteenth dais, mtitltd Mo.nodd.phia
Polyandria, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers .
have many ftamina joined in a column.
The Species are,
1. Lavatera (Alth<Mefolia) folks infimis cordato-orfcL
culatis, caulinis trilohis acuminatis glabris, pedun-
eulis unifloris, caule herbaceo. Lavatera whofe lower
leaves are orbicularly heart fhaped , thofe on the ftalks fit
with three acute finooth lobes, and one flower upon a
foot-ftalk, and an herbaceous ftalk. Lavatera folio &
facie althaeae. Aft. R. P. 1706. Lavatera with the
leaves and appear an'ce of Marfhmallow.
2. Lavatera ( Africana ) folks iniimis cordato-angula-
tis, fuperne fagittatis, pedunculis unifloris, caule her-
baceo hirfuto. Lavatera with the lower leaves angularly
heart- fhaped, the upper ones arrow-pointed , a fingle
flower upon each foot-ftalk, and a hairy herbaceous ftalk .
Lavatera Africana, (lore pulcherrimo. Boerh. Ind.
alt. African Lavatera with a beautiful flower .
3. Lavatera (ffrimeftris) folks glabris, caule fcabro
herbaceo, pedunculis unifloris, fruftibus orbiculo
teftis. Hort. Upfal. 203. Lavatera with fmooth leaves,
a rough herbaceous ftalk, one flower upon a foot-ftalk,
and an orbicular clo fed fruit. Malva folio vario. C. B.
P. Mallow with a variable leaf.
4. Lavatera {Thuringiaca ) caule herbaceo, fruftibus
denudatis, calycibus incifis. Hort. Upfal. 203. La-
vatera with an herbaceous ftalk , naked fruit, and a cut
empalement. Althaea (lore majore. C. B. P. 316.
Marfhmallow with a larger flower.
5. Lavatera ( Hirfuta ) foliis quinquelobatis hirfutis,
caule erefto fruticofo. Icon. tab. 161. Lavatera with
hairy leaves having five lobes, and a Jhrubby upright
ftalk.
6 . Lavatera (Vend a) caule arboreo, folks fepteman-
gularibus tomentofis plicatis, pedunculis confertis
unifloris axillaribus. Hort. Upfal. 202. Lavatera with
a tree-like ftalk, woolly plaited leaves having /even angles,
and foot-ftalks with fingle flowers arifing in clufters from
the wings of the leaves. Malva arborea veneta dicla,
parvo flore. C. B. P. 215. Tree Mallow with a fmall
flower.
7. Lavatera ( Triloba ) caule fruticofo, folks fubcor-
datis fubtrilobis rotundatis crenatis ftipulis cordatis,
pedunculis unifloris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 691. Lavatera
with a Jhrubby ftalk, heart -fhaped leaves having three
round indented lobes , which are crenated, beart-Jhdtped
ftipula, and foot-ftalks with fingle flowers. Althaea fru-
tefeens, folio rotundiore incano. C. B. P. 316. Shrubby
Marfhmallow with a rounder hoary leaf.
8. Lavatera (Olbia) caule fruticofo, foliis quinque-
lobo-haftatis. Hort. Upfal. 202. Lavatera with a
Jhrubby ftalk, and leaves having five arrow -pointed lobes .
Althaea frutefcens, folio acuto, parvo flore. C. B. P.
3 1 6. Shrubby Marfimallow with an acute leaf, and a
fmall flower.
9. Lavatera ( Hifpanica ) caule fruticofo, foliis orbi-
culatis crenatis tomentofis, pedunculis confertis uni-
floris axillaribus. Lavatera with a Jhrubby ftalk , round,
crenated, woolly leaves, and foot-ftalks growing in cluf-
ters at the wings of the ftalk , each fuftaining a fingle
flower. Althaea frutefcens Hifpanica folio rotundiori.
Tourn. Lift. R. H. 97. fpanifh Jhrubby Marfhmalhw
with a rounder, leaf.
10. Lavatera ( Undulata ) caule fruticofo tomentoib,
foliis or biculato -cordatis undatis incanis, ferrato-cre-
natis, pedunculis faepius trifioris. Lavatera with a
Jhrubby woolly ftalk , round heart-Jhaped hoary leaves ,
which are waved , fharply indented, and foot-ftalks which .
have frequently three flowers. Althaea frutefcens Lu-
fitanica/ folio rotundiori undulato. Tourn. Inft. 97.
Portugal Jhrubby Marfimallow with a rounder waved
leaf.
11. Lavatera ( Bryomfolia ) caule fruticofo, foliis
quinquelobatis acu'tis crenatis tomentofis, racemis ter-
minalibus. Lavatera with a floridly ftalk, woolly leaves
having five acute lobes, and long fpikes of flowers termi-
nating
■LAV
nathig the ftalks. Althaea frutefcens, folio bryoniee.
C. B. P. 316. Shrubby Alth tea with a Briery leaf.
The firft fort grows naturally in Syria ; it is an an-
nual plant, with an ered, branching, herbaceous
ftalk, rifing two feet high ; the under leaves are or-
bicularly heart-fhaped, fmooth, and ftand upon long
foot ftalks, the upper are divided into three acute
lobes ; the flowers come out upon long foot-ftalks
from the wings of the leaves •, they are very large,
and fpread open like thofe of the Marfhmallow, and
are of a pale red or Rofe colour. Thefe come out in
July, the feeds ripen in September, and the plants
decay in autumn.
There is a variety of this with white flowers, which
has accidentally rifen from feeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence the feeds were brought to Hol-
land, and the plants there cultivated, and the feeds
have fince been communicated to moft parts of Eu-
rope. This differs from the firft in the fhape of
the leaves, the lower having angles, and the upper
being arrow-pointed the ftalks are hairy, the flowers
larger, and of a brighter red colour.
This fort is annual, and flowers at the fame time
with the former, and the feeds are -ripe in the
autumn.
The third fort grows naturally in Spain an$ Sicily •,
this is an annual plant, which rifes with {lender her-
baceous ftalks about two feet high, covered with a
brown bark •, the lower leaves are roundifh, and the
upper are angular, and fome arrow-pointed. The
flowers are not half fo large as thofe of either of the
former, and are of a pale red colour ; thefe ftand
upon fhort foot-ftalks, and appear about the fame
time with the former. This is certainly a diftindt fpe-
cies, for I have cultivated it more than forty years,
and I have never found it vary.
The fourth fort hath a perennial root and an annual
ftalk, which rifes five or fix feet high, is woolly, gar-
niftied with angular heart- fhaped leaves, ftanding
upon long foot-ftalks. The flowers come out from
the wings of the leaves toward the top, fitting dole
to the ftalks at every joint ; they are of a purplifh
colour, and fhaped like thofe of the Marfhmallow,
but are larger. Thefe appear in July and Auguft,
and the feeds ripen in the autumn, then the ftalks de-
cay to the root. It grows naturally in Auftria and
Bohemia.
The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, the feeds of it were fent me by the ingenious
Mr. Storm, gardener at Amfterdam. This rifes with
a fhrubby branching ftalk to the height of eight or
ten feet, garnifhed with large hairy leaves, deeply di-
vided into five roundifh lobes, which are indented
on their edges, of a bright green, ftanding alter-
nately upon long foot-ftalks •, as the plants become
more fhrubby the leaves decreafe in fize, fo that
the upper leaves are not more than a fixth part
of the bignefs of the firft or lower leaves. The flowers
come out fingly at the wings of the leaves at every
joint, fo that as the branches extend there is a fuc-
cefiion of flowers, whereby the plants are feldom
deftitute of them the whole year. The flowers are
of a bright purple colour, but are not very large ; thefe
are fucceeded by capfules having many partitions, in
each of thefe is one kidney-fhaped feed, which ripen
in fucceffion as the flowers are produced.
The fixth fort is commonly called Mallow-tree ; this
rifes with a very ftrong thick ftalk the height of eight
or ten feet, dividing into many branches at the top,
which are garnifhed with foft woolly leaves that are
plaited, and the edges cut into feveral angles. The
flowers are produced in clufters at the wings of
the leaves, each ftanding upon a feparate foot-fcalk ;
they are of a purple colour, and fhaped like thofe of
the common Mallow, and are fucceeded by feeds of
the fame form. This fort flowers from June to Sep-
tember, and the feeds are ripe in the autumn.
The feventh fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk feven or
eight feet high, fending out feveral long branches,
L A V
garnifhed with woolly leaves, differing greatly in fize
and fhape, the lower being partly heart-fhaped at
their bale, but divide into five roundifh lobes, the
upper, which are final! , have three lobes, which 'are
indented on their edges. The flowers come out
from the wings of the ftalk, three or four at each
joint, upon very fhort foot-ftalks •, they are of a light
purple colour, and fhaped like thofe of Marfhmal-
low. There is a fucceffion of thefe flowers from June
to the autumn.
The eighth fort is a fhrub which grows to the fame
fize as the feventh, and differs from it in the fhape of
the leaves, which are divided into three or five acute-
pointed lobes •, the flowers are fin after, but of tire
fame fhape and colour, it continues in flower at the
fame time. This grows naturally in the fouth of
France.
The ninth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fix or eight
feet high, fending out many branches, garnifhed with
roundifh, crenated, woolly leaves, ftanding upon long
foot-ftalks •, the foot-ftalks of the flowers come out
in clufters from the wings of the leaves, each fufi
taining one large pale blue flow r er, of the fame fhape
with thofe of the other fped.es. This flowers at
the fame time with them, and the feeds ripen in the
autumn.
The tenth fort hath a foft, fhrubby, woolly ftalk,
which rifes to the height of four or five feet ; thefe
ftand more ereift than either of the former forts, and
do not branch fo much ; the leaves are heart-fhaped
at their bafe, but round on their edges, very hoary and
waved, ftanding upon long foot-ftalks. The flowers
come out in clufters from the wings of the leaves,
ftanding upon foot-ftalks of different lengths ; thefe
generally fupport but one flower, but fometimes they
have two or three ; the flowers are large, and of a
pale blue colour. They appear at the lame time with
the former, and their feeds ripen in the autumn. It
grows naturally in Portugal.
The eleventh fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fix or
feven feet high, fending out feveral fhrubby branched
which are garnifhed with woolly leaves, divided into
five lobes, which end in acute points, and are crenated
on their edges •, the lower part of the branches are
adorned with a fingle flower at each joint, fitting clofe
to the ftalk, but the branches are terminated by loofe
fpikes of flowers, which are of a pale blue colour.,
and fhaped like thofe of the former.
The fix laft mentioned forts, though they have fhrub-
by ftalks, yet are but of fhort duration here ; the
fixth, tenth, and eleventh forts, feldom continue
longer than two years, unlefs when they happen to
grow upon dry rubbifh, where they make but little
progrefs, and their ftalks and branches being firmer,
fo are better able, to refift the cold ; for when they are
iri good ground, they are very vigorous and full of fap,
fo are killed by the froft in common winters. The
other three forts are not quite ib tender, nor of fo
fhort duration •, thefe will continue three or four years,
and fometimes longer, provided the winters are nog
very fevere ; or if the plants ftand in a warm fituation
and on a dry foil, but in moift rich ground they Pel-
dom continue long.
All thefe fhrubby forts are eafily propagated by feeds,
which lhould be fown in the fpring upon a bed of
light earth ; and when the plants are about three or
four inches high, they fhould be tranfplanted to the
places where they are defigned to remain j for as they
fhoot out long fiefhy roots which have but few fibres,
fo they do not fucceed well if they are tranfplanted af-
ter they are grown large. If the feeds of thefe plants
are permitted to fcatter on the ground, the plants
will come up the following fpring •, and when they
happen to fall into dry rubbifh, and are permitted to
grow therein, they will be fhort, ftrong, woody, and
produce a greater number of flowers than thofe plants
which are more luxuriant. As theie plants continue
a long time in flower, fo a few plants of each fort
may be allowed a place 'in all gardens where there is
room,
The
L A V
The -three firft forts are annual plants, which are pro-
pagated by leeds : the feafon for lowing them is the
end of March or the beginning of April, upon a
bed of if cfn light earth •, and when the plants are
come up, you mufij carefully clear them from weeds •
and in very dry weather they mull be now and then
refrefhed with water. When they are about two
inches high, you muft tranfplant them into the places
where they are defigned to remain, which fboukl be
in the middle of the borders in the flower- dlrden •, for
if the foil is good, they will grow two or three feet
high j in tranfpianting them, you muft take them up
very carefully, preferving a ball of earth to then-
roots, otherwife they are , apt to mifcarry •, and alio
water and fbade them until they have taken root, after
which they will require no other care but to clear
them from weeds, and to fallen them to flakes, to
prevent their being injured by ftrong winds. You may
alfo fow their feeds in autumn, and when the plants
are come up, tranfplant them into fmall pots, which,
towards the end of G&ober, fhould be placed in a
common hot-bed frame, where the plants being de-
fended from fevere frofts, - will abide the winter very
well ; and in the fpring, you may fhake them out of
the pots, and plant them into larger, or elfe into the
full ground, where they may remain to flower. The
plants thus managed will be larger, and flower ftronger
and earlier than thofe flown in the fpring, and from
thefe you will conftantly have good feeds, whereas
thofe lbwn in the fpring fometimes mifcarry. The
feeds of the third fort fhould be flown in the fpring
in the place where they are to remain, for they do not
well bear removing in the fummer.
The two firft forts are very ornamental plants in a
' fine garden, when placed among other annuals, either
in pots or borders.
The fourth fort hath a perennial root which abides fe-
veral years, but the ftalks decay in the autumn, and
new ones arife in the fpring. This is propagated by
feeds, which fhould be flown upon a bed of light
earth in the fpring, and when the plants are fit to re-
move, they fnouid be either tranfpianted to the places
where they are to remain, or into pots where they may
Hand to get more ftrength, before they are planted in
the full ground. After the plants are well rooted,
they will require no other care but to keep them clear
from weeds. And if the winter fhould prove very
fevere, it will be proper to cover the ground about
them with old tanners bark to keep out the frcft ; but
they will endure the cold of our ordinary winters very
weft, and will produce their flowers and' ripen their
, feeds annually.
The fifth fort 'will not live through the winter in the
open air in England, fo the feeds fhould be fown in
the fame manner as thofe of the other forts •, and when
the plants are fit to remove, they fliould be each
planted into a fmall pot filled with light earth, and
placed in the ffiade till they have taken new root ;
then they may be removed to a fheitered fituation,
and mixed with other hardy exotic plants. As the
plants advance in their growth, fo they will require
larger pots, and muft be treated in the fame way as
other exotic plants ; in the autumn they muft be re-
moved into the green-houfe, and placed with Myrtles
and the other kinds of plants, which only require pro-
tection from hard froft, but muft have as much free
air as pcffible in mild weather.
LAVENDU LA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 198. tab. 93.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 630. Lavender ; in French, La-
‘ vends- . [It takes its name of Lavando, Lat. walk-
ing, becaufe it was ufed to be thrown into baths
for the fragrancy of the fcent ; or becaufe ufed in
lye, to give a fragrancy to linen •, and becaufe it is
very good to vvafh the face with, and give it both
beauty and a grateful fcent.]
The Charact£5.s are,
The, flower hath an oval permanent empalement of one
leaf which is cbfcurely indented at the brim. The flower
ts of the lip kind , with one petal , having a cylindrical
lube longer than the empalement, but fpreading above ;
L A V
the upper lip is large , bifid , and open ; the under lip is
cut into three equal fegments. It hath four fhort famines-
fituated within the tube of the petal , two being for ter
than the other , terminated by fmall fummits. It hath
a germen divided in four* parts, fupporting a fender fiyie
the length of the tube , crowned by an obtufe indented
figma. The germen afterward turns to four oval feeds,
fitting in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnxus 5 s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym-
nofpenrua, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have two fhort and two longer {lamina, and have
four naked feeds fitting in the empalement.
The Species are,
1. Lavendula (<$ 'pica) foliis lanceolatis integerrimis fpi-
cis nudis. Hart. Cliff’. 303. Lavender with entire fpear-
faped leaves and naked fpikes. Lavendula latifolia. C.
B. P. 216. Broad-leaved Lavender.
2. Lavendula {Angtyftifolia) foliis lanceolato-linearibus,
fpicis nudis. Lavender with fpear-faped narrow leaves ,
and naked fpikes. Lavendula anguftifolia. C. B. P.
2 1 6. Narrow-leaved Lavender.
3. Lavendula ( Multifida ) foliis duplicato-pinnatifidis.
Vir. Cliff. 56. Lavender with leaves doubly wing-
pointed. Lavendula folio difleClo. C. B. P. 216.
Lavender with a cut leaf.
4. Lavendula ( Canarienfis ) foliis duplicato-pinnatifi-
dis hirfutis, fpicis fafciculatis. Lavender with doubly
wing-pointed hairy leaves , and fpikes of fewer s growing
in differs. Lavendula folio longiore tenuius & ele-
gantius diffcclo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 198. Lavender
with a longer , narrower , and more elegant cut leaf.
The firit fort is cultivated in feveral of the Englifh
gardens, and has been generally known by the title
of Spike, or Lavender Spike ; the leaves of this fort
are much fhorter and broader than thofe of the com-
mon Lavender, and the branches are fhorter, more
compaft, and fuller of leaves. Tins fort doth not
often produce flowers, but when it does, the flower-
ftalks are garnifhed with leaves very different from
thofe on the other branches, approaching nearer to
thofe of the common fort, but are broader •, the
ftalks grow taller, the fpikes of the flowers are
larger, the flowers are fmaller, and are in fooler
fpikes. It generally flowers a little later in the fea-
fon. This has been frequently confounded with the
common Lavender, and has been fuppofed the fame
fpecies, but is undoubtedly a different plant.
This I believe to be the lame with what Dr. Moriffon
calls Lavendula latifolia fterilis, for the plants will
continue feveral years without producing flowers ; du-
ring which time they have a very different appearance
from thofe of the common Lavender, as thole branches
of the fame plant always have which do not flower;
but I have planted flips taken from thofe flowering
branches with narrow leaves, and others from thole
with the broad leaves, but have always found the
plants fo propagated return to their original fort,
the cuttinss with the narrow leaves have become broad
again.
The fecond fort is the common Lavender, which
is fo well known as to require no defeription. Both
thefe forts flower in July, at which time the fpikes
of the fecond fort are gathered for ufe ; there is a
variety cf this with white flowers.
Thefe are propagated by cuttings or flips ; the belt
feafon for which is in March, when they Ihould be
planted in a fhady fituation, or at leaft they fhould
be fhaded with mats until they have taken root,
after which they may be expofed to the fun ; and
when they have obtained ftrength, may be removed
to the places where they are defigned to remain.
Thefe plants will abide much longer in a dry, gravelly,
or ftony foil, in which they will endure our fevered
winters though they will grow much fafter in the
fummer, if they are plantedfopon a rich, light, moift
foil, but then they are generally deftroyed in winter;
nor are the plants half fo ftrong Rented, or fit for me-
dicinal ufes, as thofe which grow upon the moil bar-
ren rocky foil.
Thefe
Thefe plants were formerly in ufe to make edgings
to borders in gardens, for which purpofe they are
by no means proper, for they will grow too large for
fuch defig ns ; and if they are often cut in very dry
weather, they are fubjedt to decay and in hard
winters they are very often killed, fo that the edging
will not be complete : befides, thefe plants greatly
exhaufc the goodnefs of the foil, whereby the plants
in the borders will be deprived of their nourifhment ;
fo that they fnould never be planted in a fine gar-
den amongft other choice plants and flowers, but
rather be placed in beds in the phyfic-garden, or
in any part of the kitchen-garden, if the foil is dry.
The third fort grows naturally in Andalufia ; this is
an annual plant, which rifes with an upright branching
italic two feet high ; the ftalks are woolly, and gar- ,
niflied with hoary leaves growing oppofite, which are
cut into many divifions to the midrib ; thefe fegments
are again divided on their borders toward the top,
into three obtufe fegments, fo that they end in many
points. The foot-ftalk of the flower is continued
from the end of the branches, which is naked, and
about fix inches long, having four corners or angles,
and is terminated by a clofe fpike of flowers about
pne inch long j the fpike has the rows of flowers
twilled fpirally : under this fpike there are commonly
two fmall ones proceeding from the fide of the ftalk,
at about an inch diftance from the middle fpike.
This fort flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in au-
tumn. There are two varieties of this, one with blue,
and the other with white flowers.
This fort is fown every fpring on borders or beds of
light frefh earth, and when the plants come up, they
may be tranfpi anted into other borders of the flower-
garden, or into pots, to remain for good ; where they
will require no farther care, but to keep them clean
from weeds. Thefe are pretty plants to place in large
borders, amongft other plants, for variety, but they
are never ufed with us ; they may alfo be preferved
over the winter, if placed in a green-houle in au-
tumn ; but they never continue longer than two years
with us, and many times (if they have produced feeds
the firft year) they will not continue longer. Nor do
thofe plants which are thus preferved, appear hand-
fome the following fummer, fo that, unlefs in bad
feafons, when the feeds do not ripen in the open
air, it is not worth while to preferve the plants. If
the feeds of this fort are permitted to (carter, the
plants will come up the following fpring with-
out care, and may be treated in the manner before
directed.
The fourth;! fort grows naturally in the Canary Iflands,
from whence the feeds were fent to the Bifhop of Lon-
don, which were fown in his Lordlhip’s garden at
Fulham, where this plant was firft raifed. This rifes
with an upright, branching, fquare ftalk four feet
high, garnifhed with leaves which are longer, and cut
into narrower fegments than thofe of the third fort.
They are of a lighter green and almoft lmooth ; the
naked flower-ftaik is alfo much longer than thofe of
the former, and terminated with a duller of fpikes
of blue flowers •, at two or three inches below thefe,
are two fmall fpikes of flowers, (landing one on each
fide the ftalk. The flowers are lmaller than thofe
of the common Lavender, but are of the fame (hape.
This fort is tenderer than either of the former, fo
the feeds of this muft be fown on a moderate hot-bed
in the fpring ; and when the plants come up, they
fhould be each planted into a feparate fmall pot filled
with light earth, and plunged into another hot-bed,
to bring the plants forward *, and in the beginning
of June, they fiiould be inured to the open air,
when they fiiould be placed in a fheltered fitua-
tion toward the end of that month ; in July the plants
will flower, and if the autumn proves warm, the feeds
will ripen in September ; but when they do not per-
fect feeds, the plants may be preferved through the
winter in a good green-houfe, where they will pro-
duce flowers mod part of that feafon, whereby good
feeds may be obtained.
LAUREOLA. See Thymel^ea.
LAUROCERASUS. feePADus,
LAURUS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 597. tab. 367. Liny
Gen. Plant. 452. The Bay-tree ^ in French, Laurier ,
The Characters are,
It hath male and hermaphrodite flowers on different plant s$
the male flowers have no empalement : they have one pe-
tal, which is cut into fix fegments at the top , and nine fta-
mina which are floor ter than the petal , funding by threes ,
terminated by fender fummits. The hermaphrodite flowers
have noempalement ; they have one petal, which is Jlightly
cut into fix fegments at the top. In the bottom, is fitu -
ated ari oval germen , fuppcrtihg a ffngle fiyle of the fame
length with the petal, crowned by an obtufe fiigma , at-
tended by fix or eight fiamina : there are two globular
glands , funding upon very fort foot-jlalks, fixed to the
bafe of the petal. The germen afterward becomes an
oval berry with one cell, inclofing one feed of the fame
form.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnteus’s ninth clafs, intitled Enrieandria Monogy-
nia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have
nine (lamina and one ftyle ; but it fhould be ranged
in his twenty-fecond clafs, which, includes thofe plants
whofe male and female flowers are upon different
plants.
The Species are,
1. Laurus ( Nobilis) foliis lanceolatis venofis perennan-*
tibus, floribus quaclrifidis dioeciis. Hort. Cliff 105.
Bay -tree with evergreen, fpear-ffaped, veined leaves, and
flowers cut into four points, which are male and female-
on different plants. Laurus latifolia Dikoridis. C. B.
P. The broad-leaved Bay of Diofcorides <
2. Laurus ( Undulatis ) foliis lanceolatis venofis peren-
nantibus, marginibus undatis. Bay-tree with evergreen
fpear-ffaped leaves , which are veined and waved on their
edges. Laurus vulgaris folio undulato. H. R. Par,
Common Bay-tree with waved leaves.
3. Laurus ( Tenuifolia ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis venofis
perennantibus, floribus quinquefidis cliceciis. Bay-tree
with narrow fpear-ffvped leaves which are evergreen and
veined, flowers cut into five points, which are male and fe-
male on different plants. Laurus tenuifolia. Tab. Icon.
925. Narrow-leaved Bay.
4. Laurus ( Indica ) foliis venofis lanceolatis perennanti-
bus planis, ramulis tuberculatis cicatricibus, floribus
racemofis. Kort. Cliff. 1 54. Bay-tree with evergreen „
veined, fpear-ffaped, plain leaves , branches hawing tu-
bercles and cicatrices, and flowers growing in bunches .
Laurus Indica. Aid. Hort. Farnefi 61. The Indian Bay.
5. Laurus ( Borbonia ) foliis venofis lanceolatis calycibus
frudtus baccatis. Lin. Sp. 529. Bay-tree with veined
fpear-ffaped leaves, and the empalement becomes berries.
Laurus Carolinienfis, foliis acuminates, baccis cseruleis,
pediculis longis rubris infidentibus. Catefb. Carol. 1.
p. 63. Carolina Bay-tree with pointed leaves , aftd blue
berries fitting upon long red foot-jlalks.
6 . Laurus ( Benzoin ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis obtufls in-*
tegris annuis. Bay-tree with oval , obtufe, fpear-fhaped ,
entire leaves, which are annual. Arbor Virginiana, ci-
treae vel limonii folio, Benzoinum fundens. Hort.
Amft. 1. p. 168. The Benjamin-tree.
7. Laurus \Saffafras ) foliis integris trilobifque. Hort.
Cliff. 1 54. Bay-tree with entire leaves , or having three
lobes. Cornus mas odorato, folio trifido, margine piano.,
faffafras dicta. Pluk. Aim. 120. The Saffafras.
8. Laurus ( Enervius ) foliis venofis oblongis acumina-
tis annuis, fubtus rugofis. Bay -tree with oblong, acute -
pointed, veined , annual leaves, which are rough on their
under fide. Laurus foliis lanceolatis enervibus annuis*
Flor. Virg. 159. Bay-tree with fpear-fhaped,. Winged %
unveined, annual leaves.
9. Laurus ( Camphor a ) foliis trinerviis lanceolato-ovatis,
nervis fupra bafin unitis. Lin. Mat. Med. 192. Bay -
tree with oval fpear-ffaped leaves , having three veins
which unite above the bafe. Camphora officinarurn. C.
B. P. 500. The Camphir e-tree.
10. Laurus ( Americana ) foliis ovatis planis mtegerri-
mis, pedunculis racemofis, floribus in capitulum col-
le&is. Bay-tree with plain, oval, entire leaves , branching
7 T footy
LAU
footflalks, and flowers colleffed into heads. Laurus
Americana, foliis fubrotundis, floribus in capitulum
coiledtis. ITouft. MSS. American Bay-tree with roundiflo
leaves , and flowers collected into heads.
1 1 . Laurus ( Cinnamomum ) foliis trinerviis ovato-oblongis
nervis verfus apicem evanefcentibus. Flor. Zeyl. 145.
Laurel with oblong leaves which diminijh toward their
end. Cinnamomum foliis latis ovatis frugiferum.
Bunn. Zeyl. 62. Cinnamon-tree.
12. Laurus ( Canella ) foliis triplinerviis lanceola-
tis. Flor. Zeyl. 146, Laurel with fpear-Jhaped leaves ,
having three veins. Cinnamomum, fc. Canella Mala-
barica, fc. Javanenfis. C. B. P. 409. Cajfla or Wild
Cinnamon.
13. Laurus ( Per flea ) foliis venofis ovatis coriaceis pe-
rennantibus, fioribus corymbofis. Lin. Sp. 529. Bay-
tree with oval , thicks veined leaves , vohich continue through
the yeas\ and flowers . growing in a corymbus. Perfea.
Cluf. Hift. 1. p. 2.
The firft fort is the broad-leaved Bay, which grows
naturally in Afia, Spain and Italy •, from all thofe
places I have received the berries feveral times. This
is almoft too tender to thrive in the open air in Eng-
land, for in fevere winters they are frequently killed,
or their branches are fo much injured as to appear fo
for a long time ; therefore they are generally planted
in tubs, and removed into the green-houfe in winter.
The leaves of this fort are much broader than thofe
of the common Bay, and are fmoother : there are
male and female plants of this, as there are alfo of all
the other forts.
The fecond is the common Bay~; of this there are
plants with plain leaves, and others which are waved
on their edges, but they feem to be the fame fpecies •,
for the young plants which I have railed from the ber-
ries of one, have been a mixture of both forts ; but
this is undoubtedly a different fpecies from the firft,
for this fort thrives well in the open air, and is feldom
hurt, except in very fevere winters ; whereas the firft
will fcarce live abroad, while young, in common win-
ters, without fhelter.
The third fort hath very long narrow leaves which
are not fo thick as thofe of the two former, and are
of a light green the branches are covered with a pur-
plifh bark, and the male flowers come out in fmall
clufcers from the wings of the leaves fitting clofe to
the branches. This fort is too tender to thrive in
the open air in England, fo the plants are generally
kept in pots or tubs, and houfed in winter as the firft
fort.
The fourth fort grows naturally at Madeira and the
Canary Iflands, from whence it was formerly brought
to Portugal, where it has been propagated in fo great
plenty, as to appear now as if it was a native of that
country. In the year 1620, this plant was raifed in
the Farnefian garden, from berries which were brought
from India, and was fuppofed to be a baftard fort of
Cinnamon. This grows to the height of thirty or forty
feet in temperate countries, but it is too tender to
thrive in the open air in England, fo the plants are
kept in pots and tubs, and removed into the green-
houfe in winter.
The leaves of this fort are much larger than thofe of
the common Laurel ; they are thick, fmooth, and of
a light green, the foot-ftalks inclining to red ; the
branches are regularly difpofed on every fide, and the
male flowers are difpofed in long bunches ; they are
of a whitifh green colour ; the berries are much larger
than thole of the other forts. It is called by fome the
Royal Bay, and by others the Portugal Bay.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Carolina in great
abundance, where it is called the Red Bay ; it alfo is
found in fome other parts of America, but not in fo
great plenty. In fome fituations near the fea, this
riles with a ftrait trunk to a confiderable height, and
. their Items are large, but in the inland parts of the
country they are of an humbler ftature. The wood
of this tree is much efteemed, being of a fine grain, fo
is of excellent ufe for cabinets, &c.
The leaves of this fort are much longer than thofe of
LAU
the common Bay, and are a little woolly on their un-
der fide, their edges are a little reflexed ; the veins run
tranfverfly from the midrib to the.fides, and the male
flowers come out in long bunches from the wings of
the leaves. The female trees produce their flowers in
loofe bunches, Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks,
v/hich are red ; thefe are fucceeded by blue berries
fitting in red cups.
This fort is alfo too tender to thrive in the open air in
England ; for although fome plants have lived abroad
in a mild winter, which were planted in a warm fitu-
ation, yet the firft fharp winter has deftroyed them, lb
that thefe plants muft be kept in pots or tubs, and
houfed in winter like the former.
Thefe five forts may be propagated by layers, and
the common fort is generally propagated by fuckers ;
but thofe plants never keep to one item, but generally
fend out a great number of fuckers from their roots,
and form a thicket, but do not advance in height ;
therefore the belt way to have good plants, is to raife
them from the berries, when they can be procured, for
the plants which come from feeds, always grow larger
than the others, and do not put out luckers from their
roots, fo may be trained up with regular Items. The
belt way is to fow the berries in pots, and plunge
them into a moderate hot-bed, which will bring up
the plants much fooner than if they are fown in the
full ground, fo they will have a longer time to get
ftrength before winter ; but the plants muft not be
forced with heat, therefore they fnould be inured to
bear the open air the beginning of June, into which
they fhould be removed, where they may remain till
autumn ; then the pots fhould be placed under a com-
mon frame, that the plants may be protected from
hard fro ft, but in mild weather they may enjoy the
free air ; for while the plants are fo young, they are
in danger of fuffering in hard froft, even the common
fort of Bay. The fpring following, thofe forts which
will not live in the open air, fhould be each tranf-
planted into feparate pots ; but the common fort may
be planted in nurfery-beds fix inches afunder each
way, where they may grow two years, by which time
they will be fit to plant where they are defigned to
grow. The other forts muft be conftantly kept in
pots, fo fhould every year be new potted, and as they
advance in growth, they muft have larger pots. As
thefe plants require fhelter in winter, a few of each
fort will be enough for a large green-houfe.
The common Bay will make a variety in all ever-
green plantations ; and as it will grow under the fhaae
of other trees, where they are not too clofe, fo it is,
very proper to plant in the borders of woods, where
it will have a good effeft in winter.
The fixth fort grows naturally in North America,
where it rifes to the height of ten or twelve feet, di-
viding into many branches, garnifhed with ovalfpear-
fhaped leaves near three inches long, and one inch
and a half broad, fmooth on their upper furface, but
with many tranfverfe veins on their under fide ; thefe
leaves fall off in the autumn like other deciduous
trees. The flowers I have but once feen, thofe
were all male, and of a white herbaceous colour ;
but if I remember right, they had but fix ftamina in
each.
The Saffafras-tree is alfo very common in moil parts
of North America, where it fpreads greatly by its
roots, fo as to fill the ground with fuckers wherever
they are permitted to grow ; but in England this
fhrub is with difficulty propagated. In America it is
only a fhrub, feldom rifing more than eight or ten
feet high *, the branches are garnifhed with leaves of
different fhapes and fizes, fome them are oval and en-
tire, about four inches long and three broad ; others
are deeply divided into three lobes ; thefe are fix
inches long, and as much in breadth from the extre-
mity of the two outfide lobes ; they are placed alter-
nately upon pretty long foot-ftalks, and are of a lucid
green ; thefe fall offin the autumn, and in the fpring,
foon after the leaves begin to come out, the flowers
appear] uft below them, upon flender foot-ftalks, each
fuftaining
LAV
fuilaining three or four fmall yellow fiowefs, which
have five oval concave petals, and eight (lamina in
the male flowers, which are upon different plants from
the hermaphrodite flowers, which have an oval ger-
men, that afterward becomes an oval berry, which,
when ripe, is blue, but thofe plants do not produce
fruit in England.
The eighth fort grows naturally in North America,
in fwampy lands ; this rifes with a fhrubby branching
ftalk eight or ten feet high, covered with a purple
bark. The leaves are placed oppofite, and are near
two inches long and one broad, fmooth on their up-
per fide, but are veined on their under, where they
are rough. This hath not as yet produced flowers
here, but the berries which were fent me from Ma-
ryland were red, and nearly the fize and ihape of the
common Bay-berry.
The Camphire-tree grows naturally in Japan, and in
feveral parts of India, and alfo at the Cape of Good
Hope, where it rifes to a tree of middling ftature, di-
viding into many fmall branches, garnifhed with oval
ipeaf-ftiaped leaves, fmooth on their upper fide, hav-
ing three longitudinal veins which unite above the
bafe •, if thefe are bruifed, they emit a ftrong odour
of Camphire, as alfo the branches when broken.
Thefe are male and hermaphrodite on different trees ■,
I have only feen thofe of the male, which has flowered
plentifully in England j thefe were fmall, and cpm-
pofed of five concave yellow petals, very like thofe of
the Saffafras-tree, and were produced three or four
upon each foot-ftalk, in like manner.
The tenth fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf
toun at La Vera Cruz ; this rifes with a woody ftalk to
the height of twenty feet, dividing into many branches,
which are covered with a gray rough bark ; at the ex-
tremity of the branches are produced the foot-ftalks,
which are unequal in length, but divide into feveral
fmaller, each fuilaining a duller of fmall white
flowers, which are colledted into a head or fmall um-
bel, having one general involucrum ^ thefe are male
and hermaphrodite on different trees. The herma-
phrodite flowers are fucceeded by oval berries, not
quite fo large as thofe of the common Bay. The
leaves of this tree are about two inches long and one
broad, rounded at the top and entire. Handing upon
very fhort foot-ftalks.
The Saffafras-tree is commonly propagated by the
berries, which are brought from America ; but thefe
berries generally lie in the ground a whole year, and
fometimes two or three years before they grow, when
they are fown in the fpring •, therefore the fureft me-
thod of obtaining the plants will be, to get the berries
put into a tub of earth foon after they are ripe, and
fent over in the earth and as foon as they arrive, to
fow the berries on a bed of light ground, putting them
two inches in the earth *, and if the ipring fhould
prove dry, the bed muft be frequently watered, and
Ihaded from the great heat of the fun in the middle
of the day * with this management many of the plants
will come up the firft feafon, but as a great many of
the berries will lie in the ground till the next fpring,
fo the bed fhould not be difturbed, but wait until the
feafon after, to fee what will come up. The firft win-
ter after the plants come up, they fhould be protected
from the froft, efpecially in the autumn ; for the firft
early froft at that feafon is apt to pinch the fhoots of
thefe plants, which, when young, are tender and
full of fap, fo will do them more injury than the
fevere froft of the winter •, for when the extreme part
of the fhoots are killed, it greatly affects the whole
plant.
When the plants have grown a year in the feed-bed,
they may be tranfplanted into a nurfery, where they
may Hand one or two years to get ftrength, and may
then be tranfplanted into the places where they are to
remain for good.
There have been fome of thefe plants propagated by
layers, but thefe are commonly two, and fometimes
three years before they put out roots ^ and if they are
not duly watered in dry weather, they rarely take
LAV
foot % fo that it is uncertain, whether one in three 1 of
thefe layers do fucceed, which makes thefe plants
very fcarce in England at prefent.
The wood of this fhrub is frequently ufed to make
tea, which is efteemed a great antifcorbutic ; and in
Carolina they frequently give a decodlion of the wood
and leaves in intermitting fevers ; but the flowers of
the fhrub are' gathered, and dried by the mail curious.,
and are ufed for tea.
The Benjamin-tree, as it is falfly called, may be pro-
pagated in the fame manner as the Saffafras, by
fowing of the berries : thefe generally lie long in the
ground, fo that unlefs they are brought over in earth,
in the fame way as before direbled, they often fail, or
at lead remain long in the ground ; but this is now
frequently propagated by layers in England, which
put out roots pretty freely, when the young fhoots
are chofen to make layers.
The eighth fort is alfo a native of the fame country
with the laft, and may be propagated by feeds in the
fame manner as thofe, and require the fame treat-
ment. This may alfo be propagated by layers, which
put out roots pretty freely and as the fbrubs do not
produce feeds in England, fo this is the beft method
to propagate them.
Thefe three forts will live in the open air in England,
but the Saffafras is often injured by very fevere frofts,
efpecially if they are in an expofed fituation j therefore
thefe plants fhould have a warm fituation and a loofe
foil ; and in moift ground this, and alfo the eighth
fort, will thrive much better than in a dry foil ; for
when they are planted on a hot gravelly foil, they fre-
quently die in fummer when the feafon proves dry.
They are all of them now much cultivated in Eng-
land, to add to the variety of fhrubs, but they are not
very ornamental plants ; though indeed the Saffafras
makes a good appearance in fummer, when it is fully
clothed with its large leaves, which being of different
fliapes, makes an agreeable variety, when intermixed
with fhrufos of the fame growth.
The Camphire-tree is very near a-kin to the Cinna-
mon-tree, from which it differs in the leaves, thofe
of the Cinnamon-tree having three ribs running lon-
gitudinally from the foot-ftalk to the point, where
they foon diminifii ; whereas the ribs of the leaves of
this tree are fmall, and extend toward the fides, and
have a fmooth ihining furface : they are both male
and hermaphrodite in different trees.
In Europe this tree is propagated by layers, which
are generally two years, and fometimes longer, before
they take root, fo that the plants are very fcarce ; and
as all thofe which I have feen flower are male trees,
fo there can be no hopes of procuring feeds from them
here : but if the berries of this, and alfo of the Cin-
namon-tree, were procured from the places of their
growth, and planted in tubs of earth, as hath been
directed for the Saffafras-tree, there may be a num-
ber of thefe plants procured in England : and if they
were fent to the Britifli colonies in America, they
might be there cultivated, fo as to become a public
advantage ; efpecially the Cinnamon-tree, which will
grow as well in fome of our iflands in the Weft-Indies,
as it does in the native places of its growth, and in a
few years the trees might be had in plenty j for they
propagate eafily by the berries, as the French expe-
rienced in their American iflands. The Portugueze'
brought fome of the Cinnamon-trees from the Eaft-
Indies, and planted them on the ifland of Princes, on
the coaft of Africa, where they now abound, having
fpread over a great part of the ifland ; there is alfo
one tree now growing at the Madeiras, which I
have been informed is a male, fo never produces
berries.
The Camphire-tree does not require any artificial heat
in winter, fo that if they are placed in a warm dry
, green-houfe they will thrive very well. During the
winter feafon they muft be fparingly watered, and in
the fummer they ftiould be placed abroad in a warm
fituation, where they may be defended from ftrong
winds, and not too much expofed to the diredt rays-
• ©f
LAW
of the fun but during this feafon, they muftbefre- |
quently reifefhed with water.
They may be propagated by laying down the young i
branches in autumn, which flhoukl be treated in the
lame manner as is before diredted for the 1 Benjamin.
The tenth fort requires a ftove to preferve it through
the winter in England ; this is propagated by feeds,
■which mull be procured from the country where it-
grows naturally.
This plant requires the fame treatment as the Coffee-
tree, fo fliould be planted in a ftove, with that and
other tender plants of thofe warm countries, and al-
ways remain there.
j
The eleventh and twelfth forts have been generally
confounded by moft, if not all the writers who have
treated of them ; though their bark, which is the ma-
terial part of thefe trees in ufe, is pretty eaftiy dif-
tinguilhed by the dealers in thefe commodities.
Dr. Linnaeus is certainly miftaken in referring the
latter to the figure of Dr. Burman, which he has given
in his L! Tory of Ceylon plants, by the title of Cin-
namomum perpetuo florens, &c. which is a true re-
prefentation of the male Cinnamon-tree, and is not
the Caftia Lignea ; but as there are plants of all thefe
forts now in the Bntifh Iflands of America, fo we may
hope foon to have their fpecies better afcertained.
The plants of both thefe kinds are not fo tender as
moft people do imagine, and the treating of thole
plants which have been brought to England fo ten-
derly has deftroyed them , for fo far as I have made
trial of their culture it has appeared, that great heat
is very prejudicial to them ; therefore I would advife
thofe perions who may have any of the plants come
under their care, to treat them in a different manner,
otherwife there will be little hopes of keeping them ;
for when the plants have taken new root in the pots,
they fliould in fummer be placed in a glafs-cafe, where
they may have plenty of air in warm weather, and in
winter placed in a ftove kept moderately warm.
LAURUS ALEXANDRiNA. See Ruscus.
L AURUS TINUS. See Tjnus.
L A W N is a great plain in a park, or a fpacious plain
adjoining to a noble feat.
As to the dimenfions of it, it fliould be as large as the
ground will permit •, but never lefs, if poftible, than
thirty or forty acres •, but this is to be underftood of
Lawns in large parks, for in gardens a Lawn of fix or
eight acres is a reafonable fize for gardens of a mo-
derate extent, ten or twelve acres for thofe of the
largeft fize.
As to the fituation of a Lawn, it will be beft to be in
the front of the houfe, and to lie open to the neigh-
bouring country, and not pent up too much with
trees.
If the houfe front the eaft, or fouth-eaft, it will be
moft convenient, becaufe the rooms will be {haded in
the afternoon, and fo the objects to be viewed from
the houfe will be much better feen, by the fun’s
fhining upon them at that time of the day ; for if the
beft room of the houfe front the Lawn, as it always
fhould do, the afternoon being the moft ufual time
for people of fafhion to folace themfelves in fuch
rooms, the fun will not be offenfive to thofe rooms,
nor will the profped: be interrupted, but rendered
more pleafant ; whereas, were it on the weft fide of
the houfe, the fun, by fhining from the objed, and
directly againft thofe rooms, would, by both, hinder
the profped:, for the generality of prolpeds are moft
pleafant when the fun fliines upon the objeds.
Befides, there is another inconvenience, if the Lawn
be on the weft fide of the houfe, it will give the more
way to the weft wind (which is commonly the greateft)
to injure the houfe, by its having a free paffage
to it.
If the Lawn be on the fouth fide of the houfe, it may
do well enough, for the reafons before-mentioned, for
the fun’s rays being then darted obliquely, will not
fo much interrupt the profped, and the fun fhining
moft part of the day on that fide of the houfe, will
(till add to the beauty of that front, which ought to
4
LAW
be the beft front in the houfe, therefore aLawn on that
fide will much help the profped of the houfe.
But the moft defirable afped for aLawn is that of the
fouth-eaft, which is generally the moft favourable
point in England •, for as the fun rifes upon the front
of the houfe facing this point, fo it will add a chear-
fulnefs to the rooms in the morning, and by noon the
rays will be oblique to this front, and in the afternoon
will have entirely left thefe apartments.
It will not be at all convenient to have the Lawn on
the north fide of the houfe, becaufe it will lay the
houfe too open to the cold north winds, &c. therefore
it will be more eligible to plant wildernefies and woods
on the weft and north hides of the houfe, by way of
fcreen to it, provided thefe do not fhut out agreeable
cbjeds.
As to the figure of the Lawn, fome contend for an
exad fquare, others an oblong iquare, fome an oval,
and others a circular figure •, but neither of thefe are
to be regarded, for it will be much better if con-
trived fo as to fuit the figure of the ground ; and as
there fhould be trees planted for fhade on the boun-
daries of the Lawn, fo the fides may be broken by ir-
regular plantations of trees •, for if there are not fome
good profpeds beyond the Lawn, it will be proper to
have it bounded on every fide by plantations, which
may be brought round pretty near to each end of the
houfe, fo that perfons may foon get into fhade, which
is a very defirable thing in hot weather ; for where
that is wanting, few perfons care to ftir abroad when
the fun fliines warm.
If in the plantations round the Lawn, the trees are
placed irregularly, fome breaking much forwarder on
the Lawn than others, and not crowded too clofe to-
gether, they will make a much better appearance than
any regular plantations can poffibly do ; and if
there are varieties of trees properly difpofed, they will
have a good effed ; but it fhould be obferved, that
no other but thofe which make a fine appearance, and
that grow large, ftrait, and handfome, fliould be ad-
mitted here, as they are placed in the conftant view
from the houfe.
Many perfons have preferred the Lime-tree for this
purpofe, on account of their regular growth ; but as
the leaves of this tree often change their colour, and
begin to fall very foon in autumn, occafioning a great
litter in the garden-, and from the end of July the
trees make but an indifferent appearance, fo they are
not to be efteemed for thefe plantations.
The Elm, Oak, Beech, and Cheftnut, among the
deciduous trees, are to be preferred to all others, as
they keep their leaves late in autumn ; and thefe are
all of them large growing trees, fo are very proper for
this purpofe.
If there are fome clumps of Evergreen trees intermixed
with the deciduous trees in this plantation, if they are
properly difpofed, it will add to the beauty, efpecially
in the winter feafon the beft forts for this purpofe
are Lord Weymouth’s Pine, the Silver and Spruce
Firs, which will grow faft, and become large, trees;
and as the two latter forts always grow pyramidically,
fo they will have a good effed to the fight, if they are
rightly placed, but they fhould not be intermixed in
the fame clumps with the deciduous trees; but as thefe
generally feather out their branches near the ground,
they fhould be planted where they do not obftrud the
view of any diftant objects.
But as moft perfons who take pleafure in beautifying
their feats in the country, are in hafte for Iliade, they
generally plant the trees too clofe together, and often
in fuch a manner as to render it difficult when the
trees are advanced to reduce their number, without
injury to the defign ; therefore thofe trees fliould be
firft planted, which are defigned to remain, and then
there may be fome few others planted for prefent
fhade, whiph may afterward be taken away. When
perfons who are beautifying their feats meet with full
grown trees on the fpot, it is a great pleafure, for thefe
fliould not be deftroyed, if they can poffibly ftand
without prejudice.
LAW.
l
LAY
LAWSON! A. Lin. Gen. Plant, 433. Henna. Ludw.
H3-
The Char-Acters are,
The flower has a flmall permanent emp Element , divided into
four parts at the top. The flower is compcfed of four oval
fpear-Jhaped petals , which fpread open , and eight flender
flardna the length of the petals , which fland by pairs be-
tween them , terminated by roundifh fummits. It hath a
roundifh gertnen , fupporting a flender permanent ftyle ,
crowned by a headed ftigma. The germen afterward be-
comes a globular capfule ending in a pointy having four
cells , filled with angular feeds .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s eighth clafs, intitled Octandria Monogynia,
which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have eight
ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Lawsonia ( Inermis ) ramis inermifaus. Flor, Zeyl.
1 34. Lawfonia whofe branches have no fpines. Liguftrum
iEgyptiacum latifolium. C. B. P. 476. Broad-leaved
Egyptian Privet , called Alh'enna , or Henna , by the
Arabians.
2. Lawsonia ( Spinofa ) ramis fpinofis. Flor. Zeyl 134.
Lawfonia with prickly branches. Rhamnus Malabaricus
Mail-anski. Pluk. Aim. 38. tab. 220. Malabar
Buckthorn , called Mail-anfki.
The firft fort grows naturally in India, Egypt, and
other warm countries, where it rifes with a fhrubby
fta’lk eight or ten feet high. The branches come
out by pairs oppofite ; thefe are flender, and covered
with a whitilh yellow bark, and garnflhed with oblong
fmall leaves of a pale green, ending in acute points,
placed oppofite. The flowers are produced in loofe
bunches at the end of the branches ; they are of a gray
or dirty white colour, and are compofed of four fmall
petals which turn backward at the top. The flowers
are fucceededby roundifh cap fules withfour cells, filled
with angular feeds.
The leaves of this fhrub are muchufed by theEgyptian
women to colour their nails yellow, which they efteem
an ornament.
The fecond fort grows naturally in both Indies, for
I have received fpecimens of it from the Spanifh
Weft- Indies, where it was found growing naturally in
great plenty.
This rifes with a woody trunk eighteen feet high or
more. The wood is hard and clofe, covered with
a light gray bark. The branches come out alternate,
and are garnifhed with oblong oval leaves, which
ftand without order j and at the joints where the leaves
are placed, come out Angle, ftrong, fharp thorns. The
flowers are produced in loole bunches from the fide
of the branches ; they are of a pale yellow colour,
and of a difagreeable fcent *, they have four petals,
which fpread open •, between each of thefe are fituated
two pretty ftrong ftamina, terminated by roundifh
fummits. After the flowers are paft, the germen be-
comes a roundifh capfule with four cells, including
many angular feeds.
Thefe plants are both propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown on a hot-bed early in the fpring, that
the plants when they come up may have time to get
ftrength before winter. When the plants are fit to
remove, they fhould be each planted in a fmall pot
filled with light fandy earth, and plunged into a hot-
bed of tanners bark, where they muft be fcreened
from the fun till they have taken new root ; then their
treatment fhould be the fame as that of the Coffee-
tree, with this difference only, not to let thefe plants
have fo much water but efpecially in the winter,
during which feafon it fhould be given to them very
fparingly, for by over-watering thefe plants I have
known many of them deftroyedj thefe plants are too
tender to thrive in the open air in England, fo they
muft conftantly remain in the ftove, but in hot
weather they fhould have plenty of free air admitted
to them.
LAYERS. Many trees and fhrubs may be propagated
by Layers, which do not produce feeds here, fo are
not eafily increafed by any other method.
L A Y
This is to be performed by flitting the branches a littl®
way upward, and laying them under the mould about
half a foot ; the ground should firft be well digged and
made very light, and after they are laid they fhould
have a little water given them.
If they do not comply well in the laying of them
down, they muft be pegged down with a forked flick,
cut in form of a hook to keep them down •, if the
Layers have taken fufficient root by the next winter,
they muft be cut off from the main plants, and planted
in the nurfery, as is directed about feedlings.
Some twift the branch or bare the rind, and if it be
out of the reach of the ground, they fallen a tub or
bafket near the branch, which they fill with good
mould, and lay the branch in it.
Laying of Trees.
This operation is thus performed:
1 ft, Take ibme of the moft flexible boughs and lay
them into the ground about half a foot deep in fine
frefh mould, faitening them down with forked flicks,
leaving them with the end of the Layer about a foot
or a foot and a half out of the ground, and keep them
moifl during the fumrner feafon, and they will pro-
bably have taken root and be fit to remove in au-
tumn, and if they have not by that time taken root
they muft lie longer.
2dly, Tie a piece of wire hard round the bark of the
bough, at the place you intend to lay in the ground,
and twift the ends of the wire, fo that they may not
untie, and prick the place above the wire through the
bark, with an awl in feveral places, and then lay it in
the ground as before directed ; this will often fucceed
when the other fails.
3dly, Cut a flit upwards at a joint, as is pradtifed in
laying of Carnations, which by gardeners is called
tonguing the Layers.
4-thly, Twift the part of the branch defigned to lay
in the ground like a withy, if it is pliable, and lay it
into the ground as diredled in the firft way of laying.
5thly, Cut a circle almoft round about the bough
(that is defigned to be laid) half an inch, at the place
that is moft convenient to lay into the ground, and
manage it as is diredled in the firft method of laying.
The feafon for laying hardy trees that fhed their leaves
is in Oftober, but for fuch as are tender in the be-
ginning of March ; for Evergreens, June or July are
good feafons.
Though Layers may be laid at any time in the year,
yet the before- mentioned feafons are moft proper, for ,
the reafons following, becaufe they have the whole
winter and fumrner to prepare and draw root •, for at
thefe times of the year the fun has fufficient power on
the fap of the tree to feed the leaf and bud, but has
not power fufficient to make a flioot.
And if that fmall quantity of fap that does arife be
hindered, as it will by fome of the preceding ways of
laying, the leaves and buds will gently crave of the
Layer, and by that means will prepare the Layer to
take root, or put forth roots a little to maintain it-
felf, finding it cannot have it from the mother plant.
And therefore, becaufe it wants but little nourifhment
at that time of the year, it is better to lay Layers of
trees, or to fet cuttings than at other times, either in
the autumn, when the fap ftirs but little, or in the .
fpring when it begins to rife, becaufe it is then apt to
come too fuddenly to draw fap from the Layer, before
the Layer has drawn or prepared for root ; but for
fome forts the middle of fumrner is beft.
However, the fpring or fumrner may do well for
fmall plants, becaufe fuch plants being but fhort-
lived draw root the quicker.
If you would lay young trees from a high ftandard, the
boughs of which cannot be bent down to the ground,
then you muft make ufe of Ofler ba&ets, boxes,
or pots, filled with fine mould, mixed with a little
rotten Willow dull, which will keep moifture to affift
the Layer in taking root ; this bafket, box, &c. muft
be fet upon a poll or treffel, &c. and the bough muft
7 U be
351
LEA
be laid according to either of the four firft ways of
laying, but too much head muft not be left on, left
that be injured by the wind, or by its own motion
rub off the tender root and the fmaller the boughs
are, the lefs way they fhould be left out of the
ground, and care muft be taken to keep them clear
from weeds.
The harder the wood of the tree is, the young fhoots
will take root beft ; but if the wood be foft, the older
boughs will take root the beft.
There are many kinds of trees and plants which will
not put out roots from their woody branches, though
laid' down with thd utmoft care ; yet if the young
fhoots of. the fame year are laid in July, they will often
put out roots very freely, fo that when any plants are
found difficult to propagate by Layers in the common
way, they ftioulcl be tried at this feafon but as thefe
fhoots will be foft and herbaceous, they muft not
have too much wet, for that will caufe them to rot;
therefore it will be a better method to cover the fur-
face of the ground over the Layers with Mofs, which
will prevent the ground from drying too haft, fo that
a little water now and then will be fufficient.
LEAVES. A Leaf is defined to be a part of a plant
extended into length and breadth, in fuch a manner
as to have one fide diftinguiffiable from the other •,
they are properly the moft extreme part of a branch,
and the ornament of the twigs, and confift of a very
glutinous matter, being furnifhed every where with
veins and nerves •, one of their offices is, to fubtilize
and give more fpirit to the abundance of nouriffiing
fap, and to convey it to the little buds.
We fhall firft confider the diftinffions which are made
by botanifts in their definitions of the fhape and form
of Leaves in their titles and defcriptions of plants, and
afterward confider their ules in vegetation.
The Leaf of a plant or tree is diftinguiffied from that
of flowers, the firft is called Folium in Latin, and the
other Petalum ; therefore what is to be underftood
here of Leaves, are thole which are ranged on the
branches and ftalks of plants, and have no connexion
with the flower.
Thefe Leaves are either Ample or compound.
Simple Leaves are thofe of which the foot-ftalk or
petiole fupports but one, compound are thofe of
which the foot-ftalk fuftains many Leaves or fmall
foiiola.
Simple Leaves differ in refped to circumfcription,
angles, fmus, apices, margin, fuperficies and fub-
ffance ; circumfcription conftders the form of the cir-
cumference of Leaves where there are no angles or
finuations ; in which relpeft Leaves are,
Grbiculate, or round Leaves ( Orbiculatum ) are fuch
whofe breadth are equal to their length, and every
part of their edges equally diftant from the center, as
in fig. i.
A roundifh Leaf ( Subroiundum ) when the Leaf is nearly
orbiculate, as in fig. 2.
An oval or egg-fhaped Leaf ( Ovatum ) when the length
of the Leaf exceeds the breadth, and the bafe or lower
part of it forms a fegment of a circle •, but the upper
extremity is not in proportion, but fmaller, as in
fig- 3-
An obvcrfe oval Leaf is one whofe foot-ftalk is fixed
to its fmaller end.
An oval or elliptic Leaf ( Ovale five ellipticum ) is one
whofe length exceeds its breadth, and both ends are
narrower than tjie figments of circles, as fig. 4.
A parabolical Leaf (Parabolicum) is one whofe length
exceeds its breadth, and is narrowed from the bale
upward, fo becomes half egg-fhaped, fig. 5.
A fpatulated Leaf ( Spatulatum ) is of a roundifh fi-
gure, but narrow at the bafe, and linearly lengthened,
fig. 6.
A wedge-fhaped Leaf ( Cuneiform ) is one whofe length
exceeds the breadth, and is narrowed to the bafe,
fig- 7 -
An oblongLeaf ( Oblongum ) is one whofe length greatly
exceeds its breadth, and each extremity is narrower
than a fegment of a circle, fig. 8.
L E A
A fpear-ffiaped or fpear-pointed Leaf (. Lanceohtim ) is
oblong, and grows narrower toward both ends, and
terminates in a point, fig. 9.
A linear Leaf {Linear e) is one whofe two Tides run al~
moft parallel to each other they are ufuaiiy narrow,
and lbmewhat broader in the middle than at the two
ends, fig. 10.
A chaffy Leaf ( Acerofum ) is when the linear Leaf ft ays
on the tree, and is evergreen, as in the Fir, Yew, ,&c.
fig 11.
An awl-fhaped Leaf ( Subulaiurn ) is one which is linear
below, but gradually contracting towards the top,
fig. 12.
A triangular Leaf (Tri angular e) is when the difk is
furrounded by three prominent angles, fig. 13,
A quadrangular and quinquangular Leaf, only differ
from the former in the number of their iides or an-
gles, fig. 14.
A deltoide Leaf is one with four angles, of which
thofe of the extremities are farther diftant from the
center than thofe of the Tides, fig. 15.
A round Leaf ( Rotundum ) is one without any ah pies.
A fmus {or Hollow ) is ufed to cxprcfs thofe openings
or cavities in Leaves which diftinguifh them into parts.
A kidney-fhaped Leaf ( Reniforme ) is of a round.ifh fi-
gure, and hollowed a little at the bafe, but without
any angles, fig. j6.
A heart-fhaped Leaf ( Cordatum ) when they are ovate
and hollowed a little at the bafe, but without any
angles, fig. 17.
A moon-fhaped Leaf ( Lunulatum } is a roundifh Leaf
hollowed at the bafe, with two curvilinear angles in
form of ficldes, fig. 18.
An arrow-fhaped Leaf ( Sagittatum ) is one which is
triangular, and hollowed at the bafe for the infertion
of the foot-ftalk, fig. 19.
A heart arrow-fhaped Leaf ( CordatumfagittatumfSs , like
the former, but the fides of it are convex, fig. 20.
A lpear-pointed Leaf ( Haftatum ) is of a triangular form,
the fides and bafe of which are hollowed, and the an-
gles fpreading fo as to refemble a Leaf compofed of
three parts, fig. 21.
A fiddle-fhaped Leaf {Pandura forme ) is oblong,
larger at both ends than in the middle, the two fides
being compreffed like the body of a violin, fig. 22.
A cleft or divided Leaf ( Fijfum ) is divided by linear
finuations and ftrait margins ; from the number of the
divifions they are termed a two, three, or many pointed
leaf, fig. 23.
A lobated Leaf (. Lobatum ) is one which is divided al-
moft to the midrib, into parts which ftand diftant from
each other, and have convex margins according to
the number of thefe parts •, it is called bilobed, tri-
lobed, or quadrilobed, &c. fig. 24.
A handed Leaf ( Palmatum ) is one which is divided
into feveral longitudinal fegments down to the bafe,
where they are united, and refemble an open hand,
fig. 25.
A. wing-pointed Leaf ( Pinnatifidum ) is one which is
tranfverfly divided into oblong horizontal divifions,
fig. 26.
A lyre-fhaped Leaf ( Lyratum ) is one which is divided
into tranfverfe fegments, the upper ones being larger
than the lower, which are farther affinder, fig. 27.
A laciniated or jagged Leaf ( Laciniatum ) is one whofe
fides are varioufly divided into jags, which are again
divided without any order, fig. 28.
A finuatedLeaf ( Sinuatum ) is one which has many fi-
nuations on its fides, but is not indented or notched
on its edges, fig. 29.
An indented finuated Leaf ( Bentato-fnuaium ) is one
like the former, but the fide lobes are of a linear
figure.
A divided Leaf (_ Partitum ) is one which is divided
into many parts to the bafe, id as to appear like many
Leaves till clofely examined. Thefe are called bipar-
tite, tripartite, &c. according to the number of parts,
fig- 30.
An entire Leaf ( Integrum ) is one that is undivided,
and has fmooth edges.
4 Apex
Uct fro?!/ LEA.
J. -Miller Jaap,
LEA
Apex tip, is the extremity in which the Leaf termi-
nates ; Leaves in refpect to thefe are termed,
A truncated Leaf ( Trnncatum ) is one whole fummit
feems as though it were cut off by a (Irak line, in a
tranfverfe direction.
A bitten Leaf (. Pramorfum ) is one which is terminated
by very blunt unequal cuts, fig. 31.
A blunt Leaf (. Retufum ) is one whofe extremity is ter-
minated by an obtufe fmus, rig. 32.
A nicked Leaf ( Emarginatum j is one whofe extremity
is a little notched, fig. 33.
An obtufe Leaf (Obtufum) is one whofe point is ter-
minated bluntly, or by a fegment of a circle, fig. 34.
A iharp Leaf ( Acutum ) is one whofe point is termi-
nated in an acute angle, fig. 35.
An acuminated Leaf ( Acuminatum ) is one which is ter-
minated by an awl-fhaped point, fig. 36.
A pointed obtufe Leaf {Obtufum acumine) is one whofe
upper part is rounded, but draws to an acute point,
fig. 37.
A claiper Leaf ( Cirrhofum ) is one which terminates
with a tendril, fig. 38. as in Gloriofa, Flagellaria, &c.
The margin of a Leaf is the outermoft boundary of {
its fides, exclufive of its difk or middle, fo in refpedt J
to their margin are,
A fpinous Leaf ( Spinofum ) is one whofe edge or bor- |
der ends with hard ftiffi prickles, fig. 39.
An indented Leaf (. Dentatum ) is one whofe edge has
horizontal points of the fame confidence with the Leaf,
but are feparated from each other, fig. 40.
A fawed Leaf ( Serratum ) is one whofe edges are
Iharply notched like the teeth of a faw, which make
acute angles bending toward the top, fig. 41.
A backward fawed Leaf {Retrcrfo- [erratum) is one
whofe ferratures or teeth, are bent toward the bale of
the Leaf.
A double fawed Leaf ( Duplicate- [erratum) is one whofe •
edges are fawed with larger teeth, and the edges of
thefe are again fawed in the fame manner.
A notched Leaf ( Crenatum ) is one whofe edges are
indented with angles, which neither turn toward the
point nor bafe. When thefe indentings terminate
obtufely, it is called obtufe crenated j when acutely,
acute crenated; when the indentures are again in-
dented, it is called double crenated {Duplicato-crena-
tumf) fig. 42.
A bowed or ferpentine Leaf ( Repandum ) is one whofe
margin has feveral obtufe finufes which are inferibed
’ with the fegments of circles, fig. 43.
A cartilaginous or grifly Leaf ( Cartilagineum ) is one
whofe edge is furnifhed with a firm cartilage of a dif-
ferent fubftance with the Leaf, fig. 44.
A ciliated Leaf ( Ciliatum ) is one whofe edge is fet
with parallel hairs, fo as to referable the hairs of the
eye-lid, fig. 45.
A torn Leaf (. Laceratum ) is one whofe edges are cut
into fegments of irregular fhapes.
A gnawed Leaf (. Erofum ) is one which is finuated, and
the finufes have their edges again indented with fmall
obtufe finuations, fig. 46.
A very entire Leaf {Integer riffiim) is one whofe margin
is entirely free of all notches or indentures.
The furface ( Superficies ) is the outfide, or what covers
the difk of the Leaf, and refpe&s both the upper and
under furface, fo are termed,
A vifeous Leaf ( Viftidum ) has its fuperfices covered
with a clammy moifture which is not fluid, but fbicky.
A downy Leaf (‘ Tomentofum ) is one whofe furface is
covered with a nap of interwoven hairs fo fhort and
fine, that the eye does not diftinguifh them fingly,
though the Leaf is evidently downy both to the fight
and touch, fig, 47.
A woolly Leaf ( Lanaium ) is one whofe furface is co-
vered with a kind of woolly fubftance, like a fpider’s
web, as in Salvia, Sideritis, &c.
A hairy Leaf (. Pilofum ) has its furface furnifhed with
long diftindt hairs, fig. 48.
A rough or flinging Leaf ( Hifpidum ) is one whofe fur-
face is covered with rigid hairs, which either fling or
prick on being touched, fig. 49.
LEA - ■
A rough Leaf ( Scabrum ) is one whofe furface has on
it feveral little irregular prominences.
A prickly Leaf (. Amleatim ) is one whofe furface is
covered with ferong fharp points or thorns, which ad - -
here lightly to the furface.
A ftreaked or channelled Leaf {Striatum) is when its
furface has a number of parallel longitudinal furrows*
A pimpled Leaf ( Papillofum ) is one whofe furface has
many little round ifh protuberances like nipples or
bladders, fig. 50.
A pundiuated Leaf ( Punffatnm ) is one whofe furface
has many hollow points difperfed over it.
A bright or fplehdent Leaf ( Nitidum ) is one whofe
furface is fmooth and fnining, as if poliftied by art.
A plaited Leaf (. Plicatum ) is one which has feveral an-
gular rifings and hollow's towards its borders,^as if
folded up, as in Alchimilla, fig. 51.
A waved Leaf ( Undulatum ) is one whofe furface to-
ward the edges riles and falls convexly like the waves
of the fea.
A curled Leaf {Crifpum) is when the circumference
of the Leaf grows larger than the difk will admit, fo
that the whole furface is railed in waves, fig. 52.
A rough leaf {Rugofum) is one whofe veins are con-
tracted and funk below the difk, and the intermediate
flefhy parts rife in irregular forms, fo as to appear
rough, fig. 53.
A hollow or concave Leaf (< Concavum ) is one whofe
margin contrails, fo is lefs than the middle, and is
funk down or hollowed.
A veined Leaf ( Venofum ) is one whofe veins are
branched, and appear to the naked eye.
A convex Leaf ( Convexum ) is one whofe middle rifes
into a protuberant form.
A nervous Leaf { Nervofum ) is when the veins are ex-
tended lengthways from the bafe toward the fummit
without branching, fig. 54.
A coloured Leaf ( Color atum ) is one which has other
colours than green.
A fmooth Leaf {Glabrum) is one whofe furface is
fmooth, without any inequalities.
The fubftance of a Leaf refpects the conditions of its
fides, in this refped Leaves are,
A taper Leaf {Teres) is one of a thick fubftance, and
for the moft part of a cylindrical form.
A half taper Leaf {Semicylindraceum) is one which is
of a cylindrical form, flatted on one fide.
A hollow Leaf (' Tubulofum ) is one which is hollow like
a pipe, as thole of the Onion.
A flelhy Leaf {Carnofum) is one that is lucculent or
full of pulp.
A comprefled Leaf {Comprejfum) is one whofe margi-
nal fides are prefled, fo that the fubftance of the Leaf
is larger than the difk.
A plane Leaf ( Planum ) is one whofe furfaces are every
where parallel.
A gibbous Leaf {Gibbum) is one which is convex, on
both fides, the middle being fuller of pulp.
A deprefied Leaf {Deprejfum) is one whofe dilk is more
deprefied than the fides.
A guttered Leaf {Canaliculatum) is one which has a
longitudinal deep furrow running through the middle
of the Leaf, and is almoft cylindrical, "fig. 55.
A double-faced Leaf {Ancipites) is one whofe difk is
convex, and has two prominent longitudinal angles.
A fword-fhaped Leaf ( Enjiforme ) is one with thin
edges, with a prominent rib running from the bafe to
the point in the middle.
A faulchion or feymiter-fhaped Leaf (Acinaciforme) is
one which is flefhy and comprefled, with one of its
edges convex and narrow, the other .thick and ftrait,
fig. 56.
An ax-fhaped Leaf {Dohbriforme) is one which is
roundifh, obtufe, and comprefled, gibbous on the
outfide, the infide fharp-edged and taper below,
%• 57 -
A tongue-fhaped Leaf {Linguiforme) is linear, flefhy,
and obtufe, convex on the under fide, and has often
cartilaginous edges, fig. 58.
&
5UQ
A two-
LEA
A two-edged Leaf (Anceps) is one which has two pro-
minent angles, running lengthways on a convex difk.
A three-cornered Leaf ( 'Triquetrum ) has three longitu-
dinal plain Tides like an awl-ftiaped Leaf.
A three-edged Leaf ( ‘Trigonal ) is much like the former,
but in this the ribs are fharp and membranaceous,
the lurface of the Leaf being channelled. When a
Leaf has four or five angles, it is called tetragonal
and pentagonal, &c.
A furrowed Leaf ( Sulcatum ) is one that has feveral
ridges running lengthways, which have obtufe finufus,
fig. 59.
A keel -fh aped Leaf ( Carinatum ) is one that has the
under part of the difk prominent the whole length,
and the upper concave like the keel of a boat.
A membranaceous Leaf ( Membranaceum ) is one wholly
compofed of membranes, without any apparent pulp
between.
A compound Leaf ( Compqjitum ) in general means one,
which is formed of feveral final! Leaves Handing upon
one foot-ftalk, but thefe Leaves are divifible again to
the ftrufture and pofition of the fmall Leaves.
1 ft, Into fuch as are properly and diftin&ly called
compound Leaves ; 2dly, the decompound ; 3dly, the
fupradecompound, of each of thefe in its place.
In defcribing thefe kinds of Leaves, the whole Leaf
which is the refult of the combination, is confidered
as one Leaf, called ( Folium ) and the fmall leaves which
together compote it ( Folioli ) or lobes.
A Ample compound Leaf, is one whofe Ample foot-
ftalk bears more than one Leaf.
A jointed one (Articulation) is when one Leaf grows
out of the point of another, fig. 60.
A fingered Leaf ( Digit atum ) is one which is compofed
of feveral fmall Leaves joining to one foot-ftalk at
their bafe, fpreading open like the fingers of a hand,
fig. 61.
A two-lobed Leaf (. Binatum ) is one with two fmall
Leaves on one foot-ftalk, fig. 62.
A three-lobed Leaf ( Ternatum ) is one with three fmall
leaves, which is frequently called a trifoliate Leaf,
fig. 63.
A cinquefoil Leaf (SJuinatum) has five fmall Leaves
on the fame foot-ftalk.
A winged Leaf ( Pinnatum ) is one which has many
fmall Leaves, ranged on each fide a fingle foot-ftalk
like wings ; of thefe there are feveral kinds.
An unequal winged Leaf (Pinnatum cum imp are) is a
winged Leaf, terminated by an odd lobe or (Folioli)
fig. 64.
A clafper-winged Leaf (Pinnatum cum cirrho) is a
winged Leaf ending with a tendril or clafper, fig. 65.
An abrupt-winged Leaf (Abruptum) is a winged Leaf
not terminated by an odd lobe or clafper, fig. 66.
An oppofite-winged Leaf (Oppofite pinnatum) is when
the fmall Leaves or lobes are placed oppofite on the
midrib.
An alternate-winged Leaf (Alternatim pinnatum) is
when the fmall Leaves ftand alternate.
An interrupted-winged Leaf (Interrupts pinnatum) is
when there are fmaller lobes intermixed with larger
upon the fame midrib, fig. 67.
A jointed-winged Leaf (Articulate pinnatum) is when
the common foot-ftalk is jointed, fig. 68.
A running-winged Leaf (Decur/ive pinnatum) is one
whofe fmall Leaves run along the foot-ftalk from one
to another, fig. 69.
A conjugated Leaf (Conjugatum) is one which has but
two fmall Leaves on the fame foot-ftalk.
We next proceed to the decompounded Leaves.
A decompounded Leaf (Decompojitum) is one whofe
foot-ftalk is once divided, and joins together many
fmall Leaves.
A double conjugated Leaf (Bigeminatum) is one whofe
foot-ftalk divides in forks, and conneds four fmall
Leaves on the top, or it is compofed of two conju-
gations.
A double trifoliate Leaf ( Biternaturn ) is one whofe
foot-ftalk is divided, and each divifion fuftains three
fmall Leaves, fig. 70.
LEA
A double- winged Lea I (Bipinnatum) is one whole foot-
ftalk is divided, and thefe divisions have fmall Leaves
ranged on their fide like wings, fig. 71.
A foot-ftmped or branched ‘Leaf (PedatunA is one
whole foot-ftalk is divided, and has feme fmall Leaves
placed on the inner fide, as. in Pa#jora and Arum"
fig. 72,
A gi eater compounded Leaf (Supra decompojitum is
one whole foot-ftalk is many times divided, and each
divifion is garnifhed with fmall Leaves. '
A triternate Leaf (Triternatum) is one whofe foot-ftalk
connects three double trifoliate Leaves.
A triple- winged Leaf ( T'ripinnatum ) is one compofed
or feveral double-winged Leaves; ifth.de are termi-
nated by two fmall Leaves, they are laid to be abrupt
fig. 73. but when they are terminated by an odd onc-%
they are called an irregular, triple, winged Leaf, fio
We next come to confider the diftindtions of Leaves
from their place, pofition, infertion, or their direction
when joined to the other parts of plants.
A feed Leaf ( Seminole ) is the firft Leaf of the plant,
and is what former writers called cotyledones ; thefe.
are different in form and fubftance from the" other
Leaves, fig. 75.
A bottom Leaf (Radicate) is one whofe foot-ftalk rifes
immediately from the root.
An upper or ftalk Leaf ( Caulinum ) is one which -rows
from the ftalk of the plant, fig. 76. G
An axillary Leaf (Axillare) is one which grows from
the infertions of the branches, fig. 77.
A flower Leaf (Florale) is one that is inferted near
the flower, and never appears but with it, fig. 78.
A ftarry Leaf (Stellate) fig. 79. or whorled Leaf ( Vcr-
ticillata) is when feveral Leaves are difpofed in whorls
round the ftalk, fig. 80.
Oppofite Leaves (Oppcjita) are when thofe upon the
ftalks ftand by pairs on each fide, fig. 81.
Alternate Leaves (Alternd) are when they ftand alter-
nate above each other, fig. 82.
Sparfed Leaves (Sparfa) are fuch as ftand without order
over the whole plant.
Clufter Leaves ( Conferta ) are fuch as come out from
the fide of the branches in clufters, and are fo clofe
to one another, that it is not eafy to dilcover their ex-
ad fituation, fig. 83.
Imbricated Leaves (Imbricata) are fuch as are placed
over each other like tiles on a houfe, or the fcales of
fifties, fig. 84.
Fafciculated Leaves (Fafciculata) are fuch as grow in
clufters from the fame point, fig. 85.
Diflicha is when the Leaves are ranged along only
upon two fides of the branches, as in the Fir-tree.
A target or fhield-fhaped Leaf (Pelt atum) is one whofe
foot-ftalk is fixed to the diik, and not to the bafe or
edge of the Leaf, fig. 86.
Petiolatum is when the foot-ftalk is inferted to the
bafe of the margin, fig. 87.
Seftile is when the Leaf fits clofe to the ftalk or branch,
and has no foot-ftalk, fig. 88.
A running Leaf ( Decurrcns) is when the Leaf adheres
to the ftalk or branch, and is extended along the ftalk
from the bafe, fo as to form a leafy border on each
fide the ftalk, fig. 89.
Amplexicaule is when the bafe of the Leaf environs
or embraces the fides of the ftalk entirely, fig. 90.
Semiamplexicaule , is when the bafe of the Leaf reach
but half round the ftalk.
A perfoliate Leaf (Perfoliatum) is one which is per-
forated by the ftalk or branch, which do not touch
the margin, fig. 91.
Ccnnatum , is when the two oppofite Leaves cohere
at their bafe, fo as to form one body embracing the
ftalk, fig. 92.
Vaginans , is when the bafe of the Leaf forms a kind
of cylinder, embracing the ftalk like a (heath, as in
Com, Grafs, fig. 93.
The direction of Leaves.
An adverfe Leaf (Adverfum) is one whofe fides refped
the meridian and not the heavens, as the Ginger, &c.
Aa
LEA
An oblique Leaf ( Obliquum ) is when the bafe of the
Leaf regards the fky, and the fummit the horizon.
An indexed or incurved Leaf (Inflexurn) is one which
grows in form of a bow, turning its point toward the
fcaik again, fig. 94.
sidpreffwm , is when the difk of the Leaf approaches
near the italic.
An erect Leaf ( Ereffum ) is one fo fttuated as to make
a very acute angle with the italic, fig. 95.
Patens , is when the Leaf does not make fo acute an
angle with the italic as the former, and yet does not
itand horizontal, fig. 96.
An horizontal Leaf ( Horizontale ) is one which fcands
perfectly at right angles with the italic, fig. 97.
A reclined Leaf ( Reclinatum ) is one whofe fummit is
lower than the bafe, fig. 98.
A rolled Leaf ( Revclutnm ) is one whole upper part
is rolled downward, fig. 99.
A dependent Leaf ( Pependens ) is one whofe fummits
point to the earth.
A rootingLeaf ( Radicans ) is one which puts out roots.
A floating Leaf ( Natans ) is one which floats on the
furface of the water, as the Water Lily, &c.
Demerfum , is ufed to exprefs a Leaf funk below the
furface of the water.
Having explained the feveral forms of Leaves, by
which botaniits diftinguifh them, and alfo their pofi-
tion, both in regard to the other parts of the tree, or
plant, and that of the earth, we fhall next proceed to
their ftruffure and ufes •, for thefe were not defigned
by the wife Creator only for ornament, but they are
of more important ufe in vegetation, and are as va-
rioufly conftrufted in their feveral parts, as their fe-
veral ufes for which they are defigned.
Some plants have very thick fiefhy Leaves, whofe
pulpy iubftance is always moift thefe are fuch plants
as naturally grow upon dry barren rocky places, and
for the moil part are natives of warm countries ; and
as they perfpire very little in comparifon of moil other
plants, they are adapted to grow in fuch places where
they can receive very little nourishment from the
earth. Moft of the Leaves of thefe plants have a thin
compadl fkin over their furface, with very fmall mi-
nute pores, whereby the defcending moifture is thrown
off, which, if admitted into the iubftance of the Leaves,
or ftalks, would in a very fhort time caufe a mortifi-
cation, and deflroy the plant.
The Leaves of all thole trees and ilirubs which
continue their verdure all the year, have alfo a thin
compadi fkin or cover over their furfaces, as is eafily
difcovered by macerating them in water, in order to
feparate the parenchyma from the veftels of the leaves,
which cannot be effected in any of thefe Evergreens,
till the thin parchment-like cover is taken off; thefe
trees and fhrubs are found, by experiment, to imbibe
and perfpire but little in the fame fpace of time, when
compared with the deciduous trees and fhrubs ; and
it is principally owing to this clofe covering, as alfo
to the fmall proportion of moifture contained in their
vefiels, that they retain their verdure, and continue
through the winter on the trees. The nutritive
juices of thefe plants always abound more or lefs with
an oily or terebinthinous quality, which fecures them
from the injury of froft, fo that many of thefe ever-
green trees are adapted to grow in the coldefc parts of
the habitable world.
In all the Leaves of trees and plants which I have exa-
mined, there are two orders of veins or nerves, one
belonging to each furface ; and I have generally ob-
ferved, that the lower lamina or under fide of the Leaf,
had the ramifications larger, and were capable of ad-
mitting a liquid fo pafs through them, which thofe of
the upper furface would not ; thefe two orders of
veins are inofculated at feveral places, but not fo
clolely conneded, but that they may be eafily fepa-
rated, after they have been macerated in water a pro-
per time, for fome Leaves require a much longer
time than others, to render the parenchyma loft
enough to feparate eafily from the veins without tear-
ing them,
LEA
Thefe two laminse, or orders of veins, are fuppofed
to be deftined for different purpofes ; the upper lami-
na is thought to be air-vefifels, or trachai, through,
which the perfpiring matter is protruded, and by which
the air is infpired ^ that thefe are pores through which
that iubftance paffes, which is thrown out of the plants,
is pretty evident for the clammy Iubftance which is
commonly called honey-dew, is always found flicking
to the upper furface of Leaves, from whence many
have fuppofed that this fubftance fell from above, and
lodged upon the Leaves in the night. This is the
Manna which is colleded from Afh-trees in Calabria,
and from the Alhagi in Perfia, &c. and is no other
than the nutritive juices, or a fubftance. feparated
from that, which iffues from the pores of the Leaves,
and is concreted on the furface of the Leaves by the
cold air •, but whenever this is found in quantity
upon the Leaves, it is a fure fign of a difeafed plant.
The lower lamina of veins are fuppofed to be deftined
for another purpofe, which is that of receiving, pre-
paring, and conveying the moifture imbibed from the
rifing vapours of the earth, by which trees and plants
are greatly nourifhed ; and for this ufe we fee how
differently the two furfaces are formed ; the upper
one is commonly fmooth and lucid, and the under is
frequently covered with hairs, or a foft down, the bet-
ter to flop and detain the rifing vapours, and tranfrnit
them to the inner veffels ; and where the ftrudlureof
the Leaves are different, it is found by experience,
that their fundlions alter ; for thofe Leaves, whofe
upper furfaces are garnilhed with down or hairs,
are found to be the receivers and conveyers of
the moifture, and not the under ones, as in the
other plants.
If the furfaces of thefe Leaves are altered, by reverfing
the branches on which they grow, the plants are flop-
ped in their growth, until the foot-ftalks are turned,
and the Leaves recover their former pofition. This
Shews how neceffary it is to fupport all thofe weak
Shoots of plants, which are naturally difpofed for up-
right growth, and that either twine about the neigh-
bouring trees for fupport, or that put out clafpers,
by which they take hold of whatever trees or plants
grow near them, and are thereby fuppoited ; and, on
the contrary, how abfurd is that practice of tying
up the fhoots of thofe plants which are naturally
difpofed to trail upon the ground •, for, in both thefe
cafes, nature is reverfed, and confequently the growth
of both forts of plants is greatly retarded.
This is one of the great fundtions for which the Leaves
of trees and plants are defigned ; but, befides this,
there are others of equal importance to the well-being
of plants and fruits ; the firft is that of the foot-
ftalks of Leaves nourifhing and preparing the buds of
the future lboots, which are always formed at the
bafe of thefe foot-ftalks, and during the continuance
of the Leaves in perfect health, thefe buds increafe
in their magnitude, and, in the deciduous trees, are
brought to maturity before the foot-ftalks feparate
from the buds in autumn ; but if by accident the
Leaves are blighted, or if the entire furface of the
Leaves are cut off, and the foot-ftalks are left re-
maining, yet the buds will decay, or not arrive to
their proper fize, for want of that nourifhment which
is conveyed to them from the Leaves ; fo that when-
ever trees are diverted of their Leaves, or thofe
Leaves are cut, or otherwife impaired, though it may
in either cafe happen when the buds may be nearly
formed ; yet if it is before the foot-ftalks feparate
naturally from the branches, the future fhoots will be
weakened in proportion to the time when this is done ;
therefore, as from all the experiments which have been
made in order to know how ferviceable the Leaves
of trees and plants are to their well-being, it has been
found, that where the plants have been diverted of
their Leaves, or their Leaves have been eaten, or cut,
during their growth, the plants have been remarkably
weakened thereby. This fhould teach us not to pull,
or cut off the Leaves of trees, or plants, on any
account, while they retain their verdure or are in
7 X health,
34!
\
LEA
health. As aifo how abfurd that common practice
Is, of feeding down Wheat in the winter and fpring
with ftieep •, for by fo doing, the ftalks are rendered
very weak, and the ears are in proportion (barter *
nor are the grains of Corn fo plump and well nou-
riflied, as that which is not fed down upon the fame
ground t this is a fact which I can affert from many
years experience •, for when Corn or Grafs is fed
down clofe to the root, the fucceeding blades will
be much finer than if the firft Leaves had been left
remaining ; which is evident from all fheep paftures,
where the Grafs is much finer and fhorter than in
other places ; as alfo upon lawns and bowling-greens,
where the Grafs is often mowed, the blades will be
rendered finer in proportion to the frequency of mow-
ing it, yet the fpecies of Grafs is the fame with that
on the richeft paftures •, fo that although this may be
a defirabie thing for lawns, &c. in gardens, yet
where regard is had to the produce, this fliould be
avoided.
Befides thefe, there are other ufes for which Leaves
are defigned, one of which is that of fhading the buds
for the future fhoots from the fun, which would ex-
hale and dry up all their moifture, as alfo the fhading
of the young fruit, which is abfolutely neceffary du-
ring the time of their growth ; for I have fufpended
the Leaves of trees which were growing againft walls,
fo as to expofe the fruit to the fun, and not taken
any of them off the branches, yet I have always found
thofe fruits fo expofed, have been greatly (tinted in
their growth, and have never arrived to near the
fize of others above and below them on the fame
branches, nor were they fo well tailed, or replete
with juice.
In making this experiment, I was as careful as pof-
fible not to reverfe the furfaces of the Leaves, having
been thoroughly convinced, from many repeated ex-
periments, how prejudicial that is to all plants ; but
notwithftanding this precaution, the event was as be-
fore-mentioned.
Another principal ufe of the Leaves is to throw off
by tranipiration, what is unneceffary for the growth
of the plants, anfwering to the difcharge made by
fweat in animal bodies ; and as plants receive and
tranfpire much more, in equal time than large ani-
mals, fo it appears how neceffary the Leaves are to
preferve the plants in perfeft health ; for it has been
found by the mod; exadt calculations, made from re-
peated experiments, that a plant of the Sun-fiower re-
ceives and perfpires, in twenty-four hours, feventeen
times more than a man.
As naturalifts have generally afcribed a four-fold ufe
to Leaves, I fhall beg leave to mention them here,
and then fliall give an account of the mod accurate
experiments which have been made to afcertain the
truth of their hypothefes.
1. Chiefly, that they do in the fpring time receive
the crude humours into themfelves, divide them very
minutely, and move them (trongly in the utricles, and
perhaps draw in from the air what is neceffary, though
unknown to us, and carry back great plenty of elabo-
rate juice to the plant.
2. That there may be a tranipiration of what is un-
profitable, anfwering to the difcharge made by fweat ;
for fometimes thofe excretory veffels of the Leaves are
fo overcharged by the great plenty of diftending hu-
mour [ ]uice,] that they burft in the middle, and let
go the more fubtile parts ; nor is it feldom, that, in a
hot feafon, great plenty of juices are this way dis-
charged and imbibed. Thus Manna is found to ex-
fade [fweat forth] from the Leaves of certain trees, if
a cold night (hould follow a hot day ; and the fame
thing frequently happens in divers other plants and
trees, as we learn from the bees flying to the Lime-
tree, that they may gather that gumous fubftance from
their Leaves ; and it is from the furfaces of the
Leaves, as well as from the flowers, thofe animals
colled their honey •, but if the heat fhould be lefs,
all the fuperfliiQUs humours, except thofe which, per-
haps, are tranfmitted by infenfible tranfpiration thro’
LEA
the arterial veffels, exhaling naturally, are feen to re-
turn into the trunk.
3. That the bibulous veffels, dried by the diurnal
heat, and for this reafon to be compared to veins,
may imbibe, in the night-time efpecially, thofe wa-
tery parts, which, among others, lie hid in the air
under the form of a very thin dew, and fo make
amends for the lofs made by the arteries, by the new
moifture received.
% Laftly, the Leaf ferves chiefly for this purpofe,
that it may keep and nourifh the eye, or gem, until
the gem, by degrees growing out to a greater bulk,
preffes together the veffels of the foot-ftalk, from
whence the humour is by little and little flopped in
the Leaf, till it cannot any more return to the foot-
llalk •, which, by the ceafing of the afflux and reflux
of the nutritive juice, grows putrid, whence a con-
fumption being caufed, the Leaf dies, and falls off,
which is the chief caufe of the falling of the Leaves
in autumn.
The Rev. Dr. Hales, in his excellent Treatife of Ve-
getable Statics, (peaking of the perforation of plants,
gives an account of the following experiments, viz.
That in July or Auguft he cut off feveral branches of
Apple-trees, Cherry-trees, Pear-trees, and Apricot-
trees, two of a fort ; they were of feveral fizes, from
three to fixfeet long,withproportionallateralbranches,
and the tranfverfe cut of the largeft part of the ftems
was about an inch diameter.
That he ftripped off the Leaves of one bough of each
fort, and then let their ftems in feveral glaffes, pour-
ing in known quantities of water.
The boughs with Leaves on them imbibed fome fif-
teen ounces, fome twenty, twenty-five, or thirty, in
twelve hours day, more or lefs, in proportion to the
quantity of Leaves they had, and when he weighed
them at night, they were lighter than in the morning.
While thofe without Leaves imbibed but one ounce,
and were heavier in the evening than in the morning,
they having perfpired little.
The quantity imbibed by thofe with Leaves de-
creafed very much every day, the fap-vefiels being
probably Ihrunk at the tranfverfe cut, and too much
faturate with water, to let any more pafs, fo that ufu-
ally in four or five days the Leaves faded and wi-
thered much.
He adds, that he repeated the fame experiments
with Elm branches. Oak, Ofier, Willow, Sallow,
Afpen, Currant, Gooleberry, and Filbert branches,
but none of thefe imbibed fo much as the forego-
ing, and feveral forts of Evergreens very much lefs.
He adds alfo another experiment : That on the 1 5th
of Auguft, he cut off a large Pippin with two inches
Item, and its twelve adjoining Leaves : that he
fet the ftem in a little phial of water, which im-
bibed and perfpired in three days one third of an
ounce.
And that at the fame time he cut off from the fame
tree another bearing twig of the fame length, with
twelve Leaves, no Apple on it, which imbibed in
the fame three days near three-fourths of an ounce.
That about the fame time, he fet in a phial of water
a fhort ftem of the fame tree, with two large Apples
on it, without leaves, and they imbibed near three-
fourths of an ounce in two days.
So in this experiment, the Apples and Leaves im-
bibed four-fifths of an ounce, the Leaves alone near
three-fifths, but the two large Apples imbibed and
perfpired but one third part fo much as the twelve
Leaves, then the one Apple imbibed the one-fixth
part of what was imbibed by the twelve Leaves ;
therefore two Leaves imbibe and perfpire as much
as one Apple ; whence their perfpirations feem to
be proportinable to their furfaces, the furface of the
Apple being nearly equal to the fum of the upper
and under furfaces of the two Leaves.
Whence it is probable that the ufe of thefe Leaves
(which are placed juft where the fruit joins to the
tree) is to bring nourifliment to the fruit.
And
LEA
And accordingly he obferves, that the Leaves next
adjoining to the bloffoms are in the fpring very much
expanded, when the other Leaves on barren fhoots
are but beginning to fhoot, and that all Peach Leaves
are very large before the bloffom goes off.
And that, in Apples and Pears, the Leaves are one-
third or half grown, before the bloffom opens, fo pro-
vident is nature in making timely provifion for the
nourifhing the yet embryo fruit.
He alfo adds another experiment : he ftripped the
Leaves of an Apple-tree branch, and then fixed the
great end of the Idem in the gage, it raifed the mer-
cury 2 + L inches, but it foon lubfided, for want of
the plentiful perfpiration of the Leaves, fo that the
air came in aim oft as fall as the branch imbibed
water.
And as a farther proof of the influence of the Leaves
in raiding the fap, he alfo made the following expe-
riment.
On the fixth of Auguft, he cut off a large Ruffet
Pippin, with a ftalk i + 4 - i nc h long, and twelve ad-
joining Leaves growing to it.
He cemented the ftalk faft in the upper end of a
tube, which tube was fix inches long, and one-
fourth diameter •, as the ftalk imbibed the water, it
raifed the mercury four inches high.
That he fixed another Apple of the fame fize in the
fame manner, but firft pulled off the Leaves, and it
raifed the mercury but one inch •, that in the fame
manner he fixed a like-bearing twig, with twelve
Leaves on it, but no Apple, and it raifed the mercury
three inches.
He then took a like-bearing twig, without either
Leaves or Apple, and it raifed the mercury one-
fourth of an inch.
So a twig, with an Apple and Leaves, raifed the
mercury four inches •, one with Leaves, only three
inches ; one with an Apple without Leaves, only one
inch.
A Quince, which had two Leaves juft at the twig’s
infertion, raifed the mercury 2+4 inches, and held
it up a confiderable time.
A fprig of Mint, fixed in the fame manner, raifed
the mercury 3 + 4. inches, = to 4 feet 5 inches
height of water.
Thefe, and many more experiments of the Rev. Dr.
Hales, that curious enquirer into the caufes, ftate,
and progrefs of vegetation, evidently fhew the great
perfpiration of the Leaves of plants, and their great
ufe in railing the fap, and other functions of vegeta-
ble nature ; to whofe excellent treatife before-men-
tioned, I refer the curious enquirer.
I fliall add. That nature has direfted us as to the
true diftance we ought to train the branches of trees
againft wails or efpaliers, which fhould always be in
proportion to the fize of their Leaves ; for if we re-
gard her progrefs in the great varieties of trees, which
are within our obfervation, we fhall always find their
branches grow diftant from each other in proportion
to the breadth of their Leaves •, and it was upon this
account that the Romans fo much admired the Plata-
nus, becaufe the Leaves, being large, afforded them
a kindly fhaae in fummer, but in winter, when they
are deftitute of Leaves, their branches growing at a
great diftance, eafily admitted the beams of the fun.
I fhall next beg leave to mention a few, out of the
many experiments which have been made by Monf.
Bonnet, of Geneva, to prove that molt Leaves im-
bibe the moifture of the air on their under furface,
and not from their upper : they are as follow :
He gathered the Leaves of fixteen forts of herba-
ceous plants when fully grown ; of each he put feveral
Leaves upon the furface of water in glafs vafes, fome
were pofited with their upper furface, and others with
their under furface upon the water ; thefe were ad-
jufted exadtly to the furface of the water^ with great
care not to let any moifture reach their oppofite fur-
faces, and the iame care was taken to prevent their
foot-ftalks from receiving any moifture. The glaffes
in which thefe Leaves were thus placed, were kept in a
LEA
clofet, where the air was very temperate •, and as the
water in the glaffes evaporated, there was from time
to time a fupply of frefh, which was added with a
fyringe, fo that the Leaves were not difturbed. The
Leaves were taken from the following plants ; the
Plantain, the Mullein, the Wake Robin, the great
Mallow, the Nettle, the Marvel of Peru, the Kindney-
bean, the Sun-flower, the Cabbage, the Balm, the
Cock’s-comb, the purple-leaved Amaranth, Spinach,
and the finaller Mallow.
Six of thefe forts he found continued green a long
time, and thefe were with different furfaces upon the
water ; they were of the following forts, the Wake
Robin, the Kidney-bean, the Sun-flower,* the Cab-
bage, the Spinach, and fmall Mallow ; among the
others the following forts were found to draw the
moifture better with their upper furface than their
under, the Plantain, the Mullein, the great Mal-
low, the Nettle, the Cock’s-comb, and the purple
Amaranth.
The Leaves of the Nettle whofe under furface was
upon the water, were decayed in three weeks, whereas
thofe whofe upper furface was next the water conti-
nued two months.
The Leaves of Mullein, whofe under furface was
next the water, did not continue frefli more than five
or fix days, but thofe whofe upper furface was next
the water lafted five weeks.
The Leaves of the purple Amaranth, whofe upper
furface was next the water, continued frellh three
months, whereas thofe whofe under furface was next
the water, were decayed in a week.
The Leaves of the Marvel of Peru and the Balm,
appeared to have the advantage, whofe under fur-
faces were next the water.
The Leaves of Wake Robin and of the Cock’s-
comb, whofe foot-ftalks only were put into the wa-
ter, continued frefli a longer time than thofe which
were placed with either furface next the water.
The Leaves of the Great Mallow, the Nettle, the
Sun-flower, the Marvel of Peru, and Spinach, whofe
foot-ftalks were plunged into the water, continued
frefh a fhorter time than thofe which had either of
their furfaces next the water.
The Leaves of the Mullein, of Plantain, and Ama-
ranth. which received the water at their foot-ftalk,
continued frefh much longer than thofe, whofe under
furface was next the water.
It is not difficult to explain the reafon of this fa< 5 t,
for the orifices of the fap-veffels in the foot-ftalk,
are much larger than thofe of either furface, fo that
the moifture infinuates in greater quantities, and with
more eafe, the firft than by the fecond way.
After this the fame gentleman made experiments on
the Leaves of fixteen forts of trees and fn rubs of
the following forts, the Lilac, the Pear-tree, the
Vine, the Afpen, the Laurel, the Cherry-tree, the
Plumb-tree, the Horfe Chefhut, the White Mul-
berry, the Lime-tree, the Poplar, the Apricot, the
Walnut, the Filbert, the Oak, and the Creeper.
Among thefe fpecies, he found that the Lilac and
the Afpen imbibed the moifture on their upper fur-
face, equally with the under furface ; but in all the
other forts, the under furface imbibed it in much
greater quantities than the oppofite. The difference
was very remarkable in the Leaves of the White
Mulberry, for thofe whofe upper furface was laid
upon the water, faded in five days, whereas the other
whofe under furface was next the water, preferved
their verdure near fix months.
The Vine, the Poplar, and Walnut-tree are very re-
markable inftances, how little difpofed the upper fur-
faces of the Leaves of ligneous plants are to imbibe
the moifture ; for thofe of thefe three forts, whofe
upper furfaces were applied to the water, decayed al-
moft as foon as thofe which had no nouriftiment.
In all the experiments made by this curious gentleman
upon the various Leaves of trees and herbs, it is re-
markable, that all thofe Leaves which imbibed the
moifture by their upper furface, were fuch as had
that
LEA
that furface covered with either hairs or down ; and
on, the contrary, where the under furface was garnifti-
ed with either hairs or down, the moifture was im-
bibed by that furface. He like wife, mentions many
experiments made by himfelf, and alfo by Monf.
du Hamel de Monceau, of the Royal Academy of
Sciences at Paris, in rubbing the Leaves over with
varnifh,. oil, wax, and honey, to fee the effedt of
thefe upon various Leaves, fome of which were rub-
bed over on both furfaces, others only upon one;
fome only a part of the furface, others the edges
of the Leaves' were rubbed over, and in fome only
the foot-ftalks of the Leaves were rubbed with
thefe. They likewife -anointed the trunks of fome
trees and fiirubs, and left the Leaves and branches
in their natural ftate.
The refult of thefe experiments was, that where the
Leaves were anointed on both furfaces with varnifh,
they decayed prefently ; and where they were anointed
with the other things, in proportion as thofe were
mod penetrating, fo the Leaves continued a fhorter
time than the others ; and where one furface only
was anointed, they continued much longer than thofe
which were anointed on both ; and where the pedicle
only was anointed, they continued ftill longer ; but
the anointing of the trunks, made no fenfible alter-
ation, excepting in very hot weather ; when they both
imagine, that the anointing them was of fervice, by
hindering the too great tranfpiration which might
weaken the trees •, for they obferved, that thofe trees
which were varnifhed, fuffered lefs from the violent
heat, than the trees which were left in their natural
ftate.
Monf. Bonnet alfo obferved, that thofe Leaves which
were varniflied, the tender parts of the Leaves were
deftroyed by it, and the tough fibres only were left
remaining.
As it would fwell this work much beyond its intended
bulk, were I to mention more of thefe curious ex-
periments, 1 fnall refer the curious to his book,
where they will find a great number of the moft ac-
curate and well condu&ed experiments related, to
afcertain the ufes of the Leaves of plants in ve-
getation.
The before-mentioned Rev. Dr. Hales, in his Trea-
tife of Vegetation, fays, it is plain from many expe-
riments and obfervations he had before mentioned,
that Leaves are very ferviceable in this work of vegeta-
tion, by being inftrumental in bringing nourifhment
from the lower parts, within the reach of the at-
traction of the growing fruit, which, like young ani-
mals, is furnilhed with proper inftruments to fuck
it thence ; but the Leaves feem alfo defigned for
many other noble and important fervices ; for na-
ture admirably adapts her inftruments, fo as to be at
the fame time ferviceable to many good purpofes.
Thus the Leaves, in which are many excretory duds
in vegetables, feparate and carry off the redundant
watery fluid, which, by being long detained, would
turn rancid, and prejudicial to the plant, leaving
the more nutritive parts to coalefce ; part of which
nourifhment, we have good reafon to think, is con-
veyed into vegetables through the Leaves, which
plentifully imbibe the dew which contain fait, ful-
phur, &c.
For the air is full of acid and fulphureous particles,
which, when they abound much, do, by the adion
and -readion between them and the elaftic air, caufe
that fultry heat which ufually ends in lightning and
thunder; and thefe new combinations of air, ful-
phur, and acid fpirit, which are conftantly forming in
the air, are doubtlefs very ferviceable in promoting
the work of vegetation ; when, being imbibed by
the Leaves, they may not improbably be the mate-
rials, out of which the more fubtile and refined prin-
ciples of vegetables are formed ; for fo fine a fluid
as the air feeros to be a more proper medium, wherein
to prepare and combine the more exalted principles
of vegetables, than the groffer watery fluid of the fap :
LEO
and for the fame reafon it is likely that the moft re-
fined and adive principles of animals are alfo prepared
in the air, and thence conveyed through the lungs into
the blood ; and that there is plenty of thefe fulphureo-
' aereal particles in the Leaves, is evident from the ful-
phureous exfudations that are found in the edges of
Leaves, of which bees are Obferved to make their
waxen cells, as well as of the dull of flowers. And
that wax abounds with fulphur, is plain from its
burning freely, &c.
We may therefore reafonably conclude, that one great
ufe of Leaves is what has been long fufpeded by
many, viz. to perform, in fome meafure, the fame
office for the fupport of the vegetable life, as the
lungs of animals do for the fupport of animal life ;
plants, very probably, drawing through their Leaves
fome part of their nourifhment from the air.
LEDUM. Raii Syn. i — 142. Lin. Gen. Plant. 483.
Marfh Ciftus, or wild Rofemary.
The Characters are.
The flower has a flmall empalement of one leaf, in-
dented in five parts. It hath five oval , concave , fpr end-
ing petals, and ten fender Jiamina the length of the pe-
tals which fpread open , terminated hy oblong fummits ,
and a roundijh germen fapporting a fender fiyle , crowned
by an obtnfe ftignia. The germen afterward becomes a
roundijh capfule with five cells , opening at the bafie in
five parts , and filled with finally narrow , acute-pointed
feeds.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnsus ranged in
the firft fedion of his tenth ciafs, intitled Decandria
Monogynia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have ten ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Ledum ( Paluftre ) foliis linearibus fubtus hirfutis, fiori-
bus corymbofis. Flor. Suec. 341. Ledum with very
narrow leaves , hairy on their under fide, and flowers grow-
ing in a corymbus. Rofmarinum fylveftre minus nof-
tras. Park. Hift. 76. Our [mail wild Rofemary.
This plant grows naturally upon modes and bogs in
many parts of Yorkfhire, Cheffiire, and Lancashire,
where it rifes with a flender flirubby ftalk about two
feet high, dividing into many flender branches, which
are garnifhed with narrow leaves not much unlike
thofe of Heath. The flowers are produced in fixjall
clufters at the end of the branches, which are fhaped
like thofe of the Strawberry-tree, but fpread open
wider at the top. Thefe are of a reddifh colour,
and appear in May, and in the natural places of their
growth, are fucceeded by ieed-vefiels filled with frnali
feeds, which ripen in the autumn.
It is with great difficulty this plant is kept in a gar-
den, for as it naturally grows upon bogs, fo unlefs
the plants have fome fuch foil and a fhady fituation,
they will not thrive. The plants muff be procured
from the places of their growth, and taken up with
good roots, otherwife they will not live. They can-
not be propagated in gardens, but in the moffes their
roots fpread and propagate pretty freely.
LEEKS. See Porrum.
LEGUMES, or L E G U M E N S, are a fpecies
of plants which are called pulfe, fuch as Peas, Beans,
&c. and are fo called, becaufe they may be ga-
thered by the hand without cutting. Mr. Ray reck-
ons all thofe plants which have a papilionaceous
flower, among the Legumes ; but the French com-
prehend moft forts of efculent plants, under this ge-
neral title of Legumes.
LEGUMINOUS, of or belonging to pulfe.
LEMNA. Lin. Gen. 1038. Lens Paluftris, Duck-
Meat. This is a very common plant, growing upon
Landing waters in moft parts of England where, if
it is not difturbed, it will foon cover the whole
furface.
L E M O N-T R E E. See Limon.
LENS. See Ervum.
LENTISCUS. See Pistacia.
LEONTI CE. Lin. Gen. Plant. 423. Leontopeta-
lon. Town. Cor. 49. tab, 484. Lion’s Leaf,
The
(
LEO
The Character s are.
The emp element of the flower is made up of fix very
narrow leaves , which are alternately j mailer and drop off'.
The flower has fix oval acute petals, which are twice the
length of the empalement , and fix neftariwis which are
fixed by fmall foot-fialks to the bafe of the petals. It has
fix floort Jlender ftamina , terminated by erebl fummits. In
the center is placed an oblong oval germen , fupporting a
floort taper ftyle , inferted obliquely to the germen , crowned
by a Jimflle fltigma. The germen afterward becomes a glo-
bular fwotten berry a little fucculent , with one cell , in-
dofing two or three globular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion
of Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have fix ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Leontice iChryfogonum) foliis pinnatis, petiolo com-
muni fimplici. Hort. Cliff. 122. Lion’s Leaf with
winged leaves having one common Jingle foot-ftalk. Leon-
topetaioii foliis coftae fimplici innafcentibus. Tourn.
Cor. 49. Lion's Leaf with a fipgle foot-ftalk to the
leaves.
2, Leontice (. Leontopetahm ) foliis decompofitis, peti-
olo communi trifido. Hort. Cliff. 122. Lion's Leaf
with decompounded leaves , and a common trifid foot-ftalk.
Leontopetalon foliis coftae ramofae innafcentibus.
Tourn. Cor. 49. Lion's Leaf with a branching foot-
ftalk to the leaves.
Thefe plants both grow naturally in the iflands of
the Archipelago, and alfo in the Corn fields about
Aleppo, where they flower foon after Chriftmas. They
have large tuberous roots about the flze of thofe of
Cyclamen, covered with a dark brown bark ; the
leaves arife upon flender foot-ftalks immediately from
their roots, which grow about fi* inches high ; that
of the firft fort is Angle, having many fmall folioli
ranged along the midrib, but the footftalks of the
fecond fort are branched into three fmaller ; upon each
of thefe are ranged feveral folioli or fmall leaves, in
the fame form as the winged leaves. The flowers fit
upon naked foot-ftalks, thofe of the firft fort fuf-
tain many yellow flowers, but the flowers of the fe-
cond are fmaller and of a paler colour. Thefe in their
native country appear foon after Chriftmas, but in
England they do not flower till the beginning of
April, and are never fucceeded by feeds here.
Both thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which
require to be fown foon after they are ripe, otherwife
they feldom fucceed *, but as they are brought from
diftant countries, they fliould be preferved in land to
be fent to England. I received a few of the feeds from
the Duke D’Ayen, which were fent him from Aleppo,
put up in fand, and thefe came up better than any of
thofe which came over dry •, for of feveral parcels of
thefe feeds which I have fown of both kinds for three
years fucceflively, I had not more than two plants
arife.
The plants are very difficult to preferve in England,
for the roots will not thrive in pots ; and when they
are planted in the full ground, the froft frequently
deftroys them in winter, efpecially where the roots are
young. Of late years the winters have proved fo very
unfavourable, as to kill all the young roots which I
had raifed in the Chelfea garden : but before the fevere
winter in 1 740, I had fome of the roots which were
planted in a fouth-weft border that flowered feveral
years, and without any fhelter furvived the winters ;
but although I covered many of thofe roots which I
had lately raifed, yet I could not preferve them.
The leaves of thefe plants decay about Midfummer,
and the roots remain in an inadive ftate till the fol-
lowing fpring, at which time the flowers and leaves
come up nearly at the fame time.
When the feeds are procured from abroad, the beft
way is to fow them as foon as they arrive, and cover
them with glaffes in the winter to prated them from
froft j. and in the fpring, when the plants begin to
appear, they muft have the free air admitted to them
at all times when the weather is mild, otherwife they
are very fubjed to draw up tall with weak Items, and
LEO
their roots do not increafe in their bulk. If the plants
are not too clofe, it will be beft to let them remain in
the place unremoved till the fecond year ; but where
they are too clofe, part of the roots may be taken up
in Odober, and tranfplanted clofe to a warm wall,
being very careful not to difturb the roots which are
left handing ; and in November, before the hard froft
fees in, it will be a good way to lay fome old tanners
bark over the furface of the ground, three or four
inches thick, to prevent the froft from penetrating to
the roots ; but this fliould be moft of it taken off in
March, before the roots begin to pufh out their
leaves •, and if this is removed in part foon after the
hard froft is over in February, and another part three
weeks or a month after, it will be better than taking
it all off at the fame time ; and if a thin covering of
the tan is left at the laid over the furface of the ground,
it will prevent the drying winds of the fpring from
drying the ground, which will be of great fervice to
the roots. Thefe roots ftiotild have a dry loofe foil,
and muft be feldom removed •, but when that is done,
Odober is the beft time, for then the roots are inadive.
LEONTODON. Lin. Gen. Plant. 8 1 7. Dens leo-
nis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 468.' Dandelion ; in French,
Dent de Lion:
There are four or five fpecies of this genus, which
grow naturally in the fields either in England or
France, fo are feldom cultivated in gardens ; but as
fome people in the fpring gather the roots' out of
the fields, and blanch them in their gardens for a fal-
lad herb, fo I have mentioned the genus, but fhal!
forbear faying any thing more of them, than that
they are very bad weeds both in gardens and fields ;
fo fhould be rooted out before their feeds are ripe,
otherwife they will fpread to a great diftance, as they
have down adhering to them, by which they are
wafted about by the wind.
LEONTOPODIUM. See Plantago.
LEONURUS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 187. tab. 87.
Phlomis. Lin. Gen. Plant. 642. [ArLtsp©*, of Aitov,
a lion, and ifi, a tail, becaufe the creft of this
flower feems to refemble the tail of a lion.] Lion’s
Tail
The Characters are,
The flower has a tubulous , five-cornered , permanent em-
palement of one leaf ■, the flowers have one petal , of the
lip or ringent kind •, the upper lip is long , cylindrical
hairy , and entire ; the lower is floort , reflexed , and cut
into three parts. It hath four ftamina fituated under
the lower lip , two of which are floor ter than the other ;
thefe are terminated by oblong compreffed fummits. In the
bottom of the tube are fituated flour germen fupporting a
Jlender ftyle , fituated with the ftamina , crowned by a bifid
acute ftigma. The germen afterward become four oblong
angular feeds , fitting in the empalement .
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Tournefort’s fourth clafs, which includes the herbs
with a lip flower of one leaf, whofe upper lip is hol-
lowed like a fpoon. Dr. Linnaeus has joined the fpe -
cies of this genus to the Phlomis, and has applied this
title to the Cardiaca, from which he feparates thefe
plants, becaufe they have no pundur.es on their fum-
mits. Thefe he ranges in the firft fedion of his four-
teenth clafs, which includes the plants with a ringent
(or grinning) flower, that have two long and two
fhorter ftamina, and naked feeds fucceeding, fitting
in the empalement.
The Characters are,
1. Leonurus ( Africana ) foliis lanceolatis, obtuse fer-
ratis. Hort. Cliff. 312. Lion's Tail with fpear-jhaped
leaves which are bluntly Jawed. Leonurus perennis
Africaners, fideritidis folio, flore Phcenicio majore.
Breyn. Cent. 1. 171. Perennial African Lion's Tail with
an Ironwort leaf, and a larger fcarlet flower .
2. Leonurus ( Nepetffolia ) foliis ovatis, calycibus de-
cagonis, feptem dentatis, insequalibus. Hort. Cliff.
312. Lion's Tail with oval leaves, an empalement hav-
ing ten corners, and fleven unequal indentures. Leonurus
minor capitis Bonte Spei, vulgo. Boerh. Ipd. alt. 1 80.
Small Lion's Tad o f the Cape of Good Hope.
7 Y * The
\
545
LEP
The firft fort is a native of Ethiopia, but has been
long cultivated in the Englifh gardens. This rifes with
a fhrubby ftalk feven or eight feet high, fending out
feveral branches from the fide, which are four-corner-
ed ; thefe are garnifned with oblong narrow leaves,
acutely indented on their edges •, they are about three
inches long, and half an inch broad, hairy on their
upper fide, and veined on their under, {landing op-
posite. The flowers are produced in whorls round
the branches, each of the branches having two or
three of thefe whorls toward their ends, fitting very
clofe to the branches ; they are of the lip kind, fhaped
fomewhat like thofe of the Dead Nettle, but their crefts
are much longer and covered with fhort hairs ; they
are of a golden colour, fo make a fine appearance.
The flowers commonly appear in Oftober and No-
vember, and fometimes continue till the middle of
December, but are not fucceeded by feeds here.
There is a variety of this fort with variegated leaves,
which is by fome admired ^ but as this feldom pro-
duces fo large whorls of flowers as the plain fort, it is
not fo generally efteemed.
The fecond fort is mentioned by feveral authors as
an annual plant they alfo fuppofe it to be a native
of America, and believe it was brought from Surinam
to Holland *, but it is undoubtedly a native of the Cape
of Good Hope, from whence I have two or three
times received the feeds •, and the late Dr. Boer-
haave allured me, that he frequently, received the
feeds from that country, as alfo a painting of the
plant, fo that he made no doubt of the plant grow-
ing naturally there.
This rifes with a fquare fhrubby ftalk about three
feet high, fending out feveral four-cornered branches,
which are garnifhed with oval crenated leaves, rough
on their upper fide like the Dead Nettle, but veined on
the under, which is of a pale green : thefe are placed
oppofite ,by pairs, as are alfo their branches. The
flowers come out in whorls round the branches, in
like manner as the former, but are not fo long nor fo
deep coloured ; they appear at the fame feafon with
the firft, and continue as long in beauty.
Both thefe forts are propagated by cuttings in Europe,
for they do not produce any feeds here. If the cut-
tings are planted in July, after the plants have been
fo long expofed to the open air as to harden the {hoots,
they will take root very freely. They fhould be
planted in a loamy border to an eaft afpedt, and if
they are covered clofely with a bell or hand-glafs to
exclude the air, and fhaded from the fun, it will for-
ward their putting out roots •, but When they begin to
Ihoot, the glafies fhould be raifed to admit the free
air, to prevent their drawing up weak, and by de-
grees they mu ft be expofed to the open air. As foon
as they have taken good root they muft be taken up,
and each planted in a feparate pot filled with foft
loamy earth, and placed in the {hade till they have
taken new root ; then they may be removed to a
fheltered fituation, where they may remain till Ofto-
ber, when they muft be removed into the green-houfe,
and afterward treated as the Myrtle, and other hardy
green-houfe plants, obferving to water the firft fort
plentifully.
LEPIDIUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 215. tab. 103.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 718. Dittander, or Pepperwort.
The Characters are.
The emp alement of the flower is compofed of four oval
concave leaves , which fall off. The flower has four oval
petals placed in form of a crofs , which are much larger
than the emp alement , and fix awl-jhaped fiamina the
length of the empalement , two of which are fforter than
the other , terminated by fingle Jummits. In the center is
fituated a heart-jhaped germen , fupporting a fingle fiyle ,
crowned by an obtufeftigma. The germen afterward turns
to a fpear-Jhaped feed-veffel with tzvo cells , divided by an
intermediate partition, containing oblong feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia fili-
culofa, the flower having four long and two fhorter
fiamina, and the feeds being included in fhort pods.
LEP
The Species are,
1. Lepidium ( Latifolhm ) folds ovato-lanceolatis inte-
gris ferratis. Hort, Clift". 330. Dittander with entire ,
oval , fpear-Jhaped leaves , which are Jawed. Lepidium
latifolium. C. B. P. 97. Broad-leaved Dittander.
2. Lepidium {Arvenfe) folds lanceolatis .amplexicauli-
bus dentatis. Hort. Cliff. 331. Dittander with fpear-
Jhaped indented leaves which embrace the fialks . Le-
pidium bundle, incanum arvenfe. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
216. Low hoary Dittander of the fields.
3. Lepidium ( Chalepenfe ) folds fagittatis fefillibus den-
tatis. Amoen. Acad. 4. p. 321. Dittander with arrow-
ffaped indented leaves fitting clofe to the fialks . . Lepidium
humile minus incanum, Alepicum. Tourn. Inft. 216.
Low Dittander of Aleppo with lefs hoary leaves.
4. Lepidium ( Iberis ) floribus diandris tetrapetalis, fo-
lds inferioribus lanceolatis ferratis, fuperioribus Iine-
aribus integerrimis. Flor. Leyd. Prod. 334. Diltan-
der with flowers having four petals and two fiamina ,
whofe under leaves are fpear-floaped and flawed , and
the upper narrow and entire. Lepidium gramineo fo-
lio five, Iberis. Tourn. Inft. 216. Dittander with a
Grafs leaf , , or Iberis.
5. Lepidium ( Perfoliatum ) folds caulinis pinnato-mul-
, tifidis, ramiferis cordatis, amplexicaulibus integris.
Hort. Cliff. 331. Dittander with lower leaves wing-
pointed, and thofe on the branches heart -ft. hap id, entire,
and embracing the fialks. Tblafpi verum Diofcori-
dis. 1 Zan. Hift. 193. The true Mithridate Muftard of
Diofcorides.
6 . Lepidium ( Virginicum ) floribus fubtriandris tetrape-
talis, foliis linearibus pinnatis. Lin. Gen. Plant. 645.
Dittander with flowers having four petals, chiefly with
three fiamina , and very narrow winged leaves. Iberis
humidor annua Virginiana ramofior. Mor. Hift. 2.
p. 3 1 1. Lower,' annual, branching Sciatica Crefs of
Virginia.
7. Lepidium ( Lyratum ) foliis lyratis crifpis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 644. Dittander with curled lyre-fbaped leaves .
Lepidium Orientale nafturtii crifpi folio. Tourn. Cor.
1 5. Eaflern Dittander with a leaf like curled Crefs.
8. Lepidium ( Nudicaule ) fcapo nudo fimplicifiimo, flo-
ribus tetrandris. Lcefl. It. 155. Dittander with a fingle
naked ftalk , and flowers with four fiamina. Naftur-
tium minimum vernum, foliis tantum circa radicem.
Magn. Montp. 187.
9. Lepidium ( Petraum ) foliis pinnatis integerrimis, pe-
talis emarginatis calyce minoribus. Flor. Suec. Dit-
tander with entire winged leaves, and indented petals to
the flowers which are fmaller than the empalement . Na-
fturtium pumilum vernum. C. B. P. 105.
10. Lepidium ( Sativum ) floribus tetradynamis, foliis
oblongis multifidis. Vir. Cliff. 63. Dittander with fix
fiamina in the flowers, and oblong leaves with many
points. Nafturtium hortenfe. Garden Crefs.
11. Lepidium ( Subulatum ) foliis fubulatis indivifis fpar-
fis, caule fuffruticofo. Lin. Sp. 899. Dittander with
awl-fhaped undivided leaves, and a fhrubby ftalk. Le-
pidium capillaceo folio, fruticofum Rifpanicum.
Tourn. Inft. 216.
12. Lepidium {Ruder ale) floribus diandris apetalis, fo-
liis radicalibus dentato-pinnatis, ramiferis linearibus
integerrimis. Flor. Suec. 534. Dittander with two fia-
mina in the flowers , fugacious petals, the bottom leaves
indented, and thofe on the branches linear and entire.
Nafturtium fylveftre Ofyridis folio. C. B. P. 105.
13. Lepidium ( Bonarienfe ) floribus diandris tetrapetalis,
foliis omnibus pinnato-multifidis. Lin. Sp. 901. Dit-
tander with two fiamina and four petals to the flowers,
and all the leaves wing-pointed. Thlafpi Bonarienfe
multiciflum flore invifibili. Hort. Ekh. 286.
The firft fort grows naturally in moift places in many
parts of England, fo is now feldom cultivated in gar-
dens. It hath fmall, white, creeping roots, by which
it multiplies very faft, fo as to render it difficult to
eradicate the plant, after it has grown long in any
place •, the lower leaves are oval, fpear-fhaped, about
three inches long, and one and a half broad toward
the bafe, fawed upon the edges, having long fcot-
ftalks. The ftalks rife two feet high, they are ftnooth.
L E P
and fend out many fide branches ; the leaves upon the
Halles are longer, narrower, and more acute-pointed
than the lower, and are not fawed on their edges.
The flowers grow in dole bunches toward the top of
the branches, which come out from the fide •, they are
fmall, and are compofed of four fmall white petals,
which appear in June and July, and the feeds ripen
in the autumn. The whole plant has a hot biting
tafte like Pepper, and the leaves have been often ufed
by the country people to give a relifh to their viands
inftead of Pepper, from whence it had the appellation
of Poor Man’s Pepper.
This plant is eafily propagated, for every piece of
the root will grow and multiply wherever it is planted,
fo will become troublefome to root out after growing
for fome time in a garden. The leaves of this plant
bruifed and mixed with hog’s lard, and applied as
a cataplafm to the hip, help the fciatica ; and
chewed in the mouth, caufe a great defluxion of
rheum, fo is faid to help fcrophulous tumours in the
throat.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Auftria and Italy ;
this hath a flefliy fibrous root, from whence arife fe-
veral weak ftalks about a foot and a half high, which
are garniftied with fpear-fhaped leaves, three inches
long and one and a half broad, deeply cut in upon
the edges * thefe are fmooth, a little hoary, and em-
brace the ftalks with their bafe ; the flowers are fmall,
white, and grow in loofe bunches at the end of the
branches. They flower from June till the beginning
of September, and the feeds ripen in the autumn.
This is a perennial plant, which propagates very faft
by its roots, and is ieldom admitted into gardens.
The third fort grows naturally about Aleppo ; this
hath creeping roots, which extend to a great dif-
tance, fo will loon fp read over a large piece of ground.
The leaves of this are longer and narrower than
thofe of the former, and are lefs hoary ; the flowers
grow in loofe bunches at the end of the branches ;
they are fmall and white like thofe of the firft. This
is a hardy perennial plant, which propagates by its
creeping roots in as great plenty as either of the
former.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France, Italy, and Sicily, but is preferved in fome
Englilli gardens for variety. This hath a long flefliy
root, which runs deep into the ground, and fends out
many oblong leaves, which are fawed on their edges,
and fpread flat on the ground *, the ftalks are dea-
der, ftiff, and branch out horizontally on every fide ;
they rife about two feet high, and are garnilhed with
very narrow entire leaves. The flowers come out in
clofe fmall clufters at the ends of the branches ;
they are white, and appear in June and July, and the
feeds ripen in the autumn. If the feeds are permitted
to fcatter, the plants will come up early in the l'pring,
and require no other care but to keep them clean
from weeds •, the roots will abide feveral years if
they are in a dry foil. This plant is alfo commended
for its virtues in lciaticas, if bruifed and mixed with
hog’s lard as the firft, and from its virtues it obtained
the title of Sciatica Crefs.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Perfia and Syria ;
this is fuppofed to be the true Mithridate Muftard of
Diofcorides. It is an annual plant, whofe lower leaves
are winged, and finely cut into many fegments ; the
ftalks rife a foot high, dividing into many flender
branches, which are garniftied with heart-lhaped
leaves that are entire, and embrace the ftalks with
their bafe. The flowers grow in long loofe fpikes from
the end of the branches •, they are fmall, yellow, and
appear in June and July, and the feeds ripen in Sep-
tember, foon after which the plant decays.
The feeds of this plant fhould be fown in the au-
tumn, for thofe which are fown in the fpring feldom
flower the fame year, and are often killed by the froft
in winter ; whereas thofe which are fown in the au-
tumn, or the plants that rife from fcattered feeds, will
always flower about Midftimmer, and the feeds ripen
in Auguft and September following. The plants re-
LEP
quire no other care but to thin them, and keep them
clean from weeds. *
The fixth fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in Virginia, and alfo in all the iflands of the
Weft-Indies, where the inhabitants gather the leaves,
and eat them in their fallads, as we do the Garden
Crefs.
The lower leaves of this fort are three inches loose
and one broad, fawed on their edges, and are of a light
green, with a biting tafte like Crefs. The ftalk rifes
a foot and a half high, fending out a great number
of fmall fide branches, which are garnifhed with nar-
row leaves regularly fawed on their edges, fo as to re-
femble winged leaves ; thefe fit clofe to the brandies.
The flowers are produced at the end of the branches
in loofe fpikes ; they are fmall and white, and are fuc-
ceeded by roundifh or heart-lhaped comprefled feed-
veffels, which have a border round them. It flowers
in June and July, and the feeds ripen in the au-
tumn ; this fort is eafily propagated by feeds, which
may be fown upon an open bed in April, where the
plants are defigned to remain •, and when they come
up, they will require no other care but to thin them
where they are too clofe, and keep them conftantly
clean from weeds ; or if the feeds are permitted to
fcatter in the autumn, the plants will come up very
well, and may be treated in the fame way as the
other.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Afia, and alfo in
Spain, from whence I have received the feeds. This
is a biennial plant ; the lower leaves which fpread on
the ground, are near two inches long, and about half'
an inch broad, indented on both fides in fhape.of a .
lyre, and curled on the edges j the ftalks rife a foot
high, and divide into a great number of flender
branches, garnilhed with frnall oblong leaves, which
are cut on their fides, and a little curled on their
edges ; the ftalks and leaves are of a gray colour,
inclining toward hoarinefs. The flowers are produced
in clufters at the end of the branches •, they are very
fmall and white, appearing in July, and are fucceeded
by roundilh bordered feed-veffels, which are com-
prefled, and have two cells each, containing two
fmall oblong feeds, which are ripe in the autumn.
This fort may be propagated by feeds in the fame
manner as the former ; or if the feeds are permitted to
fcatter in the autumn, the plants will come up with-
out care, and fhould be treated in the fame way
as the former fort ^ but this does not flower till the
fecond year, fo the plants Ihould be left farther
afunder.
The eighth fort grows naturally about Montpelier.
It is a fmall annual plant, having a few wing-pointed
leaves which fpread on the furface of the ground ;
between which arifes a naked ftalk two or three
inches high, lupporting five or fix fmall white flowers,
each having four petals placed crofswife, and four fta-
mina placed near the ftyle ■, the germen afterward be-
comes a fhort capfule, including four or five roimdiili
feeds.
If the feeds of this fort are fown in the autumn, the
plants will flower in April and their feeds ripen in
May ; which, if permitted to fcatter, the plants will
come up in autumn, and require no other care but
to thin them where they are too clofe, and weed
them.
The ninth fort is alfo a low annual plant, which grows ,
naturally on Putnev-heath ; the leaves of this are
winged and entire, thefe are placed near the ground 5
the flower-ftalks rife two inches high, fupporting a
few white flowers, whofe petals are lefs than the em-
palement, and are indented at their points. This
flowers in May and June, and if their feeds are
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up as the
former.
The tenth fort is the Garden Crefs, fo much ufed in
winter and fpring fallads, and being fo well known
requires no defeription. There are three varieties of
this, one with broad leaves, another with curled
leaves, and the common fort which is ufedj the feeds
of
i
LEU
of this fhould be Town in drills pretty clofe, in winter,
on moderate hot-beds, but in fpring and autumn on
borders, and will foon be fit for ufe ; therefore fnould
be cut while young, otherwife it will be too rank.
The eleventh fort is a low fhrubby plant, garnifhed
with "entire awl-ihaped leaves, which are very nar-
row ; thefe are placed alternately on the italics ;
the foot-ftalks of the flowers proceed from the wings,
and alfo terminate the (talks ; the flowers are white,
and fhaped like thofe of the other fpecies.
This fort may be propagated by feeds or cuttings ;
the feeds flioukl be fown in the fpring on a bed of
light earth, in the open air ; and when the plants are
fit to tranfplant, a few of them fhould be planted in
pots, which may be fheltered in winter tinder a com-
mon frame ; for in fharp winters, thofe plants which
are expoled in the open air are frequently killed : the
remaining plants fhould be planted in a fheltered Hal-
ation in a dry rubbifliing ground, where they will
grow flowly, fo will become more ffirubby, and in
Ids danger of fuffering by cold.
The twelfth fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in feveral parts of England, fo is rarely pre-
ferved in gardens, being a plant of no great beauty
or ufe •, yet I have known it eaten in fallads, though
the tafte is very rank. The plants, when young,
have fome refemblance to the Swine’s Crefs. The
ftalks rife eight or ten inches high, fupporting a
number of fmall white flowers, fliaped like thofe of
the other fpecies, which are fucceeded by feeds like
thofe of the Garden Crefs, which, if permitted to
fcatter, will abundantly fupply the place with young
plants.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in many warm
countries, for it has come up in the earth which came
from the Brafils, and from feveral parts of America,
fo that it may be found in many other parts. The
leaves and Balks are much like thofe of the Gar-
den Crefs, but are more divided, and differ in fmell
and tafte from it : the petals of the flowers are fo
fmall as to be almoft: imperceptible, and there ap-
pears but two ftamina in each.
This fort is only cultivated in botanic gardens for
variety •, the feeds fhould be fown on a moderate
hot-bed in the fpring, and when the plants have ob-
tained ftrength, they may be tranfplanted on a warm
border, where they will flower and perfeft their feeds.
LEPIDOCARPODENDRON. See Protea.
LETTUCE. SeeLACTucA.
LEUCANTHEMUM. See Anthemis.
LEUCO JUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 363. Narciffo-leu-
cojum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 387. tab. 208. [A Wi'ov,
of XivKov, white, and ’'lov, a Violet * i. e. White Vio-
let,] Snowdrop-, in French, Perce-neige .
The Characters are.
It hath an oblongs obtufe , comprejfed fpatha or Jheath ,
which opens on the fide. The flower is of the fpreading
bell Jhape , cut into fix parts , which join at their bafie.
It hath fix jhort briflly flamina , terminated by oblong , ob-
tufe , four-cornered fummits , which are eretl. I he roundijh
germen is fituated under the flower fupporting a fiyle
which is thick and obtufe at the top , crowned by an erect
briflly ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a turbi-
nated capfule with three cells , opening with three valves ,
and filled with roundijh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl fe&ion of
Linnsus’s fixth clafs, which includes the plants whofe
flowers have fix ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Leucojum ( Vernum ) fpatha uniflora, ftylo clavato.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 289. Snowdrop with a Jheath inclofing
one flower , with a key-Jhaped fiyle . Narcifib-leucojum
vuigare. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 387. Common great Snow-
drop.
2. Leucojum ( ALfiivum ) fpatha multiflora, ftylo clava-
to. Loefl. Lin. Sp. Plant. 289. Snowdrop with many
flowers in a Jheath , and a key-Jhaped fiyle. NarcnTo-
leucojum pratenfe multiflorum. Tourn., Inft. R. H.
3 87. Meadow Snowdrop with many flowers , commonly
called the tall late. Snowdrop »
LEV
The firfl fort grows naturally in Switzerland and Ger-
many, as alfo upon the mountains near Turin. This
hath an oblong bulbous root, fliaped like that of the
Daffodil, but fmaller ; the leaves are flat, of a deep
green, four or five in number, broader and longer
than thofe of the fmall Snowdrop ; between thefe
arife an angular ftalk near a foot high, which is na-
ked, hollow, and channelled ; toward the top comes
out afheath, which is whitifh, opening on the fide, out
of which come two or three white flowers, hano-inp-
upon (lender foot-ftalks * thefe have but one petal
which is cut into fix parts almoft to the bottom, which
are much larger than thofe of the fmall Snowdrop,
and the ends of the fegments of the petal are tipped
with green, where they are of a thicker fubttance than
in any other part. Thefe flowers appear in March,
foon after thofe of the fmall fort; they have an
agreeable fcent, not much unlike that of the flowers
of Hawthorn ; after the flower is paft, the mermen
which is fituated below the flower, fwells to a Pear-
fhaped capfule with three cells, inclofing feveral ob-
long feeds.
The leaves of this fort decay toward the end of
May, after which time the roots may be taken up
and tranfplanted, for they fhould not be long kept out
of the ground. It is propagated here by offsets, which
the roots put out pretty plentifully when they are in
a fituation agreeable for them, and when they .are not
too often removed. They fhould have a foft, gentle,
loamy foil, and an expofure to the eafl the roots
fhould be planted fix inches afunder, and four or five
inches deep, and muft not be tranfplanted oftener
than every third year.
The fecond fort is generally known by the title of
late, or tall Snowdrop ; this grows naturally in the
meadows near Pifa in Italy, in Hungary, and alfo near
Montpelier.
The root of this fort is nearly as large as thole of the
common Daffodil, and are very like them in fhape ;
the leaves alfo are not unlike thofe of the Daffodil, and
are more in number than thofe of the other fort ; they
are of a pale green, and keel-fhaped at the bottom,
where they fold over each other, and embrace the
ftalk, which rifes a foot and a half high ; at the top is
fituated a fpatha (or fneach) which opens on one fide,
and lets out three or four flowers, which hang down-
ward, upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; thefe are cut into
fix oval concave fegments almoft to the bottom, and
are of a clear white, with a large green tip to each
fegment, which is of a thicker confidence than any
other part of the petal; within are fituated fix
awl-fhaped ftamina, with oblong yellow fummits,
Handing ered round a very {lender ftyle, crowned by
an obtufe ftigma. Thefe flowers appear the latter
end of April or the beginnning of May, and as all
flowers in each fheath do not come out together, but
following each other, fo there is a fucceffion of them
for three weeks or longer, in cool weather. The
flowers are fucceeded by large triangular feed-veffels,
having three cells, each containing two row's of feeds*
This fort is generally propagated in England by off-
fets, for the plants railed by feeds will not come to.
flower in lefs than four years ; and as the roots put
out offsets in plenty, fo that is the more expeditious
method. Thele roots may be treated in the fame
way as the firfl fort, and ftiould have a foft loamy
foil, and be expofed only to the morning fun, where
they will flower ftronger, and continue longer in
beauty, than when they are in an open fituation,
though they will thrive in almoft an y foil or fituation.
LEUCOJUM INCANUM. I See Cheiran-
LEUCOJUM LUTEUM. $ THUS.
LEUCOJUM BULBOSUM. See Galantkus,
LEVEL, a mathematical inftrument ferving to draw
a line parallel to the horizon, not only for vari-
ous ufes in mafonry, &c. but alfo to meafure the
difference of afcent and defcent between feveral
places, for the conveying of water, draining of
fens, &c.
A Water
LEV
A water Level Ihews the horizontal line, by means
of a furface of water, or other liquid, founded on
this principle. That water always naturally places it-
felf level.
The moft Ample inftrument for this ufe is made
of a long wooden trough, or canal, whofe fides are
parallel to its bafe, fo that, being equally filled with
water, the furface thereof £hews the line of Level.
This Level is alfo made with two cups fixed to the
two ends of a pipe three or four feet long, about an
inchin diameter ; by means whereof, the water coni'
municates from the one to the other cup, and this
pipe being moveable on its Hand, by means of a
ball and focket, when the two cups become equally
full of water, the two furfaces mark the line of Level.
Inftead of cups, this inftrument may be made with
two ftiort cylinders of glafs three or four inches long,
fattened to each end of the pipe with wax or maftich •,
then the pipe, being filled either with common or co-
loured water, will fhew itfelf through the cylinder, by
means of which the line of Level is determined, the
height of the water, with refpedt to. the center of
the earth, being always the fame in both cylinders.
This Level is very commodious in levelling fmall
diftances.
If you would level any piece of ground that you can
fee from fide to fide, or from the middle to any fide,
fet up your inftrument in the middle of it, whether it
be a water Level, or a ground Level with fights ;
place it fo high, that you may fee over the higheft part
of the ground half a foot or a foot ; then let up a
flake in the middle, fo that the top may be exabtly
level with the fights, and another ftake on the higheft
fide, the top of which mull be level with the middle
flake; then either turn the Level, or look-back fight,
and fet up another ftake on the lower ground level
with the two firft ; then you will have three Hakes
(landing in a Level.
Then keeping your Level true to the middle ftake,
turn it till it makes right angles with the three Hakes,
and fet up two flakes on each fide one Level with
thofe three, then you will have five ftakes in two lines
fet true level.
If the ground be large, you may fet up two rows
more by the Level, but five ftakes are enough in a
(mail ground.
When this is done, you may lay your Level afide,
and look over the head of one to the head of another,
and caufe the perfon who affifts you to put down
flakes between two and two, till you have fet as many
flakes lever in the ground as you think convenient ; or
you may ufe a rule, which being placed level with
the head of the ftake, you may look over that to the
head of the other, and put ftakes down between you
and the other ftake, to what number you pleafe.
The ground being thus flaked out with all the ftakes
heads level, and half a foot higher than the higheft
ground, in fome grounds the middle ftake, and the
ftakes in the crofs line, will be the Level line the
ground muft be brought to ; that is, abating the hill,
and filling up the low fide to the Level of the mid-
line. But if the ground be very uneven, then you
muft meafure over all the ftakes, and take them mid-
dle high for their mean of Level, and, by the rule
of three, proportion your ground to that.
As for inftance : If a valley be ten poles in length,
and two feet in depth from the ftrait line, and there
be a hill five poles long ; how many feet deep muft a
perfon fink thofe five poles to fill up the valley ?
This queftion may be refolved by the inverfe or back
rule of three, and will Hand thus : As 5 to 2, fo is
io to 4.
$ — — 2 - — -- 10
2
5)20(4
So that a perion muft go four feet deep in fuch a hill
to make good fuch a valley.
If you are to abut the top of the hill four feet deep,
L I C
and two poles from the top of that hill, thole four
feet are to come out.
To perform this, fet up a ftake on the top of a hill
two or three feet above ground, and another of the
fame height where the depth comes out, fet down a
ftake three rods from that, till the head comes t04.be
in a line with thefe two, and at that ftake you muft be
one foot deep. -
At fix poles ftake down another as before, and there
you muft be two feet deep : then ftake down another
at nine poles, and there you muft be three feet
deep, and you may fet more ftakes at equal dif-
tances, which will direct you fo as that you cannot
go amifs.
LEVITY is the privation or want of weight in 1 any
body, when compared with another which is heavier,
in which fenfe it is oppofed to gravity.
The fchoolmen maintain, that there is fuch a thing as
pofitive and ablblute Levity, and impute this to the
fife and emergency of bodies lighter in fpecie than
the fluids wherein they rife.
But, befides that the common fenfe of mankind dif-
covers, that Levity is only a relative term, we find
that all bodies tend towards the earth, fome flower,
and fome fafter, in all fluids or mediums, whether
water, air, &c.
Thus cork is faid to be lighter than gold, becaufe
under equal dimenfions of bulk the gold will fink in,
and the cork fwirn upon the water.
Archimedes has demonftrated. That a folid body
will float any where in a fluid of the fame lpecific
gravity, and that a lighter body will keep above a
heavier.
The reafori of this is, becaufe bodies falling towards
the earth, thofe which have a like number of equal
parts, have equal gravity, fince the gravity of the
whole is the fum of the gravity of all its parts.
Now, two bodies having an equal number of equal
parts, if under the fame dimenfions there are no inter-
vals deftitute of matter ; whence it follows, that as no
portion of matter is fo fmall, but that body wherein
it is contained may be wholly divided into parts
equally fmall, there can be no reafon for the defcent
of thefe, which will not hold equally for the defcent
of that.
Hence it may be concluded, that thofe bodies which
do not equally gravitate under the fame dimenfions,
do not contain the fame equal portions of matter, and
therefore when we fee, that a cube of gold fubfides in
water, at the fame time that an equal bulk of cork
fwims upon it, it is evident, that the gold muft have
a greater number of equal parts of matter under the
fame bulk than the cork, or the cork muft have a
greater number of vacuities than the gold, and that
there are alfo in the water a greater number of vacui-
ties than in the gold.
Hence we have a clear idea both of denfity or gravity,
and of Levity, and know, that in a ftridt fenfe the
latter cannot be accounted any thing pofitive, but a
mere negation, or abfence of body, which determines
that body to be lighter than another which contains
more matter.
LICHEN. Liverwort.
There being two forts of this plant which are ufed
in medicine, and one of thofe being accounted a fo-
vereign remedy for the bite of mad dogs, I thought it
would not be improper to mention them here, though
they are plants which cannot be propagated by any
method, except by paring up the turf of Grafs
whereon they grow, and laying it down on fome moift:
fhady place, where, if the turf takes root, and
thrives, the plants will fpread and do well.
The two Sorts are,
1. Lichen ( Petrous ) petrasus latifolius, five Hepa-
tic a fontana. C. B.. P. Common broad-leaved Liverwort ,
2. Lichen ( Officinarum ) terreftris cinereus. Raft Syn,
Aft- coloured Ground Liverwort .
The firft fort grows on the fidesof wells, and in moift,
lhady places, not only on the ground, but on ftones,
bricksj or wood. Of this there are feveral varieties,
7 Z yrhiclj
\
3 A
L I G
which arc diftinguifhed by the curious in botany ;
but as they are plants- of no ufe, I (hall hot enumerate
them.
The fecond fort (which is fifed to cure the bite of mad
dogs) grows on commons and open heaths* where the
Grafs is ihorc* and the ground alrnoft bare, in moft
parts of England,, efpecially on declivities, arid on the
fides of pits. This fpreads on the furface of the
ground, and, when in perfedion, is of an Afh-co-
lour, but as it grows old, it alters, and becomes of a
dark colour. This is often carried into gardens
with the turf which is laid for walks and dopes, and
where the foil is , moift and cool, it will fpread,
and be difficult to deftroy, fo that it renders the
Grafs unfighdy * but this is the only method yet
known to have it grow in gardens, where it is defired.
This is efteemed a fovereign remedy for the bite of
tnad dogs* and hath been for many years ufed \yith
great fuccefs. It was communicated to the Royal So-
ciety by Mr. George Dampier, whofe uncle had long
tiled this plant, to cure the bite of mad dogs on men
and animals, With infallible fuccefs. The method of
taking it he has delivered as followeth : 44 Take of the
Ci herb, and dry it either in an oven, by the fire, or
44 in the fun then powder it, and pafs it through a
64 fine fieve mix this vfith an equal quantity of fine
44 powdered pepper. The common dofe of this mix-
44 tiife is four fcruples, which may be taken in warm
ie milk, beer, ale, or broth.” He alfo advifes* that
the part bitten be well wafhed* as alfo the clothes of
the perfon who was bit, left any of the fnivel, or dri-
vel of the mad dog fhould remain. If the perfon bit-
ten be full grown, he advifes, that he be blooded be-
fore the medicine is taken, and to ufe the remedy as
foon after the bite as poflible, as alfo to repeat the
dofe two or three feveral mornings falling.
LIGHT is ufed in various fenfes: i. Sometimes it
fignifies that fenfation which is occafioned in the mind
by the view of luminous bodies;
2. For thofe properties in thofe bodies, whereby they
are fitted to excite thofe fenlations in us.
2. A certain adion of the luminous body on the me-
dium between that and the eye, by the means of
which the one is fuppofed to ad on the other, and this
is called feeondary Light, or derived Light, in diftinc-
tion to that of luminous bodies, which is called pri-
mary or innate Light.
As to the phenomenon of light, philofophers have
explained it leveral ways * Ariftotle by fuppofmg fome
bodies to be tranfparent, as air, water, ice, &c, The
Cartefians have confiderably refined upon this notion
of Light, and own, that Light, as it exifts in the lu-
minous body, is nothing elfe but a power or faculty
of exciting in us a very clear and vivid fenfation * and
Father Malebranche explains the nature of Light by
a fuppofed analogy between it and found, the latter
of which is allowed to be produced by the lhaking
or vibration of the infenfible parts of the fonorous
body.
But the greateft difcovertes into this wonderful phe-
nomenon have been made by Sir Ifaac Newton, that
the primary light confifts wholly in a certain motion
of the particles of the lucid body, whereby they do
not propel any fiditious matter fuppofed to be lodged
in the hidden pores of tranfparent bodies, but throw
off from the luminous body certain very fmall parti-
cles, which are emitted every way with great force.
Arid the feeondary or derived Light, not in a cona-
tus, but in a real motion of thefe particles receding
every way from the luminous body in right lines, and
with an incredible velocity.
For it has been demonftrated by Mr. Reaumur, from
the obfervation on the fatellites of Jupiter, that the
progrefs of Light from the fun to our earth is not
above ten minutes, and therefore, fince the earth is
at leaft 10,000 of its own diameters diftant from the
fan. Light muft run 10,000 of thofe diameters in a
minute, which is above 100,000 miles in a fecond.
And if a bullet, moving with the fame celerity with
which it leaves the muzzle of a cannon, requires
L I G
twenty-five years to pafs from the earth to the fun,, as
Mr. Huygens has computed * then the velocity of
Light will be to that of a cannon ball, as twenty-five
years is .to ten minutes, which is above 10,000 to 1 :
fo that the particles of Light move above a million
of times fwifter than a cannon ball, from which ra-
pidity of motion very ftrange effeds may be pro-
duced •, but Sir Ifaac Newton has ftiewn, paft con-
tradiction, that the Light of the fun is near feven mi-
nutes in its paffage to the earth, which is the fpace of
50,000,000, a velocity 10,000,000 times greater than
that wherewith a ball flies out of the mouth of a
cannon.
Sir Ifaac Newton alfo obfervfes, that bodies and Light
ad mutually on one another : bodies on Light, in
emitting, reflexing, refrading, and infleding it, and
Light on bodies, by heating them, and putting their
parts into a vibrating motion, wherein heat principally
confifts ; for he obferves, that all fixed bodies, when
heated beyond a certain degree, emit Light and fhine,
which fhining, &c. appears to be owing to the vi-
brating motion of the parts, and all bodies abounding
in earthy and fulphureous particles, if they be fuffi-
ciently agitated emit Light, which way foever the
agitation be effeded.
The fame great author obferves, that there are but
three affedions of Light wherein the rays differ, viz.
refrangibility, reflexibility, and colour * and thofe rays
which agree in refrangibility, agree alfo in the other
two, whence they may be well defined homogeneaL
Again, the colours exhibited by homogeneal Lights
he calls homogeneal colours, and thofe produced by
heterogeneal Light, heterogeneal colours* from which
definitions he advances feveral propofitions :
1. That the fun’s Light confifts of rays differing by
indefinite degrees of refrangibility.
2. That rays, which differ in refrangibility, when
parted from one another, do proportionably differ ift
the colours which they exhibit.
3. That there are as many Ample and homogeneal
colours, as there are degrees of refrangibility, for tot
every degreeof refrangibility belongs adifferentcolour.
4. Whitenefs, in all refpeds, like that of the fun’s
immediate Light, and of all the ufual objeds of our
fenfes, cannot be compounded of Ample colours, with-
out an indefinite variety of them, for to fuch a com-
pofition there are required rays endued with all the in-
definite degrees of refrangibility, which infer as many
Ample colours.
5. The rays of Light do not a6t one on another in
pafling through the fame medium.
6. The rays of Light do not fuffer any alteration of
their qualities from refradion, nof from the adjacent
quiefeent medium.
7. There can be no homogeneal colours produced
out of Light by refradion, which are nqt commixed
in it before, fince refradion changes not the qualities
of the rays, but only feparates thofe that have divers
qualities by means of their different refrangibility.
8. The fun’s Light is an aggregate of homogeneal
colours, whence homogeneal colours may be called
primitive or original.
Hence proceeds the whole theory of colours in plants
and flowers.
Thofe parts, v. g. which are the moft refrangible,
conftitute Violet colour, the dimmeft and moft lan-
guid of all colours.
And, on the contrary, thofe particles that are the
leaft refrangible, conftitute a ray or a red colour,
which is the brighteft and moft vivid of all colours 5
the other particles being diftinguifhed into little rays*
according to their refpedive magnitudes and degrees
of refrangibility, excite intermediate vibrations, and
fo occafion the fenfations of the intermediate colours.
See Sir Ifaac Newton’s Dodrine of Colours.
Perhaps thefe obfervations of Light may to fome
perfons feem foreign to the fubjed matter of this
book, yet, if thoroughly underftood might probably
be found very ufeful. The learned and curious en-
quirer into the bufmefs of vegetation, the Rev. Dr.
M Hales,
L I G
Hales, in his treatife on that -head, does, upon the
query put by Sir Ifaac Newton [“ Are not grofs bo~
“ dies and Light convertible into one another ? And
« may not bodies receive much of their adlivity
« from the particles of Light which enter their com-
« pofition ? The change of bodies into Light, and
« of Light into bodies, is very conformable to the
“ courfe of nature, which feems delighted with tranf-
« mutations, 55 ] add this query, “ And may not
« Light alfo, by freely entering the expanded fur-
« faces of leaves and flowers, contribute much to the
« ennobling the principles of vegetables ?”
That Light has been found to be of infinite fervice
- to the growth of vegetables, has been fully proved
by many experiments: i. By painting the walls of
the infi.de of a green-houfe black, whereby there will
be no refledted rays of Light, when the weather be-
comes fo cold, as that the fhutters to the windows
have been obliged to be kept fhut a few days, the
leaves of thofe plants which have been placed therein
have dropped off.
And plants which have been placed in dark rooms,
have been found to do the fame. The earthing up
plants to blanch them, whereby they become tender,
and better for ufe ; yet if thefe are not ufed, when
properly blanched, will foon decay : the like will
happen if plants are covered clofe, fo as no Light
can come to them, they will foon grow pale and
ficken, and afterward decay.
How much the fine racy flavour of fruits is owing
to Light is hard to fay, but from a few experiments
it appears, moft of their rich juices are beholden to
Light for their excellence ; therefore we may truly
aver, that Light is as neceffary to promote vegeta-
tion as for animal oeconomy.
LIGUSTICUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 323. tab.
171. Lin. Gen. Plant. 308. [takes its name of Ligu-
ria, becaufe this plant, in old time, grew in greateft
plenty near a river of Genoa) called Liguria.] Lo-
, yage ; in French) Liveche .
The Characters are,
'It hath an umbellated flower . The general umbel is com- '
fofled of fever al fmaller , which are alfo compofed of other
yet f nailer . The general umbel has an involucrum com-
pofed of fever unequal leaves. The periemthium of the
flower is indented in five parts , fitting upon the germen.
The flower hath five equal petals , which are inflexed at
their points , and keel-fhaped within. It hath five hairy
flamina , which are jhorter than the petals , terminated by
fmple fummits. The germen , which is ftuated under the
flower , fupports two fmple flyles, crowned by fmple flig-
mas. The germen afterward turns to an oblong fruit , di-
vided into two parts , which is angular and channelled ,
containing two oblong finooth feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedlion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which contains thofe plants
‘whofe flow'ers have five flamina and two flyles.
The Species are,
1. Ligusticum (. Levifiicum ) foliis multiplicibus, foiiolis
fuperne incifis. Hort. Cliff. 97. Lovage with many
leaves , whofe lobes are cut outward toward the top. Le-
vifiicum vulgare. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 275. Common
Lovage.
2. Ligusticum ( Scoticum ) foliis biternatis. Lin. Sp.
plant. 250. Lovage with double trifoliate leaves Li-
c fticun, Scoticum Apii folio. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
324. Scotch Lovage with a Smallage leaf.
3. Ligusticum ( Auflriacum ) foliis bipinnatis, foiiolis
confluentibus incifis integerrimis. Lin. Sp. 360. Lo-
vage with double winged leaves , whofe lobes run together ,
and have entire fegments. Ligufticum cicutre folio
giabrum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 323. Lovage with a
jmooth Hemlock leaf.
4. Ligusticum ( ’Lucidum ) foliis pinnatifidis, foiiolis li-
nearibus planis. Lovage with wing-pointed leaves , whofe
lobes are very narrow and plain. Ligufticum Pyrenai-
cum, foenicuii folio lucidum. Tourn. Inft. 324. Lo-
vage of the Pyrenees , with a Jhining Fennel leaf.
-g. Ligusticum fP eloponnafacum) foliis multiplicato-
pinnatisj foiiolis pinnatim incifis. Lin. Sp. 36. Lo-
L i G
vage with leaves many times winged , and lobes cut Hki
wings. Cicutarialatifolia fostida. C. B. P. 161. Broad-
leaved , finking , Baft dr d Hemlock \ . 1
The firft fort is the common Lovage of the (hops •„
this was formerly cultivated in the kitchen- gardens as
an efculent herb, but has been long difufed as iliehin
England. It grows naturally upon the Appenines,
and alfo near the river Liguria not far from Genoa ;
this hath a ftrong, flefhy, perennial root, which ftrikes
deep into the ground, and is compofed of many ftrong
flefhy fibres covered with a brown (kin, and .has a
ftrong; hot, aromatic fmell and tafte. The leaves are
large, winged, and compofed of many large lobes
fhaped like thofe of Smallage, but are larger, and of
a deeper green. The lobes toward the top are cut
into acute fegments. The ftalks rife to the height
of fix or feven feet •, they are large and channelled,
dividing into feveral branches, each being terminated
by a large umbel of yellow flowers, which are fuc-
ceeded by oblong ftriated feeds. It flowers in June
and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
This is eafily propagated by feeds, which ftiould be
fown in autumn foon after they are ripe *, for when
they are kept out of the ground till fpring, they fel-
dom grow the firft year ; when the plants come up
and are fit to remove, they may be transplanted into
a moift rich border, at about three feet diftance from
each other; and after they have taken new robt,
they will require no other care but to keep them
clean from weeds. The roots will abide many years,
and where the feeds are permitted to Latter, the plants
will come up without care.
The roots, leaves, and feeds of Lovage, are heating
and drying ; they warm and comfort the ftomach,
expel wind, and provoke urine.
The fecond fort grows naturally near the fea in many
parts of Scotland ; this hath a biennial root, but of
much lefs fize than the former ; the leaves are com-
pofed of broader and fhorter lobes, each leaf having
two or three trifoliate leaves, whofe lobes are in-
dented on their edges. The ftalk riles about a foot
high, fuftaining a frnail umbel of yellow flowers
on the top, fhaped like thofe of the former ; thefe
appear in June, and are fucceeded by oblong chan-
nelled feeds, which ripen in autumn. This plant
may be cultivated in the fame manner as the former.
The third fort grows naturally on the Alps ; this is
a perennial plant. The ftalks rife about two feet
high, and at every joint are bent alternately, firft to
one fide, then to the oppofite ; at every joint they
are garnifhed with doubly winged leaves, compofed
of fmall lobes which run into each other, and juft
above each leaf comes out a fide branch ; thefe, as
alfo the principal ftalks, are terminated by umbels of
white flowers, which appear in June, and are fuc-
ceeded by oblong channelled feeds, which ripen in
autumn.
The fourth fort grows naturally on the Pyrenean
Mountains ; this hath a biennial root. The leaves are
doubly winged. The lobes are very narrow, and
finely divided. The ftalks are ftrong, and rife a foot
and a half high, garnilhed with fhining winged leaves,
and are terminated by pretty large umbels of whitifh
flowers, which appear in J une, and the feeds ripen in
September.
The fifth fort grows naturally on the Peleponefian
Mountains ; this hath a very thick flefhy root like
that of Parfnep, which ftrikes deep in the ground.
The leaves are very large, being compofed of many
winged leaves, whofe lobes are cut into acute points ;
thefe are of a deep green, and, when bruifed, emit a
foetid, odour. The ftalks rife three or four feet high *
they are very large and hollow, like thofe of Hem-
lock, and fuftain at their top large umbels of yellowifti
flowers, in fhape of a corymbus ; thefe appear in June, ■
and are fucceeded by oblong channelled feeds which
ripen in autumn.
This has by feme perfons been thought to be the
Hemlock of the antients, their conjedtures being
founded upon the plant anfwering in many particu-
■ ' Jars
I.
/
L I G
lars to the defcription, and alfo from the polfonoiis
quality of this together with its fetid (cent * and as
this grows naturally in many parts of Aha, fo they
have been induced to believe it might be the fame
plant.
All thefe plants are preferved ih botanic gardens for
the lake of variety, but are feldom cultivated any
where elfe ^ they rife eafiiy from feeds, which fhould
be Town in autumn, and the plants afterward treated
in the fame way as the firft ^ they love a moiil foil
and a fhady fituation,
LI GUST RUM. Tourn.Inft. R. H. 596. tab. 367.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 18. Privet ; in French, Troene „
The Characters are,
. * The , flower has a firnU tubular empalement , cut at the
top into four obtufe fegments . It hath one funnel-jhaped
petal , with d cylindrical tube cut, into four oval fegments
at ' the top , which fpread open . It hath two flamina
which fiand oppofite , terminated by eretl fummits which
are the length of the tube of the petals and one roundijh
germen fup porting a Jhort fiyle , crowned by an obtufe bi-
fid fiigma. The germ&n afterward turns to a fmooth roknd
berry with one cell y inclofing two oblong feeds , flat on one
fide , but convex on the other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus's fecond clafs, which includes thole plants
whofe flowers have two ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are*
1. Ligustrum ( Vulgare ) foiiis lanceolato-ovatis obtufis.
Privet with fpear-Jhaped , oval , obtufe leaves. Liguf-
trum Germanicum. C. B. P. 475. The common Privet.
2. Ligustrum ( Italicum ) foiiis lanceolatis acutis. Pri-
vet with fpear-Jhaped leaves. Liguftrum foiiis majo-
ribus & magis acuminatis toto anno folia retinens.
Pluk. Aim. 217. Privet with larger and more acute-
pointed leaves , which continue all the year , commonly
called the Italian ever-green Privet.
The firft fort grows common in the hedges in moft
parts of England, where it rifes fifteen or fixteen feet
high, with a woody ftem, covered with a fmooth gray
bark, fending out many lateral branches which are
garnifhed with fpear-fhaped, oval, fmooth leaves,
ending with obtufe points •, they are placed by pairs
oppofite, fitting clofe to the branches, and are of a
dark green. The flowers are produced in thick fpikes
at the end of the branches ; they are white, with one
tubular petal cut at the top into four parts, which
fpread open. Thefe come out in June, and are fuc-
ceeded by fmall round black berries, which ripen in
the autumn ; each of thefe contain two feeds. The
leaves of this fort frequently remain green till after
Chriftmas, when they alter their colour and fall off.
There are two varieties of this fort, one whofe leaves
are variegated with white, and the other hath leaves
variegated with yellow ; but in order to preferve
thefe varieties, they ftiould be planted in poor land ;
for if they are in a rich foil, they will gro\^ vigorous
and foon become plain.
The other fort grows naturally in Italy •, this rifes
with a ftronger ftalk than the former, the branches
are lefs pliable and grow more ered 5 their bark is of
a lighter colour ; the leaves are much larger, and end
in acute points •, they are alfo of a brighter green,
and continue upon the fhrubs in verdure, till they are
th ruff off by the young leaves in the fpring, as the
Phillyrea and moft other Evergreens do^ fo that it is
undoubtedly a diftind lort, though many have fup-
pofed they were the fame. The flowers of this are
rather lafger than thofe of the common fort, and are
not. often fucceeded by berries in this country.
The leaves and flowers of the firft fort are ufed in
medicine ; they are reckoned to be cooling, drying,
and reftringent, good for ulcers and inflammations of
the mouth and throat, bleeding of the gums, and re-
laxation of the uvula.
This fhrub is frequently cultivated in the nurferies
near London, to furniffi the fmall gardens and balco-
nies in the city, it being one of the few plants which
will thrive in the fmoke of London , but although it
will li ve forne years in the clofe part of the town, yet
L I G
it feldorn produces flowers there after the firft year,
unlefs it is in feme open places, where there is a free
air. In the country, the leaves of this plant will con-
tinue green great part of the winter. " It flowers in
June, and the berries ripen in autumn, which gene-
rally hang upon the branches till Chriftmas.
The Italian fort is now generally preferred to the
common fort for planting in gardens, the leaves be-
ing larger and continuing green all the year, renders
it more valfiable ; and being fo hardy as to refill the
greateft cold in this country, it may be planted in
any fituation where the common fort will thrive. I
have frequently planted it under the dropping of
large trees, where I find it will thrive better than moil
other Ihrubs.
I cannot but think this fort which is the moft com-
mon in Italy, is the Liguftrum mentioned by Virgil
in the fecond Eclogue : and my reafon for it is, mat
as the flowers of this fhrub are of a pure white, but
fall off very foon, they are by no means Proper to ga-
ther for garlands, &c. and the berries being of a fine
black colour, and continuing long upon the plants,
make a fine appearance. To confirm that thefe ber-
ries were gathered for life, we find in feveral authors
of undoubted. credit, that they were ufed in dyeing, as
alfo that the belt ink was made of thefe berries.
Befides, is it not much more reafonable to fuppofe,
that Virgil would rather draw his conriparifon from the
flowers and fruit of the fame plant, when he is warn-
ing the youth not to truft to his beauty, than to men-
tion two different plants, as has been generally fup-
pofed ? for here are the white flowers of the Privet ap-
pearing early in the fpring, which is an allufion to
youth 5 but thefe are of fhort duration, foon falling
away ; whereas the berries, which may be applied to
mature age, are of long continuance, and are ga-
thered for ufe.
Thefe plants are eafiiy propagated by laying down
their tender flioots in autumn, which in one year’s
time will be rooted enough to tranfplant ; when they
may be removed to the places where they are defigned
to remain, or planted in a nurfery for two or three
years, where they may be trained for the purpefes
defigned.
They are alfo propagated by fuckers, which thefe
plants fend forth in great plenty ; but thefe are too
apt to put out a great number of fuckers from
their roots, fo are not eafiiy kept within bounds ;
nor do the plants rife fo high as thofe which are
propagated by layers, therefore this method fhould
be preferred.
They may alfo be propagated by cuttings, which, if
planted in the autumn on a lhady border and in a
loamy foil, will take root very freely, and may be af-
terward treated in the fame way as the layers.
But the ftrongeft and beft plants, are thofe which are
raifed from feeds indeed, this is a much more tedi-
ous method than the other, fo is feldom pradiied,
for the feeds generally lie a year in the ground before
they vegetate ; therefore, whoever would propagate
the plants in this method, fhould gather the berries
when ripe, and put them into a pot with fand be-
tween them, and bury the pot in the ground, as is
pradifed for Holly berries and Haws ; and after they
have laid a year in the ground, take them up in the
autumn, and fow them on a border expofed to the
eaft, where the plants will come up the following
fpring, and thefe will make great progrefs after they
have gotten feme ftrength, fo will grow upright, and
not fend out fuckers like the other.
Formerly thefe plants were greatly in ufe for hedges,
but fince fo many others of great beauty have been
introduced, which are much preferable to thefe' for
fuch purpofes, they have been entirely rejeded, the
trouble of keeping them in order being very great ;
nor are the hedges made with them ever fo thick and
handfome, as thofe made with divers other plants.
The two variegated kinds are pretty varieties amongft:
other ftriped fhrubs. Thefe may be propagated by
budding, op inarching thepi upon the plain fort, as
alfo
I
L I L
alfo by laying down their branches ; but as they fel-
dcm fhoot fo fall, as to produce any branches pro-
per for layers, the other method is chiefly ufed. The
filler ftriped fort is fomewhat tenderer than the plain,
but will endure the open air, if planted in a dry foil
and in a warm fituation.
LILAC. See Syringa.
LILIASTRUM. See Hemerocallts.
L I L I O-A SPHODELUS. See Hemerocallis
and Crinum.
L I L I O-F R FT I LLA R I A. See Fritillaria.
L I L I O-H YACINTHUS. See Scilla.
L I L I O-N ARCISSUS. See Amaryllis.
L ILIUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 369. tab. 191. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 371. [takes its name of fmooth,
poliflied, becauie its leaves are, as it were, polifhed •,
or of a Bipci/, which fignifies the fame thing,] the Lily - 3
in French, Lis.
The Characters are,
The flower has no empalement ; it hath fix petals , which
are narrow at their bafe , but are broad , obtufle , and re-
fexed at their points. The flower is of the open bell-
fhape , the petals are thick, obtufle, and keel-Jhaped •, on
their back each petal has a narrow longitudinal nelia-
rium at their bafe. It hath fx fiamina which are ere II
and foorter than the petals , terminated by oblong profir ate
fumrnits, with a cylindrical oblcng germen having fix flur-
rows , Jupporting a cylindrical fiyle the length of the pe-
tals , crowned by a thick triangular fiigma. The germen
aft exward' becomes an oblong capfule with fx rough fur-
rows hollowed at the top, having three cells which are
filed with flat half round feeds , lying above each other in a
double order.
This genus of plants is ranged in the Hrft fediion of
Lihnaeu's’s fixth clafs, which includes thole plants
whole flowers have fix fiamina and one flyle.
The Species are,
1. Lilium ( Candidum ) foliis fparfis, corollis campanu-
latis ereuds, intus glabris. Hort. Cliff. T20. Lily with
fparfed leaves , and a bell-Jhaped erelt flower which is
fmooth within. Liiium album, fiore eredlo & vul-
gare. C. B. P. 76. Common white Lily with an erelt
flower.
2. Lilium ( Peregrinurn ) foliis fparfis, corollis campa-
nulatis cernuis, petalis bafi anguflioribus. Lily with
fparfed leaves , and a bell f japed nodding flower , whofe pe-
tals are narrower at their bafe. Lilium album, flori-
bus dependentibus, five peregrinum. C. B. P. 76.
White foreign Lily with pendent flowers.
3. Lilium ( Bulhifenm ) foliis fparfis, corollis campa-
nula^ eredlis, intus fcabris. Plort. Cliff. 120. Lily
with fparfed leaves , and an erelt beU-JBaped flower , rough
within. Lilium purpureo-croceum majus. C. B. P.
76. Greater Lily with a purple Saffron-coloured flower,
commonly called Orange Lily.
4. Lilium ( Humile ) humile, foliis linearibus fparfis,
corollis campanulatis eredtis, caule bulbifero. Dwarf
Idly with narrow fparfed leaves, erelt bell-Jhaped flowers ,
and a fialk bearing bulbs. Liiium bulbiferurn minus.
C. B. P. 77. Smaller bulb -bearing Lily , by florae called
the fiery Lily.
5- Lilium (. Pomponium ) foliis fparfis fubulatis, floribus
reflexis, corollis revoltuis. Hort. Cliff 120. Lily with
awl-f japed fparfed leaves end reflexed flowers, whofe pe-
tals arc turned backward. Lilium rubrum anguftifo-
liiim. C. B. P. 78. Narrow-leaved red Lily or Martagon.
6 . Lilium ( Angufifolium ) foliis linearibus fparfis, pe-
dunculis longifumis. Lily with narrow fparfed leaves ,
and very long foot-folks to the flowers. Lilium brevi
& gramineo folio. C. B. P. 79. Lily with a Jhort Grafs
leaf, commonly called Martagon of Pompony,
7. Lilium ( Chalcedonicum ) foliis fparfis lanceolatis, flo-
ribus reflexis, corollis revolutis. Hort. Cliff. 120.
Lily with fparfed fpear-fbaped leaves , and reflexed flowers
whofe petals turn backward. Lilium Byzantinum mi-
niatum. C. B. P. 78. Lily oj Byzantium with a carmine
flower, commonly called the fcarlet Martagon.
8. Lilium ( Superbum ) foliis fparfis lanceolatis 1 , floribus
pyramidatis reflexis, corollis revolutis. Lily with fpar-
fed fpeW-Jhaped leaves , and pyramidal reflexed flowers ,
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whofe petals turn backward. Martagon multis & mag-
nis floribus Iuteis alios fnperans. Suvert. Icon. PI. 57,
The great yellow Martagon.
9. Lilium ( Martagon ) foliis verticillatis, floribus re-
flexis, corollis revolutis. Hort. Cliff. 120. Lily with
leaves growing in whorls , and reflexed flowers whofe pe-
tals turn backward. Lilium floribus reflexis monta-
nurn. C. B. P.77. Mountain Lily with re flexed flowers,
commonly called purple Martagon.
10. Lilium ( Hirfutum ) foliis verticillatis hirflitis, flori-
bus reflexis, corollis revolutis. Lily with hairy leaves
growing in whorls , and rej Hexed flowers whofe petals turn
backward. Lilium floribus reflexis alterum lanugine
hiriutum. C. B. P. 718. Another Lily with, reflexed
flowers which is hairy and downy, commonly called the red
Martagon.
11. Lilium ( Canadenfle ) foliis verticillatis, floribus re-
flexis corollis campanulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 303. Lily
with leaves growing in whorls , and reflexed ' bell-JJjaped
flowers. Lilium, fo. martagon Canadenfe rriactilatum.
Mor. Hill. 2. p. 408. Lily , or Martagon of Canada with
[potted flowers.
12. Lilium ( Campfchatenfe ) foliis verticillatis, floribus
ereftis, corollis campanulatis. Ameers. Acad. 2. p.
34.8. Lily with leaves growing in whorls , and an erect
bell-Jhaped flower.
13. Lilium ( Philadelphicum ) foliis verticillatis brevibus,
CGrollis campanulatis, unguibus petalorum anguMo-
ribus, floribus ereftis. Icon. tab. 165. Lily with very
Jhort leaves growing in whorls , and bell-Jhaped flowers
whofe petals are very narrow at their bafe.
There is a greater variety of Martagons* than are
here mentioned, but as they are fuppofed to be only
accidental arifing from culture, fo I thought it would
be to little ptirpofe to infert them here •, therefore I
ffiall only give their common titles hereafter.
The common white Lily is fo well known as to need
no defoription this grows naturally in Paleftine and
Syria, but h,as been long cultivated in all the gardens
of Europe. It is fo hardy that no froft ever injures
the roots in England, and it propagates fo faff by off-
fets from the roots, that it is become fo common as to
be little regarded, though there is great beauty in the
flowers, and they emit an agreeable odour. Of this
fort there are the following varieties :
The white Lily ftriped with purple.
The white Lily with variegated leaves.
The white Lily with double flowers.
Thefe are varieties which have accidentally rifen
from culture ; the fort with variegated flowers has not
been in England much more than thirty-five years,
but is now very common in moft of the gardens, and
is by fomeperfons efteemed for the variety of its pur-
ple ftripes ; but as the pure white of the flower is
ftained by the purple, fo as to appear of a dull co-
lour, therefore many prefer the common white Lily.
The fort with variegated leaves is chiefly valued for
its appearance in winter and fpring, for as the leaves
come up early in the autumn, which fpread themfelves
flat on the ground, and being finely edged with broad
yellow ftripes, they make a pretty appearance during
the winter and fpring months. The flowers are the
fame as thofe of the common fort, but appear earlier
in fummer, which may be occafioned by the roots be-
ing weaker than thole of the plain fort, for all varie-
gated plants are weaker than thofe which are plain.
Thewdiite Lily with double flowers is lefs valuable
than either of the other, becaufe their flowers never
open well, unlefs they are covered with glaffes to
fhelter them from the rain and dew, fo often rot with-
out expanding. Thefe flowers have none of the agree-
able odour Which the Angle fort is valued for, even
when they open the faireft 5 for as by the multiplicity
of petals in the flowers, the parts of generation are
deftroyed, fo there is a want of the fecundating pow-
der from whence the odour is font out.
The roots, leaves, and .flowers of the common white
Lily are ufed in medicine ^ the roots are frequently
ufed to foften, ripen, and digeft tumours and hard
fwellings. Matthiolus fays, that the diftilled water
8 A of
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of the flowers, is properly and fuccefsfully given to
women in hard labour ; and the diftilled water of the
leaves is of great ufe in diftempers of the lungs.
The white Lily with dependent flower's, was origi-
nally brought from Conftantinople. This is by fome
fuppofed to be only a variety of the common fort, but
is undoubtedly a cl ill in et fpecies ; the ftalk is much
flenderer than the common, the leaves are narrower
and fewer in number-, the flowers are not quite fo
large, and the petals are more contracted at their
bale ; thele always hang downward, whereas thefe of
the common fort grow eretft. The ft a Iks of this kind
fometimes are very broad and flat, and appear as if
two or three were .joined together ; when this hap-
pens, they fuftain from fixty to a hundred flowers,
and fometimes more ; this has occafloned many to
think it a different fort, who have mentioned this
with broad {talks and many flowers as a diftinct fpe-
des, though it is accidental, for the fame root fcarce
ever produces the fame two years.
Thele forts are eafily propagated by offsets, which
the roots fend out in io great plenty, as to make it
neceffary to take them off every other, or at moft
every third year, to prevent their weakening the prin-
cipal roots. The time for removing the roots is at
the end of Auguft, foon after the ftalks decay, for if
they are left longer in the ground, they will foon put
out new fibres and leaves, when it will be improper
to remove them, becaufe that will prevent their
flowering the following fummer. They will thrive in
almoft any foil or fituation, and as they grow tall
and fpread, fo they muft be allowed room therefore
in ftp all gardens they take up too much fpace, but in
large borders they are very ornamental.
The common Orange or red Lily, is as well known in
the Englifh gardens as the white Lily, and has been
as long cultivated here. This grows naturally in
Auftria and fome parts of Italy. This fort multiplies
very fail by offsets from the roots, and is now fo
common, as to be almoft rejected ; however, in large
gardens thefe fliould not be wanting, for they make
a good appearance when in flower, if they are pro-
perly dilpofed. Of this fort there are the following
varieties :
The Orange Lily with double flowers.
The Orange Lily with variegated leaves.
The fmaller Orange Lily.
Thefe varieties have been obtained by culture, and
are preferved in the gardens of florifts. They all
flower in June and July, and their ftalks decay in Sep-
tember, when the roots may be tranfplanted, and their
offsets taken off, which fhould be done once in two
or three years, otherwife their bunches will ‘be too
large, and the flower-ftalks weak. This doth not
put out new leaves till toward fpring, fo that the
roots may be tranfplanted at any time after the ftalks
decay till near Chriftmas. It will thrive in any foil or
fituation, but will be ftrongeft in a foft gentle loam
not too moift.
The bulb-bearing fiery Lily feldom rifes much more
than half the height of the former •, the leaves are nar-
rower, the flowers are fmaller, and of a brighter
flame colour ^ they are few in number, and ftand
more erect. Thefe come out a month before the
common fort, and the ftalks put out bulbs at moft of
the joints, which, if taken off, when the ftalks de-
cay, and planted, will produce plants, fo that it may
be propagated in plenty. There are feveral varieties
of this, which are mentioned as diftinft fpecies, but
are fuppofed to have been produced by culture.
Thefe are,
The greater broad-leaved bulb-bearing Lily.
The many-flowered bulb-bearing Lily.
The fmall bulb-bearing Lily.
The hoary bulb-bearing Lily.
All thefe forts of Lilies will thrive under the (hade
of trees, fo may be introduced in plantations, and on
the borders of woods, where they will have a good
effedt during the time they are in flower.
There is a great variety of the Martagon Lily*,
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thefe differ from the common Lilies, in having their
petals renexed backward, in form of a Turk’s turbant,
from whence many give them the title of Turk’s Gap.
In the gardens of the florifts, particularly thofe . in
Holland, they make a great variety of thefe flowers,
amounting to the number of thirty or upward but
in the Englifh gardens, I have not obferved more
than half that number, and moft of thefe are acci-
dentafe for thofe before enumerated, are all that I think
may be fuppofed fpecifically different. However, for
the fake of luch as are curious in colledting thefe forts
of flowers, I fhall here mention all thofe varieties
which are to be found in the Englifh gardens. \
The common Martagon with double flowers.
The white Martagon.
The double white Martagon.
The white fpotted Martagon.
The Imperial Martagon.
The early fcarlet Martagon.
The Conftantinople Vermillion Martagon.
The common Martagon with red flowers, which is
the fifth fort before enumerated, has very narrow
leaves, growing without order. The {talk rifes near
three feet high, fuftaining at the top eight or ten
bright red flowers, which ftand at a diftance from
each other. Thefe appear in June, and the ftalks de-
cay in Auguft, foon after which time the roots may
be tranfplanted.
The fixth fort is called Martagon of Pompony •, the
ftalks of this rife higher than thofe of the former, the
leaves are fhorter, and fet clofer upon the ftalks e^ch
of thefe ftalks fuftain from fifteen to thirty flowers.,
of a very bright red, approaching to fcarlet. The
foot-ftalks of the flowers are very long, fo that the
head of flowers fpreads out very wide ; thefe hang
downward, but their petals are reflexed quite back.
This flowers foon after the fifth fort.
The feventh fort is commonly known by the title of
Scarlet Martagon this rifes with a ftalk from three
to four feet high the leaves are much broader than
thofe of the former forts, and appear as if they were
edged with white ; they are placed very clofely upon
the ftalks, but without any order. The flowers are
produced at the top of the ftalk j they are of a bright
fcarlet, and are feldom more than five or fix in num-
ber. This flowers late in July, and in cool feafons
will continue in beauty great part of Auguft.
The eighth fort rifes with a ftrong ftalk from four
to five feet high, garnifhed with leaves as broad as
thofe of the laft mentioned, which ftand without or-
der i the flowers are produced in form of a pyramid,
on the upper part of the ftalk. When the roots of
this kind are ftrong, they produce forty or fifty
flowers upon each ftalk ; they are large, of a yellow
colour, fpotted with dark fpots, fo make a fine ap-
pearance ; but the flowers have fo difagreeable ftrong
fcent, that few penfons can endure to be near them,
which has occafioned their being thrown out of moft:
Englifh gardens. This flowers the latter end of June.
The ninth fort is frequently called the Purple Marta-
gon, though in moft of the old gardens it is known
Amply by the title of Turk’s Cap. This rifes with a
ftrong ftalk from three to four feet high, garnifhed
by pretty broad leaves, which ftand in whorls round
the ftalk, at certain diftances. The flowers are of
a dark purpliih colour, with fome fpots of black ; they
are produced in loofe fpikes on the top of the ftalks.
This flowers in June the flowers of this fort have a
very difagreeable odour when near, but it is not fo
offenfive as the former fort.
The tenth fort is very like the former, but the leaves
are narrower * the whorls ftand farther afunder, the
leaves and ftalks are fomewhat hairy, and the buds
of the flowers are covered with a foft down : the
flowers are of a brighter colour with few fpots, and
come out earlier in the fummer, though the ftalks ap-
pear much later above ground. This flowers early in
June, and the ftalks decay in Auguft.
The eleventh fort is commonly called the CanadaMar-
tagon, as it was ftrft brought to Europe from thence,
bu;
L I L
but it grows naturally in moft parts of North Ame-
rica. The roots of this are oblong and large,' made
up of fcales like the other forts j the ftalks rife from
four to five feet high, garnifhed with oblong pointed
leaves placed in whorls round the ftalk. The fiowers
are produced toward the top of the fialk ; they are
large, of a yellow colour, fpotted with black, which
are fhaped like the flowers of the Orange Lily ; the
petals of them are not turned backward fo much as
thole of the other forts of Martagon. This flowers
the beginning of Auguft, and when the roots are
large, the ftalks have a good number of fiowers, fo
make a fine appearance. There are two varieties of
this, one with larger and deeper coloured fiowers
than the other, but they are fuppofed to have acci-
dentally come from feeds.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in North America,
and is alfo mentioned to grow at Camplchatfki. This
hath eredt flowers fhaped like thole of the Canada
Martagon, but the petals of this are oval, not nar-
rowed at their bafe as are thofe, and fit clofe to the
foot-ftalk ; the fiowers are of a deeper colour, and
not fo much fpotted as the other fort. It fiowers in
July, and the Italics decay in the autumn.
This for t is at prefent rare in England, being in very
few gardens. It was fent me a few years ago from Ma-
ryland, but after it had flowered the root perifhed.
The thirteenth fort was fent me from Penfylvania by
Mr. John Bartram, who found it growing naturally in
that country. The root of this is fmaller than thofe
of the other forts ; it is fo aly and white , in the lpring
it fends out one upright ftalk near a foot and a half '
high the leaves come out in whorls round the ftalks,
at diftances •, they are Ihort, pretty broad, and have
obtufe points. The ftalk is terminated by two flowers
which ftand eredt, upon Ihort feparate foot-ftalks ;
they are fhaped like the flowers of the bulb-bearing
fiery Lily, but the petals are narrower at their bafe, fo
that there are fpaces between each, but upward they
enlarge and join, forming a fort of open bell-fhaped
flower •, their petals are fpear-lhaped, fo are con-
tradled at the top, where they terminate in acute points.
The flowers are of a bright purple colour, marked
with feveral dark purple fpots toward their bafe. In
the center of the flower is fituated a fix- cornered ger-
men, fupporting a ftrong ftyle, crowned by a three-
cornered ftigma *, round this are fituated fix awl-
Ihaped ftamina, terminated by oblong proftrate fum-
mits •, thefe are a little fhorter than the ftyle. The
germen afterward turns to an oblong capfule with
three angles, blunt at the top, divided into three
cells, filled with flat feeds lying over each other. It
fiowers in July, and the feeds ripen the latter end of
September.
This fort is at prefent very rare in the Englifli gar-
dens, but as it has ripened feeds the laft feafon here,
fo it may in a few years become very common. As
this fort grows in a fmail compafs, and the flowers
have no ill fcent, it is proper furniture for the bor-
ders of fmail gardens. The ftalks of this decay foon
after the feeds are ripe, when it will be a proper time
to remove the roots, for thefe do not put out new
fibres till after Chriftmas. The roots of this kind
do not put out many offsets, fo that unlefs it is
propagated by feeds, it cannot be increafed in any
plenty.
All the forts of Martagon may be propagated by
offsets from the roots, in the fame way as the com-
mon Lily, which fome of the forts produce in as great
plenty •, but there are others which fend out very few
offsets, which occafion their prefent fcarcity. The
roots of all the forts of Martagon may be fafely taken
up when their ftalks decay •, and if there is a neceflity
for keeping the roots out of the ground, if they are
wrapped in dry Mofs, they will keep perfedlly well for
two months fo that if the roots are to be tranfported
to a cliftant place, this precaution of wrapping them
up is neceffary ^ but where they are to be planted in
the fame garden, there will be no occafion for this,
elpecially if they are not kept too long out of the
L I L
■ ground ; for if the place is ready to receive the foots,
they fhould be planted the beginning of G&ober •, fo
if the roots are put in a dry cool place, they 'will keep
very good without any further care % but if the ground
is not ready to receive them till later in the year, then
it will be proper to -cover the roots with dry faftd, or
wrap them In Mofs to exclude the air, which, if tfiey
are much expofcd to, will caufe their fcales to fh rink,
which weakens the roots, often caufing a mouldinefs,
and is fo met hues the occafion of their rotting.
Thefe roots fnould be planted five or fix inches deep
in the ground, especially if the foil is light and dry p
but where the ground is rnoift, it will be proper to
raife the borders in which thefe are to be planted, five
or fix inches above the level of the furface of the
ground •, for if the water rifes fo high in winter as to
come near the roots, it will caufe them to rot •, and
where the foil is naturally Itiff and fubject to bind,
there fhould be a good quantity of fea-coal aihes or
rough fand, well mixed in the border, to feparate the
parts, and prevent the ground from binding in the
fpring, otherwife the roots will not fend, up very
ftrong ftalks, nor will they make fo-good iticreafe.
As the Canada Martagon, the Martagon of Pompony,
and the laft fort, are fornewhat tenderer than the
others, fo if in very fevere winters the furface of the
ground over them is covered with old tanners bark or
fea-coal allies, it will be a good way to fecure them
from being injured by the froft; and in the fpring
the covering may be removed, before the roots Shoot
up their ftalks.
The tall growing forts of thefe are only proper for
large gardens, fo they may be- intermixed with the
white and Orange Lilies, the tall growing Irifes, and
other fiowers of the fame growth j where, if they are
not too much crowded, and are properly difpofed, they
will make a good appearance ; and as they flower one
after another, fo they may be difpofed according to
their feafons of flowering. There are fome of the
common Martagons hardy enough to thrive under the
Ihade of trees, fo they may be difpofed in wildemefs
quarters, with the common fort of Lilies, where they
will have a good effeft.
The roots of all thefe kinds muff never be tranf-
planted after they have made any fhoots, for that will
fo much weaken them (if it does not entirely kill
them) as not to be recovered in lefs than two or three
years, as I have experienced to my cofi: •, for being
obliged to remove a fine collection of thefe roots early
in the fpring, I loft a great part of them, and the
others were long recovering their ftrength.
All the forts of Lilies and Martagons may be propa-
gated by fowing their feeds, by which method fome
new varieties may be obtained, provided the feeds
are faved from the beft forts ; efpecially the Marta-
gons, which are more inclinable to vary than the
other Lilies. The manner of fowing them is as
follows :
You mult be provided with fome fquare boxes about
fix inches deep, which fhould have holes bored in their
bottoms to let the wet pafs off : thefe boxes fhould be
filled with frefh light fandy earth, and in the begin-
ning of October, foon after the feeds are ripe, you
muft fow them thereon pretty thick, covering them
over with light fifted earth about half |3n inch , then
place the boxes where they may have the morning
fun only, obferving if the feafon fhould prove dry, to
refrefh them often with water, as alfo to pull out all
weeds which may be produced. In this fituation the
boxes fhould remain until the beginning of November,
when you muft remove them where they may have as
much fun as poflible, as alfo be fcreened from the
cold north and eaft winds during the winter feafon ;
but in the fpring of the year, about the beginning
of April, you muft remove the boxes into their for-
mer pofition ; for now the young plants will appear
above ground, which are impatient of too much
heats befides, the earth in the boxes will dry too
faft at this feafon, if expofed to the full fun at noon.
You muft alfo obferve at fffis feafon to keep them
■ entirely
■»
t
L I L
entirely clear from weeds, as alfo to refrefh them
gently with water, if the feafon fhould prove dry,
but this muft be done fparingly and with caution.
In this place you fhould let the boxes remain until
the beginning of Auguft at which time you fhould
prepare fome beds of the above mentioned frefh light
earth, which muft be levelled very even ; then take
the earth out of the boxes, together with the fhiall
bulbs, and ftrew it equally over the beds, covering it
over about half an inch thick with fine lifted earth ;
and if the feafon fhould prove very hot and dry, you
would do well to fhade the beds in the middle of the
day from the great heat of the fun, and refrefh them
now and then with water.
You muft alfo obferve to keep them entirely clear
from weeds, and if the following winter fhould prove
very cold, you muft cover the beds with Peas-haukn,
or fome other light covering, to keep out the froft,
which would prejudice the roots, if fuffered to enter
deep into the ground (efpecially while they are fo
young :) but you muft never let the covering remain
on in mild weather, which would alfo be very inju-
rious to them.
The end of February, or the beginning of March,
when the hard frofts are over, you Ihould gently
clear off the earth upon the furface of the beds (which,
during the winter feafon, will often have contracted
a moffinefs ;) and fift a little frefh earth equally
over the beds, which will greatly encourage the roots ;
but in doing this, you muft be very careful not to
ftir the ground fo deep as to difturb or injure the
roots nor fhould you defer doing it too late, left
the fhoots fhould be coming up, which, by this ope-
ration might be broken and greatly hurt ; and as the
feafon advances, you muft be careful to clear them
from weeds, and in dry weather to water them gently,
but they fhould not have it in great plenty ; and in
very hot days, if you fhade them from the fun, it will
be of great fervice to them ; but this need not be
done till the latter end of April or the beginning of
May, when the feafon is fometimes very hot and dry.
When their leaves are quite decayed, you fhould ftir
the furface of the beds again (but do not go too
deep) which will prevent the weeds from growing
very faft, and be of fervice to the roots ; and in Sep-
tember you muft fift fome more frefli earth over the
beds about half an inch thick, and in winter and
fpring you muft manage them as was directed for the
preceding year.
In September following thefe roots will require to be
tranfplanted to a greater diftance, when you muft pre-
pare fome beds of the fame frefh light earth as was
before directed, making them level then take up
the roots and tranfplant them into the beds, placing
them about eight inches afunder, obferving to put
the roots with their buds uppermoft, and about four
inches below the furface.
This work fhould be done when the weather is
moift, for if the roots are tranfplanted in a very dry
feafon, and there doth not happen rain foon after,
they will take a mouldinefs which many times rots
them.
You muft alfo obferve, as was before directed, to
keep the beds entirely clear from weeds j and in win-
ter, if the froft fhould be very fevere, you muft cover
them with Peas-haulm or decayed tan, to prevent the
roots from being injured thereby , and in the fpring
you fhould take off the covering, alfo the earth from
the furface of the beds, as before, laying fome frefh
thereon, and fo continue the fummer and winter’s
work, as before.
The fecond year after being planted in thefe beds,
the ftrongeft roots will begin to flower j at which time,
if you obferve any peculiar varieties, you Ihould put
down a flick by each of thefe roots to mark them ;
which may be taken up when their leaves are de-
cayed, and removed into the borders of the flower-
garden, or tranfplanted into other beds at a greater
diftance, to encourage them to flower ftrong. But
you cannot be fo gootj^a judge which of thefe will be
. LIL
good by their find flowers, therefore you fhould never
rejed any of them until they have, flowered two years •*
for many times, fome of thefe 'flowers- will make but
a mean appearance the firft year, and afterwards be-
come fair handfome flowers when they have obtained
ftrength , fo that you fhould luffer all fuch, of whole
worth you are not allured, to remain undifturbed two
years, that you may be afeertained which of them are
worth preferving ; thefe fhould be removed into the
flower-garden at a proper feafon, but ' the ordinary
ones may be rejected, or planted in ffhady outer walks,
where, though they are mean flowers, they will ap-
pear well enough.
LILIUM CON V ALLIUM. See Convallaria.
LILIUM PERSICUM. See Fritillaria,
LILIUM SUPERBUM. See Gloriosa. -
L I M E-T REE. See Tilia.
LIMODORUM. Flor. Virg. iio. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 904. Helleborine. Tourn. Lift. R. Iff. 436.
tab. 249. Baftard Hellebore.
The Characters are,
It hath a fingle naked flower-ftalk , arifrng immediately
from the root. The flowers have no emp dement , but a
flpatha {or jheath) fituated below them. The flovjcr is
comp of ed of five oval petals, which are MJfmilar. The
fide petals fpread open , but the two upper are connected
together the lower one is keel-Jhaped , fo that it has much
the appearance of a butterfly flower. Within the petals
■is fituated a concave netblarium of one leaf, which is as
long as the petals. It has two ft amino. , which are as long
as the petals., terminated by two oval fummits .. It hath
a column-jhaped germen fituated under the flower, which
is as long as the petals , flupporting a f ender ftyle , faftened
to the fltamina , crowned by a funnel-jhaped ftigrna. The
column-jhaped germen afterward turns to a capfule of the
farne form, opening with three valves , having one cell ,
in which are lodged four or jive roundijh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s twentieth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have but two ftamina, which are con-
neded with the ftyle.
We have but one Species of this genus at pre-
fent in England, viz.
Limqdorum ( Tuberofum ) foliis longis anguftis fulcatis
& acuminatis, pedunculis longiffimis. Limodorum with *
long narrow leaves ending in acute points, and a very long
foot-flalk to the flower. Helleborine Americana, ra-
dice tuberofa, foliis longis anguftis, caule nudo, fio-
ribus ex rubro pallide-purpurafcentibus. Martyn.
Cent. 1. PI. 50. Icon. tab. 165. American Baftard
Hellebore with a tuberofe root, long narrow leaves, a
naked ftalk, and flowers of a red and pale purplijh colour.
This plant grows naturally in Jamaica, elpecially on
the north fide of that iiland, from whence many of
the roots were fent me by the late Dr. Houftoun, with
the following title, Helleborine purpurea, tuberofa
radice. Plum. Cat. 9. fo that it is the fame plant with
Plumier’s. It alfo grows naturally in the French
Iflands of America. The roots of this were afterward,
brought me from the Bahama Iflands, w r here it was
found growing naturally ; and it was fince fent me
from Penfylvania, by Mr. John Bartram, who found
it growing naturally in that country.
The root of this plant is lhaped like that of the true
Saffron Crocus, but the outer cover is of a darker
brown colour j from this comes out two or three
leaves, according to the fize and ftrengthof the root ;
thefe are nine or ten inches long, and near three
quarters of an inch broad in the middle, being con-
traded toward both ends, terminating with long acute
points, folding over each other at their bale •, they
have five longitudinal furrows, like the firft leaves of
young Palms ; thefe leaves come out in the fpring,
and frequently decay the following winter ; but when
the plants are kept in a warm ftove, they are not very
long deftitute of leaves. The flower- ftalk arifes im-
mediately from the root, on one fide of the leaves - 3
this is naked, fmooth, and of a purplifh colour to-
ward the top. It is near a foot and a half high, and
terminated by a loofe fpike of purplifh red flowers,
ftanding
L I M
Handing upon Ihort foot-ftalks •, they are compofed
of five or fix petals, the two upper are conne&ed
together, forming a fort of helmet, the two fide pe-
tals expand like the wings of a butterfly flower, and
the lower forms a fort of keel. In the center of the
petals is fitnated a column-fiiaped germen, which
rifes from the bafe of the petals, fupporting a {len-
der ftyle, to which adhere two ftamina, terminated by
oval fummits, as the ftyle is by a funnel-fhaped Ang-
ina-, after the flowers are faded, the germen be-
comes a three-cornered column-fhaped c'apfule, with
one cell, opening with three valves, containing fe-
veral roundifh feeds, but ihefe feeds are rarely pro-
duced in England.
This plant is not conftant to any particular feafon of
flowering ; for fometimes it has flowered in April and
May, and in other years it has not flowered till Sep-
tember or Qdtober ; but the moffc ufual time of its
flowering is in June and July, when the flowers ap-
pear early in the fpring they are fucceeded by feed-
veffels, which fometimes ripen in this country.
There are feveral other fpecies of this genus men-
tioned by Father Plunder, but I have only feen one
more than this here mentioned, which had oval ob-
tufe leaves, furrowed in the fame manner as the
leaves of this fort, but were of a thicker confidence ;
the flowers of this I have not yet feen. The root was
fent me from Maryland, where it grew naturally in a
thicket.
The fort here defended is too tender to thrive in the
open air in England, and although with care it may
be preferved in a warm green-houfe, yet it feldom
flowers in fuch a fi Gnat ion ; lb that to have it in
perfection, it is necefifary to keep it in the tan-bed
in the ftove in winter ; and if in fummer the pots
are plunged in a tan-bed under a deep frame, the
plants will thrive, and flower as ftrong as in their
native foil.
It is propagated by offsets from the root, which are
fent out pretty freely when the plants are in vigour ;
thefe fhould be taken off, and the roots tranfplanted
■when they are the moft deftitute of leaves. The roots
fhould have a foft loamy foil, and muft have but little
water, efpecially in winter.
LIMODORUM. See Orchis.
LI MON. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 621. Citrus. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 807. [fo called of Adpuv, a meadow, becaufe the
leaves of this tree are of a green colour, as is likewife
the fruit before it comes to maturity.] The Lemon-
tree ; in French, Limonier.
The Characters are,
The flower is compofed of jive oblong thick petals , which
are a little concave , Jpreading open thefe fit in a fmall
empalzrnent of one leaf indented at fivep arts at the top.
It hath about ten or twelve ftamina , which are joined' in
three or four bodies , which are terminated by oblong fum-
mits. It hath an oval germen , fupporting a cylindrical
ftyle the length of the ftamina , crowned by a globular fum-
mit. The germen afterward becomes an oval fruit with
ajlefbyrind , inclofinga thin pulpy fruit with feveral cells,
each having two hard feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the flxth fe&ion of
Tournefort’s twenty-firft clafs, which includes the
trees and Ihrubs with a Rofe-fhaped flower, whofe
pointal becomes a fieftry fruit with hard dry feeds.
Dr. Linnaeus has joined the Citron, Orange, and Le-
mon together, making them only different fpecies of
the fame genus but if we admit of the fruit being
a chara&eriftic note to diffinguifli the genus, the
Limoh cannot be joined with the Orange, for the
Orange has a globular fruit, compreffed at both ends,
but the Limon has an oval fruit, prominent at the top,
and the latter hath not fo many cells as the former.
It is placed in the fecond fedion of Linnaeus’s
eighteenth clafs, which includes the plants whofe
flowers have about twenty ftamina joined in feve-
ral bodies.
The Species are,
1. Limon f Vulgaris) foliis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis,
fubferratis. Union-tree with oval , fpear-fhaped ', acute-
LIM
pointed leaves , which are little farmed, Limon vulgaris*
Ferr. Hefp. 193. The common Limon.
2. Limon ( Spinojmn ) foliis ovatis integris, ram is fub-
fpinofts. Limon with oval entire leaves , and branches
which are fomewhat fpiny. Limon aerjs. Ferr. Help,
331. The four Limon , commonly called Lime.
3. Limon ( Racemofum ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis -fubferra-
tis, frudu conglomerate. Limon with oval fpear-
fhaped leaves, which are fomewhat j, 'awed , and fruit
growing in cluftsrs. Limon frudu racemofo. Tourn.
Inft. R. PL 621. ‘Limon with fruit growing in lunches.
There are great varieties of this trait,' which are pre-
ferved in fome of the Italian gardens, and in both the
Indies there are feveral which have not yet been in-
troduced to the European gardens ; but thefe, like
Apples and Pears, may be multiplied without end from
feeds, therefore I fhall only mention the moil remark-
able varieties which are to be found in the Engiilli
gardens at prelent, as it would be to little purpofe to
enumerate all thofewhich are mentioned in the foreign
catalogues. 0
The Limon-tree with variegated leaves.
The fweet Limon.
The Pear-fhaped. Limon-.
The imperial Limon.
The Limon called Adam’s Apple,
The furrowed Limon.
The childing Limon.
The Limon with double flowers.
The common Limonand the fweet Limon are brought
to England from Spain and Portugal in great plenty,
but the fruit of the latter are'not much efteemed. The
Lime is not often brought to England, nor is that
fruit much cultivated in Europe, but in the Weft-
Indies it is preferred to the Limon, the juice being
reckoned wholefomer, and the acid is more agreeable
to the palate there are feveral varieties of this fruit
in the Weft-Indies, fome of which have a fweet juice,
but thofe are not greatly efteemed ; and as the inha-
bitants of thofe iflands do not propagate thefe fruits
by grafting or budding, being contented with fowing
their feeds, fo there is no doubt but a great variety of
them may be found by any perfon who is curious in
diftinguilhing them.
As I have never known the common Limon ever vary
to the Lime, when railed from feeds, nor the Lime
vary to the, Limon, I fuppofe they are fpecifically
different, for I have frequently railed both from feeds,
and have always found them continue their difference
in leaf and branch, for I never waited to fee their
fruit, as they were only defigned for ftocks, to bud
other forts into them.
The Pear-fhaped Limon is a fmall fruit with very
little juice, fo knot much propagated any where; the
curious, who have room and convenience for keeping
many of thefe trees, may prefer ve a plant or two of
this fort for the fake of variety.
The fruit of the Imperial Limon is fometimes brought
to England from Italy, but I do not remember to have
fe n any of this fort imported from Spain or Portu-
gal, fo that I fuppofe they are not much propagated
in either of thefe countries ; for the inhabitants of both
thofe fine countries are fo very incurious, efpeciaHy in
horticulture, as to truft almoft entirely to nature, that
the products of their gardens are inferior both in num-
bers and quality, to many other parts of Europe,
where the climate is much lefs favourable for thefe
productions. And in the article we are now upon,
there are many ftrong inftances of the flothfulnefs, or
incuriofity of the Portugueze particularly, for they
had many of the moft curious forts of Orange, Limon,
and Citron-trees, brought from the Indies to Portu-
gal formerly, which feemed to thrive almoft as well
there, as in their native foil, and yet they have not
been propagated ; there are a few trees of thefe forts
ftill remaining in fome negleded gardens near Lift
bon, almoft unnoticed by the inhabitants. As
there are alfo feveral curious trees and plants, which
were formerly introduced from both Indies, forne
of which thrive and produce fruit amidft the wild
8 B, bullies
L I M
bullies and weeds, with which tliofe gardens are J
fpread over.
All th'efe forts are propagated by budding or inarch-
ing them either on docks of Lemons or Citrons, pro-
duced from feeds, but they will not fo readily unite on
Orange docks, for which reafon the Citrons are pre-
ferable to either Oranges or Lemons for docks, as
they readily join with either fort, and being of larger
growth, caufe the buds of the other forts to fhoot
much dronger than if they were on docks of their
own kind. The method of raidng thefe docks, and
the manner of budding them, being already exhibited
under the article of Aurantium, it would be fuper-
fluous to repeat it here.
The culture of the Lemon being the fame with that
of the Orange-tree, it would be needlefs to repeat
it here , therefore I fhall only obferve, that the com-
mon Lemons are fo me what hardier than the Oranges,
and will bring their fruit to maturity with us better
than they will do, and require to have a greater fhare
of frefh air in winter ; for whish reafon, they fhould
always be placed nearer to the doors or windows
of the green-houfe ; and in fome curious gardens,
thefe trees have been planted againd walls, where,
by covering them with glades in winter, and pro-
tecting them from fevere frod, they have produced
plenty of lafge fruit : as thefe trees do generally pro-
duce dronger ihoots, they require more water to be
given them than the Orange ; but as to the tender
forts, they mud be treated with a little more care,
otherwife their fruit will fall in winter, and come to
nothing •, thefe things being fully exhibited before,
I refer the reader (as I hinted) to the article Auran-
tium, where their culture is fully fet forth.
LIMQNIUM. Tourn. Ind. R. H. 341. tab. 177.
Statice. Lin. Gen. Plant. 348. [takes its name of Ad-
l /.uv, a marfh, as growing in marihes.] Sea Lavender.
The Characters are,
Sthe flowers have an imbricated perianthium , rifling one
above another, Lhe flower is funnel-Jhaped , compofed of
five petals, which are narrow at their bafle , but are broad
am fpreading at the top. It hath five awl-Jhaped fla-
tnina which are Jhorter than the petals , crowned by profl-
trate fummits. It hath a flmall germen , fupporting five
fender ftyles , crowned by pointed fligmas. Lhe empale-
ment of the flower afterward becomes a capfule , flout clofle
at the neck , but expanded above where the feeds are lodged.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion of
Tournefort’s eighth clafs, which includes the herbs
with a Clove Gilliflower flower, whofe pointal be-
comes the feed inclofed in the empalement. Dr. Lin-
naeus has joined this genus to the Statice of Tourne-
fort, and places it in the fifth fedrion of his fifth clafs,
which contains the plants whofe flowers have five fta-
mina and five dyles. As the flowers of this genus are
ranged one above another in form of fpikes, and thofe
of the Statice are collefted in globuar heads, they may,
without impropriety, be kept feparate •, and as there
are feveral fpecies of each genus, therefore I have
the rather been inclined fo to do, than by joining
them, to fwell the genus.
The Species are,
1. Limonium {Vulgar e) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, caule
tereti nudo paniculato. Sea Lavender with oval fpear-
Jhaped leaves i and a taper paniculated jialk. Limonium
maritimum majus. C. B, P. 192. Common great Sea
Lavender.
2. Limoninm ( Narbonenfe ) foliis oblongo-ovatis, caule
paniculato patulo, fpicis florum brevioribus. Sea La-
vender with oblong oval leaves , a fpreading paniculated
ftalk , and Jhorter fpikes of flowers. Limonium mariti-
mum majus alteram ferotinum Narbonenfe. H. R.
Par. Another large late flowering Sea Lavender of
Narbonne.
g. Limonium ( oledfpMm ) foliis ovatis obtufis, petiolis
decurrentibus, caule paniculato, fpicis florum erefti-
oribus. Sea Lavender with oval obtufe leaves , running
flootflalks , a paniculated ftalk , and more upright fpikes
of flowers. Limonium maritimum minus, oleas folio.
Q. B. P. 192. Small Sea Lavender , with an Olive leaf.
L I M
4. Limonium (JImnile) foliis lanceolatis, caule hum-rle
patulo, fpicis florum tenuioribus. Sea Lavender with
fpear-Jhaped leaves , a low fpreading ftalk , and f ender
fpikes of flowers. Limonium Anglicum minus, caulk
bus ramofioribus, floribus in fpicis ranks fids. Rail
Hid. 217. Lejfler EngUJh Sea Lavender , with more
branched ftalks, and flowers fleldom growing in a [pike.
5. Limonium ( T'artaricum ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis, caule
ramofo patulo, floribus didantibus uno verdi difpofi-
tis. Sea Lavender with narrow fpear-Jhaped leaves , a
branching fpreading ftalk, and flowers placed afunder on
one fide the ftalk. Limonium Orientale, plantaginis
folio, floribus umbellatis. 1 '. Cor. Oriental Sea Laven-
der with Plantain leaves , and flowers growing in an umbel.
6 . Limonium ( Sinuatum ) foliis radicalibus alternatim
pinnato-finuatis, caulinis ternis triquetris fubulads
decurrentibus. Sea Lavender with the lower leaves alter-
nately finuated like wings , and thofe upon the ftalks three-
cornered , awl-Jhaped , and running along the float folk.
Limonium peregrinum, foliis afplenii. C. B. P. Fo-
reign Sea Lavender with Spleenwort leaves.
7. Limonium ( Siculum ) caule fruticofo patulo, foliis li-
near! lanceolatis craflis, floribus folitariis didantibus.
Sea Lavender with a fpreading Jhrnbby ftalk , narrow ,
thick, fpear-Jhaped leaves , and flowers growing fingly at a
diflance from each other. Limonium Siculum ligno-
fum, gallas ferens, & non ferens. Bocc. Rar. Woody
Sicilian Sea Lavender , fometimes producing galls , at other
times not.
8. Limonium ( Africanum . ) foliis inferioribus lanceolatis
hirfutis ferratis caulinis ternis linearibus acutis decur-
rentibus. Sea Lavender with fpear-Jhaped lower leaves
which are hairy and flawed , but growing by threes on the-
ft alks, narrow , acute-pointed , and running along the ftalk .
Limonium Africanum caule alato, foliis integris hir-
futis, petalo pallide flavo calyce aracene purpureo,
Martyn. Cent. 48. tab. 48. African Sea Lavender with
a winged ftalk , entire hairy leaves , pale yellow petals to
the flower , and a beautiful purple empalement.
9. Limonium ( Reticulatum ) foliis cuneiformibus, caule
eredto paniculato, ramis inferioribus derilibus nudis.
Sea Lavender with wedge-Jhaped leaves, an upright pani-
culated ftalk, and the under branches fterile and naked.,.
Limonium minus flagellis tortuofis. Bocc. Muf. Small
Sea Lavender with twifled Jhoots.
10. Limonium (Cor datum) caule nudo paniculato, foliis-
fpathulatis retufis. Sea Lavender with a paniculated
naked Jialk, and fpatule-Jhaped blunt leases. Limoni-
um maritimum minus, foliolis cordatis. C. B. P. Small
Sea Lavender with little leaves, vjhich are heart-Jhaped.
11. Limonium ( Echoideum ) caule nudo paniculato, te-
reti, foliis tuberculatis. Sea Lavender with a naked , ta-
per, paniculated ftalk, and leaves fet with tubercles. Li-
monium minus annuum, bullatis foliis vel echioides.
Bot. Monfp. Small annual Sea Lavender with ftudded
leaves.
12. Limonium ( Fruticofum ) caule credo fruticofo, fo-.
liis lineari-lanceolatis obtufis, floribus alternis. Sea
Lavender with an upright Jhrubby ftalk , narrow fpear-
Jhaped leaves, ending in obtufe points , and flowers ranged
alternately. Limonium Egyptiacum fruticofum, fo-
liis lanceolatis obtufis. Shrubby Egyptian Sea Lavender
with blunt fpear-Jhaped leaves.
The fird fort grows naturally in the marfhes which
are flowed by the fea, in feveral parts of England.
The roots of this plant are thick, of a reddifh colour,
and an adringent tade, fending out many drong fibres,
which drike deep in the ground ; and from the upper
part of the root comes out feveral oval fpear-fhaped
leaves, from four to five inches long, and more than
two inches broad in the middle ; they are fmooth, of
a pretty thick confidence, and of a dark green. The
dalks rife upward of a foot high, is naked of leaves,
divided into many branches, which are again divided
into dnaller toward the top j thefe are terminated by
dender fpikes of pale blue flowers, ranged on one
fide the dalk above each other, coming out of narrow-
covers like fheaths •, thefe appear in July, and are
fucceeded by oblong feeds, which are inclofed in the
empalement, ripening in autumn,.
The feeond fort grows naturally in the foutli of i
France on the fea-coaft. The leaves of this fort are
of an oblong oval form $ they are fix inches long, and
three broad, Imooth, entire, and of a deep green. The
ftalk rifes fifteen or fixteen inches high, dividing into
feveral fpreading branches, which are divided again
into fmaller, and are terminated by feveral ftiort
fpikes of pale blue flowers, ranged on one fide the
foot-ftalk. This fort feldom flowers till the end
of Auguft, fo never produces any good feeds in
England.
The third fort grows naturally in Narbonne and
Provence j this hath fmall, oval, obtufe leaves, about
two inches long, and one broad, with. pretty long
foot-ftalks, which are bordered, or winged with part
of the leaves, which runs dole to, and partly embrace
the upper part of the root •, thefe are of a lighter
green than either of the former. The ftalk rifes a
foot and a half high, fending out branches alter-
nately on each fide ; the lower ones being long, the
others gradually diminifhing to the top, fo as to form
a loofe kind of pyramid : thefe all point upward, and
toward their ends fend out fpikes of pale blue flowers,
which are ered. This fort flowers late in Auguft,
fo never perfeds feeds in England.
The fourth fort grows naturally in England. It was
firft difeovered on the fea banks near Walton, in Ef-
fex, afterward near Malden, in the fame county, and
ftnee at the mouth of the river that runs from Chi-
chefter, in Suflex. The leaves of this fort are fpear-
fhaped, about three inches long, and one broad in
the middle, lefiening gradually to both ends. The
ftalk rifes four or five inches high, dividing into
many fpreading branches, which are very thick fet
with ftiort fpikes of whitifh blue flowers. Thefe ap-
pear in Auguft, and the feeds ripen in Odober.
The fifth fort was difeovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the Levant, from whence he fent the feeds to the
Royal Garden at Paris, where they grew, and have
produced feeds many years, which have been com-
municated to many of the curious gardens in Europe.
The feeds of this fort were fent me from the Darda-
nelles, where the plants grow in plenty. The leaves
of this fort are about four inches long, and three quar-
ters of an inch broad in the middle, diminiftiing gra-
dually to both ends. The ftalks rife about five
or fix inches high, dividing into feveral fpreading
branches, which are again divided into fmaller thefe
are terminated by fpikes of pale blue flowers, ranged
on one fide the foot-ftalk •, the whole, when growing,
being fpread wide, has fomewhat the appearance of
.an umbel of flowers. This fort flowers in Auguft,
fo never ripens feeds here.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Sicily and Paleftine ;
this is a biennial plant. The lower leaves which
fpread on the ground, are indented almoft to the
middle rib ; thefe indentures are alternate and blunt.
The ftalks rife a foot and a half high, dividing
upward into feveral branches, garnilhed at 'each joint
with three narrow leaves fitting clofe to the ftalks,
from whole bafe proceeds a leafy membrane, or wing,
which runs along on both fides the ftalk ; thefe are
rough, and a little hairy. The ftalks are terminated
by panicles of flowers, which fit upon winged foot-
ftalks, each fuftaining three or four flowers of a light
blue colour, which continue long without fading.
This fort flowers in July and Auguft, but unlefs the
fummer is very warm and dry, the feeds do not ripen
in England.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Sicily ; this hath
a fhrubby ftalk, which rifes about two feet high, di-
viding into feveral ligneous branches, which fpread
out on every fide ; the lower part of thefe are clofely
garnilhed with gray leaves, like thofe of the Sea Pur-
ftain, and are of a thick confiftence. The branches
are terminated by panicles of blue flowers, having
one funnel-lhaped petal, which come out fingly at a
diftance from each other, having long tubes, but di-
vide into five fegments upward, which fpread open.
This flowers from June till autumn, but never pro-
duces feeds in England : there is a variety of th>-,
which bears galls like thofe upon the Oak, which,
grows naturally in Sicily, but I do not know if it is
a different fpecies, for thofe plants which are in the
Englifh gardens have no appearance of any.
The eighth fort was raifed in the Chelfea garden,
from feeds which were brought me from Africa s
this is a biennial plant, which dies foon after it has
produced flowers and feeds. The lower leaves are
but few in number j they are fpear-lhaped, hairy,
and flightly fawed on their eclges y about two inches
long, and half an inch broad. The ftalk rifes about
fifteen inches high, which at each joint is garnilhed
with three narrow leaves, ending in acute points ,
from the bafe of thefe leaves is continued a leafy mem-
brane, or wing, running along the ftalk on each fide ;
thefe ftalks branch out but little, and are terminated
by fhort panicles of flowers, whofe foot-ftalks are not
winged as in the former ; each foot-ftalk fuliains two
or three flowers of a bright blue colour, out of the
middle of which arifes another fmall flower of a pale
yellow colour. This fort flowered in July and Au-
guft, 1757, but did not ripen feeds.'
The ninth fort grows naturally in Sicily, and was
found growing on the border of the fea in Norfolk,
by Mr. Henry Scott, a gardener, and has fince been
found in plenty in Lincolnfhire, by -Banks, Efq;
The lower leaves of this fort are narrow at their bale,
but enlarge upward, where they are bread, and
rounded at the top, infhape of a wedge. The ftalks
are flender and ftiff, riflng from feven to fourteen
inches high, fending out many flender fide branches j
all thofe which proceed from the lower part of the
ftalk are barren, having no flowers ; but toward the
top they have fhor^panicles of whitifh flowers, which,
are fmall, and fit three or four together upon one
foot-ftalk. This fort flowers in July and Auguft.
The tenth fort grows naturally near the fea, abouc
Marfeiiles and Leghorn •, this hath many thick fi'efhy
leaves, which are fhaped like a fpatula, growing near
the root, and fpread on the ground , they are frnooth,
and of a grayilh colour. The ftalks are naked, and
rife about fix inches high, dividing toward the top
into many fmaller branches, which are terminal d by
fhort crooked panicles of fmall flowers, of a pale red
colour. This fort flowers in Auguft, but never pro-
duces feeds in this country.
The eleventh fort grows naturally about Montpelier
and in Italy ; this is an annual plant, with long narrow
leaves, which are fet with rough tubercles like the
leaves of Viper’s Buglofs. The (talks rife about eight
inches high, dividing into two or three fmall branches,
which are terminated by reflexed fhort fpikes of pale
blue flowers ; thefe come out late in Auguft, and the
feeds' are feldom perfected in England.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in Egypt, from
whence the feeds were fent to the Royal Garden at Pa-
ris, part of which were fent me by Dr. Bernard de
Juffieu, which grew in the Chelfea garden, where
there are feveral plants, which have produced flowers
many years. This rifes with an upright fhrubby
ftalk to the height of eight or ten feet, divided up-
ward into many branches, garnifhed with narrow
fpear-fhaped leaves, placed without order •, they are
of a thick confiftence, and of a gray colour, fitting
clofe to the branches. The flowers are produced at
the end of the branches in loofe panicles, {landing al-
ternate on each fide the ftalk, one above another,
with intervals between them ; they have pretty long
tubes, which enlarge upward, where they are cut
into five obtufe fegments, which fpread open ; thefe
are of a bright fky blue, but fade to a purple before
they fall off. The flowers begin to appear in July,
and there is a fucceffion of them till winter.
The firft, feeond, third, fourth, fifth, and eighth
forts, are abiding plants, which will thrive in the open
air in England •, fuch of thefe as grow naturally in
England, may be, eafily procured from the places
where they grow ; thefe plants may be tranfplanted
at almoft any time of the year, provided , they are
carefully
L I M
carefully taken up, preferring feme earth to their
roots, and in hot weather to fhade them till they
have taken new root ^ after which time they will re-
quire no other culture but to keep the ground clean
from weeds, and in the fpring to fti-r up the ground
between them to loofen it. As thefe plants do not
.require much culture, nor do they take up much
room, fo a few of each fort may be allowed to have
a place in gardens, where there is room, for the fake
of variety. Thefe plants do not propagate very fait
in gardens, fo the roots need not be removed oftener
than every third or fourth year, at which time they
may be dipped to increafe them ; the belt time for
this is in the autumn, that the plants may be well
rooted before the fpring, otherwife they will not
flower very fcrong the following fummer. They
fhould be planted in a loamy foil, on an eaft af-
peded border, where they may enjoy the morning
fun, but fcreened from the great heat in the middle
of the day •, in filch a fituation the roots will con-
tinue feveral years, and flower as well as in their
native foil.
Thefe plants may alfo be propagated by feeds, fo
that fuch of them as do not grow naturally in Eng-
land, may be obtained by procuring their feeds from
abroad. Thefe fhould be fown upon a border ex-
pofed to the morning fun, and on a foft loamy foil,
early in the fpring, for the feeds lie a conflderable
time in the ground before the plant comes up ;
therefore the ground muft be kept entirely clean from
weeds, and if the feafon fhould prove very dry, the
border fhould be watered two or three, times a week,
otherwife the feeds will lie a whole year before they
'vegetate-, when the plants come up, they muft be
kept clean from weeds, and in^ery dry weather wa-
tered, and in the autumn they may be tranfplanted
where they are defigned to remain.
The flxth and eighth forts are biennial plants, which
rarely perfed their feeds in England, fo that unlefs
frefh feeds can be procured from warm countries,
where they, ripen well, it will be very difficult to
continue the forts. If the feeds of thefe can be ob-
tained time enough to fow them in the autumn, the
plants will come up the following fpring ; but when
they are fown in the fpring, they feldom grow the
fame year. Thefe feeds fhould be fown on a border
of loamy earth, not ftiff or moift, and expofed to the
fouth-, but when the fun is warm, the border fhould
be fhaded with mats, to prevent the earth from dry-
ing too faft. When the plants come up, they muft
be kept clean from weeds ; and if they are too clofe,
fome of them fhould be carefully taken out as foon
as they are fit to remove, and planted in fmall pots,
placing them in the fhade till they have taken new
root then they may be placed where they may en-
joy the morning fun till autumn, when they fhould
be put into a hot -bed frame, where they may be
fcreened from hard froft, but enjoy the free air in
mild weather ; and thofe plants which are left in the
border where they were fown, muft be covered with
mats in hard froft ; for though they will often live
through the winter in mild feafons, yet hard froft
will always deftroy them. The following fummer
the plants will flower, and if the feafon proves warm
and dry, they will ripen feeds, and the roots foon af-
ter decay.
The fetenth and twelfth forts are fhrubby plants,
which are too tender to live through the winter in the
open air in England, fo the plants muft be removed
into fhelter in the autumn, but they only require pro-
tection from hard froft : thefe plants may be placed
with Myrtles, Oleanders, and other hardy green-houfe
plants, where they often continue to flower great
part of winter, and make a pretty variety. Thefe
forts are eafily propagated by cuttings, which, if
planted in July on a fhady border, and duly watered,
will take root in fix or feven weeks, when they fhould
be taken up and planted into pots filled with light
loamy earth, placing them in the fhade till they
have taken root then they may be expofed till Oc-
LIN
tober, at which time they muft be removed into
fhelter.
The eleventh fort is annual, and rarely ripens feeds
here, fo thefe muft be procured from abroad, and
lowed Jn the fame way as' the fixth and eighth forts.
LIN ARIA. To urn. In ft. R. H. 168. tab. 76. An-
tirrhinum, Lin. Gen. Plant. 668. [fo called of Li-
num, Lat. flax, becaufe its leaves referable flax. I
Toad-flax-, in French, Linaire.
The Characters are,
T'be. flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf, \
divided into five parts almofi to the bottom/ -The flower
hath one petal. , and is of the ringent {or grinning) kind ,
with an oblong [welling tube , having two lips above, with
the chaps flout. The upper lip is bifid' and reflexed on
the fides , the lower lip is trifid and obtufle . It hath an
oblong nediarium , which is awl-floaped and prominent be-
hind, and four ftamina, which are included in the upper
lip, two of which are floor ter than the other , and a rmind-
ifi germen fupporting a fingle flyle , crowned by an obtufle
fligma. The germen afterward turns to a roundiflo obtufle
capfule with two cells, filled with j mall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fedion
of Tournefort’s third clafs, which includes the herbs
with a tubulous, anomalous, perfonated flower, of
one petal. Dr. Linnaeus joins this, genus, and’alfo
the Afarina of Tournefort to the Antirrhinum, and
places' that genus in the fecond fedion of his
fourteenth clafs, in which are contained the plants
whofe flowers have two long and two fhort ftamina,
and the feeds are included in a capfule. The plants
of this genus agree in their general charaders with
thofe of the Antirrhinum, or Calve’s Snout, except in
one particular, which is in the nedarium of the Li-
naria, which, from the bafe of the petal, ftretches out
like a heel ; whereas the flowers of the Antirrhinum,
have their nedarium lodged withinfide the bafe of
the petal : this being fo very obvious, and both ge-
nera having many fpecies, I thought it might be ea-
fier for ftudents in botany to range them under dif-
ferent genera, than to join them under one.
The Species are,
1. Linaria ( Vulgaris ) foliis lanceolato-linearibus con-
fertis caule credo, fpicis terminalibus feffilibus.
Toad-flax with flpear-Jhaped linear leaves growing in
cluflers , and an upright fialk terminated by j pikes of .
flowers , fitting clofe to the fialk. Linaria vulgaris lu-
tea, flore majore. C. B. P. 212. Common yellow Toad-
flax with a larger flower.
2. Linaria {Triphylla) foliis ternis ovatis. Toadflax
with oval leaves placed by threes. Linaria triphylla
minor lutea. C. B. P. 212. Smaller three-leaved yellow
Toadflax.
3. Linaria ( Lufltanica ) foliis quaternis lanceolatis,
caule eredo ramofo, floribus pedunculatis. Toadflax
with flpear-Jhaped leaves placed by fours , an upright
branching fialk, and flowers upon footflalks. Linaria
latiffimo folio Lufltanica. H. R. Par. Broadeft-leaved
Portugal Toadflax.
4. Linaria ( Alpina ) foliis fubquaternis linearibus caule
diffufo, floribus racemofis. T oadflax with linear leaves
placed by fours on the lozver part of the fialk, a diffufed
ftalk and branching flowers. Linaria quadrifolia fupina.
C. B. P. 213. Low four-leaved Toadflax.
5. Linaria ( Purpurea ) foliis lanceolato-linearibus fpar-
fis, caule florifero eredo fpicato. T oadflax with flpear-
Jhaped linear leaves , and the flower -fialks erect and [piked.
Linaria purpurea major odorata. C. B. P. 2 1 3. Greater
Jweet-fcented purple Toadflax.
6 . Linaria ( Repens ) foliis linearibus confertis, caule
eredo ramofo, floribus fpicatis terminalibus. Toadflax
with linear leaves in cluflers, an eredt ' branching ftalk ,
and flowers in [pikes terminating the ftalks. Linaria cse-
rulea, foliis brevioribus & anguitioribus. Raii Syn.
3. 282. Blue Toadflax zvith [sorter and narrower leaves.
7. Linaria ( Multicaulis ) foliis inferioribus quinis li-
nearibus. Toadflax with linear leaves, placed by fives at
the lower part of the ftalks. Linaria Sicula multicaulis,
folio molluginis. Bocc. Rar. 38. Sicilian Toadflax with
many ftalks and a Bedflraw leaf.
8 . Li-
8. Linaria (T riflis) foliis laneeolatis fparfts, inferiori-
bus oppofitis, netrariis fubulatis, floribus fubfeffili-
bus. T oad-flax with fpear-Jhaped fparfed leaves , which j
on the lower part of the fialk are oppofite , awl- [h aped
neUarium , and flowers fitting almofi clofle. Linaria Hif-
panica procumbens, foliis uncialibus glaucis, fiore
ftavefcente pulchre ftriato, iabiis nigro-purpureis.
Aft. Phil. N°4i2. 'Trailing Spaniflo 'Toad-flax with gray
leaves an inch long , yellow flowers beautifully firiped , and
dark purple lips.
9. Linaria ( Monfpefulana ) foliis linearibus confertis,
caule nitido paniculato, pedunculis fpicatis nudis.
T bad-flax with linear leaves in clufters , a paniculated ftalk,
and flowers in fpikes on naked foot -ftalks. Linaria capil-
laceo folio, odora. C. B. P. 213. Sweet Toad-flax with
hair-like leaves.
10. Linaria ( Villofa ) foliis laneeolatis hirtis alternis,
floribus fpicatis, foliolo calycino fupremo maximo.
Toad-flax with alternate , hairy, fpear-Jhaped leaves ,
flowers in fpikes , and the upper leaf of the empalement
very large. Linaria latifolia villofa, laciniis calycinis
insequalibus, flore majore pallido ftriato riftu aureo.
Horteg. Icon. Broad-leaved, hairy Toad-flax , whofe em-
palement is unequally cut , and a large pale ftriped flower
with a golden fnout.
11. Linaria (P elijferiana) foliis caulinis linearibus fpar-
fts, radicalibus rotundis. Toad-flax with linear leaves
placed fparfedly on the ftalks , and on the lower leaves round.
Linaria annua purpureo violacea, calcaribus longis,
foliis imis rotundioribus. Vaill. Bot. Par. 118. An-
nual purple Violet Toad-flax , with long fpurs and rounder
leaves at bottom.
12. Linaria ( Chalepenfis ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis alter-
nis, floribus racemofls, calycibus corolla longioribus.
T oad-flax with linear fpear-floaped leaves placed alternate ,
branching flowers , and empalement s longer than the petals.
Linaria annua anguftifolia, flofculis albis, longius
caudatis. Triump. 87. Narrow-leaved annual Toadflax,
with white flowers having long tails.
13. Linaria ( Dalmatica ) foliis laneeolatis alternis,
caule fuffruticofo. Toad-flax with fpear-Jhaped alternate
leaves , and an under fhrub ftalk. Linaria latifolia Dal-
matica, magno flore. C. B. P. 212. Broad-leaved T oad-
flax of Dalmatia with a large flower.
14. Linaria ( Geniftifolia ) foliis laneeolatis acuminatis,
panicula virgata. Toad-flax with fpear-Jhaped acute-
pointed leaves , and a rod-like panicle. Linaria geniftse
folio glauco, fiore luteo. Par. Bat. App. 9. T oad-flax
with a gray Dyer's Weed leaf and a yellow flower.
15. Linaria ( Spuria ) foliis ovatis alternis, caule fiac-
cido procumbente. Toadflax with oval leaves placed
alternate , and a weak trailing ftalk. Elatine folio fub-
rotundo. C. B. P. 253. Fluellin with a roundijh leaf.
1 6 . Linaria ( Elatina ) foliis haftatis alternis, caule
fiaccido procumbente. Toadflax with arrow-pointed
leaves placed alternate , and a weak trailing ftalk. Ela-
tine folio acuminata. C. B. P. 253. Fluellin with an
acute-pointed leaf.
1 7. Linaria ( Cymbalaria ) foliis cordatis quinqueloba-
tis alternis glabris. Toadflax with keart-Jhaped leaves
having five lobes , which are alternate and flnooth. Li-
naria hederaceo folio glabro, feu Cymbalaria vulga-
ris. Tourn. Xnft. R. EL 169. Toadflax with a fmooth
Ivy leaf or common Cymbalaria.
There are feveral other fpecies of this genus which
are well known and deferibed, which are of lefs note,
fo are very rarely admitted into gardens, for which
reafon I have not enumerated them here.
The firft of thefe plants grows in great plenty upon
the fides of dry banks in moft parts of England, and
is feldom cultivated in gardens •, for it is a very trou-
blefome plant to keep within bounds, the roots being
very apt to fpread under ground, and rife at a great
diftance from the mother plant, whereby it greatly in-
jures whatever plants ftand near it. This is one of
the plants mentioned in the catalogue of fimples at
the end of the College Difpenfatory, to be ufed in
medicine.
This hath a great number of {lender white roots,
which creep far on every fide, from which arife fe-
veraj ereft branching ftalks a foot and a half high,
garnifhed with narrow gray leaves in clufters, and
terminated by fpikes of yellow flowers, fitting clofe
to the ftalk. The flowers are of one petal, with a
long tube, to which is fixed a fpur or heel, called a
neftarium ; the fore parts of the flower has the ap-
pearance of the mouth of an animal, the under lip is
hairy within j the chaps are of a golden colour, but
the other parts of the flower are of a pale yellow 5
thefe are lucceeded by roundilh. capfules with two
cells, filled with flat black feeds. It flowers in July
and Auguft, when it makes a pretty appearance, io
that a few plants might be allowed a place in gar-
dens, were it not for their creeping roots, which fpread
too much, and become troublefome weeds ; therefore
the roots ftiould be confined in pots to keep them
within bounds.
There is an ointment made of this herb and hog’s-
lard, ■which is accounted excellent for the piles, being
mixed with the yolk of an egg at the time of ufing
it. The plant is reckoned to be aperitive and diure-
tic, opening obftructions of the liver and fpleen,
helping the dropfy and jaundice.
The fecond fort grows naturally about Valencia and
in Sicily ; this is an annual plant, which rifes with an
upright branching ftalk near a foot and a half high,
garnifhed with oval, fmooth, gray leaves, placed of-
ten by threes, and fometimes by pairs oppofite at the
joints ; the flowers grow in fhort fpikes at the top of
the ftalks ; they are lb aped like thofe of the common
fort, but have not fo long tubes ; they are yellow,
with Saffron-coloured chaps. This fort flowers in
July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in the autumn,
and the plants foon after decay.
There is a variety of this whofe flowers have a
purple ftandard and fpur, which makes a pretty ap-
pearance in a garden ; but it is generally fuppofed to
be only an accidental variety which has rifen from
feeds of the former, for which reafon I have not enu-
merated it here •, though from many years culture of
both forts, I have never yet perceived either of them
alter. The leaves of this are longer than thofe of the
yellow, but in other refpefts they do not differ.
This fort may be propagated by feeds, or by the
roots •, the feeds ftiould be fown in the fpring, on the
borders of the flower-garden where they are defigned
to remain ; and when the plants come up, they fhould
be thinned where they are too clofe, and kept clean
from weeds, which is all the culture they require. If
fome of the feeds are fown in autumn upon a warm
dry border, the plants will live through the winter,
unlefs the froft proves very fevere ; and thefe au-
tumnal plants will grow larger, flower earlier, and
from thefe good feeds may always be obtained : the
firft fort is leldom admitted into gardens.
The third fort rifes with upright ftalks near two
feet high, which are garniflaed with fpear-fhaped
fmooth leaves, placed fometimes by fours round the
ftalk, and at others by pairs oppofite ; the ftalks are
terminated by large purple flowers with long Ipurs,
{landing upon foot-ftalks. This flowers in July, but
feldom ripens feeds in England , it grows naturally
in Portugal and Spain.
O x
This fort is tenderer than the laft, fo fhould be
planted in a dry foil and a warm fituation, otherwife
the plants are often deftroyed in winter. This plant
is propagated by feeds in the fame manner as the for-
mer, as alfo by parting the roots ; but it is advifeable
always to keep fome of thefe plants in pots, that they
may be removed into fhelter in v/inter, otherwife in
hard frofts they will be killed.
The fourth fort grows naturally about Verona, from
whence I received the feeds. This is a perennial plant,
from whofe roots arife feveral diffufed ftalks about
eight inches long, garnifhed with narrow, fhort, gray
leaves, placed by fours round the ftalks at bottom, but
upward they are oppofite ; the ftalks are terminated by
fhort branching tufts of pale yellow flowers with golden
chaps. This fort flowers in June, and in warm feafons
fometimes the feeds will ripen here in the autumn.
8 C The
L I N
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and Italy •, this hath a perennial root, fending out ma-
ny (talks ■, thofe of them which fupport the flowers are
erc£t, and near three feet high, but the other (talks
are weaker, and hang loofely on every fide the plants ;
thefe are garnished with long, narrow, fpear-fhaped
leaves placed ipariedly ; they are ftnooth, and of a
gray colour. The. (talks are terminated by long
loofe fpikcs of blue flowers, which appear in June,
July, and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in the autumn,
which, if permitted to fcatter, will produce plenty of
young plants without any further care.
The fixth fort grows naturally about Henley in Ox-
fordihire, and alfo in feme parts of Hertfordfhire.
This hath a perennial root, from which arife feveral
(talks near two feet high, which branch out on every
fide, and are garniflied with narrow leaves growing
in clutters toward the bottom, but upward they are
fometimes by pairs, and at others Angle. The flowers
are produced in loofe fpikes at the end of the (talks ;
they are of a pale blue colour, which appear in June
and July, and the feeds ripen in the aurumn •, which,
if permitted to fcatter, will produce plenty of plants.
When the feeds happen to fall upon old walls, the
plants will grow there and continue longer than thofe
planted in the ground.
I received a fpecimen of this fort from abroad, by the
title of Linaria arvenfis caerulea. C. B. P.
The ieventh fort grows naturally in Sicily ; this is an
annual plant, from whofe root arifes many (talks
which are very {lender and about a foot high, which
on their lower part are garniflied with five very nar-
row leaves at each joint, but upward they are fome-
times by pairs, and at others they are Angle : the (talks
are divided into many finall branches, which are gar-
nlfhed with finall yellow flowers, coming out Angle
at Pittances from each other ; thefe are fliaped like
thofe of the other fpecies. The flowery appear in Ju-
ly, and the feeds ripen in the autumn. There are
two varieties of this, one with a deep yellow, and the
other a fulphur-coloured flower.
This is propagated by feeds in the fame manner as
the fecond fort ; if the feeds are permitted to fcatter,
the plants will come up without care, and if they are
kept clean from weeds, will produce their flowers
early in the fu miner.
The eighth fort grows naturally on the rocks about
Gibraltar, from whence the late Sir Charles Wager
brought the feeds, which were Town in his curious
garden at Parfon’s Green near Fulham, where they
fucceeded, and from thence many curious gardens
were furnifhed with the plants. This has a perennial
root, from which come out many (lender fucculent
(talks about eight or nine inches long, which are weak
and hang down on every fide the root ; they are gar-
nifhed with fhort, narrow, lpear-fhaped leaves, of a
gray colour, and fucculent, (landing without order ;
they are about one inch long, and a fifth part of an
inch broad. The flowers are produced at the end of
the (talks in finall bunches ; they are yellow, marked
with purple (tripes, and the chaps of the flower, as
alfo the fpur, are of a dark purple colour ; the flowers
fit dole upon the top of the (talk. They appear in
June and July, but do not produce feeds in England.
This plant is eafily propagated by planting cuttings
• in any of the fummer months, which, if watered and
(haded, will foon take root, and may be afterwards
planted in pots, filled with frefh, light, undunged
earth, in which they will fucceed much better than in a
richer foil •, for if they are planted in a fine rich earth,
it, caufes them to grow very faft for a fhort time, but
they feldom fail to rot foon after. Thefe mutt be re-
moved into (belter in winter, where they mutt have
as much free air as poflible in mild weather, and be
only protected from fevere cold •, fo that if the pots
are placed under a hot-bed frame, the plants will
fucceed better than in a green-houfe, where they
are apt to draw too much, v/hich will caufe them to
decay.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Wales, particularly
L I N
near Penryn. This hath a perennial root-, from which
arife many branching (talks near two feet high, gar-
nifhed with very narrow leayes growing in clutters,
which are of a grayifli colour. The flowers are pro-
duced in loofe fpikes at the end of the branches j they
are of a pale blue colour, and finell fweet. Thefe ap-
pear in June, and there is often a fucceffion of flowers
on the plants till winter. The feeds ripen in the au-
tumn, which, if permitted to fcatter, 'will furnifh a
lupply of young plants without any further care. If
the feeds of this fort get on a wall, the plants will come
up, and continue there a much longer time than when
they are planted in the ground.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Spain ; the feeds of
it were fent me by Dr. Hortega from Madrid. This
is an annual plant, which riles with a Angle ftalk
about a foot and a half high, garniflied with hairy
fpear-fhaped leaves, fitting clofe to the ftalk, which
are placed alternate. The flowers grow on the top
of the, (talks in loofe fpikes ; they are of a pale yel-
low colour, with a few dark (tripes, and the chaps are
of a gold colour ; the upper fegment of the empale-
ment is much larger than the lower. The flowers of
this fort are as large as thofe of the common fort ;
they appear in July, and the feeds will in warm fea-
fons ripen in autumn in England.
The feeds of this fort fhould be fown in the fpring,
upon a border of light earth where the plants are de-
figned to remain •, and when the plants come up,
they mutt be treated in the fame way as thofe of the
fecond fort.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in France ; this is
an annual plant, having round leaves at the root ; the
(talks are (lender, branching, and rife a foot high,
garniflied with very narrow leaves at each joint. The
flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at the end of the
branches •, they are of a bright blue colour, and ap-
pear in July ; the feeds ripen in the autumn, at which
time they fhould be fown ; for thofe which are fown
in the fpring frequently lie in the ground till the
fpring following, before the plants appear. When
the plants come up, they mutt be thinned where they
are too ciofe, and kept clean from weeds, which is
all the culture they require.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in Sicily ; this is an
annual plant, which riles with a branching (talk two
feet high, garnifhed with very narrow fpear-fhaped
leaves placed alternately. The flowers are produced
fingly all along the branches the greateft part of their
length 5 they are finall, white, and have very long
tails or fpurs. This flowers in July, and the feeds
ripen in the autumn. If the feeds of this fort are
permitted to fcatter, the plants will come up and
fucceed better than if fown with care, and require no
other culture but to keep them clean from weeds.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in Crete, and alfo
in Dalmatia. This rifes with a ftrong ligneous (talk
three feet high, garnifhed with fmooth fpear-fhaped
leaves placed alternate, fitting clofe to the ftalk. The
flowers are produced at the end of the branches in
fhort loofe fpikes *, they are of a deep yellow colour,
and much larger than thofe of the common fort, (land-
ing upon fhort foot-ftalks. This fort flowers in July,
but the feeds very rarely ripen in England, fo that the
plants are feldom feen in any gardens here. It is
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown early in
the fpring upon a border of light earth j and when
the plants come up and are fit to remove, form of
them (houid be planted in pots filled with light handy
earth, and placed in the (hade till they have taken new
root; then they may be expofed with other hardv ex-
otic plants till the end of Oftober, when they fhould
be put into a common hot-bed frame, where they may
be protected from hard froft ; but in mild weather
they fhould enjoy the free air, for thefe plants only
require to be prote&ed from hard froft, for in mild
winters they will live abroad without (belter, if they
are upon a dry foil ■, therefore a part of the plants
may be planted on a warm border of poor fandy foil,
where they will live through our common winters
very
4*
)
L I N
very well •, and thofe plants which grow in rubblfh
and are Hinted, will endure much more cold than the
others.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally in Siberia ; this
is a biennial plant, which rifes with an upright branch-
ing {talk from three to four feet high, garniffied with
fpear-fhaped leaves, ending in acute points, of a gray-
ifn colour; thefe are placed alternate. The flowers
are produced at the end of the branches, in loofe
panicles *, they are of a bright yellow colour, and
(hapedlike thofe of the other forts. This flowers in
June and July, and the feeds ripen in the autumn,
which, if permitted to fcatter, the plants will come
up the following fpring, and require no other care
but to thin them where they are too clofe, and keep
them clear from weeds. The plants always decay
after they have ripened their feeds, therefore there
fhould be a fupply of young ones annually raifed.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally amongft Wheat
and Rye, in feveral parts of England. It is an annual
plant with weak trailing {talks, which fpread on the
ground, and are a foot and a half long ; they are
hairy, and 'garnilhed with oval leaves, placed alter-
nately ; from t,he fetting on of the foot-flalks of the
leaves ; at each joint comes out one flower, fhaped
like thofe of the other fpecies. The upper lip is yel-
low, and the under is purple ; thefe appear in June
and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn, which
fhould be then fown, or permitted to fcatter ; for if it
is fown in the fpring, it feldom grows the fame year,
for it is rarely feen among fpring-fown Corn, in thofe
lands where it commonly grows.
This plant is ufed in medicine, and is efteemed vul-
nerary, and good for old cancerous fores and ulcers ;
it is accounted good for haemorrhages of all forts.
The fixteenth fort differs from the fifteenth, in no-
thing but the fhape of the leaves, which in this are
lhaped like the point of an arrow, and thofe of the
other are oval ; this is more commonly found in Eng-
land than the other.
The feventeenth fort was brought from Italy to Eng-
land, where it now grows in as great plenty in the
neighbourhood of London, as if it was in its native
country, growing from the joints of walls, where-
ever the feeds happen to fcatter. It is a perenial plant,
which will thrive in any foil or fituation, fo that where
it is once#ftabliffied, it will be difficult to root out, for
the feeds will get into any joints of walls, or the de-
cayed parts of pales, as alfo in the hollow of trees,
where they grow and propagate plentifully •, for the
(talks put out roots at their joints, fo fpread them-
felves to a great diftance. It flowers all the fummer,
and the feeds ripen in fucceffion. It is never culti-
vated in gardens, but is fuppofed to be an excellent
wound herb.
LINGUA CERVINA. Hart’s Tongue.
Thefe plants commonly grow out from the joints of
old walls and buildings, where they are moift and
(hady, and alfo upon (hady moift banks, but are fel-
dom cultivated in gardens. There is a very great
variety of thefe plants, both in the Eaft and Weft-
Indies, but there are very few fpecies of them in Eu-
rope ; all the hardy forts may be propagated by part-
ing their roots, and fhould have a moift foil and (hady
fituation.
LINUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 339. tab. 170. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 349. Flax ; in French, Lin.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement , compofed of
five fmall , fpear-ftoaped , acute leaves. It is compofed
of five large ollong petals , which are narrow at their
bafe, but broader upward , and fpread open. It hath five
awl-fhaped erect ftamina , terminated by arrow-fhapsd fum-
wits. In the center is fituated an oval germen, fupporting
five fiender fiyles , crowned by reflex ed ' ftigmas. The ger men
afterward turns to a globular capfule with ten cells , open-
ing with five valves in each cell is lodged one oval plain ,
fimooth feed , with an acute point.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fecftion of
Linnseus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Pentagynia,
L I N
which contains thofe plants whofe flowers have five
ftamina and five ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Linum ( Ujitatififimum ) calycibus capfulifque rrrncro-
natis petaiis crenatis, foliis lanceolatis alternis caule
fubfolitario. Lin. Sp. Plant. 27 7. Flax with empale-
ments , and capfides ending in acute points , crenated petals
to the flower, fpear-fioaped alternate leaves , and the ftalks
commonly Jingle. Linum fativum. C. B. P. 214. Ma-
nured Flax.
2. Linum (Ilumile) calycibus capfulifque mucronatis,
petaiis emarginatis, foliis lanceolatis alternis, caule
ramofo. Flax with jharp-pointed empalement s and cap-
fules , the petals of the flower indented, fpear-fhaped alter-
nate leaves , and a branching ftalk. Linum fativum hu-
milius flore majore. Bobart. Boerh. Ind. alt. i.p. 284.
Lovo manured Flax with a larger flower.
3. Linum ( Narbonenfe ) calycibus acuminatis, foliis lan-
ceolatis fparlis ftricfis fcabris acuminatis, caule tereti
bafi ramofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 278. Flax with acute-
point cd empalement s , rough fpear-fhaped leaves placed
without order , ending in acute points , and a taper ftalk
branching at the bafe. Linum fylveftre, cseruleum,
folio acuto, C. B. P. 107. Wild blue Flax with an
acute leaf.
4. Linum ( Tenuifcllum ) calycibus acuminatis, foliis fpar-
fis linearibus fetaceis retrorfum fcabris. Lin. Sp. Plant.
278. Flax with acute-pointed emp dements, and narrow
briftly leaves placed without order , which are rough on
their outfide. Linum fylveftre anguftifolium, floribus
dilute purpurafeentibus vel carneis. C. B. P. 214.
Narrow-leaved wild Flax , with a pale purplijh or fiefh-
ccloured flower.
5. Linum ( Anglicum ) calycibus capfulifque acuminatis,
caule fubnudo fcabro, foliis acuminatis. Flax with
acute-pointed empalments , an alrnoft naked rough ftalk ,
and acute-pointed leaves. Linum perenne, majus, cse-
ruleum, capitulo majore. Mor. Hift. 2. 573. Greater
blue perennial Flax with larger heads.
6. Linum ( Perenne ) calycibus capfulifque obtufis, fo-
liis alternis lanceolatis acutis, caulibus ramofiffimis.
Plat. 1 66. Flax with obtufe empalements and capfides,
alternate, fpear-fhaped , acute leaves , and very branching
ftalks , commonly called Siberian perennial Flax.
7. Linum ( Hifpanicum ) calycibus acutis, foliis lineari-
lanceolatis lparfis, caule paniculate procumbente.
Flax with acute empalements , linear fpear-fhaped leaves
placed without order, and a paniculated ftalk.
8. Linum ( Bienne ) calycibus patulis acuminatis, foliis
linearibus alternis, caule ramofo. Flax with spreading
acute-pointed empalements, linear alternate leaves, and a
branching ftalk.
9. Linum ( Hirfutum ) calycibus hirfutis acuminatis fef-
filibus alternis, caule corymbofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 2 77*
Flax with hairy acute-pointed empalements, placed alter-
nate clofe to the ftalks, whofe flowers are formed in a co-
rymbus. Linum fylveftre, latifolium, hirfutum casra-
leum. C. B. P. 339. Broad- leaved, hairy , wild Flax ,
with a blue flower.
10. Linum {S tritium) calycibus foliifque lanceolatis
ftridtis mucronatis, margine fcabris. Lin. Sp. Plant.
279. Flax with ftp ear-flo aped leaves , and empalements
which end in acute points, and have rough edges. Paffe-
rina Lobelii. J. B. 3. p. 454.
11. Linum ( Fruticofum ) calycibus acutis, petaiis inte-
gris, foliis inferioribus linearibus fafciculatis, fuperio-
ribus alternis, caule fuffruticofo. Flax with acute em-
palements, entire petals to the flower, linear under leaves
growing in cluflers , the upper ones alternate, and a fhrubby
ftalk. Linum fylveftre acutis foliis fruticans. Barrel.-
Icon. 1008. Wild Flax with a florubhy ftalk and acute
leaves.
12. Linum (. Nodiflorum ) foliis lanceolatis alternis, flo-
ribus alternis feffilibus caule fimplici. Flax with fpear-
fhaped leaves placed alternate , flowers growing alter-
nate , and clofe to the ftalks, which are fingle. Li-
num luteum ad finguia genicula floridum. C. B. P.
214. Fellow Flax With fingle flowers growing from the
joints <
I
33. Li-
L I N
1 3 - -Linum ( Cathay ticum ) foliis oppofitis ovato-lanceo-
latis, caule dichotomo, corollis acutis. Hort. Cliff.
372. Flax 'with fpear-fhaped leaves placed oppofite , ^
Jialk divided by pairs , petals to the flower.
Linum pratenfe, flofculis exiguis. C. B. P. 214. Mea-
dow Flax with [mail flowers , commonly called Mountain
Flax.
.14. Linum ( Maritimum ) calycibus ovatis acutis muticis,
folds lanceolatis inferioribus oppofitis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
280. Flax with oval , acute > chaffy empalements ,
fpear-Jhaped leaves , the lower of which grow oppofite.
Linum maritimum luteum. C. B. P. 214. Fellow ma-
ritime Flax.
The firft fort is the Flax which is cultivated in moft
parts of Europe, but particularly in the northern parts;
this is an annual plant, which ufually rifes with a {len-
der unbranched (talk a foot and a half high, gar-
nifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves placed alter-
nate, ending in acute points, and are of a gray co-
lour. The flowers are produced on the top of the
{talks, each ftalk fuftaining four or five blue flowers,
compofed of five petals, which are narrow at their
bafe, but broad at the top, where they are flightly
crenated. The empalement of the flower is cut into
five parts, which end in acute points. The flowers
appear in June, and are fucceeded by roundifh cap-
fules which have ten cells, opening with five valves,
which are terminated by acute points ; each cell con-
tains one fmooth flattifh feed, ending in a point, of
a brownifh colour. The feeds ripen in September,
and the plants foon after perifh.
When this plant is cultivated in the fields after the
ufual method, it feldom rifes higher than is before
mentioned ; nor do the fralks branch out, but when
they are allowed more room * they will rife more than
two feet high, and put out two or three fide branches
toward the top, efpecially if the foil is pretty good
where it is.fown.
The fecond fort differs from the firft, in having
ffronger and fhorter ftalks branching out much more.
The leaves are broader, the flowers are larger, and the
petals are indented at their extremities. The feed-
veffels are alfo much larger, and the foot-ftalks are
longer ; thefe differences are lafting, for I have culti-
vated this and the common Flax on the fame ground
upward of thirty years, and have never found either
of them alter.
The third fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
in Italy, and Spain ; this rifes from a foot to eighteen
inches high, branching out almoft to the bottom into
many long {lender branches, which are garnifhed with
narrow, fpear-fhaped, acute-pointed leaves, placed
without order ; thefe are rough to the touch. The
flowers are produced at the end of the branches, al-
moft in form of an umbel ; they are fmaller than
thofe of the manured fort, and are of a pale blue co-
lour. The feed-veffels are much fmaller, and not fo
round. It flowers and feeds about the fame time as
the former.
The fourth fort grows naturally about Vienna and in
Hungary ; this fort feldom rifes more than a foot
high, with a {lender ftalk, which divides into three
cr four {lender naked foot-ftalks at the top, each
fuftaining two or three flowers, which are of a pale
blue colour. The ftalks are garnifhed with fhort,
narrow, briftlv leaves, (landing erect, which are rough
on their outfide. This flowers and feeds about the
fame time as the former, and the plant foon after
decays.
There are two or three varieties of this, which differ
in the colour of their flowers, but in other refpedts
are the fame.
The fifth fort grows naturally in fome parts of Eng-
land, particularly in Cambridgelhire ; this hath a
perennial root, from which arife three or four in-
clining ftalks, garnifhed with fhort narrow leaves to-
ward their bafe, but upward have fcarce any. The
flowers are produced at the end of the ftalks, fitting
very clofe ; they are of a blue colour, and about the
fize of thofe of the manured kind, and are fucceeded
L I N
by pretty large round feed-veffels, ending in acute
points. This flowers about the fame time as the
common Flax, but the roots will continue four or five
years.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Siberia ; it hath a
perennial root, from which arife fevehal ftrong ftalks,
in number proportional to the fize of the root, and in
height according to the goodnefs of the foil where it
grows ; for in rich moift ground they will rife near
five feet high, but in middling ground about three
feet ; thefe divide into feveral branches upward, and
are garnifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves, placed
alternate ; they are not much more than an inch long,
and an eighth of an inch broad, of a deep green, ending
in acute points. The flowers are produced at the
end of the branches, forming a kind of umbel, the
ftalks rifing nearly of the fame height. The flowers
are large, and of a fine blue colour ; thefe appear in
June, and are fucceeded by obtufe feed-veffels, which
ripen in September.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Spain, from
whence I received the feeds ; this hath a perennial
root, from whence come out feveral trailing ftalks,
which are clofely garnifhed with leaves ; thefe never
rife much from the ground, but between thefe come
out upright ftalks, which rife upward of two feet high,
garnifhed with pretty long, narrow, fpear-fhaped
leaves, placed without order. The flowers grow in
a fort of panicle toward the upper part of the branches ;
they are about the fize of thofe of the common fort,
and are of the fame colour. It flowers and ripens its
feeds about the fame time, and the roots continue fe-
veral years.
The eighth fort I received from Iftria; this hath a bi-
ennial root, from which arife two or three ftalks,
which divide into feveral branches, at about fix inches
from the root, which divide again into fmaller toward
the top ; they are garnifhed with fhort, narrow, acute-
pointed leaves, placed alternately. The flowers come
out from the fide of the branches, Handing upon long
foot-ftalks. The empalement of the flower is com-
pofed of five broadifh leaves ending in acute points,
which fpread open ; the flowers are of the fame fize
and colour as the common Flax, and appear at the
fame feafon. The feeds ripen in the autumn, and the
roots abide feveral years.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Hungary and Au-
ftria; this hath a perennial root, from which arife
feveral ftalks near two feet high, which are thick,
firm, and hairy, dividing at the top into feveral
branches, and are garnifhed with broader leaves than
the other fpecies, which are hairy. The flowers
grow along the ftalks alternately ; they are large,
and of a deep blue colour, appearing at the fame time
with the common fort, and the feeds ripen in the
autumn.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Germany and the
fouth of France, amongft the Corn. This is an annual
plant, rifing with an upright ftalk near a foot and a
half high, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped acute-pointed
leaves, which are rough on their edges ; they are
about the fame length of thofe of the common Flax,
but a little broader, placed alternately. The ftalks*
divide toward the top into feveral branches, each fuf-
taining two or three yellow flowers, fitting in fpear-
fhaped acute-pointed empalements. Thefe appear in
July, but unlefs the autumn proves favourable, the
feeds never ripen in England.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in Spain ; the feeds
of it were fent me from Madrid by Dr. Hortega. This
hath a fhrubby ftalk which rifes a foot high, fending
out feveral branches which are garnifhed with very
narrow leaves coming out in clufters; but the flowering
branches are garnifhed with broader and longer leaves,
placed alternately at every joint. The flowers are pro-
duced at the end of the branches, Handing erect upon
long {lender foot-ftalks ; they have acute-pointed em-
palements. The petals of the flower are large, entire,
and -white, but before the flowers open, they are of a
pale yellow colour. Thefe flowers appear in July,
L I N
but unlefs the autumn proves favourable, the feeds do
not ripen in England. The flower-ftalks of this fort
decay in the autumn, but the lower fhrubby ftalk
continues with the other branches all the year.
The twelfth fort grows naturally upon the Alps ; this
hath a perennial root, from whence arife two or three
flender ftiff ftalks, which divide at the top into two
or three llender branches, garnifiied with fpear-fhaped
leaves placed alternately. The flowers come out
fingly at the joints, and fit clofe to the ftalks •, their
empalements are cut into five flender legments,
which are longer than the petals of the flower. The
flowers are yellow, and appear about the fame time
with the common fort, and the feeds ripen in the
autumn.
The thirteenth fort grows common in many parts of
England, upon dry barren hills. It is commonly call-
ed Linum catharticum, purging Flax, and alfo Moun-
tain Flax. This rifes with feveral branching flender
ftalks about (even or eight inches high, garnifiied with
fmall, oval, fpear-lhaped leaves placed oppofite. The
flowers are fmall and white, Handing upon pretty long
foot-ftalks, which come out from the fide of the
branches, and alfo where they are divided. They ap-
pear in July, and are fucceeded by fmall round cap-
fules, containing fmall flat feeds which ripen in the
autumn. This is one of thofe plants which refufes
culture. I have frequently fown the feeds both in au-
tumn and fpring, but could feldom get up any of the
plants, and others who have made the trial have found
the fame.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally about Montpe-
lier, and in fome parts of Italy near the fea. This
rifes with upright ftalks near two feet high, the lower
part of which are garnifned-with fpear-fhaped leaves
placed oppofite, but on the upper part they are alter-
nate. The ftalks divide upward into feveral branches,
the tops of which are garnifhed with yellow flowers
about the fize of thofe of common Flax, which hang
downward * thefe are fucceeded by fmall oval cap-
l'ules, containing fmaller feeds than thofe of the com-
mon Flax. The flowers appear in July, and the feeds
ripen in the autumn.
There are feveral other fpecies of Flax 'which grow
wild in the different parts of Europe, but thofe here
enumerated are all I have feen growing in the Eng-
lifh gardens.
The firft fort is that which is cultivated for ufe in di-
vers parts of Europe, and is reckoned an excellent
commodity •, the right tilling and ordering of which,
isefteemed a good piece of hufbandry.
This fhould be cultivated upon a rich foil, that has
not been ploughed for feveral years, upon which Flax
always makes the beil improvement ; but as it draws
greatly from the foil, it fhould not be fown two years
together upon the fame ground, nor in lefs than after
five or fix years interval.
This ground fhould be as clean from weeds as pof-
fible •, in order to have it fo, it fhould be fallowed two
winters and one fummer, obferving to harrow the
ground well between each ploughing, particularly in
fummer, to deftroy the young weeds foon after they
appear, that the fmalleft of them may not ftand to ri-
pen their feed ; this will alfo break the clods, and fe-
parate their parts fo, that they will fall to pieces on
being ftirred. If the land fhould require dung, that
fhould not be laid on till the laft ploughing, when it
muft be buried in the ground •, but this dung fhould
be fuch as is clear from the feeds of weeds, which it
always will be where there is care taken to keep the
dunghills clean from weeds, and the places near it ;
for iuppofing there fhould be any feeds at firft among
the dung, yet when it is laid in a heap and well fer-
mented, that will deftroy the feeds ; but there are few
perfons who are careful to keep their dunghills, and
the places near them,, clean from weeds j and the
feeds of thefe falling on the dung, are carried upon
the land ; from whence fprung that vulgar error,
that dung produces weeds, which it can never do, if
there is not the feeds mixed with it. Juft before the
L I N
feafoii for fowing of the Flax feed, the land muft bff
well ploughed, laid fiat and even, upon which the
feeds fhould be fown about the latter end of March,
or the beginning of April, when the weather is mild
and warm.
The common way is to fow the feed in broad-caft,
and to allow from two to three bufhels of feeds to one
acre of land ; but from many repeated trials, I have
found it is a much better method to fow the feeds in
drills, at about ten inches diftance from each other*
by which half the quantity of feed which is ufually
fown, will produce a greater crop ^ and when the Flax
' is thus fown, the ground may be eafily hoed to deftroy
the weeds ; which, if twice repeated in dry weather,
will keep the ground clean till the Flax is ripe : this
may be performed at half the expence which the hand
weeding will coil, and will not tread down the plants
nor harden the ground, which by the other method is
always done and it is abfoluiely neceffary to keep the
Flax clean from weeds, otherwife they will overbear
and fpoil the crop.
There are fome people who recommend the feeding
of fheep with Flax, when it is a good height ; and
fay, they will eat away the weeds and Grafs, and do
the Flax good •, and if they fhould lie in , it, and beat
it down or flatten it, it will rife again the next rain :
but this is a very wrong practice, for if the fheep
gnaw or eat the Flax, the plants will flhoot up very
weak, and never come to half the fize they would
have done, if not cropped : and as to the fheep de-
ftroying the weeds, they never are fo nice diftin-
guifhers, for if they like the crop better than the
weeds, they will devour that and leave the weeds
untouched.
Toward the latter end of Auguft or the beginning
of September, the Flax will begin to ripen, when
you muft be careful that it does not ftand to be over
ripe ; therefore you muft pull it up as foon as the
heads begin to change brown and hang downwards,
otherwife the feeds will foon fcatter and be loft ; fo
that the pluckers muft be nimble, and tie it up in
handfuls, fetting them upright till they be perfectly
dry, and then houfe them. If the Flax be pulled
when it firft begins to flower, it will be whiter than
if it ftand till the feed is ripe, but then the feed will
be loft j but the thread will be ftronger when Flax is
left till the feed is ripe, provided it does not ftand too
long, but the colour of it will not befo good.
The Siberian perennial Flax has been made trial of,
and anfwers very well for making of common ftrong
linen, but the thread fpun from this is not fo fine or
white as that which is produced from the common
fort ; but as the roots of this fort will continue many
years, fo there will be a great faving in the culture,
as it will require no other care but to keep it con-
ftantly clean from weeds ; which cannot be w r elldone,
unlefs the feeds are fown in rows, that the ground
may be conftantly kept hoed to deftroy the weeds
when young ; for if they are fuftered to grow large,
it will be difficult to get the ground clean, and they
will weaken the roots. This lbrt muft have the ftalks
cut off clofe to the ground when ripe, and tied up in
fm^ll bundles, managing them afterward in the fame
way as the common fort ; but this feldoin produces
more than three crops, which will pay for Handing.
The eighth fort I received from Iftria, which pro-
duced the fineft thread of all the forts which I
have tried *, and this grows taller than the common
Flax, and having a biennial root, may be wor-
thy of trial to fee how it will thrive in the open
fields ; for in gardens it lives through the winter with-
out receiving the leaft injury from the froft, the roots
having furvived through the winter in the Chelfea
garden feveral years ; and in order to make trial of
its goodnefs, I gave a parcel of the ftalks of this, as
alfo of the Spanifh and Siberian perennial forts, to a
perlon who is well fkilled in watering, breaking, and
dreffing of Flax, who prepared them, and affured me,
that the Iftrian Flax was by much thefineftof the three,
and was in goodnefs preferable to any he had feen.
3 D There
L* I
There is annually great Quantities of the feed of
Flax imported into Scotland and Ireland, from the
Eaft Country, particularly from Riga, to the amount
of many thou land pounds fterling, per ann. which
might be laved to the public, by encouraging the
growth of Flax in the northern colonies of America,
where the fummers are warmer than in England, fo
that the feeds would ripen perfedlv there, and the
change of feeds from thence would be greater than
that from Riga, but it fhould be confined to the molt
northern parts of America for fuch feeds as are
faved in the warmer parts will not fucceed well here,
as I have experienced in many other kinds of plants,
whofe feeds I have fent to Carolina, where they have
grown two or three years, after which fome of the
leeds have been fent me back, which I have always
found to be much longer in growing to perfection
than before.
The other forts which are here mentioned, are pre-
ferved in gardens for the fake of variety, but none of
them are ufed, except the Mountain Flax, which is
efteemed a good purger in dropfical diforders, and has
of late years been often prefcribed.
They are all of them propagated by feeds, which may
be fown in the fpring, in the places where they are to
remain, and will require no other culture but to keep
the plants clean from weeds. The annual forts will
flower and perfed their feeds the fame year, but the
roots of the perennial forts will continue feveral years,
putting out frefh ftalks every fpring. The fhrubby
forts will live through the winter in the open air, pro-
vided it is in a dry foil and a warm fituation ; but
thefe rarely produce feeds in England.
The method of watering, piling, braking, &c. be-
ing a particular bufmefs, and foreign to my defign,
I fhall not pretend to give any diredions about it in
this place.
The common fort is a plant of the greateftufe, in feveral
of the raoft eflential parts of life ; from the feeds an ex-
prefied oil is drawn, which is of great ufe in medicine,
painting, &c. from the bark of the ftalks is made
. linen, and from the rags of linen is made paper ; fo
that this plant may be efteemed as one of the moft va-
luable, and abfolutely neceftary in many of the princi-
pal conveniences of life.
LINUM UMBILICATUM. See Cynoglossum.
L I P P I A. Plouft. Gen. Nov. Lin. Gen. Plant. 699.
This plant was fo named by the late Dr. William
Flouftoun, who difcovered it at La Vera Cruz, where
it grows naturally, in honour of Dr. Auguftus Lippi,
a famous botanift, who travelled to Egypt, and dif-
covered many new plants.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is permanent , roundifh ,
and comprefl'ed . The flower hath one petals which is of
the ringent kind ; the tipper lip is divided into two parts ,
which are reflexed ; the under lip is fmaller , and cut into
two roundifh fegments. It hath four flsort ftamina, two
of which are a little longer than the other , terminated by
fmgle fummits , and an oval germen fupporting a fender
Jlyle the length of the ftamina , crowned by an indented
jtigma. The germen afterward turns to a comprejfed cap-
fule with one cell opening with two valves , which ap-
pear like the J cales of the empalement , inclofing two feeds
which are joined.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia
Angiofpermia, which includes thofe plants whofe
flowers have two long and two fliorter ftamina, and
the feeds are included in capfules.
The Species are,
1. Lippi a (. Americana ) arborefcens foliis conjugatis ob-
longis, capital's fquamofis & rotundis. Houft. Tree
Lippia with oblong leaves growing by pairs , having, round
flaky heads. Lippia capitulis pyramidatis. Lin. Sp.
883 . Lippia with pyramidal heads.
%. Lippia (HmifpbJrica) capitulis hemifphasjncis. Jacq.
Amer, 25. Lippia with hemifpherical heads.
'"The firft fort in the country of its native growth,
commonly rifes to the height of fixteen or eighteen
feet, with a rough bark: the branches come out by
pairs oppofite, as do alio the leaves, which are oblong-,
pointed, and a little fawed on their edges. From the
wings of the leaves come out the foot-ftalks, which
fuftain many pyramidal fcaiy heads, about the fize of
a large gray Pea, in which are many fmall yellow
flowers appearing between the Rales, which are fuc-
ceeded by the feed-veftels.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Carthagena in
New Spain, where it rifes with fhrubby ftalks ten or
twelve feet high, fending out {lender branches to-
ward their top, garniihed with oval fpear-fhaped
leaves three inches long, ending in acute points,
fmooth on their upper furface, which are placed op-
pofite ; the foot-ftalks of the flowers come out oppo-
fite juft above the leaves, each fupporting a pyrami-
dal head of white flowers, which peep out from the
fcales of the head , thefe are fucceeded by capfules
having two cells, including fmall feeds.
The feeds of the firft fort were fent by Dr. Flouftoun
to feveral curious gardens in Europe, where fome of
the plants have been raifed ; but as the country from
whence they came is very warm, fo the plants will
not thrive in this climate, unlefs they are preferved
in a warm ftove. The feeds fhould be fown on a
hot-bed, and the plants may be treated in the fame
manner as other fhrubby plants which are natives
of warm countries : which is, to keep them always
in the ftove, plunged in the bark-bed, obferving to
give them a large fliare of air in warm weather,
and frequently refrefh them with water; but in win-
ter they muft be watered more fparingly, and be
kept in a moderate degree of warmth, otherwife they
will not live through the winter, efpecially while
they are young; but when they have acquired
ftrength, they may be preferved with a lefs fhare of
warmth.
As the plants advance in their growth, they fhould
be fhifted into larger pots, but this fhould not be too
often repeated ; for if they are removed into new pots
every fpring, it will be as often as they will require ;
fo that when thefe, and many other exotic plants, are
too often removed, they do not thrive fo well as when
they are permitted to fill the pots with their roots.
The beft time to fhift thefe plants is in April, a%
which time the tan of the hot-bed fhould be ftirred,
and frelh tan mixed with it, to increafe the heat. The
earth in which thefe plants are placed, fhould be frefh
and light, but not too rich.
LIQUIDAMBER. Mitch. Gen. 12. Lin. Gen,
Plant. 955. Liquidamber, Sweet Gum, or Scorax-tree.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers fometimes on the fame
plant , at other times upon different plants ; the male
flowers are numerous , difpofed In long , loofle, conical kat-
kins ; thefe have four-leaved empalement s, but no pe-
tals. They have a great number of fhort ftamina joined
in one body , zvhich are convex on one fide , but plain on
the other , terminated by erett twin fummits , with four fur-
rows. The female flowers are often fituated at the bafle of
the male J pike , collelied in a globe ; thefe have a double
empalement like that of the male , and each of them has a
bell-fhaped , angular, diftmli empalement , with many pro-
tuberances. Lhey have no petals , but an oblong germen faft-
ened to the empalement , fupporting two awl-J, hoped ftyles ,
to which is alfo fixed the recurved fiigmas , which are hairy
and as long as the ftyles. The empalement afterward
turns to a roundifh capfule of one cell , with two valves at
the top , which are acute , and colls hied in a ligneous globe,
containing oblong acute-pointed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth fedion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clafs, which includes thofe
plants with male and female flowers, whofe male
flowers have many ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Liquidamber (. Styraciflua ) foliis quinquelobatis fer-
ratis. Liquidamber with fawed leaves having five lobes.
Styrax aceris folio. Flail Flift. 1681. Ivlaple-leaved
Storax-tree .
2 . Li-
2. Ltquidamber (Orient alts) foiiis qftinqufelobatis, fi-
nuatis obtufts. Liquidamber with leaves having five lobes ,
which are finuated and obtufe.
The firft fort has by home writers been ranged with
the Maple, but on no other account, except from
the fimilitude of the leaves j for in flower and fruit it
is very different from the Maple, and molt other ge-,
nera : nor has it any affinity to the Storax-tree, but
the gum which i flues from this tree being transparent,
and having a great fragrancy, has by feme ignorant
perfons been taken for that.
It grows plentifully in Virginia and feveral other parts
of North America, where it rifes with a ftrait naked
Item to the height of fifteen or fixteen feet, and after-
ward branches out regularly to the height of forty feet
or upward, forming a pyramidal head. The leaves are
angular, and fhaped fomewhat like thofe of the leffer
Maple, having five lobes, but are of a dark green
colour, and their upper furfaces fnining ; a ftrong,
fweet, glutinous fubftance exfudes through the pores
of the leaves in warm weather, which renders them
clammy to the touch.
The flowers are generally produced early in the
ip ring of the year, before the leaves are expanded,
which are of a Saffron colour, and grow in fpikes from
the extremity of the branches ; after thefe are paid,
the fruit i wells to the fize of a Walnut, being per-
fectly round, having many protuberances, each hav-
ing a fmall hole and a fliort tail, which extends half
an inch.
The planks of this tree being beautifully veined, are
often ufed in America for wainfcotting rooms ; but it
requires a long time to feafon the boards, otherwife
they are apt to ihrink.
In Europe this tree is cultivated in the gardens of the
curious, for the fake of variety it is hardy enough
to endure the fevereft cold of this country in the open
air, and there are fome of them upward of twenty
feet high, though I have not heard of any of them
which has produced fruit.
s
This is commonly propagated by layers in England,
but thole plants which are raffed from feeds grow to
be much fairer trees.
The feeds of this tree, if fown in the fpring, cqith
monly remain in the ground a whole year before the
plants come up ; fo that the fureft way to raife them
is, to low the feeds in boxes or pots of light earth ;
which may be placed in a fhady fituation during the
fuff fummer, and in autumn they may be removed
where they may have more fun •, but if the winter
fhould prove fevere, it will be proper to cover them
with Peas-haulm, or other light covering, which
fhould be taken off conftantly in mild weather. In
the following fpring, if thefe boxes or pots are placed
upon a moderate hot -bed, it will caufe the feeds
to come up early, fo that the plants will have time
to get ftrength before the winter ; but during the
firft and fecond winters, it will be proper to fereen the
plants from fevere froft, but afterward they will bear
the cold very well.
The feeds of the fecond fort were fent by Mr. Peyf-
fonel from the Levant, to the French king’s gar-
den at Marli, a few of which were fent me by Mr.
Richard, the king’s gardener, which fucceeded in
the Chelfea garden. The leaves of this fort differ
from thofe of the firft, in having their lobes fhorter,
and much more finuated on their borders ; they end in
blunt points, and are not ferrated •, but as I have not
feen the fruit of this, fo I do not know how it differs
from the other.
L IK I O D E N D R U M. See Tulipifera.
LITHOSPERMU M. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 137.
tab. 55, Lim Gen. Plant. 166. [of Aftgp, a ftone,
and I, 7 rsprj..z, feed q. d. Stone-feed ; becaufe the
feed of this plant is hard, and good agaijift the ftone.]
Cromwell, Gromill, or Graymill ; in French, Gremil.
The Characters are,
'The f ewer hath an oblong , ereb 1 , acute-point ed , per-
manent, empalement , which is c,ui into five parts. It hath,
one petal with a cylindrical tifie the length of the em-
palemekt, divided into five obtufe points at the briniq
which are erect the chaps are perforated. It hath five-
floor t Jlamina terminated by oblong fummits , which are flout
up in the chaps op the petal, It hath four germen, with,
a fender ftyle the length of the tube , crowned by a bifid
obtufe fiigma. The germen afterward turn to fo many
oval , hardyfmooth , acute-pointed feeds, fit ting in the [presid-
ing empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes the plant?
Whole flowers have five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Lithospermum ( Officinale ) feminibus Issvibus, co-
roliis ealyeem vix fuperantibus, foiiis lanceolatis;
ITort. Cliff. 46. Gromwell with fmooth feeds , the petal
of the flower fcarce longer than the empalement, and fpear-
floaped leaves. Lithofpermum majus erectum. C. B. P„
258. Greater upright Gromwell.
2. Lithospermum ( Arvenfie ) feminibus rugofis, corrol-
lis vix ealyeem fuperantibus. Flort. Cliff. 46. Grom-
well with rough feeds , whofe petals are fcarce longer than
the empalement. Lithofpermum arvenie, radice rubra.
C. B. P. 258. Field Gromwell with a red root.
3. Lithospermum ( Purpuroaeruleuni ) feminibus Irevk
bus, coroliis ealyeem mukoties fuperantibus. Horn
Cliff 46. Gromwell with fmooth feeds, and the petal ma-
ny times longer than the empalement , Lithofpermum mi-
nus repens latifolium C. B. P. 258. Smaller , creeping,
broad-leaved Gromwell.
4. Lithospermum ( Virginianum ) foiiis fubovalibus ner-
vofis, coroliis acuminatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 132. Grom-
well with veined leaves which are almofi oval, and acute-,
pointed petals. Lithofpermum latifolium Virginia-
num, flore albido longiore. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 447.
Broad-leaved Gromwell of Virginia with a longer whitifh
flower.
5. Lithospermum ( Fruticofum ) fruticctfum, foiiis line-
aribus hifpidis, ftaminibus corollam fubaequantibus,
Lin. Sp. 19Q. Shrubby Gromwell with rough linear
leaves, and the Jlamina almoft equal to the petal. Ru-
gloffum famium frutefeens, foiiis Rorifmarini obfeure
virentibus lucidis & hirfutis. Tourn. Cor. 6.
The firft fort grows naturally upon the banks, and in
dry fields in many parts of England, fo is feidom ad-t
mitted into gardens. This hath a biennial root, front
which arife two or three upright ftalks two feet high,
which branch out toward the top, garniftied with
fpear-fhaped, rough, hairy leaves, placed alternate,
fitting clofe to the ftalks. The flowers come out
fingly at every joint of the fmall branches ; they are
white, of one petal, cut into four parts at the top,
and ftand within the empalement ; thefe are fucceeded
by four hard, white, Aiming feeds, which ripen in
the empalement. It flowers in May, and the feeds ri-
pen in Auguft.
The feeds of this plant are accounted a powerful diu-
retic, and a cleanler of the reins and urethers, being
boiled in wine and water, and are of great fervice
againft gravel or ftoppage of urine.
The fecond fort is an annual plant, which grows
among winter Corn in many parts of England. This
rifes with a {lender branching ftalk a foot and a half
high, garniftied with narrow, fpear-fhaped, rough
leaves placed alternately. The flowers are produced
fingly on the upper parts of the ftalks. They are
fmall and white j thefe are fucceeded by four rough
feeds, which ripen in the empalement. It flowers in
June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft, foon lifter which
the plants decay.
The third fort grows naturally in woods in many parts
of England •, this hath a perennial root, from which
come out twp or three trailing ftalks fcarce a foot
long, garniftied with long, narrow, fpear-fhaped
leaves, placed alternately ; thefe are fmoother than
thofe of the other forts. The flowers are produced at*
the end of the ftalks from amongft the leaves ; they
are white, and the petals are much longer than thp
empalements. Thefe appear the latter end of May,
and each is fucceeded by fqur fmooth feeds, which
ripen in the empalement.
V
LOB
The fourth fort grows naturally in North America •, -
this hath a perennial root, from which arife feveral
very hairy ftalks about a foot and a half high, gar-
nifhecl with rough, hairy, veined leaves, which are al-
moft oval, fitting clofe to the ftalks alternately. The
flowers grow in ftsort reflexed fpikes at the end of the
branches : thefe are white, their petals being longer
than the empalement, ending in acute points. It
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
and alfo in the Levant. This hath a perennial root,
which runs deep in the ground, from which corner
out in the fpring a fhrubby eredt (talk two or three
feet high, which is pretty clofely fet with hairs, and
garnifhed with narrow leaves placed alternately. The
flowers are produced in Ihort reflexed fpikes at the
end of the ftalk, Handing in hairy empalements ;
they are of a redd ifh purple colour, but as they de
cay change to a deep purple •, they are tubulous, but
cUt at the top into four or five fegments ; the upper
two are reflexed. It flowers in June, but the feeds
rarely ripen in England.
Thefe plants may be cultivated by fowing their feeds
in rows foon after they are ripe, in a bed of frefli earth,
allowing the rows at leaft a foot diftance from each
other, obferving to keep them clear from weeds, and
they will thrive in almoft any foil or fituation.
LOAM is a common fuperficial earth, that is a mix-
ture of fand and clay, commonly of a yellowilli co-
lour, though there is fome Loam that is blackifh.
Some call Loam the moil common fuperficial earth
met with in England, without any regard to the pro-
portion it bears to fand or clay ; but moft generally
the appellation of Loam is applied to a foft fat earth,
partaking of clay, but eafy to work.
It is found by experience, that plants of moft forts
will grow in it •, and wherever it is found, it appears
to be a more beneficial foil to plants than any other.
A clay ufed in grafting is alfo called Loam.
LOBELIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 2 1. tab. 31. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 897.
The Characters are,
- The empalement of the flower is fmall , of one leaf , in-
dented in five parts , and grozvs about the germen. The
flower has but one petal , which is tubulous , and a little
ringent , cut into five parts at the brim •, two of the up-
per fegments are fmaller than the other , are more reflexed
and deeper cut , thefe conftitute the upper lip ; the three
lower are fpread open , and larger. It hath five awl-floaped
fiamina the length of the tube , terminated by oblong cy-
lindrical fummits , divided at their bafe into five parts. It
has a pointed germen under the petal , fupporting a cylin-
drical ftyle crowned by an obtufe prickly ftigma. The
germen afterward becomes an oval flefhy berry with two
cells , each containing a fingle feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fetftion of
Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, to which he has joined
the Rapuntium of Tournefort; but although the
form of theflowers, and the number of their ftamina,
agree pretty well, yet as the fruit of this is a pulpy
berry, inclofing but two feeds, and the Rapuntii have
dry capfules including many fmall feeds, I fhallkeep
them feparate.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Lobelia ( Frutefcens ) frutefcens, foliis ovati-oblongis in-
tege'rrimis. Flor. Zeyl. 313. Shrubby Lobelia with ob-
long, oval , entire leaves. Lobelia frutefcens portulaae
folio. Plum. Nov. Gen. 21. Shrubby Lobelia with a
Purflane leaf.
This plant riles with a fucculent ftalk five or fix
feet high, garnilhed with oval, oblong, fucculent
leaves, which are placed alternately ; thefe fit clofe
to the ftalk. The flowers are produced upon long
foot-ftalks, which come out from the fide of the
ftalk, and fuftain two or three white flowers of one
petal, cut into five acute fegments at the brim ; thefe
are fucceeded by two, oval berries as large as Bullace,
containing a ftone with two cells, in each of which is
lodged a fingle feed,
L O N
The feeds of this plant were fent to England by Mr.
Catelby, in the year 1724, who gathered them in the
Bahama I Hands, where the plants grow in plenty, near
the ftiore of the fea j and fince that time the feeds
have been fent to England by Dr. William Houf-
toun, who gathered them at La Vera Cruz-, fo that
I believe the plant is common in moft of the warm
parts of America.
It is propagated by feeds, which muft be procured
from the countries of its natural growth, for the plants
will not produce them in Europe ^ thefe feeds fhould
be fown in pots filled with light fandy earth, and
plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, where the
plants will come up in about a month or five weeks,
provided the bed is warm, and the earth often wa-
tered. When the plants are up, they fhould be kept
in a temperate hot-bed, and frequently refrefhed with
water, but it muft not be given them in large quan-
tities, for they are very fucculent, and fubjeft to perifh
with much moifture, efpecially while they are young.
When the plants are about two inches high, they
fhould be carefully taken out of the pots in which they
were fown, and each planted in a feparate fmall pot
filled with frefh light fandy earth, and then plunged
into the hot-bed again, obferving to fhade them in the
heat of the day until they have taken new root. In
this hot-bed the plants may remain until the middle,
or latter end of September, when they muft be re-
moved into the ftove, and plunged into the tan-bed,
in the warmeft part of the ftove, for they are very ten-
der plants while young, therefore muft be kept very
warm, otherwife they will not live through the firft
winter in this country. In the fpring following the
plants may be fhifted into fomewhat larger pots, and
then plunged into a frefh hot-bed to forward their
growth ; for if they are not pufhed on while they are
young, they feldom grow to any fize, nor will they
ever flower ; fo that in order to have them in any
beauty, they muft be carefully managed. The leaves
of this plant are very fubjedt to contract filth, by be-
ing conftantly kept in the ftove, therefore they fhould
be wafhed with a fponge frequently, to keep them
clean, otherwife they will appear unfightly.
LOBUS ECHINATUS. See Guilandina.
LOCULAMENTS are little diftindt cells, or par-
titions, within the feed-vefiels of plants.
LOLIUM. Darnel Grafs.
Of this fort of Grafs we have two or three fpecies,
which grow naturally in England ; fome in dry Grafs
grounds, and one which is an annual Grafs, is fre-
quently found in arable land ; but as neither of them
are cultivated for ufe, fo I fliall not trouble the reader
with any farther account of them.
LONCHITIS [fo called of A oyyy, a lance or fpear,
becaufe the leaves are fo fharp-pointed as to refemble
the point of a fpear.] Rough Spleen wort.
The Characters are,
T he leaves are like thofe of the Fern , but the pinnule
are eared at their bafe \ the fruit alfo is like that of the
Fern.
The Species are,
1. Lonchitis afpera. Ger. Rough Spleenwort.
2. Lonchitis alpera major. Ger. Emach. Greater rough
Spleenwort,.
The firft of thefe plants is very common in fhady
woods, by the Tides of fmall rivulets, in divers parts
of England ; but the fecond fort is not quite fo com-
mon, and has been brought into feveral curious bo-
tanic gardens from the mountains in Wales. There
are alfo great variety of thefe plants in America, which
at prefent are ftrangers in the European gardens ;
they are feldom cultivated but in botanic gardens
for the fake of variety, where they muft have a moift
foil and fhady fituation.
LONGITUDINAL VESSELS, in plants, are
fuch as are extended in length through the woody
parts of trees and plants, into which the air is fuppofed
to enter, and mix with the juices of the plant, and
thereby augment its bulk.
LQNL
LON
L O N I C E R A . Lin. Gen. Plant. Chatrrkcerafus.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 609. tab. 379. Upright Honeyfuckle.
The Characters are.
The flower has a flmall emp dement, cut into five parts ,
upon which the germen fits. It hath one petal , with an
oblong tube, cut into five parts at the brim , and five awl-
fihaped ftamina , ahnojl the length of the petal , terminated
by oblong fummits. Under the petal is fiituated a roundijh
germen , fiupporting a J lender Jlyle the length of the petal,
crowned by an obtnfie fligma. 'The germen afterward turns
to two berries, which join at their bafie.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes thole plants
whole flowers have five ftamina and one ftyle j and to
this genus he has joined the Caprifolium, Periclyme-
num, and Xylofteum of Tournefort, and the Sym-
phoricarpos of Dillenius. Tournefort places this ge-
nus in the fixth fedtion of his twentieth clafs, in
which he ranges the trees and fhrubs with a flower of
one petal, whole empalement becomes a berry.
The Species are,
1. Lonicera ( Xylofteum ) pedunculis bifloris, baccis dif-
tindlis, foliis integerrimis pubefcentibus. Prod. Leyd.
238. Lonicera with two flowers on each foot-jlalk, diftinbl
berries , and entire woolly leaves. Chamsecerafus dume-
torum frudtu gemi.no rubro. C. B. P. 451. Dwarf
Cherry with twin red fruit, commonly called Fly Honey fuckle.
Lonicera ( Alpigena ) pedunculis bifloris, baccis co-
2. adunatis didymis. Lin, Sp. Plant. 174. Lonicera with
two flowers upon a foot-jlalk , and twin berries which are
joined together. Chamaecerafus Alpina, frudtu gemi-
no rubro duobus pundtis notato. C. B. P. 451. Dwarf
Alpine Cherry with a red twin fruit , marked with two
points , commonly called red-berried upright Honeyfuckle.
3. Lonicera ( Ccerulea ) pedunculis bifloris, baccis co-
adunatis globofis, ftylis indivifis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 174.
Lonicera with two flowers on a foot-jlalk , globular ber-
ries, which are joined, and undivided ftyle s. Chamsece-
rafus montana, frudtu fingulari-caeruleo. C. B. P. 451.
Mountain Dwarf Cherry with a jingle blue fruit , com-
monly called Jingle, blue-berried, upright Honeyfuckle.
4. Lonicera {Nigra) pedunculis bifloris, baccis dif-
tindtis, foliis ferratis. Prod. Leyd. 238. Lonicera with
two flowers on a foot-ftalk, diftinbl berries , and flawed
leaves. Chamaecerafus Alpina, frudtu nigro gemino.
C. B. P. 451. Alpine Dwarf Cherry with a black twin
fruit , called black-berried upright Honeyfuckle.
5. Lonicera (Tartaric a) pedunculis bifloris, baccis
diftindtis, foliis cordatis obtufis. Hort. Upfal. 42.
Lonicera with two flowers on a foot-ftalk, diftinbl berries,
and blunt heart-Jhaped leaves. Chamaecerafus frudtu
gemino rubro, foliis glabris cordatis. Amm. Ruth.
184. Dwarf Cherry with a twin red fruit, and fmooth
heart-Jhaped leaves.
6 . Lonicera (. Pyrenaica ) pedunculis bifloris, baccis
diftindtis, foliis oblongis glabris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 174.
Lonicera with two flowers on a foot-ftalk, diftinbi berries,
and oblong fmooth leaves. Xylofteum Pyrenaicum.
Tourn. Inft. 609. Pyrenean Dwarf Cherry.
7. Lonicera ( Symphoricarpos ) capitulis lateralibus pe-
dunculatis, foliis petiolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 175. Lo-
nicera with lateral heads of flowers groining upon foot-
ftalks, and leaves having foot-ftalks. Symphoricarpos
foliis alatis. Dill. Hort. Elth.. 371. commonly called
. Jhrubby St. Peterfwort.
The firft fort has been many years cultivated in the
Englifh gardens under the title of Fly Honeyluckle.
It grows naturally upon the Alps, and in other cold
parts of Europe. It nfes with a itrong woody ftalk
fix or eight feet high, covered with a wh'itilb bark,
dividing into many branches, which are garnifhed
with oblong oval leaves placed oppofite ; they are
entire, and covered with fhort hairy down. The
flowers come out on each fide of the branches op-
pofite, ftanding upon (lender foot-ftalks, each fuf-
. taining two white flowers (landing eredl •, thefe have
one petal, which is cut into five parts ; the three lower
being narrow, are reflexed, the two broader Hand
upright ; thefe appear in June, and are fticceeded by
LON
two red clammy berries, which are joined at their bafe$
and ripen the beginning of September.
The fecond fort grows naturally upon the Alps ; this
has been long cultivated in the Englifh gardens, by
the title of red-berried upright Honeyfuckle ; this
hath a fhort, thick, woody Item, which divides into ma-
ny ftrong woody branches growing eredt, garnifhed
with fpear fnaped leaves placed oppofite, {landing
upon foot-ftalks •, they are entire, their under fide
being of a pale green, but their upper of a dark
green. The flowers (land upon very long {lender
foot-ftalks, which come out oppofite on each fide the
branches, at the bale of the leaves •, they are red on
their outfide, but pale within, fhaped like thole of the
former fort, but are a little larger, (landing eredl
thefe appear the latter end of April, and are com-
monly fticceeded by two oval red berries, joined at
their bafe, which have two pundt ures *, they ripen the
beginning of Auguft. Sometimes there is but one berry
fucceeding each flower, which is frequently as large as
a Kentilh Cherry -, this I believe hasledfome to fuppofe
it was a diftindt fpecies, as I thought rnyfelf, when I faw
all the fruit upon the fhrub were Angle ; but the follow-
ing years, I found they had twin fruit like the others.
The third fort grows naturally upon the Appenines ;
this is a fhrub of humbler growth than either of the
former, feldom riling more than four or five feet high.
The branches are {lender, covered with a fmooth pur-
plifh bark. The joints are diftant, where the leaves
come out oppofite, and iometimes there are two on
each fide. The foot-ftalks of the flowers are very
(hort, each fuftaining two white flowers, fhaped like
thofe of the former forts *, thefe are fticceeded by blue
berries, which are Angle and diftindt. The flowers
appear in May, and the berries ripen in Auguft.
The fourth fort grows naturally on the Alps and
Helvetian Mountains ; this is a fhrub very like
the former, but the branches are flenderer. The
leaves are a little fawed on their edges. The flowers
have two berries fucceeding them, in which conflfts
their difference. It flowers at the fame time with the
former.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Tartary, from whence
the feeds were font to the Imperial Garden at Pe-
terfburgh, where they fticceeded, and from thence
the feeds were font to me ; this is a fhrub which
grows about the fame height with the two former, to
which this has a great refemblance in its branches •, but
the leaves of this are heart-fhaped, and the berries are
red, growing fometimes Angle, at others double, and
frequently there are three joined together, which are
about the fame fize with the former. It flowers in
April, and the fruit is ripe in July.
The fixth fort grows naturally on the Pyrenean
Mountains, and alfo in Canada, from whence the
feeds were brought to Duke D’Ayen, which were
fown in his curious garden at St. Germain, where they
fucceeded, and his high nets was fo good as to far-
nifti me with a plant ^ this feldom riles more than
three or four feet high, dividing into feveral fpread-
ing irregular branches, which are garnifhed with ob-
long fmooth leaves, placed oppofite. The flowers
come out from the fide of the branches upon Sender
foot-ftalks, each fuftaining two white flowers, which
are cut into five fegments almoft to the bottom ; thefe
are fucceeded by berries as the other forts. It flowers
in April.
The ieventh fort grows naturally in North America,
but has been many years propagated in the Englifh
gardens ; this hath a fhrubby ftalk which rifes about
four feet high, fending out many Sender plain
branches, garnifhed with oval hairy leaves, placed
by pairs oppofite, having very fhort foot-ftalks. The
flowers are produced in whorls round the ftalk 5 they
are of an herbaceous colour, and appear in Auguft.
The fruit, which is hollow, and fhaped like a pottage
pot, ripens in the winter. Dr. Dillenius, in his Hor-
tus Elthamenfis, has titled this plant, Symphoricar-
pos foliis alatis, fuppoftng the leaves to be winged $
8 E but
L O P
but as the leaves fall off fingle, and the branches re-
main upon which they were fixed, they cannot be
called winged leaves.
Thefe. fhruhs are now propagated in the nurfery
gardens near London, for faie, and are commonly
intermixed with other dowering fhruhs for the fake of
variety ; but as there is little beauty in fome of their
flowers, a few of them only fhould be admitted, to
let off thole which are preferable •, they are all of
them very hardy plants, fo will thrive in a cold fitu-
ation better than in a warm one , thev love a moill
loil, in which they will thrive, and produce a greater
quantity of fruit than in dry ground.
They may be propagated either by feeds or cuttings.
The feeds commonly lie in the ground a year before
they vegetate, but require no particular culture ; if
they are fown in autumn, many of them will grow
the following fpring. The cuttings fhould be planted
In autumn in a fhady border, where they will put out
roots the following fpring, and in the following au-
tumn they may be removed into a nurfery, to grow
two years to get ftrength, after which they fhould be
_ transplanted where they are defigned to remain.
LOPPING. It is very obiervable, that moft old
trees are hollow within, which does not proceed from
the nature of the trees, but is the fault of thofe who
have the management of them, who fuffer the tops to
grow large before they lop them, as the Afh, Elm,
Hornbeam, &c. and perfuade themfelves, that they
may have the more great wood j but, in the mean
time, do not confider that the cutting off great tops,
or branches, endangers the life of a tree, or, at beft,
wounds it fo, that many trees yearly decay more in
their bodies, than the yearly tops come to ; and at
the fame time that they furnifh themfelves with more
great wood, they do it at the lofs of the owner.
And, indeed, though the Hornbeam and Elm will
bear great tops when the body is little more than a
fhell, yet the Afh, if it comes to take wet at the
head, very rarely bears more top after the body of
the tree decays ; therefore, if once thefe trees decay
much in the middle, they will be worth little but
for the fire, fo that if you find a timber tree decay,
it fhould be cut down in time, that the timber be
not loft.
The Lopping of young trees, that is, at ten or twelve
years old at moft, will preferve them much longer,
and will occafion the fhoots to grow more into wood
in one year, than they do in old tops at two or three.
But when great boughs are ill taken off, it often
fpoils many a tree, for which reafon they fhould al-
ways be fpared, unlefs there is an abfolute neceflity.
When they muft be cut off, it fhould be clofe
and fmooth, and not parallel to the horizon, and
cover the wound with loam and horfe-dung mix-
ed, to prevent the wet from entering the body of {
the tree.
When trees are at their full growth, there are feve-
ral figns of their decay, as, the withering or dying of
many of their top branches •, or if the wet enters at
any knot, or they are any-wife hollow, or difcoloured,
if they make but poor fhoots, or if woodpeckers make
.any holes in them.
This Lopping of trees is only to be underftood for
pollard trees, becaufe nothing is more injurious to
the growth of timber trees, than that of Lopping or
cutting off great branches from them ; whoever will
be at the trouble of trying the experiment upon two
trees of equal age and fize, growing near each other,
to lop or cut off the fide branches from one of them,
and fufier ail the branches to grow upon the other,
will, in a few years, find the latter to exceed the other
In growth every way, and this will not decay near fo
foon. ^ .
All forts of refinous trees, or fuch as abound with a
milky juice, fhould be lopped very fparingly, for they
are fubjed to decay when often cut. The beft feafon
for Lopping thefe trees, is foon after Bartholomew tide,
If which time they feldom bleed much, and the
LOT
wound is commonly healed over before the cold wea-
ther comes on.
LOR AN THUS. Vaill. Ad. R. Sc. 1702. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 400. Lonicera. Plum. Nov. Gen. 17.
tab. 37.
The Characters are,
'The empalement of the flower is entire , concave , and
crowns the germen. 'The flower is tubulous , and cut into
five narrow figments almoft to the bottom , which are re -
flexed. It hath four flamina which are longer than the
tube of the flower, terminated by globular fummits. The
germen , which is Jituated below the empakment , fupports
a fingle flyle which is longer than the flamina , crowned
by an oval fiigma. The germen afterward becomes an
oval pulpy fruit with one cell , including fever al compreffed
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, but it fhould be placed in his
fourth clafs, for the flower has but four flamina and
one ftyle.
There are feveral fpecies of this genus, which grow
naturally upon trees, in feveral parts of America 5
but as the plants cannot be cultivated in gardens, fo
it will be to no purpofe to enumerate them.
LQ PUS. Tourn. Inft, R. H. 402. Lin. Gen. Plante
803. Bird’s-foot Trefoil j in French, Lotier.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is cfl one leaf , permanent ,
and cut at the top into five parts. The flower is of the
butterfly kind. The ftandard is roundijh , and reflexed
backward. The wings are broad , roundijh , and Jkorter
than the ftandard , clofing together at the top. The keel
is clofed on the upper fide , and convex on the under ,
rifling a little. It hath ten ftamina , nine joined und one
ftp ar ate, terminated by fmall fummits , with an oblong ta-
per germen, fupporting a Jingle ftyle , crowned by an in-
flexed Jligma. The germen afterward becomes a clofe cy-
lindrical pod with one cell, opening with two valves , ha-
ving many tranfverfe partitions , in each of theft is lodged
one roundijh feed .
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedion of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De~
candria, which contains the plants whofe flowers have
ten ftamina in two houfes.
The Species are,
1. Lotus ( Corniculatus ) capitulis depreffis, caulibus de-
cumbentibus, leguminibus cylindricis patentibus.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 775. Bird' s-foot Trefoil with depreffed
heads, trailing ftalks, and cylindrical fpreading pods. Lo-
tus corniculata glabra, minor. J. B. 2. 356. Lejfer,
fmooth, corniculated Bird' s-foot T refoil.
2. Lotus (. Anguftijfmus ) leguminibus fubbinatis lineari-
bus ftridis eredis, caule eredo, pedunculis alternis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 774. Bird' s-foot Trefoil with eredt, li-
near, ftrait pods , growing in pairs, an eredt ftalk, and
alternate foot-ftalks. Lotus pentaphyllos, minor, hir-
futus, filiqua anguftiffima. C. B. P. 332. Smaller ,
five-leaved , hairy Bird' s-foot Trefoil, with very narrow)
pods.
3. Lotus ( Glabrus ) capitulis depreffis, caulibus decum-
bentibus, foliis linearibus glabris, leguminibus li-
nearibus. Bird.' s-foot T refoil with depreffed heads, trail-
ing ftalks, fmooth linear leaves , and very narrow pods «.
Lotus pentaphyllos frutefcens, tenuiflimis glabris fo-
liis. C. B. P.332. Shrubby five-leaved Bird,' s-foot Tre-
foil, with very narrow fmooth leaves.
4. Lotus ( Redius ) capitulis fubglobofis, caule eredo,
leguminibus redis glabris. Hort. Upfal. 221. Bird's -
foot Trefoil with globular heads , an eredi ftalk, and ftrait
fmooth pods. Lotus villofus, altiflimus, flore glome-
rate. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 403. Talleft hairy Bird's-
foot Trefoil with a glomerated flower.
5. Lotus ( Cretica ) leguminibus fubternatis, caule fru-
ticofo, foliis fericeis nitidis. Hort. Cliff. 372. Bird's -
foot Trefoil with generally three pods on each foot-ftalk, a
Jhrubby ftalk, and fhining leaves. Lotus argentea Cre-
tica. Pluk. Aim. 226, Silvery Bird' s-foot Trefoil of
Crete,.
C Lotus
LOT
6 . Lotus ( Hirfutus ) capitulis hirfutis, cauie ere&o hir-
futo, leguminibus ovatis. Hort. Upfal. 220, Bird’s-
foot 'Trefoil with hairy heads , an erebt hairy Jlalk , and
oval pod.s. Lotus pentaphyllos filiquofus villofus.
C. B. P. 332. Five- leaved , hairy, podded Bird’s-foot
Trefoil.
7. Lotus ( Candidas ) capitulis fubglobofis hirfutis, cauie
ereblo ramofo, hirfuto, foliis tomentofis. Bird's- foot
Trefoil with globular heads , which are hairy , an upright
branching hairy Jlalk , and woolly leaves , Lotus hae-
morrhoid alls humilior & candidior. Tourn. Inft, 403.
Lower bird's-foot Trefoil , having whiter leaves.
8. Lotus ( Ornithopodioides ) leguminibus fubquinatis ar-
cuatis compreffis, caulibus diffufis. Hort. Cliff. 372.
Bird's- foot Trefoil with five arched comprejfed pods , and
diffufed Jlalks. Lotus filiquis ornithopodii. C. B. P.
332. Bird's- foot Trefoil with pods like birds feet.
9. Lotus ( Peregrinus ) leguminibus fubbinatis lineari-
bus comprefiis nutantibus. Hort. Cliff. 372. Bird's-
foot T refoil with two narrow comprejfed nodding pods.
Lotus filiquis geminis peregrina. Boerh. Ind. 2.
p. 38. Foreign Bird's- foot Trefoil with twin pods.
jo. Lotus ( Pratenfis ) leguminibus folitariis redis tere-
tibus terminalibus, cauie eredo. Sauv. Monfp. 189.
Bird’s-foot Trefoil with an eredi Jlalk , terminated by a
Jingle , toper, eredi pod. Lotus pratenfis filiquofa lutea.
C. B. P. 332. Fellow, meadow , podded Bird's-foot
Trefoil.
ji. Lotus ( Edulis ) leguminibus fubfolitariis gibbis in-
curvis. Hort. Cliff. 370. Bird's-foot Trefoil with
Jingle, convex, incurved pods. Lotus pentaphyllos, fili-
qua cornuta. C. B. P. 332. Five-leaved Bird's-foot
Trefoil with horned pods.
12. Lotus ( Maritimus ) leguminibus folitariis membra-
caceo-quadrangulatis, bradeis lanceolatis. It. Oel.
143. Flor. Suec. 610, Bird's-foot Trefoil with fingle
pods which are quadrangular by a membrane, and a
fpear-Jhaped bradtece. X.otus maritima lutea filiquofa,
folio pingui glabro. - Bot. Monfp. Podded , yellow,
maritime Bird's-foot Trefoil with a fmooth leaf.
13. Lotus ( Conjugatus ) leguminibus conjugatis mem-
branaceo quadrangulis, bradleis oblongo-ovatis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 774. Bird's-foot Trefoil with conjugated pods
which are quadrangular by a membrane , and oblong oval
bradiea, Lotus lutea, filiqua angulosa. Boerh. Ind.
alt. 2 . p. 3 7. Fellow Bird's-foot Trefoil with angular pods.
54. Lotus ( Tetragonolobus ) leguminibus folitariis mem-
branaceo-quadrangulatis, bradleis oyatis. Hort. Up-
fal. 220. Bird’s-foot Trefoil with fingle pods which are
quadrangular, with a membrane , and oval bradiea.
Lotus ruber filiqua angulosa. C. B. P, 332. Red
Bird's-foot Trefoil with angular pods, commonly called
winged Pea.
15. Lotus ( Cytifoides ) capitulis dimidiatis, cauie dif-
fufo ramofiffimo, foliis tomentofis. Prod. Leyd. 387 -
Bird's-foot Trefoil with heads divided into two equal parts,
a very branching diffufed Jlalk, and woolly leaves. Lotus
filiquofa maritima lutea, Cytifi facie. Barrel. Icon.
1031. Podded, yellow, maritime Bird's-foot T refoil with
the appearance of Cytifus,
j 6. Lotus iffacobaus) leguminibus fubternatis, cauie
herbaceo eredlo, foliis linearibus. Hort. Cliff. 372.
Bird's-foot Trefoil with three pods, an erect herbaceous
Jlalk- and narrow leaves. Lotus auguftifolia, flore lu-
teo purpurafcente, inful® St. Jacobi. Hort. Amft. 2.
p. 165. Narrow-leaved Bird's-foot Trefoil of St. James's
ifiand, with a yellow purplijh flower.
j 7. Lotus (JDorycnium ) capitulis aphyllis, foliis feflili-
bus quinatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 776. Bird's-foot Trefoil
with naked heads, and leaves placed by fives fitting
clofe to the branches. Dorycnium Monfpelieniium.
Lob. Icon. 5 1 . Dorycnium of Montpelier.
The firft, fecond, and third forts grow naturally in
many parts of England, fo are rarely admitted into
gardens. When thefe grow in moift land and a
fhady utuation, they fend out ftalks near two feet
long ; but upon dry chalky and gravelly ground,
their ftalks are not more than four or five inches long,
gild lie fiat upon the ground. I have always obf&rved
in thofe paftures where thefe plants have grown, that
the cattle of all forts have avoided eating them, but
the Grafs all round them has been eaten very bare. I
have cut the plants when young, and given it to va-
rious kinds of animals, but could never get them to
eat it ; and yet the feeds of thefe have been gathered
and fold by fame quacks in hufhandry, under the
title of Lady’s Finger Grafs, to be fown *is inv
provement to land for pafrure,
The roots of thefe are perennial, fo are difficult to
get out when they have had long poffeffion of the
land ; and they produce great quantities of feeds,
which is caff about by the elafticity of the pods when
ripe, to a confiderable diitance 4 they flower in June,
and the feeds .ripen in September.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France, in Italy, and Sicily ; this has by feme been
fuppofed the Cytifus of Virgil, but without founda-
tion, for it does not anfwer the defcription given of
that plant. This hath a ftrong perennial root, from
which arife many upright ftrong ftalks from three to
four feet high, covered with a purplifh bark, and to-
ward the top fend out a few fide branches •, thefe
are garnifhed at every joint by a trifoliate leaf, whofe
lobes are wedge-fhaped ; at the bafe of the foot-
fralk are placed two heart-fhaped lobes fitting clofe
to the branch •> the leaves are hairy on their under
fide •, the flowers are produced at the end of the
branches almoft: in globular heads, fitting clofe to
the foot-ftalk : thefe are of a pale flefh colour and
appear in June, and are fucceeded by fmooth ftrait
pods almoft an inch long, which change to a brown,
colour when ripe, and contain feveral roundifh feeds
which ripen in September. It is rarely cultivated
but in botanic gardens for variety, but if any per-
fon has an inclination to cultivate this plant for feed-
ing of cattle, it may be done in the fame way as
the Lucern, for which there is full directions in the
article Medicago, It rifes eaftly from feeds, is very
hardy, and will thrive on any light dry poor ground.
Cows and horfes will eat this plant when green, but
I have not tried if they will feed on it when made
into hay.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Syria and Crete 5
this rifes with (lender ftalks which require fupport,
from three to four feet high, fending out a few fide
branches ; thefe are garnifhed at each joint with neat
finning filvery leaves which are trifoliate, and have
two appendages at the bafe of their foot-ftalks, as
the other forts •, they are in fhape like the former,
but a little fmafler, and have an acute point at their
top. The foot-ftalks of the flowers, which are from
two to three inches long, arife from the fide of the
branches, and fuftain heads of yellow flowers, which
part in the middle, each head containing four or fix
flowers •, thefe appear in May, June, and July, and
are fucceeded by long taper pods filled with roundifh.
feeds which ripen in the autumn.
This fort has a perennial ftalk, but is too tender to
Jive through the winter in the open air in England, fo
is kept in pots and removed into the green-houfe in
autumn, and treated like other hardy exotic plants
which only require protedion from froft, fo want no
artificial heat. It may be propagated by feeds, which
if fown on a bed of light earth in April, the plants will
come up in about a month after, and in another
month will be fit to remove ; when they fhould be each
put into a feparate fmall pot filled with frefh light
earth, placing them in the fhade till they have taken
new root; then they may be removed to a flickered
fituation, where they may remain till autumn.
It may be alfo propagated by cuttings, which may be
planted during any of the ftimmer months, upon a
bed of light earth, covering them clofe with a bell
or hand-glafs, and fcreening them from the fun ; in
about five or fix weeks they will have taken root,
when they muft be inured to bear the open air, and
foon after may be planted in pots, and treated in thg
fame wav as the feedling plants,
TH
LOT
The fixth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and Italy •, this hath a perennial (talk, which riles three
feet high ; when the roots are large, they frequently
fend up feveral of thefe (talks, especially if the old
ones are cut down •, the (talks are hairy, and divide
into feveral branches, which are clofely garnifhed with
hoary trifoliate leaves, having two appendages at the
bale of the (talk , the flowers are collected into heads
fitting upon pretty long foot-ftalks, which come out
of the fide of the (talks. They have very hairy em-
palements, and are of a dirty white colour with a
few marks of pale red. They appear in June and
July, and are fucceeded by fhort thick pods of a
Cheftnut colour, containing feveral rcundifh feeds
which ripen in the autumn. This is propagated by
feeds in the fame way as the laft fort ; the plants
will live through the winter in the open air in mode-
rate winters, but it will be proper to keep one or two
plants in pots to be fheltered in winter, left thofe
abroad ftiould be deftroyed by fevere froft.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Sicily; this rifes
with an upright woody ftalk near three feet high, gar-
nifhed with leaves like the fixth, but they are much
whiter, covered with a fhort woolly down, as are alfo
the (talks ; the flowers grow in clofe heads like the
laft, and are fucceeded by fhort pods, which contain
many yellow feeds. It flowers in fummer, and the
feeds ripen in autumn. This is too tender to live in
the open air in England through the winter, fo the
plants mud be kept in pots and houfed during that
feafon. It is propagated in the fame way as the fifth
fort, and requires the fame culture.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Sicily ; this is an
annual plant, which fends out from the root many
ftiff dalles from one to two feet high, which divide in-
to many branches growing diffufed without any or-
der, and are garnifhed with trifoliate leaves, having
two appendages at their bafe ; the foot-ftalks of the
flower rife from the wings of the (talks ; they are two
or three inches long, terminated by a clufter of yel-
low flowers, which are fucceeded by flat pods twd
inches long, which are bent like an arch, and have
many joints, feparating the cells in which the feeds are
lodged. It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in
autumn, and the plants decay foon after.
This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
early in April upon an open bed or border expofed
to the fun, where the plants are to remain : when
they come up they muft be thinned, leaving them
near two feet afunder, and afterwards they muft be
kept clean from weeds, which is all the culture they
require.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
gal : this is an annual plant like the former, but
doth not branch fo much ; the fmall leaves are rounder
at their ends, and they are fmoother ; the foot-ftalks
are fhorter, and feldom fuftain more than two flowers ;
thefe are fucceeded by two very narrow pods about
two inches long, which hang downward. This re-
quires the fame culture as the former.
The tenth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France;
this hath a perennial root, from which is fent out fe-
veral hairy (talks near a foot long, garnifhed with tri-
foliate hairy leaves, (landing upon fhort foot-ftalks,
with two appendages at the bafe of thefoot-ftalk ; the
flowers ftand upon pretty long foot-ftalks fingly,
which rife from the end of the branches ; they have
long hairy empaiements, with two oblong acute-
pointed leaves immediately under them. The flowers
are yellow, (landing eredt, and are fucceeded by taper
eredt pods an inch and a half long. It flowers in June
and July, and the feeds ripen in the autumn. It is
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown where the
plants are to remain, and muft be treated as the two
former forts, but the roots of this will continue fe-
veral years.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in Sicily and Crete,
where the pods are eaten by the poorer inhabitants
when they are yeung. It alfo grows about Nice, from
L O T
whence I received the feeds. This is an annual plant,
from whofe roots come out feveral trailing (talks a
foot long, garnifhed at each joint with trifoliate round-
ifli leaves, having appendages. The flowers ftand
fingly upon long foot-ftalks, which arife from the
fide of the branches ; they are yellow and fmall, and
are fucceeded by Angle pods, which are thick, and
arched with a deep furrow on the outfide. The
flowers appear in June and July, and in warm fea-
fons the feeds ripen in the autumn, but in cold
fummers they will not ripen here. This muft have
the fame culture as the annual forts before mentioned.
The twelfth fort grows near the borders of the fea in
France, Spain, and Italy ; this hath a perennial root,
fending out many (lender ftalks about a foot and a half
long, which trail upon the ground, and are garnifhed
with trifoliate leaves at each joint, which are fmooth,
and have two appendages to the bafe of the foot-
ftalk. The flowers (land fingly, upon very long foot-
ftalks arifing from the wings of the ftalk ; they are
yellow, and are fucceeded by Angle pods near two
inches long, having four leafy membranes running
longitudinally at the four corners. This flowers in
June and July, and the feeds ripen in the autumn.
It is propagated by feed in the fame way as the tenth
fort.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France and Italy ; this is an annual plant, from
whofe roots are fent forth feveral branching ftalks
a foot long, garnifhed with trifoliate leaves, whofe
lobes are acute-pointed, and have two obi ng oval
appendages at the bafe of their foot-ftalks : the 3 foot-
ftalks of the flower arife from the wings of the
branches , each fuftaining two yellow flowers, which
are fucceeded by taper pods near two inches long,
having four leafy membranes running longitudi-
nally their length. It flowers in July, and the feeds
ripen in autumn. It is propagated by the feeds ia
the fame way as the annual forts before mentioned.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally in Sicily, but has
been long cultivated in the Englilh gardens ; it was
formerly cultivated as an efculent plant. The green
pods of it were d relied and eaten as Peas, which
the inhabitants of fome of the northern counties ftill
continue, but they are very coarfe, fo not agreeable
to the tafte of thofe who have been accuftomed to
better fare.
It is an annual plant which is cultivated in the flower-
gardens near London for ornament. This fends out
frorn the root feveral decumbent ftalks about a foot
long, garnilhed at each joint with trifoliate oval
leaves, having oval appendages at the bafe of their
foot-ftalks ; from each joint arife alternately the foot-
ftalks of the flowers, which are from two to three
inches long, each fuftaining one large red flower at
the top, with three leaves juft under the flower. Af-
ter the flower fades, the germen becomes a lwelling
taper pod two inches long, having four leafy mem-
branes or wings running longitudinally. It flowers
in June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The feeds of this fort are commonly fown in patches,
five or fix feeds being fown near each other, in the
borders of the pleafure-garden, where they are de-
figned to remain. If the feeds all grow, fome of
the plants may be pulled up, leaving only two or
three in each patch, and afterward they will require
no other care but to keep them clean from weeds.
The fifteenth fort grows near the borders of the fea,
in the fouth of France and Spain. This is a perennial
plant, fending out from the root many ftalks, which
branch out their whole length, and are garnifhed
with roundiih trifoliate leaves with two appendages ;
they are covered with a woolly down : the flowers
ftand upon (hort foot-ftalks, four or fix growing in a
divided head ; they are yellow, and appear in July,
and are fucceeded by taper pods filled with roundifh
feeds, which ripen in autumn. This is propagated
by feeds, which ftiould be fown in the fpring in the
place where the plants are to remain, and muft be
treated
treated in the fame manner as the hardy perennial
forts before mentioned.
The fixteenth fort grows naturally in the Ifland of
St. James, from whence the feeds were firft brought
to Europe, but I have fince received the feeds from
the Cape of Good Hope. This hath a (lender ftalk
which is woody, riling from two to three feet high,
fending out many fender herbaceous branches, gar-
nifhed with narrow white leaves, which are fometimes
trifoliate, and at others there are five narrow lobes to
each ; thefe fit dole to the branches, and are hoary.
The flowers are produced from the fide of the ftalks
towards their upper part, upon very (lender foot-
ftalks, each fuftaining four or five flowers colledled in
a head, of a yellowilh deep purple colour, which are
fucceeded by taper (lender pods little more than an
inch long, containing five or fix fmall roundifh feeds.
This plant flowers all the fummer and autumn, and
many times great part of the winter, efpecially if
the plants are placed in a dry airy glafs-cafe, where
they may be free from damp, for nothing is more pre-
judicial to them. It is too tender to live abroad in
England, fo the plants muft be kept in pots and in
the winter placed in a warm airy glafs-cafe, but in
the fummer they fhould be placed abroad in a (hel-
tered fituation. It may be eaflly propagated by cut-
tings, during the fummer feafon, in the fame way as
the fifth fort, and alfo by feeds ; but the plants which
have been two or three times propagated by cuttings,
feldom are fruitful.
The feventeenth fort grows naturally about Montpe-
lier *, it rifes with weak fhrubby (talks three or four
feet high, fending out many fender branches, which
are thinly garnifhed with fmall hoary leaves, growing
with five lobes in form of a hand ; they fit clofe to the
branches. The flowers are produced at the extremity
of the branches in fmall heads ; they are very fmall
and white, fo make no great appearance ; they ap-
pear in June, and are fucceeded by fliort pods con-
taining two or three fmall round feeds which ripen
in the autumn. This (hrub will live in the open air,
if it be planted in a dry foil and a warm fituation. It
is propagated by feeds, which will come up in any
common border.
LOTUS ARBOR See Celtis/
LOVE-APPLE. See Lycopersicon.
LUDVIGIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 142.
This title was given to this genus of plants by Dr.
Linnteus, in honour of M. Chrift. Ludwig, of Leip-
fic, who publilhed Remarks on Rivinus’s Method of
clafling Plants, at Leipfic, in 1737.
The Characters are,
! The empalement of the flower is of one leaf \ cut into
four fegments at the top , and fits upon the germen. ‘The
flower conjifts of four fpear-Jhaped petals, which are equal,
and fpread open. In the center of the flower is fituated
the four-cornered point al, attended by four flamina: the
germen afterward becomes a four-cornered fruit, crowned
with the empalement, and has four cells which are full of
fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have four (lamina and one (lyle.
We have but one Species of this genus in the Eng-
lifli gardens at prefent, which is
Ludvigia ( Alternifolia ) foliis alternis lanceolatis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 1 1 8 . Ludvigia wich alternate fpear-Jhaped
leaves. Ludvigia capfulis fubrotundis. Hort. Cliff
49 1 . Ludvigia with roundifh capfules.
We have no Englifh name for this plant, but it is
very near akin to the Onagra, or Tree Primrofe, from
which it differs in the number of (lamina.
This plant grows naturally in South Carolina, from
whence the late Dr. Dale lent me the feeds. It is annual,
and rifes with an upright branching ftalk a foot high,
garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves placed alternate.
The flowers come out fingly at the foot -ftalks of the
leaves ; they are compofed of four fmall yellow pe-
■ tals, which fpread open, (landing upon fliort foot-
ftalks, and have four (lamina the flowers are fucceeded
by roundifn feed-vefiels with four leafy membranes
they open in four ceils, including many fmall feeds-
It flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in the autumn.
The plants muft be raifed in a hot-bed in the fpring,
and treated in the fame manner as hath been diredleci
for the Amaranthus : for if they are not brought for-
ward in the fpring, they feldom produce good feeds
in England.
LUFF A. Tourn. Ad. R. S. 1709. Momordica. Lin.
Gen. 967. Egyptian Cucumber.
The Characters are.
It hath a bell floaped flower confifiing of one leaf, which
is divided into five parts to the center there are male and
female flowers on the fame plant. The male flowers are
produced on Jhort foot -ftalks, having no embryos but the
female flowers reft on the top of the embryos, which after-
ward become a fruit like a Cucumber to outward appear-
ance, but is not flefhy the inner part conf fling of many
fibres, which are elegantly netted and there are three cells
which are filled with feeds, which are almojl of an oval
Jhape.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz;
Luff a (JEgyptiaca) Araburn. Tourn. Ad. R. 170. The
Luffa of the Arabians.
There are two varieties of this plant, one having
white, and the other black feeds •, but thefe are not
diftind fpecies.
This plant may be propagated after the fame man-
ner as Cucumbers and Melons, by fowingthe feeds on
a hot-bed the beginning of March 5 and when the
plants are come up, they muft be pricked into afrefh.
hot-bed to ftrengthen the plants, obferving to let
them have frefti air every day in warm weather, and
to refrefh them frequently with water. When the
plants have four or five leaves, they fhould be planted
out upon a hot-bed where they are cleftgned to re-
main, which fhould be under frames, and but one plant
put into each light •, for as thefe plants fend forth a
great number of fide-(hoots, fo where they are planted
too clofe, they v/ill entangle one into the other, and
become fo thick, as to caufe the fruit to drop. In the
management of thefe plants, after they are planted
out for good, there muft be the fame care taken as
for Melons and Cucumbers, with this difference only*
that thefe require a larger (hare of air in warm wea-
ther ; otherwife the Vines will grow weak, and will
not produce fruit.
When the plants have fpread, fo as to fill the frames
on every fide, the frames fhould be raifed on bricks,
and the ends of the plants drawn out, that they may
have room to grow ; for when thefe plants are in a
vigorous (late, they will fpread eight or ten feet ; fo
that if they are confined, they will become fo thick, as
to rot the tender branches which are covered from
the air, and there will be no fruit produced.
The fruit, when it is young, is by fame people eaten,
and made into Mangoes, and preferved in pickle ; but
it hath a very difagreeable tafte, and is not accounted
very wholefome : wherefore thefe plants are feldom
cultivated in Europe, except by fuch perfons as are
curious in botany, for variety.
LUNARIA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 218. tab. 105.
Gen. Plant. 725. [fo called of Luna, Lat. the moon,
becaufe the feed-vefiels referable the form of the
moon.] Moon wort, Sattin Flower, or Honefty 3, irl
French, Bulbonac.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is compofed of four oblong ,
oval, fmall leaves, which are obtufe and fall off-, the flower
has four petals in form of a crofs , which are large, obtufe ,
and entire : it hath flu awl- Jh aped flamina, four of thefe
are the length of the empalement 3 the other two are
floorter , terminated by me ft fummits. ■ It has an oblong
oval germen fitting upon a fmall foot -ftalk, fupporting a
Jhort flyle, crowned by an entire obtuje fligma. The ger-
men afterward becomes an erect, plain , comprejfed , elliptical
pod, fitting upon the fmall foct-ftalk , terminated by the
flyle, having two cells opening with two valves, which
are parallel, inclofing fever al comftrejfed kidney -floaped feeds,
which are bordered, fitting in the middle of the pod,
8 F This
L U N
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fe&ion
of Linnaeus fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia fi-
liculofa, which includes thofe plants whole flowers
have four long and two fhorter ftamina, ahd the feeds
are included in fhort pods.
. The Species are,
1. Lunar ia (Rediviva) filiculis oblongis., Lin. Sp.
Plant. 653. Sattin Flower with oblong pods. Lunaria
major, filiqua longiore. J. B. 2. 88 1. Greater Moonwort
with longer pods, commonly called Honejly , or White Sattin.
2. Lunaria {Annua) filiculis fubrotundis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 653. Sattin Flower with roundifh pods. Lunaria
major, filiqua rotundiore. J. B. Greater Moonwort with
a rounder pod.
3. Lunaria '(. Mgyptiaca ) foliis fupra decompofitis, foli-
olis trifidis, filiculis oblongis pendulis. Moonwort with
leaves decompounded whofe lobes are trifid , and oblong hang-
ingpods. Cardamine foliis fupra decompofitis, filiquis
unilocularibus pendulis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 656. Lady’s
Smock with leaves decompounded, above, and hanging pods
containing one cell.
4. Lunaria ( Perennis ) perennis, filiculis oblongis,
foliis lanceolatis incanis. Perennial Moonwort, with ob-
long pods and fpear-fhaped hoary leaves. Lunaria peren-
nis, lutea, folio leucoii, ramis expands. Vaill. Yellow
perennial Moonwort , with a Stock Gillifiower leaf and
expanded branches.
The firft fort grows naturally in Hungary, Iftria,. and
Auftria, but has been long an inhabitant of the Eng-
lifli gardens. It is a biennial plant, which perifhes
foon after the feeds are ripe ; it rifes with a branching
ftalk from two to three feet high, covered with a
reddilh hairy bark, fending out branches on every
fide from the ground upward ; thefe. are garniflied
with heart-fhaped leaves placed alternately, ending in
acute points indented on their edges, and are a little
hairy ; the lower Handing upon pretty long foot-
ftalks, but the upper fit clofe to the branches. The
flowers are produced at the top and from the fide of
the branches toward their ends, in clufters ; they are
compofed of fourpurplifh heart- fhaped petals, placed
in form of a crofs. Thefe appear in May, and are
fucceeded by large flat roundifh pods with two cells,
inclofing two rows of flat kidney-fhaped feeds, which
have a border round them. Thefe pods, when ripe,
turn to a clear white or fattin colour, from whence
the title of Sattin Flower has been given to it, and are
tranfparent.
The feed-vefiels of this plant, when they are full
ripe, become very tranfparent, and of the appearance
of white fattin, at which time the branches are cut off
and dried ; after which they are preferved to place in
the chimneys of halls and large rooms, where they
continue a long time in beauty.
This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
in the autumn •, for thofe which are fown in the
fpring often mifcarry, or lie a long time in the ground
before they appear. The plants will grow in almoft
any foil, but love a fhady fituation ; it requires no
other culture, but to keep it clean from weeds. If
the feeds are permitted to fcatter, the plants will rife
without any farther care ; and if they are left unre-
moved, they will grow much larger than thofe which
are tranfplanted ; the roots of this fort perifh foon af-
ter the feeds are ripe.
The fecond fort grows naturally upon the mountains
in Italy ; this hath ftalks and leaves very like the firft,
but the flowers are rather larger, and of a lighter pur-
ple colour ; but the principal difference is in the pods
of this being longer and narrower than thofe of the
other. It flowers and feeds at the fame time with the
firft, and requires the fame culture.
The third fort is an annual plant, which grows natu-
rally in Egypt. This rifes with a fmooth branching
ftalk little more than a foot high, garnifhed with
winged leaves, compofed of feveral pair of lobes
ranged along the midrib, terminated by an odd one •,
' thefe lobes are of unequal fizes, and vary in their
form ; feme of them are almoft entire, and others are
cut at their extremities into three parts ; they are
L U P
fmooth, and of a lucid green. The flowers ftand
each upon pretty long (lender foot-ftalks, which come
out from the fide, and allbat the end of the branches,
in loofe fmall clufters ; they are of a purple colour,
and are fucceeded by oblong compreffed pods, which
hang downward. This fort flowers in June and July,
the feeds ripen the beginning of September, and- the
plants decay foon after. ,
This is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
upon an open border where the plants are to remain ;
if they are. fown foon after they are ripe, the plants will
come up in the autumn, and live through the winter in a
ftieltered fituation ; thefe will flower early the following
fummer, whereby ripe feeds may be obtained; they may
alfo be fown in the fpring in like manner. When the
plants come up, they will require no other care but
to keep them clean from weeds, and thin them where
they are too clofe. If the feeds are permitted to fcat-
ter in the autumn, the plants will rife without care,
and may be treated in the fame way, which is much
preferable to the fowing the feeds in the fpring.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the Archipelago -
this hath a perennial root, from which arile two^ or
three ligneous ftalks a foot high, covered with a white
hairy bark, dividing upward into feveral fmaller
branches, garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves fitting
clofe to the ftalks, which are a little hoary. The
branches are terminated by loofe (pikes of yellow
flowers which appear in June, and are fucceeded by
oblong flat pods, containing flat kidney-fhaped leeds,
which ripen in the autumn.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which, if fown in
the autumn, will fucceed better than in the fpring;
they fhould be fown on a warm border, and on a dry
poor foil, otherwife they will not live through the
winter ; but in a rubbifhing foil the plants will conti-
nue two or three years.
LUPINUS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 392. tab. 213. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 774. Lupine ; in French, Lupin.
The Characters are,
The empalement is bifid and of one leaf ; the flower is
of the butterfly kind ; the Jlandard is roundifh , heart-
fhaped , indented at the top , and the fides reflexed and
compreffed. The wings are nearly oval , and almoft as
long as the Jlandard ; they are not fixed to the keel , but
clofe at their bafe ; the keel is as long as the wings , but is
narrow , falcated , and ends in a point. Lt hath ten fia-
mina joined at their bafe in two bodies , but as they rife
are dijtinci above , terminated by five oblong fummits. In
the center is fituated a hairy , compreffed , awl- fhaped ger-
men , fupporting a rifmg ftyle, terminated by an cbtufeflig-
ma. The germen afterward becomes a large , oblong , thick
pod with one cell , ending with an acute point , including
feveral' roundifh compreffed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
Linnseus’s feventeenth clafs, intitled Diadelphia De-
candria, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have ten ftamina joined in two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Lupinus ( Varius ) calycibus femiverticillatis appen-
diculatis, labio fuperiore bifido, inferiore fubtriden-
tato. Hort. Cliff. 499. Lupine with empalement s half
whorled , having appendages , whofe upper lip is bifid , and
the under one almoft trifid. Lupinus fylveftns,, purpu-
reo flore, femine rotundo vario. J. B. 2. 291. Wild
Lupine , with a purple flower and a round variegated feed ,
commonly called the leffer blue Lupine.
2. Lupinus (. Anguftifolius ) calycibus verticillatis appendi-
culatis, labio fuperiore bipartite, inferiore integro. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 721. Lupine with empalement s having alter-
nate appendages , whofe upper lip is divided into two , and
, the under one entire. Lupinus anguftifolius cceruleus
elatior.Raii Hift. 908. Narrow-leaved taller blue Lupine.
3. Lupinus ( Luteus ) calycibus verticillatis appendicu-
latis, labio fuperiore bipartite, inferiore tridentato.
Hort. Cliff 499. Lupine with crapalements growing in
whorls , having appendages to them , whofe upper lips are
cut into two parts, and the under one into three. Lupi-
nus fylveftris, flore luteo. C. B. P. 348. The common
yellow Lupine.
4. Lit-
L U P
4. Lupinus (Hirfutis) calycibus verticillatis appendicu-
latis, labio fuperiore inferioreque integris. Hort.
Cliff. 499. Lupine with whorl-foaped empalements hav-
ing appendages , and the upper and under Up entire. . Lu-
pinus peregrinus major, vel villofus, coerulens, major.
C. E. P. Foreign , greater , hairy Lupine , with a large
blue flower , commonly called the great blue Lupine.
5 Lupinus (Albus) calycibus akernis inappendiculatis,
labio fuperiore integro, inferiore tridentato. Hort.
Cliff. 499. Lupine with alternate empalements having no
appendages , and the upper lip entire , /»-
/<? /j&ra /xzr/j. Lupinus iativus, flore albo. C. B. P.
347. Garden or manured Lupine , with a white flower.
6 . Lupinus ( Perennis ) calycibus alternis inappendicu-
latis, labio fuperiore emarginato, inferiore integro.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 721. Lupine with alternate empalements
having no appendages , the upper lip indented , and the un-
der entire. Lupinus coeruleus, minor, perennis, Vir-
ginianus, repens. Mor. Hift. 2. p. 87. Smaller peren-
nial, creeping , blue Lupine of Virginia.
The firft fort grows naturally among the Corn in
the fouth of France and Italy, and in great abundance
in Sicily. This is an annual plant, which rifes with a
firm, ftrait, channelled ftalk near three feet high, di-
vided toward the top into feveral branches, which are
garnifhed with hand-fhaped leaves, compofed of five,
fix, or feven oblong lobes, which join in one center
at their bafe, and are hairy. The flowers are pro-
duced in fpikes at the end of the branches, {landing
half round the ftalk in fort of whorls ; they are of a
light blue colour, ftiaped like thofe of Peas, and are
fucceeded by ftrait taper pods with one cell, inclofing
a row of roundifh feeds. This fort flowers in June
and July, and the feeds ripen in the autumn.
It is propagated in the borders of the pleafure-garden
for ornament, by fowing the feeds in April, in the
places where they are to remain ; and when the plants
come up they fhould be thinned where they are too
clofe, and kept clean from weeds, which is all the
culture they require.
The fecond fort has much the appearance of the firft,
but the {talks rife higher ; the leaves have more lobes,
and ftand upon longer foot-ftalks the lobes are
blunt-pointed, and the feeds are variegated. This re-
quires the fame culture as the firft, and flowers at the
fame time.
The third fort is the common yellow Lupine, which
has been long cultivated in the Englifh gardens for
the fweetnefs of its flowers. This grows naturally in
Sicily •, it rifes about a foot high, with a branching
ftalk garniftied with hand-fhaped leaves, compofed
of nine narrow hairy lobes, which join at their bafe
to the foot-ftalks •, thefe are four or five inches long.
The flowers are yellow, and are produced in loofe
fpikes at the end of the branches, {landing in whorls
round the ftalks, with fpaces between them, termi-
nated by three or four flowers, fitting clofe at the top
thefe are fucceeded by flattifh hairy pods about two
inches long, ftanding ere£t, inclofing four or five
roundifh feeds, a little comprefied on their fide, of a
yellowiih white, variegated with dark fpots. This
fort flowers at the fame time as the former, but to have
a fucceflion of the flowers, the feeds are fown at dif-
ferent times, viz. in April, May, and June but thofe
only, which are firft fown, will ripen their feeds. It
may be cultivated in the fame manner as the two for-
mer, and is equally hardy.
The fourth fort is fuppofed to be a native of India,
but has been many years in the Englifh gardens. It
is an annual plant, which rifes with a ftrong, firm,
channelled ftalk from three to four feet high, covered
with a foft brownifli down, dividing upward into fe-
veral ftrong branches, garnifhed with hand-fhaped
leaves, compofed of nine, ten, or eleven wedge-
fhaped hairy lobes, which are narrow at their bafe
where they join the foot-ftalk, but enlarge upward,
and are rounded at the top where they are broadeft ;
the foot-ftalks of the leaves are three or four inches
long. The flowers are placed in whorls round the
ftalks above each other, forming a loofe fpike, which
proceeds from the'end of the branches ; they are large,
and of a beautiful blue colour, but have no fcent,
Thefe appear in July, and the feeds ripen in the au-
tumn. The pods of this fort are large, almoft an inch
broad, and three inches long, inclofing three large
roundifh feeds comprefied on their fides, very rough,
and of a purplifh brown colour. There is a variety
of this with flefh-coloured flowers, which is com-
monly called the Rofe Lupine ; it differs from the
blue only in the colour of the flower, but this dif-
ference is permanent, for neither of the forts vary.
This is generally late in ripening the feeds, fo that
unlefls the autumn proves warm and dry, they do not
ripen ; therefore the beft way to have good feeds, is
to fow them in September clofe to a warm wall on
dry ground, where they will live through our ordi-
nary winters ; and thefe plants will flower early the
following fummer, fo there will be time for the feeds
to ripen before the rains fall in the autumn, which
frequently caufes the feeds to rot which are not ripe.
If a few of the feeds of both thefe varieties are fown
in fmall pots the beginning of September, and when
the frofts begin, the pots are removed into a com-
mon hot-bed frame, where they may be protected
from hard froft, but enjoy the free air in mild wea-
ther, the plants may be thus fecured in winter ; and
in the fpring they may be fhaken out of the pots, pre-
ferving the earth to their roots, and planted in a warm
border, where they will flower early, and produce
very good feeds.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the Levant, but is
cultivated in feme parts of Italy, as other pulfe, for
food. This hath a thick upright ftalk about two
feet high, which divides toward the top into feveral
fmaller hairy branches, garn filled with hand-fiiaped
leaves, compofed of feven or eight narrow oblong
lobes, which are hairy, and join at their bafe, of a
dark grayifh colour, and have a filvery down. The
flowers are produced in loofe fpikes at the end of the
branches ; they are white, and fit clofe to the ftalk ;
thefe are fucceeded by hairy ftrait pods about three
inches long, a little comprefied on the fides, con-
taining five or fix flattifh feeds which are white, hav-
ing a little cavity like a navel, in that part which is
fixed to the pod. This fort flowers in July, and the
feeds ripen in the autumn. It is an annual plant,
which is cultivated for ornament in the pleafure-gar-
den. The feeds muft be fown in the places where
the plants are to remain, and may be treated in the
fame way as the firft fort.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Virginia, and other
of the northern parts of America. This hath a per-
ennial creeping root, from which arife feveral ereft
channelled ftalks a foot and a half high, fending out
two or three fmall fide branches, garnifhed with
hand-fhaped leaves, compofed of ten or eleven nar-
row fpear-fhaped lobes, which join at their bafe,
ftanding upon very long foot-ftalks, having a few
hairs on their edges. The flowers grow in long loofe
fpikes, which terminate the ftalks, and are placed
without order on each fide they are of a pale blue
colour, having fhort foot-ftalks. Thefe appear in
June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft, which are foon
fcattered if they are not gathered when ripe ; for after
a little moifture, the fun caufes the pods to open with
an elafticity, and call out the feeds to a dillance all
round. This fort is propagated by feeds as the for-
mer, which fhould be fown where the plants are to re-
main •, for although the root is perennial, yet it runs
fo deep into the ground as that it cannot be taken up
entire ; and if the root is cut or broken, the plant
feldom thrives well after. I have traced feme of the
roots of this plant, which have been three feet deep
in the ground in one year from feed, and fpread
out as far on every fide, fo that they muft have
room, therefore the young plants fhould not be
left nearer than three feet afunder. If this plant is
in a light dry foil, the roots will continue feveral
years, and produce many fpikes of flowers ; and al-
though the ufual feafon of flowering is in June and.
4 My*
I
3j&
L U P
July, yet when tain happens to fall in Auguft,
there are frequently freffi ftalks arife from the roots,
which flower the end of September, of beginning
of Oftober.
The feeds of the fifth fort are ufed in medicine •, they
have a bitter tafte, fo open, digefe, dilTolve, and
cleanfe ; and if they are fieeped in water for feme
days, till they have loft their bitternefs, they may be
eaten out of neceffity, but they are fuppofed to breed
grofs humours, and are hard of digeftion. Some wo-
men ufe the flower of the feed mixed with the juice
of Lemons, and a little Alumen faccharinum, made
into the form of foft . ointment, to make the face
fmooth, and look more amiable.
The fmall blue Lupine is frequently fown in Italy,
to drefs and manure the ground, efpecially that which
is intended for vineyards ; where, if they have time,
the ground is fown with Lupines, which grow till
they begin to flower ; then they cut them down and
plough them into the ground, where the ftalks rot
with the winter’s rain ; but it is doubtful whether
this is any real benefit to the ground, for there are
few plants which draw and impoveriffi the ground
fo much as Lupines ; therefore the dreffing they
yield, is fcarce an equivalent for what they have
drawn from the ground : but when there is not
time for this operation, they parboil the feeds to
prevent their growing, and fow them upon the ground
before it is ploughed, allowing fixteen buffiels to an
acre of land ; and this dreffing is preferable to the
former.
All the forts of Lupines make a pretty appearance
when they are in flower, but the yellow fort is pre-
ferred for its fweetnefs, though the flowers of this
are of ffiort duration, efpecially in warm weather ;
therefore the feeds of this ffiould be fown at feve-
ral times, that there may be a fucceffion of flowers
through the feafon, for they will continue flowering
till they are flopped by hard froft ; and thofe which
come in the autumn to flower, will continue in beauty
a longer time than the early ones. If fome of the
feeds are fown in the autumn on a warm border, the
plants will often live through the winter, and flower
early in the fpring.
LUPULUS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 535. tab. 309.
jrtumulus. Lin. Gen. Plant. 989. [This plant takes
its name of Lupus, LuJ. a wolf, becaufe the antients
had a notion, that wolves were wont to hide them-
felves under this plant.] The Hop ; in French,
Houblon.
The Characters are,
The male and female flowers are upon different plants.
T he empalement of the male flower is compofed of five
fmall , concave , oh t ufe leaves ; it hath no petal, hut has
five Jloort hairy ftamina , terminated by oblong fummits.
The female flowers have a general , four-pointed , acute
peranthium , and a feparate oval one of four leaves , in-
cluding eight flowers ; each of thefe have an empalement
of one leaf , which is clofed at the bafe. Thefe have nei-
ther petal or ftamina , but a fmall germen fituated in the
center , fupporting two awl-fhaped ftyles , crowned by acute ,
reflexed , fpreadingjiigmas. The germen afterward turns
to a roundijh feed covered with a thin fkin , inclofed in the
bafe of the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fedlion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-fecond clafs, intitled Dioecia Pen-
tandria, which includes thofe plants whofe male and
female flowers are upon different plants, and the male-
flowers have five ftamina.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Lupulus fRumilus ) mas & femina. C. B. P, 298. Male
and female Hop.
The male Hop grows wild by the fide of hedges
and upon banks, in many parts of England : the
young fhoots of thefe plants are often gathered in the
fpring by the poor people, and boiled as an efculent
herb ; but thefe muft be taken very young, other-
wife they are tough and ftringy ; it is eafiiy diftin-
guiffied by the flowers, which are fmall, and hang in
long loofe bunches, from the fide of the ftalks, abound-
L U P -
mg with farina on their fummits ; thefe have no
Hops fucceeding to the flowers.
The female Hop is the fort which is cultivated for
life-, of this fort, the people who cultivate them
reckon three different varieties : as Grit, the long and
fquare Garlick Hop, the long white. Hop, and the
oval Hop, all which are indifferently cultivated in
England, but of the male Hop there is no .different
varieties.
There being the greateft plantation of Hops in/ Kent
that are in any county of England, it is very pro-
bable, that their method of planting and ordering
them ffiould be the beft.
As for the, choice of their Hop-grounds, they eftee-m
the richeft and ftrongell grounds as the rnoft proper ;
they chufe a warm dry foil, that has a good depth
of hazel mould ; and if it be rocky within two or
three feet of the furface, the Hops will profper well ;
but they will by no means thrive on a ft iff clay , or
fpongy wet land.
If it may be, chufe a piece of meadow or lay ground
to plant Hops on, finch as has not been tilled or fown
with other crops for many years, or an old decayed
orchard ; for land that is worn out by long bearing
of Corn, will require abundance of dung to bring
it into any tolerable condition to bear a crop of Hops.
The Kentiffi planters accounting new land beft for
Hops, they plant their Hop-gardens with Apple-trees
at a large diftance, and with Cherry-trees between ;
and when the land hath done its beft for Hops, which
they reckon it will in about ten years, the trees may
begin to bear. The Cherry-trees laft about thirty
years, and by that time the Apple-trees are large, they
cut down the Cherry-trees.
The Effex planters account a moony land the pro-
pereft for Hops, though there are feveral other forts
of foil that are efteemed very good.
Some account that land which has a roffelly top, and
a brick earth bottom, the beft ; a true roffel or light
fend, is what they generally plant in, whether it be
white or black.
Moory land is of different forts, fome being ftrong
and heavy, fo as to crack in fummer ; and fome fo
light, that in dry feafons it will blow away with the
wind ; and fome are of a middle confidence, being
compofed of both.
Thefe moors for goodnefs and value, are according
to the nature and goodnefs of the foil that is under-
neath them ; which being flung up upon the furface,
will make a very good mixture, it being beft to fling
the under foil downward for Hops, becaufe they na-
turally root downwards, fometims four or five yards
deep, and therefore the deepeft and richeft foil is beft
for them.
Few are acquainted with the value of moors, becaufe
they do not fearch into the bottom of them, by reafon
of the expenfivenefs of doing it, and the difficulty of
carrying off the water.
If the land be moift, it ought to be laid up in high
ridges, and to be well drained, and the drains kept-
clear and open, efpecially in winter, that the water
do not rot or too much chill the roots.
If the land be four or cold, it will be very much-
helped by burning it; and if the haulm and ftrings
of the Hops be burnt every year, and fome of the pa-
ring or Tides of the garden or other earth be laid on
them as they burn, and then more haulm be laid over
that, and fo continued layer upon layer, it will make
an excellent compoft to make the hills with.
As to the fituation of a Hop-ground, one that inclines
to the fouth or weft is the rnoft eligible ; but if it be
expofed to the north-eaft or fouth-weft winds, there
ffiould be a center of fome trees at a diftance ; becaufe
the north-eaft are apt to nip the tender ffioots in the
fpring, and the fouth-weft frequently break and blow
the poles at the latter end of the fummer, and very-
much endanger the Hops.
Hops require to be planted in an open fituation, that
the air may freely pafs round and between them to dry
up and diffipate the moifture, whereby they will not
be
LUP ,
be fo fubjeet to fire blafts, which often deftroy the
middles of large plantations, while the outfides re-
main unhurt.
As for the preparation of the ground for planting, it
Ihould, the Vinter before, be ploughed and harrowed
even ; and then lay upon it in heaps a good quantity
of frefh rich earth, or well rotted dung and earth
mixed together, fufficient to put half a bufhel in every
hole to plant the Hops in, unlefs the natural ground
be very frefh and good.
Then lay a line acrofs it from the hedge, in which
knots have been tied, at the diftance you defign your
Hop-hills to be at, about eight or nine feet diftance
the whole length of the ground, and place a lharp
pointed ftick at every knot ; then lay afide the line,
and with two forked flicks of about eight or nine feet
long, you may from the firft row fet out the whole
ground, by applying the two forks to two of the flicks
which were firft fet up, and placing another row at
the ends, where the forked flicks meet triangular-
wife ; then you fhould dig a hole at every flick about
a foot and a half wide, and fill it full of the good
earth you brought in.
If you plough the ground with horfes between the
hills, it will be beft to plant them in fquares chequer-
wife •, but the quincunx form is the rnofl beautiful,
and it will alfo be better for the Hop ; but if the
ground is intended to be cultivated by the breaft-
plough, it will be beft to plant them in fquares ; but
which way foever you make ufe of, a flake fhould be
ftuck down at all the places where the hills are to be
made.
Perfons ought to be very curious in the choice of the
plants and fets, as to the kind of the Hop ; for if the
Hop-garden be planted with a mixture of two or
three forts of Hops that ripen at different times, it
will caufe a great deal of trouble, and be a great de-
triment to the owner.
The two beft forts are the white and the gray bind ;
the latter is a large fquare Plop, more hardy, and is
the more plentiful bearer, but ripens later than the
former.
There is alfo another fort of the white bind, which
ripens in a week or ten days before the common ; but
this is tenderer, and a lefs plentiful bearer, but it has
this advantage, it comes firft to market.
But if three grounds, or three diftant parts of one
ground, be planted with thefe three forts, there will be
this conveniency, that they may be picked fucceffively
as they become ripe.
The fets ought to be procured out of grounds that are
entirely of the fame fort you would have, they fhould
be five or fix inches long, with three or more joints
or buds on them, all the old bind and hollow part of
the fet being cut off.
If there be a fort of Plop you value, and would in-
creafe plants and fets from, the fuperfluous binds may
be laid down when the Hops are tied, cutting off the
tops, and burying them in the hill ; or when the
Hops are dreffed, all the cuttings may be faved, and
laid in rows in a bed of good earth ; for almoft every
part will grow, and become a good fet the next fpring.
Some have tried to raife a Hop-ground by lowing
feeds, but that turns to no account, becaufe that
way is not only tedious, but the Hops fo produced are
commonly of different kinds, and many of them wild
and barren.
As to the feafons of planting Hops, the Kentifh
planters beft approve the months of Otftober and
March, both which fucceed very well ; but the com-
mon lets are not to be had in Oflober, unlefs from
fome ground that is to be digged up and deftroyed ;
and likewife there is fome danger that the fets may
be rotted, if the winter prove very wet ; but the moft
ufual time of procuring them is in March, when the
Hops are cut and dreffed.
As to the manner of planting the fets, you ihould put
two or three good fets in every hole with a fetting
ftick, at about rour inches diftance, placing them
Hoping 5 they muft Hand even with the furface of the
LUP
ground ; let them be preffed clofe with the hand, and
covered with fine earth, and a ftick fhould be placed
on each fide the hill to fecure it.
The ground being thus planted, all that is to be
done more that funimer, is to keep the hills clear from
weeds, and to horfe-hoe the ground about the
month of May, gathering up the flones, if more are
turned up by ploughing, and to raife a fmall hill
round about the plants ; and in June you muft twift
the young binds or branches together in a bunch or
knot, for if they are tied up to fmall poles the firft
year, in order to have a few Hops from them, it
will not countervail the weakening the plants.
A mixture of compoft or dung being prepared for
your Hop-ground, the beft time for laying it on, if
the weather prove dry, is about Michaelmas, that the
wheels of the dung-cart may not injure the Hops, nor
furrow the ground : if this be not done then, you
muft be obliged to wait till the froft has hardened the
ground, fo that it will bear the dung-cart ; and this
is alfo the time to carry on your new poles, to recruit
thofe that are decayed, and to be caft out every year.
If you have good ftore of dung, the beft way will be
to fpread it in the alleys all over the ground, and to
dig or plough it in the winter following. The quan-
tity they will require, will be forty loads to an acre,
reckoning about thirty bufhels to the load.
If you have not' dung enough to cover all the ground
in one year, you may lay it on one part one year, and
on the reft in another, or a third ; for there is no occa-
fion to dung the ground after this manner, oftener
than once in two or three years.
Thofe who have but a fmall quantity of dung, ufu-
ally content themfelves with laying on about twenty
loads upon an acre every year ; this they lay only on
' the hills, either about November, or in the fpring ;
which laft fome account the beft time, when the Hops
are dreffed, to cover them after they are cut •, but if it
be done at this time, the compoft or dung ought to
be very well rotted and fine.
As to the drefilng of the Plops, when the Hop-
ground is dug or ploughed in January or February,
the earth about the hills, and very near them, ought
to be taken away with a fpade, that you may come the
more conveniently at the flock to cut it.
About the end of February, if the Hops were planted
the fpring -before, or if the ground be weak, they
ought to be dreffed in dry weather ; but elfe, if the
ground be ftrong and in perfection, the middle of
March will be a good time ; and the latter end of
Mhrch, if it be apt to produce over rank binds, or the
beginning of April, may be foon enough.
Then having with an iron picker cleared away all the
earth out of the hills, fo as to make the flock bear to
the principal roots, with a fharp knife you muft cut
off all the fhoots which grew up with the binds the
laft year; and alfo all the young fuckers, that none
be left to run in the alley and weaken the hill. It will
be proper to cut one part of the flock lower than the
other, and alfo to cut that part low, that was left
higheft the preceding year. By purfuing this me-
thod, you may expedl to have ftronger buds, and alfo
keep the hill in good order.
In dreffing thofe Hops that have been planted the
year before, you ought to cut off both the dead tops,
and the young fuckers which have fprung up from the
fets, and alfo to cover the flocks with fine earth a
finger’s length in thicknefs.
About the middle of April the Hops are to be polled,
when the fhoots begin to fprout up ; the poles muft be
fet to the hills deep into the ground, with a fquare
iron pitcher or crow, that they may the better endure
the wind; three poles are fufficient for one hill.
Thefe fhould be placed as near the hills as may be,
with their bending tops turned outwards from the
hill, to prevent the binds from entangling; and a
fpaee between two poles ought to be left open to the
fouth, to admit the fun beams.
The poles ought to be in length fixteen or twenty
feet, more or lefs, according as the ground is in
8 G . ftrength •
L U P
ftrength j and great care is to be taken not to over-
pole a young or weak ground, for that will draw the
ftock too much, and weaken it. If a ground be over-
polled, you are not to expect a good crop from it ; for
the branches which bear the Hops will grow very
little, till the binds have over-reached the poles,
which they cannot do when the poles are too long.
Two fm all poles are fufficient for a ground that is
young.
If you wait till the fprouts or young binds are grown
to the length of a foot, you will be able to make a
better judgement where to place the largeft poles-,
but if you (lay till they are fo long as to fall into the
alleys, it will be injurious to them, becaufe they will
entangle one with another, and will not clafp about
the pole fo readily.
Maple or Afpen poles are accounted the belt for
Hops, on which they are thought to profper belt, be-
caufe of their warmth ; or elfe, becaufe the climbing
of the Hop is furthered by means of the roughnefs of
the bark. But for laftingnefs, Aiken or Willow poles
are preferable ; but Cheftnut poles are the moll dura-
ble of all.
If, after the Hops are grown up, you find any of
them have been under-polled, taller poles may be
placed near thofe that are too Ihort, to receive the
binds from them.
As to the tying of Hops, the buds that do not clafp
of themfelves to the neareft pole when they are grown
to three or four feet high, muft be guided to it by the
hand, turning them to the fun, whofe courfe they
will always follow. They muft be bound with wi-
thered Rufhes, but not fo clofe as to hinder them from
climbing up the pole.
This you muft continue to do till ail the poles are
furnilhed with binds, of which two or three are enough
for a pole ; and all the fprouts and binds that you
have no occafion for, are to be plucked up but if the
ground be young, then none of thefe ufelefs binds
Ihould be plucked up, but fhould be wrapt up to-
gether in the middle of the hill.
When the binds are grown beyond the reach of your
hands, if they forfake the poles, you fhould make ufe
of aftand ladder in tying them up.
Some advife, that if the binds be very ftrong, and'
overgrow the poles very much, you ftrike off their
heads with a long fwitch, to increafe their branching
below.
Towards the latter end of May, when you have made
an end of tying them, the ground muft have the fum-
mer ploughing or digging, which is done by calling
up with the fpade fome fine earth into every hill, and
a month after it muft be again repeated, and the
hills made up to a convenient bignefs.
It is not at all to be doubted, but that a thorough
watering would be of very great advantage to Hops
in a hot dry fummer but it is fo much charge and
trouble to do this, that unlefs you have a ftream at
hand to flow the ground, it is fcarce praflicable.
When the Hops blow, you fhould obferve if there be
any wild barren hills among them, and mark them,
by driving a fharpened flick into every fuch hill, that
they may be digged up and replanted.
Hops as well as other vegetables, are liable to dif-
tempers and difafters, and among the reft, to the fen.
The Rev. Dr. Hales, in his excellent Treatife of Ve-
getable Statics, treating of Hops, gives us the follow-
ing account of the ftate of Hops in Kent in the year
1725, that he received from Mr. Auften of Canter-
bury, which is as follows :
In mid April not half the fhoots appeared above
ground, fo that the planters knew not how to pole
them to the beft advantage.
This defeft of the fhoot, upon opening the hills,
was found to be owing to the multitude and variety of
vermin that lay preying upon the roots ; the increafe
of which, was imputed to the long and almoft uninter-
rupted feries of dry weather for three months before.
Towards the end of April many of the Hop-vines
were infefted with flies.
L U P
About the 20th of May there was a very unequal ap-
pearance, fome Vines being run feven feet, others not
above three or four-, fome juft tied to the poles, and
fome not vilible and this dilproportionate inequa-
lity in their flze, continued through the whole time of
their growth.
The flies now appeared upon the leaves of the for-
warded Vines, but not in Inch numbers here, as they
did in molt other places. About the middle of June
the flies increafed, yet not foas to endanger the crop
but in diftant plantations they were exceedingly mul-
tiplied, fo as to fwarm towards the end of the month.
June the 27th fome fpecks of fen appeared. From
this day to the 9th of July was very dry weather. At
this time, when it was faid, that the Hops in moft
parts of the kingdom looked black and ficklv, and
feemed paft recovery, ours held it out pretty well, in
the opinion of the moft fkilful planters.
The great leaves were indeed difcoloured, and a lit-
tle withered, and the fen was fomewhat increafed.
From the 9th of July to the 23d, the fen increafed a
great deal ; but the flies and lice decreafed, it raining
much daily. In a week more the fen, which feemed
to be almoft at a {land, was confiderably increafed,
efpecially in thofe grounds where it firft appeared.
About the middle of Auguft the Vines had done
growing both in Item and branch, and the forwarded:
began to be in the Hop, the reft in bloom ; the fen
continued fpreading where it was not before perceived,
and not only the leaves, but many of the burs were
alfo tainted with it.
About the 20th of Auguft fome of the Hops were in-
fefled with the fen, and whole branches corrupted by
it. Half the plantations had pretty well efcaped hi-
therto, and from this time the fen increafed but little;
but feveral days wind and rain the following week fo
diftorted them, that many of them began to dwindle,
and at laft came to nothing ; and of thofe that then
remained in bloom, fome never turned to Hops ; and
of the reft which did, many of them were fo fmall,
that they very little exceeded the bignefs of a good
thriving bur.
We did not begin to pick till the 8 th of September,
which is eighteen days later than we began the year
before } the crop was little above two hundred on an
acre round, and not good. The beft Hops fold this
year at Way-hill, for 1 6 1 . the hundred.
The Rev. Dr. Hales, in his aforefaid Treatife, gives
us an account of the following experiment that he
made on Hop-vines. He tells us, that in July he cut
off two thriving Hop-vines near the ground, in a
thick ihady part of the garden, the pole ftill Handing ;
he ftripped the leaves off from one of thefe Vines, and
fet their ftems in known quantities of water in little
bottles ; that with leaves imbibed in a twelve hours
day four ounces, and that without leaves three-
fourths of an ounce.
He took another Hop-pole with its Vines on it, and
carried it out of the Hop-ground into a free and open
expofure •, thefe imbibed and perfpired as much more
as the former in the Hop-ground, which is, doubtlefs,
the reafon why the Hop-vines on the outfldes of
plantations, where they are moft expofed to the air,
are Ihort and poor, in comparifon of thofe in the
middle of the ground, viz. becaufe being much dried,
their fibres harden fooner, and therefore they cannot
grow fo kindly as thofe in the middle of the ground,
which, by lhade, are always kept moifter, and more
duflile.
The fame curious author proceeds as followeth : Now
there being icoo hills in an acre of Hop-ground, and
each hill having three poles, and each pole three Vines,
the number of Vines will be 9000, each of which
perfpiring four ounces, the fum of all the ounces per-
fpired by an acre in twelve hours day will be 36000
ounces = 15750000 grains — 62007 cube inches, or
220 gallons, which divided by 6272640, the number
of fquare inches in an acre, it will, be found, that the
quantity of liquor perfpired by all the Hop-vines will
be equal to an area of liquor as broad as an acre, and
I
L U P
part of an inch deep, befides what evaporated from
the earth .
And this quantity of moifture, in a kindly ftate of
the air, if daily carrried off, is a fufficient quantity to
keep the Hops in a healthy ftate ; but in a rainy moift
ftate of air, without a due mixture of dry weather,
too much moifture hovers about the Hops, fo as to
hinder, in fome meafure, the kindly perforation of
the leaves, whereby the ftagnating fap corrupts, and
breeds mouldy fen, which often fpoiis vaft quantities
of flourifhing Hop-grounds.
This was the cafe in the year 1723, when for ten or
fourteen days almoft continual rains fell, about the
latter half of July, after four months dry weather,
upon which the molt flourifhing and promifing Hops
were all infeCted with mould, or fen, in their leaves
and fruit, while the then poor and unpfomifing Hops
efcaped, and produced plenty, becaufe they, being
fmall, did not perfpire fo great a quantity as others,
nor did they confine the perfpired vapour, fo much
as the large thriving Vines did in their Ihady thickets.
This rain on the then warm earth, made the Grafs
fhoot out as faft as if it were in a hot-bed, and the
Apples grew fo precipitately, that they were of a flafhy
conftitution, fo as to rot more remarkably than had
ever been remembered.
The planters oblerve. That when a mould, or fen,
has once feized any part of the ground, it foon runs
over the whole, and that the Grafs, and other herbs
under the Hops, are infeCted with it, probably, becaufe
the fmall feeds of this quick-growing mould, which
foon come to maturity, are blown over the whole
ground j which fpreading of the feed may be the
reafon why fome grounds are infeded with fen for
feveral years fucceflively, viz. from the feeds of the
laft year’s fen. Might it not then be advifed to burn
the fenny Hop-vines, as foon as theHops arepicked, in
hopes’thereby to deftroy fome ofthe feed of themould?
Mr. Auften, of Canterbury, obferves fen to be more
fatal to thofe grounds that are low and flickered, than
to the high and open grounds, to thofe that are {helv-
ing to the north, than to thofe {helving to the fouth •,
to the middle of grounds than to the outfides ; to the
dry and gentle grounds, than to the moift and ftiff
grounds.
This was very apparent throughout the plantations
where the land had the fame workmanfhip and help
bellowed upon it, and was wrought at the fame time.
But if in either of thefe cafes there was a difference, it
had a different effecft, and the low and gentle grounds,
that lay negledted, were /then feen lefs diftempered
than the open and moift, which were carefully ma-
naged and looked after.
The honey dews are obferved to come about the nth
of June, which, by the middle of July, turn the
leaves black, and make them ftink.
The faid Dr. Hales relates, That in the month of
July (the feafon for fire-blafts, as the planters call
them) he has feen the Vines in the middle of the Hop-
ground fcorched up almoft from one end of a large
ground to the other, when a hot gleam of fun-lhine
has come immediately after a fhower of rain, at which
time vapours are all feen with the naked eye, but eft
pecially with reflecting telefcopes, to afcend fo plenti-
fully as to make a clear and diftinCt objeCt become im-
mediately very dim and tremulous ; nor was there
any dry gravelly vein in the ground along the courfe
of this fcorch ; it was therefore, probably, owing to
the much greater quantity of fcorching vapours in the
middle, than the outfides of the ground, and that be-
ing a denfer medium, it was much hotter than a more
rare medium.
And, perhaps, the great volume of afcending va-
pours might make the fun-beams converge a little
towards the middle of the ground, that being a den-
fer medium, and thereby increafe the heat confide-
rably ; for he obferved. That the courfe of the
fcorched Hops was in lines at right angles to the fun-
beams about eleven o’clock, at which time the hot
gleam was.
The Hop-ground was in a valley which rati from
fouth-wefl: to north-eaft, and to the beft of his re-
membrance* there was but little wind, and that in the
courfe of the fcorch •, but had there been fome other
gentle wind, either north or fouth, it is not improba-
ble but that the north wind gently blowing the vo-
lume of rifing wreak on the fouth fide of the ground,,
that fide might have been moft fcorched, and fo vice
verfa.
As to particular fire-blafts, which fcorch here and
there a few Hop-vines, or one or two branches of a
tree, without damaging the next adjoining, what
aftronomers obferve, may hint to us no very impro-
bable caufe of it, viz. They frequently obferve (eft
pecially with reflecting telefcopes) fmall feparate por-
tions of pellucid vapours floating in the air, which,
though not viiible to the naked eye, are yet confide-
rably denfer than the circumambient air ; and va-
pours of fuch a degree of denfity may very probably
either acquire fuch a fcalding heat from the fun as
will fcorch what plants they touch, efpecially the more
tender.
(An effeCt which the gardeners about London have
too often found to their coft, when they have incau-
tioufly put bell-glaffes over their Cauliflowers early in
a frofty morning, before the dew was evaporated off
them •, which dew, being raifed by the fun’s warmch,
and confined within the glafs, did there form a denfe,
tranfparent, fcalding vapour, which burned and killed
the plants :)
Or, perhaps, the upper or lower furface of thefe
tranfparent, feparate, flying volumes of vapours, may,
among the many forms they revolve into, fometimes
approach fo near to an hemifphere, or hemicylinder,
as thereby to make the fun-beams converge, fo as of-
ten to fcorch the more tender plants they {hall fall on,
and fometimes alfo parts of the more hardy plants and
trees, in proportion to the greater or leffer conver-
gency of the fun’s rays.
The learned Boerhaave, in his Theory of Chymiftry,
p. 245, Shaw’s edition, obferves, That thofe white
clouds which appear in fummer time, are, as it were,
fo many mirrours, andoccafion exceflive heat, Thefe
cloudy mirrours are fometimes round, fometimes con-
cave, polygonous, &c. When the face of heaven is
covered with fuch white clouds, the fun Alining
among them, muff, of neceffity, produce a vehement
heat, fince many of his rays, which would otherwife,
perhaps, never touch our earth, are hereby reflected
to us. Thus, if the fun be on one fide, and the
clouds on the oppofite one, they will be perfeCt burn-
ing-glaffes, and hence the phenomena of thunder.
I have fometimes (continues he) obferved a kind of
hollow clouds full of hail and fnow, during the conti-
nuance of which the heat was extreme, fince, by fuch.
condenfation, they were enabled to refleCt more
ftrongly. After this came a {harp cold, and then
the clouds difcharged their hail in great quantity, to
which fucceeded a moderate warmth, Frozen con-
cave clouds, therefore, by their great reflexions, pro-
duce a vigorous heat, and the fame, when refolved,
exceflive cold.
From which the Rev. Dr. Flales obferves as follows :
Hence we fee, that blafts may be occafioned by the
reflexions of the clouds, as well as by the above-men-
tioned refraction of denfe tranfparent vapours.
About the middle of July Hops begin to blow, and
will be ready to gather about Bartholomew-tide. A
judgment may be made of their ripenefs, by their
ftrong fcent, their hardnefs, and the brownifls colour
of their feed.
When by thefe tokens they appear to be ripe, they
muft be picked with all the expedition poflible j for
if at this time a ftorm of wind fliould come, it would
do them great damage, by breaking the branches, and
bruiflng and difcolouring the Hops • and it is very
well known, that Hops, being picked green and
bright, will fell for a third part more than thofe
which are difeoloured and brown.
L U P
The raoft convenient way of picking them is into a
long fquare frame of wood, called a bin, with a cloth
hanging on tenter-hooks within it, to receive the
Hops as they are picked.
The frame is compofed of four pieces of wood joined
together, fupported by four legs, with a prop at each
end to bear up another long piece of wood, placed at
a convenient height over the middle of the bin ; this
ferves to lay the poles upon which are to be picked.
This bin is commonly eight feet long, and three feet
broad •, two poles may be laid on it at a time, and
fix or eight perfcns may work at it,, three or four on
each fde.
It will be beft to begin to pick the Hops on the eaft or
north fide of your ground, if you can do it conveni-
ently , this will prevent the fouth-weft wind from
breaking into the garden.
Having made choice of a plot of the ground contain-
ing eleven hills fquare, place the bin upon the hill
which is in the center, having five hills on each fide •,
and when thefe hills are picked, remove the bin into
another piece of ground of the fame extent, and fo
proceed till the whole Hop-ground is finilked.
When the poles are drawn up to be picked, you muft
take great care not to cut the binds too near the hills,
efpecially when the Hops are green, becaufe it will
make the fap to flow exceffively.
And if the poles do not come up without difficulty,
they fhould be raifed by a piece of wood in the na-
ture of a lever, having a forked piece of iron, with
teeth, on the infide, fattened within two feet of the
end.
The Hops muft be picked very clean, i. e. free from
leaves and (talks, and, as there (hall be occafion, two
or three times in a day the bin muft be emptied into a
Hop-bag made of coarfe linen cloth, and carried im-
mediately to the oaff, or kiln, in order to be dried ;
for if they fliould be long in the bin, or bag, they will
be apt to heat, and be difcoloured.
If the weather be hot, there (hould no more poles
be drawn than tan be picked in an hour, and they
fhould be gathered in fair weather, if it can be, and
when the Hops are dry ; this will lave fome expence
in firing, and preferve their colour better when they
are dried.
The beft method of drying Hops is with charcoal on
an oaft or kiln, covered with hair-cloth, of the fame
form and fafhion that is ufed for drying malt. There
is no need to give any particular directions for the
making it, fmce every carpenter, or bricklayer, in
thofe countries where Hops grow, or malt is made,
knows how to build them.
The kiln ought to be fquare, and may be of ten,
twelve, fourteen, or fixteen feet over at the top, where
the Hops are laid, , as your plantation requires, and
your room will allow. There ought to be a due pro-
portion between the height and breadth of the kiln,
and the beguels of the fteddle where the fire is kept,
viz. if the kiln be twelve feet fquare on the top, it
ought to be nine feet high from the fire, and the fted-
dle ought to be fix feet and a half fquare, and fo pro-
portionable in other dimenfions.
The Hops muft be fpread even upon the oaft a foot
thick or more, if the depth of the curb will allow it,
but care is to be taken not to overload the oaft, if the
Hops be green or wet.
The oaft ought to be firft warmed with a fire before
the Hops are laid on, and then an even fteady fire
muft be kept' under them •, it muft not be too fierce
at firft, left it fcorch the Hops ; nor muft it be fuf-
fered to fink or (lacken, but rather be increafed till
the Hops he near dried, left the moifture, or fweat,
which the fire has raifed, fall back, or difcolour
them. When they have lain about nine hours, they
muft be turned, and in two or three hours more they
may be taken off the oaft. It may be known when
they are well dried by the brittlenefs of the (talks,
and the eafy falling off of the Hop leaves.
The Dutch and Flemings have another method of
drying their Hops : they make a fquare kiln, on room,
LUP
about eight or ten feet wide, built of brick or (tone,
having a door at one fide, and a fire-place in ' the
middle of the room, on the floor, about thirteen
inches wide within, and thirteen inches high in leno-th
from the mouth of it, almoft to the back part of die
kiln, a paffage being left juft enough for a man to
go round the end of it j this they call ahorfe, (uch.as
is commonly made in malt-kilns, the fire palling out
at the holes at each fide, and. at the end of it.
The bed, or floor, on which the Hops lie to be dried,
is placed about five feet high above ; about that is
-a wall near four feet high, to keep the Flops from
falling. j
A window is made at one fide of the upper bed, to
(hove off the dry Hops down into a room prepared to
receive them. The beds are made of laths, or rails,
fawn very even, lying a quarter of an inch diftanc
from one another, with a crofs beam in the middle,
to fupport them ; the laths are let in even with the top
of the beam, and this keeps them even in the places j /
this they call an oaft.
The Hops are laid on this bed by bafkets full, with-
out any oaft-cloth, beginning at one end, and fo go-
ing on till all is covered, half a yard thick, without
treading them then they even them with a rake, that
they may lie of equal thicknefs.
This being done, they kindle the fire below, either
of wood or charcoal, but the latter is accounted the
better fuel for Hops •, this fire is kept as much as
may be at an equal or conftant heat, and only at the
mouth of the furnace, for the air will fufficiently dii-
perfe it.
They do not ftir them till they are thoroughly dried,
i. e. till the top is as fully dried as the bottom ; but
if they find any place not to be fo dry as the reft,
(which may be known by reaching over them with a
(tick or wand, and touching them in feveral places,)
they obfervd where they do not rattle, and where they
do and where they do not rattle, they abate them
there, and difpofe of them where the places were
firft dry.
They know when they are thoroughly dry, by the
brittlenefs of the inner ftalk, if it be fhort when it is
rubbed j which when they find, they take out the
fire, and (hove out the Hops at the window that is
made for that purpofe, into the room made to re-
ceive them, with a coal-rake made with a board at
the end of a pole, and then go in at a door be-
low, and fweep up the Hops and feeds that tall
through, and put them to the other Flops ; then they
lay another bed of green Hops, and renew the fire,
and proceed as before.
This method is difapproved by fome, becaufe (they
fay) the Hops lying fo thick, and not being turned,
the under part of them muft needs dry before the up-
per ; and the fire palling through the whole bed to dry
the uppermoft, muft neceffarily over-dry, and much
prejudice the greateft part of the Hops, both in
ftrength and weight, befides the unneceflfary expence
of firing, which muft be long continued to dry tho-
roughly fo many together.
Therefore fome have improved on this method, and
advifed to make the kiln much as is before directed as
to the Dutch way.
Firft to make a bed of fiat ledges about an inch
thick, and two or three inches broad, fawn, and laid
acrols one another the fiat way, chequerwife, at about
three or four inches diftance one from the other, the
edges being fo entered one into the other, that the
floor may be even and fmooth this bed may oe made
to reft on two or three joifts, fet edgewife, to fupport
it from finking.
This bed is to be covered with large double tin, fol-
dered together at each joint, and the ledges muft be
fo ordered, before they are laid, that the joints of the
tin may always lie over the middle of the ledge, tee
bed being wholly covered over with tin : boards mult
be fitted about the edges of the kiln, to keep up the
Hops, but one fide muft be made to remove, mat the
Flops may be (lioved off as before.
Op
On this bed, or floor pf tin, the Hops may be
turned without fiich hazard or lofs, as upon the
hair-cloth : and alfo it will require a lei's expence of
fuel, and, befides, any fort of fuel will ferve in this
kiln, as well as charcoal, becaufe the fmoke does
not pals through the Hops as it does the former Ways;
but then care is to be taken, that there be paflages
made for it at the feveral corners and fides of the kiln.
It is found by experience, that the turning of Hops,
though it be after the moft eafy and belt manner, is
not only an injury and v/afte to the Hops, but alfo an
expence of fuel and time, becaufe they require as
much fuel, and as long a time, to dry a imaii quan-
tity, by turning them, as a large one.
Now, this may be prevented, by having a cover (to
be let down and railed at pleafure) to the upper bed
whereon the Hops lie.
This cover may alfo be tinned, by nailing Angle tin
plates over the face of if, fo that when the Flops be-
gin to dry, and are ready to burn, i. e. when the
greateft part of their moifture is evaporated, then the
cover may be let down within a foot, or Id’s, of the
Hops (like a reverbatory) and will refledt the heat
upon them, fo that the top will foon be as dry as
the lowermoft, and every Hop be equally dried.
As foon as the Hops are taken off the kiln, lay them
in a room for three weeks or a month to cool, give,
and toughen •, for if they are bagged immediately,
they will powder, but if they lie a while (and the
longer they lie the better, provided they be covered
dole with blankets to fecure them from the air,) they
may be bagged with more fafety, as not being liable
to be broken to powder in treading, and this will
make them bear treading the better, and the harder
they are trodden, the better they will keep.
The common method of bagging is as follows ; they
have a hole made in an upper floor, either round or
fquare, large enough to receive a Hop-bag (which
confifts of four ells and a half of ell-wide cloth, and
alfo contains ordinarily two hundred and a half of
Hops) they tie a handful of Hops in each lower cor-
ner of the bag, to ferve as handles to it, and they
fallen the mouth of the hole, fo placed that the hoop
may reft upon the edges of the hole.
Then he that is to tread the Hops down into the bag,
treads the Hops on every fide, another perfon conti-
nually putting them in as he treads them, till the
bag is full, which being well filled and trodden, they
unrip the fattening; of the bag to the hoops, and let it
down, and clofe up the mouth of the bag, tying up
a handful of Hops in each corner of the mouth, as
was done in the lower part.
Flops being thus packed, if they have been well
dried, and laid up in a dry place, they will keep good
feveral years •, but care muft be taken, that they be
neither deftroyed nor fpoiled by the mice making
their nefts in them.
The crop of Flops being thus bellowed, you are to
provide for another, firil by taking care of the poles
againft another year, which are bell to be laid up in a
Jfhed, having firft ftripped off the haulm from them ;
but if you have not that conveniency, fet up three
poles in the form of a triangle, or fix poles (as you
pleafe) wide at the bottom, and having fet them into
the ground, with an iron pitcher, and bound them to-
gether at top, fet the reft of your poles about them ;
and being thus difpofed, none but thofe on the outfide
will be fubjedt to the injuries of the weather, for all
the inner poles will be kept dry, unlefs at the top ;
whereas, if they were on the ground, they would re-
ceive more damage in a fortnight, than by their Hand-
ing all the reft of the year.
In the winter time provide your foil and manure for
the Hop-ground againft the following fpring.
If the dung be rotten, mix it with two or three parts
of common earth, and let it incorporate together till
you have occafion to make ufe of it in making your
Hop-hills *, but if it be new dung, then let it be mixed
as before, till the fpring come twelvemonths, for new
dung is very injurious to Hops.
L Y G
Dung of all forts was formerly more commonly made
ufe of than now it is, efpecially when rotted, and
turned to mould, and they who have no other ma-
nure muft ufe it ; which, if they do, cows or hogs
dung, or human ordure mixed with mud, may be
a proper compoft, becaufe Flops delight moil in a
■ manure that is cool and moift.
Some recommend chalk, or lime, as the beft ma-
nure, except in cold lands, and in fuch, pigeons dung
will do beft •, a little of which laid to a Hill, Find fo
mixed, that it may not be too hot in a place, is of
great advantage.
LUTEOL A. See Reseda.
L Y OH N I D E A. See Phlox.
LYCHNIS. Tourn. Irift. R. H. 333. tab. 175,
Lin. Gen. Plant. 517. [fo called of A •Ifiy© 3 *, a candle,
or light, becaufe the flowers of this plant imitate the
flame or rays of light.] Campion.
The Characters are,
'The flower has a permanent flivollen empalement of one
leaf, indented in five parts at the top. It hath five pe-
tals , whofe tails are the length of tbs empalement , their
upper part plain , broad , and frequently cleft in laminae.
It hath ten Jlamina which are longer than the empale -
' raent, alternately tanged, and fafiened to the tails of the
petals , terminated by profir ate fummits. In the center is
fituated an aim oft oval germcn , fupporMng five awl-floaped
ftyles , crowned by reflexed hairy ftigma's. The empale-
ment afterward becomes an oval cap file with one cell ,
opening with five valves , filled with round! fo feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fedtion of
Linnaeus’s tenth dais, intitled Decandria Pentagy-
nia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have
ten ftarninh and live ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Lychnis (Chalcedonica) fioribus fafciculatis faftigia-
atis. Hort. Cliff. 1 74. Campion with flowers gathered
into a pyramid. Lychnis hirfuta, flore coccineo, ma-
jor. C. B. P. 203. Greater hairy Campion with a fear-
let flower.
2. Lychnis ( Vifcaria ) petalis integris. Lin. Sp. Plant.
436. Campion with entire petals. Lychnis fylveilris
vifeofa, rubra, anguftifolia. C. B. P. 205. Wild
vifeous Lychnis with a red flower and narrow leaves ,
commonly called the Single Caichfiy.
3. Lychnis (Diced) floribuS dicecis. Hort. Cliff. 171.
'Campion with male and female flowers on different
plants. Lychnis fylveilris, five aquatica purpurea,
fimplex. C. B. P. 204. Wood or aquatic Lychnis
with a Jingle purple flower , frequently called Bachelors
Button.
4. Lychnis ‘ (Alba) fioribus dicecis, calycibus infiatis
hirfutis. Campion with male and female flowers grow-
ing on different plants , and fwollen hairy empalement s.
Lychnis fylveilris, alba, fimplex. C. B. P. 204.
Wild campion with a Jingle white flower.
5. Lychnis (Flofcuculi) petalis quadrifidis, frudlu fub-
rotundo. Hort. Cliff. 174. Campion with quadrifid
petals , and a roundijh fruit. Lychnis pratenfis flore
laciniato fimplici. Mor. Hift. 2. p. 537. Meadow
Campion with a fingle jagged flower , commonly called
Ragged Robin.
6. Lychnis (Alpina) petalis bifidis corymbofis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 436. Campion with bifid petals, and flowers
growing in a coryfnbus. Silene fioribus in capitulum
congeftis. Haller. Flelv. 376. Lychnis with flowers
colleAcd in a head.
7. Lychnis (Siberica) petalis bifidis, caule dichotomo,
foliis fubhirtis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 437. Campion with
bifid petals, a ftalk divided by pairs , and leaves which
are flomewhat hairy.
8. Lychnis (Lujitanica) caule eredlo, calycibus ftriatis
acutis, petalis diffedtis. Plat. 170. Campion with -an
ere A ftalk, ftriped acute empalement s, and petals cut into
many parts.
9. Lychnis (Apetala) calyce inflate, corolla calyce bre~
viore, caule fubunifloro, Lin. Sp. Plant. 437. Cam-
pion with a fwollen empalement, the petals of the flower
fhorter than the cup, and Jialks having chiefly one
flower . Lychnis fylveilris alba, calyce amplo vefi-
8 H carip
\
\
I
LYC
.Carlo. Vaill. Wild white 'Campion with a large inflated
empalement .
' The firft fort is commonly known by the title of
Scarlet Lychnis of which there is one with double
flowers, which is mod eileemed for the fize of the
flowers and multiplicity of the petals ; as alfo for
the duration of the flowers, which continue much
longer in beauty than the fingle flowers, fo that the
latter is not much cultivated at prefent, though the
flowers of this are very beautiful ; and as the plants
are fo eafily propagated by feed, they may foon be
had in greater plenty than thofe with double flowers,
which do not produce feeds. Of the fingle fort there
are three varieties, the deep fcarlet, the flefh-colour,
and the white, but the firft is the mod beautiful.
This is eafily propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown on a border expofed to the ead, in the middle
of March. The plants will appear in April, when if
th$ feafon is dry, they fhould be refrefhed with water
two or three times a week. By the beginning of June
the plants will be fit to remove, when- there fhould
be a bed of common earth prepared to receive them ;
into which they fhould be planted at about four inches
apart, obferving to water and fhade them till they
have taken root ; after which time they will require
no other care but to keep them clean from weeds till
the following autumn, when they diould be tranf •
planted into the borders of the pleafure-garden, where
they are to continue. The dimmer following thefe
plants will flower and produce ripe feeds, but the
roots will abide feveral years and continue to flower.
This fort flowers in June and July, and the feeds
ripen in autumn. It may alfo be propagated by off-
fets, but as the feeds ripen fo freely, few perfons
trouble themfelves to propagate the plants any other
way. The French call this plant Jerufalem Crofs.
The fort with double flowers is a valuable plant, the
flowers are very double, and of a beautiful fcarlet
colour. This hath a perennial root, from which arife
two, three, or four dalks, according to the drength
of the roots ; thefe in rich moid land, grow upwards
of four feet high the dalks are drong, ere<d, and
hairy. They are garnifhed the whole length with
fpear-fhaped leaves fitting clofe to the dalks, placed
oppofite ; and jud above each pair of leaves, there
are four fmaller leaves danding round the dalk.
The flowers are produced in clofe cluders fitting upon
the top of the dalk ; when the roots are drong, the
cluders of flowers will be very large, fo they make a
fine appearance, the flowers being very double, and
of a bright fcarlet colour. They appear the latter end
of June, and in moderate feafons continue near a
month in beauty. The dalks decay in autumn, and
new ones arife in the fpring. This was originally pro-
duced from the feeds of the fingle fort, and is propa-
gated by flips taken from the roots in autumn ; but
as this is a flow method of increafing the plants, the
bed way to have them in plenty, is to cut ofi 7 the
fiower-dalks in June before the flowers appear, which
may be cut into fmall lengths, each of which fhould
have three or four joints, which fhould be planted
on an ead border of foft loamy earth, putting three
of the joints into the ground, leaving one eye jud
level with the furface ; thefe mud be watered, and
then covered clofe with bell or hand-glaffes, fo as to
exclude the outward air, and fhaded with mats when
the fun dunes hot upon them. The cuttings fo ma-
naged will put out roots in five or fix weeks, when
they mud be expofed to the open air, and in very
dry weather they fhould be now and then refrefhed
with water, but it mud not be repeated too often,
nor given in large quantities, for too much moidure
will caufe them to rot. Thefe will make good plants
by the following autumn, when they may be trans-
planted into the borders of the pleafure-garden, where
they will flower the following dimmer.
Some people who are covetous to have their plants
flower, differ the dalks to remain till the flowers are
decayed, and then cut them off to plant ; but by that
time the dalks are grown hard, fo. but few of them
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fucceed, and thofe winch do, will not be near fo good
plants as thole; which are planted earlier •, therefore
it will be better to facrifice the flowers of fome roots
for this purpofe. Thefe plants delight in a foft, rich,
loamy foil, not too moid or did, in which they will
thrive and flower very drong, but they do not care
for much dung, which very often caufes the roots to
canker and rot, fo that in the rich dunged lands
about London, they do not thrive well. As thefe
plants grow tall, they fhould be planted in the mid-
dle of large borders, and not crowded with other
plants, for their roots extend to a large didance • fo
if they are incommoded by other roots, it will dint
their growth.
I have not feen any double flowers of the two other
varieties, but have been informed that there are of
both the white and the flefh-colour with double flowers
in fome of the French gardens. Thefe make a vari-
ety, but are not fo beautiful as the fcarlet, fo are not
much edeemed.
The fecond fort is commonly called Red German
Catchfly. This hath been found growing naturally
upon the rocks in Edinburgh Park, and in fome places
in Wales. It was formerly cultivated in flower-gardens
for ornament, but fince this fort with double flowers
hath been produced, the fingle has been almod ba-
nifhed out of the gardens. This hath long, narrow,
Grafs-like leaves, which come out from the root with-
out order, fitting clofe to the ground •, between thefe
come up drait fingle dalks, which in good ground
rife a foot and half high ; at each joint of the dalk
come out two leaves oppofite, of the fame form as
the lower, but decreafe in their fize upward ; under
each pair of leaves, for an inch in length, there
fweats out of the dalk a glutinous liquor, which is
almod as clammy as birdlime, fo that the flies which,
happen to light upon thefe places, are fadened to the
dalk, where they die, from whence it had the title of
Catchfly. The dalk is terminated by a clufter of
purple flowers, and from the two upper joints come
out on each fide of the dalk a clufter of the fame
dowers, fo that the whole form a fort of loofe fpike.
Thefe appear in the beginning of May, and the fingle
flowers are fucceeded by round ifli feed-veffels, which,
are full of fmall angular feeds ripening in July.
It may be propagated in plenty by parting of the
roots in autumn, at which time every flip will grow ;
or if the feeds are fown in the fame manner as is di-
rected for the fird fort, the plants with dngle flowers
may be raifed in plenty. This delights in a light
moid foil and a fhady fltuation.
The double dowering of this fort was accidentally
obtained from the feeds of the fingle. This hath not
been known forty years in the Englifh gardens, but it
is now fo common as to have excluded that with fingle
flowers ; it differs only from that in the doublenefs
of the flowers. As this never produces feeds, fo it can
only be propagated by parting and flipping of the
roots ; the bed time for this is in autumn, at which
time every flip will grow. If this is performed in
September, the flips will have taken good root be-
fore the frod, and will flower well the following dim-
mer ; but if they are expected to flower drong, the
roots mud not be divided into fmall flips, though for
multiplying the plants, it matters not how fmall the
flips are. Thefe fliould be planted on a border ex-
pofed to the morning fun, and fhaded when the fun
is warm till they have taken root. If the flips are
planted in the beginning of September, they will be
rooted drong enough to plant in the borders of
the flower-garden by the middle or latter end of Oc-
tober. The roots of this fort multiply fo fad, as to
make it neceffary to tranfplant and part them every
year ; for when they are let remain longer, they are
very apt to rot. Th’is fort requires the fame foil and
fltuation as the former.
The third fort grows naturally by the fide of ditches
and in moid padures in many parts of England, fo
is feldom admitted into gardens • it hath a perennial
root, from which arife many branching diffufed dalks
from
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from two to three feet high, garnifhed with oval acute-
pointed leaves, placed by pairs at each joint, and are
terminated by clufters of purple flowers, which, ap-
pear in April and May. The male flowers grow upon
feparate plants from the female. The latter produces
feeds which ripen in July ; the ftalks decay in au-
tumn, but the roots continue feveral years.
Therefts a variety of this with double flowers, which
is cultivated in gardens, by the title of Red Bachelor’s
Button. This is an ornamental plant, and continues
long in flower. It is propagated by flips, which fhould
be planted the beginning of Auguft in a fhady border
of loamy earth, where they will take root in about fix
weeks or two months, and may then be tranlplanted
into the borders of the flower-garden. Thefe roots
fhould be annually tranfplanted, otherwife they fre-
quently rot ; and young plants mufc be propagated by
flips to fupply the decay of the old roots, which are
not of very long duration. This fort thrives beft in
a foft loamy foil, and in a fliady fituation, where they
have only the morning fun.
The fourth fort is very common upon dry banks on
the fide of roads in moil parts of England, fo is not
admitted into gardens ; there is a variety of this with
purple flowers, which I find is by fome fuppofed to
be the fame as the third, but is very different, for the
ftalks of this are branched out much more; the
leaves are longer and more veined, and the flowers of
this ftand fingly upon pretty long foot-ftalks, fo are
not produced in clufters like thofe of the third. This
is alfo very hairy, and the empalement of the flowers
is fwollen like inflated bladders. This flowers near
a month after the other, but the male and female
flowers grow upon different plants, as in the former.
There is a variety of this with double flowers, which
is propagated in gardens by the title of Double white
Bachelor’s Button, and is an ornamental plant in the
flower-garden; though being white it doth not make
fo good an appearance as the other, however it adds
to the variety. This is propagated ,in the fame way
as the double fort before-mentioned, but the plants
will thrive in a drier foil, and a more open expofure
than that.
The fifth fort grows very common in moift meadows,
and by the fide of rivers in moft parts of England,
where it is intermixed with the Grafs. This rifes with
upright unbranched ftalks near a foot and a half high,
garnifhed with narrow fpear-lhaped leaves, placed by
pairs oppofite at each joint. The ftalks are flender,
channelled, and are terminated by fix or feven purple
flowers upon pretty long foot-ftalks, .which branch
out. The empalement of the flower is ftriped with
purple, and the petals of the flowers are deeply jag-
ged in four narrow fegments, which appear as if torn ;
from whence the country people have given it the ap-
pellation of Ragged Robin. It flowers in May, and
the feeds ripen in July. This fort is never kept in
gardens, but there is a variety of it with very double
flowers, which is propagated by the gardeners for or-
nament. It only differs from the Tingle in the multi-
plicity of the petals, and produces no feeds, fo is
propagated by flips in the fame manner as the fecond
fort. It is commonly known by the title of Double
Ragged Robin.
The fixtli fort grows naturally on the Alps, in Lap-
land, and the other cold parts of Europe. This is a
perennial plant which delights in a moift foil. The
ftalks of this are ereft, half a foot high, garnifhed
with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves placed by pairs op-
pofite, like the former fort, but are a little fhorter and
broader ; the bottom leaves are broader than thofe
upon the ftalks, and fit clofe to the ground ; they are
fmooth, and of a deep green : the flowers are produced
in a corymbus on the top of the ftalk, fitting dole to-
gether ; they are of a purple colour, and the petals
are cut in the middle. This flowers the beginning
of June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft. It is propa-
gated by feeds, and alfo by parting of the roots ;
it mu ft have a moift foil and a fhady fituation, other-
wife the plants will not thrive. The time for tranf-
planting the plants, and parting the roots, is the fame-
as for the fecond fort, and the feeds may be Town up-
on a fhady border in March. In dry weather the
ground muft be kept moift, otherwife the feeds will
not grow. When the plants come up, and are fit to
remove, they fhould be tranfplanted into a fliady bor-
der, where they may remain to flower.
The feventhfort grows naturally in Siberia : this hath
a perennial root, from which arife many narrow leaves
fitting clofe to the ground. The ftalks rife a foot high,
dividing into branches by pairs. The fioWers grow
out from the divifion of the branches, as alfo at the
top of the ftalks. They are compofed of five white
petals, which are divided in the middle ; thefe ap-
pear in June, and are fucceeded by roundifh capfules
filled with fmall angular feeds, which ripen in Au-
guft. This requires the fame treatment as the for-
mer fort.
The eighth fort was brought from Portugal to Eng-
land, and is probably a variety of one with Angle
flowers, which grows naturally in that country, but is
different from any we have in England. This ap-
proaches neareft to the Double Ragged Robin, but is
different from that. It hath a perennial root, from
which arife many oblong narrow leaves fitting clofe
to the ground. It divides into feparate heads like
the fecond fort, and from each of thefe come out an
upright ftalk about nine inches high, which divides
upwards by pairs, and from the middle of each divi-
fion comes out a flender foot-ftalk two inches long,
fuftaining one double purple flower at the top, whole
petals are very much jagged at their points ; the em-
palements of the flowers are marked with deep pur-
ple ftripes. From the fide of the ftalks there are al-
fo foot-ftalks come out at the wings, which for the
moft part fuftain but one flower, though fometimes
they have two ; thefe flowers being very double, are
never fucceeded by feeds. The ufual time of this
plant flowering is in June, but fometimes it fends
out frefh ftalks, which have flowers in the autumn.
It is propagated by flips in the fame manner as the
third and fourth forts, but coming from a warm
country, it is impatient of much cold, and requires
a particular treatment, for it does not thrive well in
pots ; nor will it live through the winter in open bor-
ders, fo that the only fituation in which I have feen it
thrive, was where it was planted' as clofe as poffible to
a fouth wall in dry undunged earth ; for in rich or
moift ground the roots prelently rot, as they alfo do
when they are watered. If they are planted in brick
rubbifh, they will ftill do better. I was favoured with
this plant by John Browning, Efq; of Lincoln’s-inn,
who received it from Portugal.
The ninth fort grows naturally in the northern parts
of Europe. It is like the fourth fort, but the petals
of the flowers do not extend beyond the empalement,
and the empalements are much larger and more
fwollen.
The other Species of Lychnis are now ranged un-
der the following genera, viz.
Agp.qstemma, Cucubalus, Saponaria, and Si~
lene, to which articles the reader is defired to turn
for thofe which are not here enumerated.
LYCIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 232. Jafminoides. Nif-
fol. Aft. R. Par. 1711. Rhamnus. C, B. P. 477.
Boxthorn.
The Characters are,
Phe flower hath a fmall , ohtufle , 'permanent empalement ,
which is eredi, and divided into five parts at the top ; the
flower is funnel-floaped , of one petal, with an incurved
tube , whofe brim is cut into five obtufle fegments , which
fpread open. It has five awljhaped ftamina , which are a
little inclined and fhorter than the tube , terminated by erect
fummits. In the center is f iliated a roundifi: germen fup-
porting a Jingle fityle , which is longer than the ftamina,
crowned by a thick bifid ftigma ; the germen afterwards
becomes a roundifh berry with two cells , inclojing kidney -
Jhaped feeds faftened to the middle partition.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnasus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentancna Monogynia,
which
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, 'which includes thofe plants whole flowers have five I
iburunn and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1- Lycium ( Afrmn ) foliis 1 i n e ar ; -1 on gior i b ns , tubo
florujn longiori, fegmentis obtufis. Boxthorn with
longer linear leaves, "a longer tube to the flower , and ob-
tufle fegments. Lycium foliis linearibus: Hart. Cliff.
5 7. Boxthorn with linear leaves.
2. Lycium ( Italkwm ) foliis lineari-brevioribus, tubo
florum b'reviori, fegmentis oval; bus patentiffirnis. Box-
thorn with J barter linear leaves , a jherter tube to the
fie wc.i\ and oval fegments fpreading open.
3. Lycium {Salic if olium) foliis cuneiformibus. Vir. Cliff.
14. Boxthorn with wedge-floaped leaves, Jafminoides
aculeatum, falicis folio, flore parvo ex albo purpura-
feente. Mitchel. Gen. 224. Prickly B aftar djaflmine with
a Willow leaf and a flmall purplijh white flower.
4. Lycium ( Barb arum ) foliis lanceolatis craffiufculis, ca-
lycibus trifid is. Lin. Sp. Plant. 192. Boxthorn with
fpear-Jhaped thick leaves , and trifid empalements. Jaf-
fninoides aculeatum, polygoni folio, floribus parvis
albidis. Shaw. Afr. 349. f. 349. Prickly Baftardjaf-
mine, with a Knot-grafs leaf, and flmall whitifh flowers.
5. Lycium ( Chinenfe ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, ramis dif-
fufis, floribus folitariis patentibus alaribus, feylo lon-
giori. Boxthorn with oval fpear-floaped leaves , diffufed
branches , and Jingle fpreading flowers proceeding from
the fides of the branches , with a longer ftyle.
6. Lycium ( Halimifolium ) foliis lanceolatis acutis. Box-
thorn with fpear-Jhaped acute leaves. Jafminoides Si-
rtenfe halimi folio longiore & anguftiore. Du Ham.
306. China Baftard Jafmine zvith a narrower and longer
leaf.
7. Lycium ( Capenfe ) foliis oblongo-ovatis, craffiufculis,
confertis, fpinis robuftioribus. Boxthorn zvith oblong ,
oval , thick leaves growing in cluflers , and ftronger fpines.
8. Lycium (-. AnguftifoUum ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis con-
fertis, calycibus brevibus acutis. Boxthorn with linear
fpear-Jhaped leches growing in cluflers , and floor t acute em-
palements.
o. Lycium ( Inerme ) inermis, foliis lanceolatis, alternis,
perennantibus, Smooth Boxthorn , with fpear-Jhaped ever-
green leaves placed alternate.
10. Lycium {Cor datum") foliis cordato-ovatis, feffilibus,
oppofitis perennantibus, fpinis craffis bigeminis, flo-
ribus confertis. Lycium zvith oval heart-Jhaped leaves
placed oppofite , which are ever -green, and Jit clofle to the
jialks, zvith thick double fpines, and flowers growing in
cluflers. Arbor Africana fpinofa, foliis craffis corda-
tis & conjugatis, fpinis craffis' bigeminis. Herm. Cat. 4.
Prickly African- tree zvith thick hear t-floaped leaves grow-
ing by pairs , and thick double fpines.
The firft fort grows naturally in Spain, Portugal, and
at the Cape of Good Hope. This riles with irregular
fhrubby ftalksten or twelve feet high, fending out fe-
veral crooked knotty branches, covered with a whitifh
bark, and armed with long fharp fpines, upon which
grow many cluflers of narrow leaves ; thefe thorns
often put out one or two fmaller on their fides, which
have fame cluflers of fmaller leaves upon them ; the
branches are gamifhed with very narrow leaves an inch
and a half long, and at the bale of thefe come out
cluflers of fhorter and narrower leaves. The flowers
come out from the fide of the branches, Handing upon
fnort foot-ftalks - 5 they have a fhort permanentempale-
ment of one leaf, which is tubulous, and cut into
five fegments at the brim ■ iris fu nn el'- fh aped, of one
petal, with a long incurved tube, cut into five ob-
tufe fegments at the brim •, they are of a dull pur-
ple colour, and have five Lamina aTmoft as long as
the tube, with ereeft fumrffits. In the center is firu-
ated a roundifh germen, fupporting a ftyle which is
longer than the flam in a, crowned by a bifid ftigma.
The germen afterward turns to a roundifh ftefhy ber-
ry, of a yellowifh colour when ripe, inclofmg feve-
ral hard feeds. This ufually flowers in June and July,
and the feeds ripen in the autumn •, but there is fre-
quently a few flowers come out in all the fummer
months.
It may be propagated either by feeds, cuttings, or
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layers. If by feeds, they fhould be fown in the au-
tumn foon after they are ripe ; for if they are kept
out of the ground till fpring, they fcldom come up the
firft year. It the feeds are iov. n in pots, the pots
fhould be plunged into fertile old tan in the winter,
and in very fevere frofl covered with Peas-haujm or
ftraw, bpt in mild weather fhould he open to receive
the wet 7 in the fpring the pots fhould be plunged
into a moderate hot-bed, which will foon .bring up
the plants *, thefe muft be inured to bear the open
air as foon as, the danger of froit is over, and when,
they are three inches high, they may be fhaken out of
the pots, and each planted in a fmall feparate pot,
filled with loamy earth, and placed in the fhade till
they have taken new root, when they may be removed
to a flickered fituation, where they may remain till the
autumn ; then they fhould be either removed into the
green-houfe, or placed under a hot-bed frame to iliel-
ter them from hard froft •, for thefe plants are too
tender to live in the open air in England, fo they mull
be kept in pots and treated in the fame way as Myr-
tles, and other hardy green-houfe plants *, but when
the plants are grown ftrong, there may be a few of
them planted in the full ground in a warm fitua-
tion, where they will live in moderate winters, but in
hard frofts they are commonly deftroyed. If the cut-
tings of thefe plants are planted in a fhady border in
July, and duly watered, they will take root, and
may then be treated in the fame way as the feedling
plants.
The fecond fort was railed in the Chelfea garden
from feeds which came from the Cape of Good Hope.
This hath an irregular fhrubby ftalk like the former,
but feldom rife more than four or five feet high
the large leaves are fhorter and a little broader than,
thofe of the firft, but the tufts of fmall leaves are
narrower ; the tube of the flower is fhorter, the brim
is deeper cut into oval fegments which fpread open ;
the empalement is fhorter, and cut into acute feg-
ments ; the flowers and fruit are alfo fmaller. Thefe
differences are permanent, in ail the plants which I
have two or three times raifed from feeds. It flowers
about the fame time as the firft, and may be propa-
gated in the fame way •, the plants alfo require the
fame culture.
The third fort grows naturally in the hedges in the
fouth of France, in Spain and Italy. This hath many
irregular fhrubby flalks, which rile eight or nine feet
high, fending out feveral irregular branches, covered
with a white bark, and armed with pretty ftrong thorns ;
the leaves are narrow at bottom, growing broader
upward, and are of a pale green colour. The flowers
come out from the fide of the branches ; they are of
a purplifh white colour and fmall, fo make no great
appearance. This fort flowers in June and July, but
rarely produces any feeds in this country. The
leaves of this remain till winter, when they fall off.
It may be propagated by cuttings or layers, in the
fame manner as the firft fort. The plants will live
abroad in a fheltered warm fituation, but in very hard
froft they fhould be covered with ftraw or litter,
otherwiie the branches will be killed, and fometimes
the roots are deftroyed where they have not feme
cover. '
The fourth fort was brought from Africa by the late
Dr. Shaw, where it grows naturally. This hath a
fhrubby ftalk which rifes feven or eight feet high,
fending out feveral irregular branches, which are arm-
ed with ftrong fpines, and garnifhed with fhort, thick,
fpear-fhaped, oval leaves, which Itand without or-
der. The flowers come out from the fide of the
branches ; they are fmall and white, fo make little
appearance. This flowers in July and Auguft, but
does not produce feeds in England. It may be pro-
pagated by cuttings in the fame way, as the, firft fort,
but is too tender to live in the open air in winter in
this country, fo the plants muft be kept in pots, and
removed into the green-houfe in autumn, and treated
in the fame way as other hardy kinds of green-houfe
plants.
1 he
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The fifth fort grows naturally in China, from whence
the feeds were brought to England a few years paft,
and the plants were raifed in feveral gardens, and by
fome were thought to be the Thea. This rifes with
weak, irregular, diffufed branches to a great height,
but require fupport, otherwife they will trail upon
the ground : I have meafured fome of thefe branches,
which in one year has been upward of twelve feet
long : the lower leaves are more than four inches
long, and three broad in the middle : they are of a
light green and a thin confidence, placed without or-
der on every fide the branches ; as the fhoots advance
in length, fo the fize of the leaves diminifh, and to-
ward the upper part they are not more than an inch
long, and a quarter of an inch broad ; they fit clofe to
the ftalks on every fide. The flowers come out fmgly
at every joint toward the upper part of the branches,
Handing upon fhort (lender foot-ftalks ; they are of a
pale colour, with fhort tubes ; the brims are fpread
open broader than either of the former forts, and the
ftyle is confiderably longer than the tube of the
flower. This fort flowers in Auguft, September, and
Otftober ; the plant is very hardy, and retains its
leaves till November before they decay. It propa-
gates fail enough by its creeping roots, which fend
out fuckers at a great diftance, and the cuttings
thruft into the ground will take root as freely as
Willows.
Thefixth fort grows naturally in China, from whence
the feeds were brought to the Royal Garden at Paris,
and the feeds were fent me by Dr. Bernard de Juflieu,
demonftrator of the plants in that garden. This rifes
with a fhrubby (talk to the height of four or five feet,
fending out many irregular branches, covered with a
very white bark, and armed with a few fhort fpines ;
the leaves are about three inches long, and one broad
in the middle ; they are placed alternately on the
branches, and are of a pale green colour. The flowers
of this fort appear in June and July, which are fuc-
ceeded by fmall round berries that ripen in the au-
tumn, when they are as red as coral. This fort is
propagated by cuttings, which fhould be planted in
the fpring before they begin to fhoot, in a border ex-
pofed to the morning fun, where they will take root
very freely •, but thefe fliould not be removed till the
autumn, when they may be planted to cover walls,
for the branches are too weak to fupport themfelves ;
and as the leaves continue green as long as any of
the deciduous plants, fo they are proper plants for
fuch purpofes.
The feventh fort was raifed in the Chelfea garden
from feeds, which were brought me from the Cape of
Good Hope. This rifes with fhrubby branching
ftalks feven or eight feet high, which are armed with
long ftrong thorns, that have feveral clufters of leaves
upon them ; the branches are garnifhed with fmall,
oblong, oval leaves, which are placed without order •,
fometimes they come out in fmall clufters from one
point, at others they are Angle, Handing on every fide
the ftalk ; thefe are of a light green, and a pretty
thick confiftence, continuing green all the year.
Thefe plants have not as yet flowered here, fo I can
give no account of them ; but by the fruit which I
received entire, I make no doubt of its belonging
to this genus.
This fort is pretty hardy, for it has lived abroad
four winters, where it was planted againft a fouth-eaft
wall. It may be propagated either by layers or cut-
tings, in the fame manner as the firft ; and when the
plants have obtained ftrength, they may be planted in
a warm fltuation, where they will live with very little
fhelter in fevere froft. The branches of this fort are
ftronger than thofe of the former, fo will not require
the fame fupport. It will be proper to keep a plant
of this in fhelter to preferve the kind, left thofe in
the open air fhould be deftroyed.
The eighth fort has much the appearance of the firft,
but the branches are not fo ftrongly armed with
thorns j they have alfo a whiter bark, the leaves. are
L Y C
broader and of a lighter green, (landing in clufters a£
every joint. The flowers are fmaller, of a deeper
purple colour, and have much ffiorter empalements,
which are cut into acute figments. It flowers at the
fame time with the firft fort, but does not produce
any feeds in this country ; it is not fo hardy as the for-
mer fort, fo requires protection from very hard froft ;
therefore the plants fliould be kept in pots and hoofed
in the winter, treating them in the fame way as other
hardy green-houfe plants. It may be propagated by-
cuttings or layers, in the fame way as the firft fort.
-The ninth fort has been long an inhabitant of the
Chelfea garden ; it was raifed from feeds which came
from China, and was for many years taken for the Tea-
tree, till it produced fome flowers, which difcovered
its true genus. This rifes with a ftrong woody ftalk
fix or feven feet high, fending out many fmootji
branches, which are covered with a brown bark
having no thorns * they are garnifhed with fpear-
ffiaped leaves about three inches long, and near three
quarters of inch broad, placed alternately on the
branches, Handing upon fhort foot-ftalks ; they are
of a deep green, and continue all the year. The
flowers are white, and of the fame fhape with the
others of this genus, but there has not been any feeds
of this fort as yet produced in England.
This plant will live in the open air, if it is planted in
a warm fltuation and a dry foil ; but it is of flow
growth, feldom (hooting more than three or four
inches in a feafon •, it is alfo difficult to propagate*
for the branches which are laid down will not take
root in lefs than two years, and the cuttings are with
difficulty made to grow. The beft time to plant them
is in May, in pots filled with light loamy earth,
plunging them into an old bed of tanners bark, co-
vering the pots clofe with bell or hand-glafles, to ex-
clude the external air ; thefe fhould be ffiaded every
day from the fun ; thefe cuttings fhould be refreffied
with water once a week, but it muft not be given to
them in too great plenty. Thofe cuttings which fuc-
ceed, will have put out roots by the beginning of Au-
guft, when they may be taken up and planted in
fmall pots, placing them in the ffiade till they have
taken new root *, and then they may be placed with
other hardy exotic plants in a ffieltered fltuation, till
the end of Q&ober, when they may be put under
a common frame to fhelter them in winter. When
the plants have acquired ftrength, they may be
ffiaken out of the pots, and planted in the full ground
in a warm fltuation, where, if they are ffieltered
in fevere frofts, they will thrive better than in pots.
The tenth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence the feeds were fent to Holland
a few years paft, where the plants were raifed. This
is a low fhrubby plant, which lends out branches from
the ground upward, which are covered with a dark
green bark, and are armed with fhort ftrong thorns,
which come out by pairs, and fometimes there are
double pairs upon the fame fqot-ftalk 5 thefe are fitu-
ated juft below the leaves, and where there are four,
two of them point upward, and the other two down-
ward. The leaves are heart-fhaped, not much larger
than thofe of the Box-tree, of the fame confiftence
and colour, terminating in acute points ; they are
placed by pairs oppofite, upon very ffiort foot-ftalks.
Handing pretty clofe together ; thefe continue green
all the year. The flowers come out from the fide of
the branches upon ffiort (lender foot-ftalks, each
fupporting five or fix fmall white flowers, which grow
in a duller at the top thefe have very ffiort empale-
ments, and pretty long tubes, divided at the brim
into five acute fegments. Thefe flowers have an
agreeable odour ; they appear in July and Auguft,
but are feldom fucceeded by feeds in England.
This fort may be propagated by cuttings in the
fame manner as the firft fort, which, if planted in
July, and ffiaded from the fun, will take root very
freely ; then they fhould be planted into feparate
(mail pots, and placed in the (hade till they have
8 I taken
1
L Y C
taken new toot, after which they may be treated in
the fame manner as the former fort. This plant has ;
not as yet been planted in the full ground in Eng-
land, but it lives through the winter under a common
frame.
The other fpecies which were included in this genus,
are now removed to Celastrus.
LYC OPE RSI CON. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 150. tab.
63. Solanum. Lin. Gen. Plant. 224. [of Am&, a
wolf, and Perfica, fat. a Peach.] Love Apples, or
Wolf’s Peach.
The Characters are.
The flower has a -permanent empalement of one leaf,
which is cut into Jive acute fegments at the top , and is
permanent. The flower has one petal, which is wheel-
jhapcd, with a very Jhort tube , and a large five-cornered
brim, which fpreads open and is plaited. It hath five
fmall awl-fhaped ftamina, terminated by ■ oblong fummits
which clofe together. It hath a Youndijh germen, fupport-
ing a fender fiyle the length of the ftamina , crowned by
an obtufle ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a round-
ijh flejhy fruit or berry , divided into fever al cells , indofing
many fiat feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fe&ion
of Tournefort’s fecond clafs, which includes the herbs
with a wheel-fhaped flower of one leaf, whofe pointal
becomes a foft fruit. Dr. Linnaeus has joined this
genus, and alfo the Melongena of Tournefort, to the
Solanum, which he places in the firft fe&ion of his
fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have five ftamina and one ftyle ; but as there are nu-
merous fpecies of Solani, fo it is much better to keep
thefe feparate, to avoid confufion, which if we allow
the fruit as a charaiteriftic note, fhould be done ; for
as the fruit of the Solanum has but two cells, and the
fruit of this many, fo that diftin&ion may be allowed
to feparate the genera.
The Species are,
it Lycopersicon {Galeni) caule inermi herbaceo, foliis
pinnatis incifis, fruftu rotundo glabro. Love Apple
with an herbaceous unarmed ftalk , pinnated cut leaves , and
a fmooth round fruit. Lycoperficon Galeni. Ang. 217.
The Wolf Leach of Galen.
2. Lycopersicon ( Efculentum ) caule herbaceo hirfutif-
fimo, foliis pinnatis, incifis, fruftu comprefTo fulcato.
Love Apple with a very hairy herbaceous ftalk, winged '
cut leaves, and a comprejfed furrowed fruit. Solanum
pomiferum, fru&u rotundo ftriato molli. C. B. P.
167. Apple-bearing Nightjhade, with a foft, round ,
ftriated frnit, commonly called Tomatas by the Spaniards.
3. Lycopersicon ( Mihiopicum ) caule inermi herbaceo,
erefto, foliis ovatis dentato angulatis, fubfpinofis fruc-
tu fubrotundo fulcato. Love Apple with an herbaceous,
erect, unarmed ftalk , oval angular leaves indented, having
a few fpines, with a roundijh furrowed fruit. Lycoper-
ficon frudtu ftriato duro. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 150.
Wolfs Peach with a hard ftriated fruit.
4. Lycopersicon ( Pimpinellifolium ) caule inermi herba-
ceo, foliis inmqualiter pinnatis, foliolis obtufe-dentatis,
racemis fimplicibus. Love Apple with an herbaceous
unarmed ftalk , leaves unequally winged , whofe lobes are
bluntly indented, and fimple branches of flowers. Li-
coperficon inodorum. Julf. Wolf s Peach having no [cent.
5. Lycopersicon ( Peruvianum ) caule inermi herbaceo,
foliis pinnatis tomentofis incifis, racemis bipartitis fo-
liofis. Love Apple with an unarmed herbaceous ftalk ,
winged cut leaves, which are downy, and a leafy double
/pike of flowers. Lycoperficon pimpinellte fanguifor-
bas foliis. Feuill. Obf. 3. p. 37. Wolfs Peach with
leaves like Burnet.
6 . Lycopersicon ( Procumbens ) caule herbaceo, pro-
cumbente, foliis pmnatifidis, glabris, floribus folita-
riis alaribus. Love Apple with an herbaceous trailing
ftalk, wing-pointed fmooth leaves , and flowers growing
Singly from the wings of the ftalk.
7. Lycopersicon ( Tubsrofum ) caule inermo herbaceo,
foliis pinnatis integerrimis. Love Apple with an unarmed
herbaceous ftalk , and winged leaves which are entire. So-
lanum tuberofum efculentum. C. B. P. 1 67. Efculent
L Y C
tuberous Nightjhade , commonly called Potatoe , by the In-
dians Batatas.
The firft fort here mentioned is fuppofed to be the
Lycoperficon of Galen. This is an annual plan t, with
an herbaceous, branching, hairy ftalk, which will rife
to the height of fix or eight feet, if fupported, other-
wife the branches will fall to the ground •, thefe are
garnilhed with winged leaves of a very rank difagree-
able odour, compofed of four or five pair of lobes
terminated by an odd one ; thefe are cut on their
edges, and end in acute. points. The flowers come
out from the fide of the branches upon pretty long
foot-ftalks, each fuftaining feveral yellow flowers,
ranged in a Angle long bunch or thyrfe, and are fuc-
ceeded by round, fmooth, pulpy fruit, about the fize
of a large Cherry. There are two varieties of this,
one with yellow, and the other with red fruits 1 The
plants flower from June till the froft flops them, and
the fruit ripens in fucceffion from the end of July, till
the froft kills the plants ; this fort is ufed in medicine.
The fecond fort is very like the firft, excepting the
fruit, which differ greatly ; for thofe of the fecond
fort are very large, compreffed at both ends, and
deeply furrowed all over the hides. This fort never
varies to the other, fo that it is undoubtedly a diftind:
fpecies. This is the fort which is commonly culti-
vated to put into foups ; and the Portugueze, Spa-
niards, and fome others, ufe them in many of their
fauces, to which they give an agreeable acid flavour.
The third fort is alfo annual ; this rifes with an ered
herbaceous ftalk a foot and a half high, dividing into
feveral branches, garnifhed with oval angular leaves,
from three to four inches long, and alrnoft three
inches broad in the middle ; they are placed alter-
nately upon pretty long foot-ftalks, which have one
or two fhort fpines upon them, as there alfo is upon
the midrib of the leaves. The flowers come out fingly
upon foot-ftalks from the fide of the branches ; they
are white, and are fucceeded by red ftriated fruit,
which are firmer than thofe of the other forts, and
about the fize of Cherries. This fruit ripens in the
autumn, and the plants decay foon after.
The fourth fort is fomewhat like the firft, but the
leaves are unequally winged, having fome fin after
lobes placed between the large ones ; the lobes of
this are fhorter, broader, and not cut like thofe of the
firft, but have fome obtufe indentures toward their
bafe. The leaves of this fort have not that rank dif-
agreeable odour which the two firft have ; the fruit of
it is not fo large as thofe of the firft, but they are
round and fmooth, and are very late before they ri-
pen here ; fo that unlefs the plants are raifed early
in the fpring, they will not produce ripe fruit.
The fifth fort is alfo annual ; this hath a very branch-
ing herbaceous ftalk, fpreading out into many divi-
fions, and is not fo hairy as the two firft ; the leaves
are compofed of a greater number of lobes, which arc
much fhorter and more indented on their edges,
where they are a little waved, and are downy. The
flowers ftand upon very long foot-ftalks, which branch
out and fupport a large number of flowers at the top
thefe have a longer ftyle than thofe of the other fpe-
cies, which is permanent, remaining .on the top of
the fruit. This fort is late in ripening the fruit, fo
that unlefs the plants are railed early in the fpring,
the fruit will not ripen in England.
The feeds of thefe two forts were fent from Peru by
Mr. Jofepn de Juflieu to the Royal Garden at Paris,
part of which was fent me by his brother Dr. Ber-
nard de Juflieu, of the Royal Academy of Sciences.
The fixth fort was raifed by Mr, James Gordon,
gardener at Mile-end, who gave me fome of the
feeds, but from what country it came I could not
learn. This hath very weak, trailing, fmooth ftalks,
not more than a foot long, garnilhed with fmooth
leaves, ftanding by pairs oppofite j thefe are regularly
cut on the fides almoft to the midrib, in form of a
winged leaf $ and thefe fegments are alfo indented on
their edges, and at their points. The flowers come
out
LYC
out on the fide of the ft$ks fingfy ; they are of a
whitifh yellow colour, and have a pretty large fpread-
ing em'palement, which is deeply cut at the brim in-
to many acute fegments which fpread open. The
flowers are fucceeded by fmall roundifh berries a lit-
tle comprefied at the top, of an herbaceous yellow
colour when ripe. *
Thefe plants are all propagated by fowing their feeds
on a moderate hot-bed in March, and when the plants
are come up two inches high, they lhould be tranf-
planted into another moderate hot-bed, at about
four inches diftance from each other, obferving to
fhade them until they have taken root ; after which
they muft have frequent waterings, and a large fhare
of frefh air ; for if they are too much drawn while
young, they feldom do well afterwards.
In May thefe plants lhould be tranfplanted either in-
to pots filled with rich light earth, or into borders
near walls, pales, or Reed-hedges, to which their
branches may be faftened to lupport them from
trailing on the ground, which they otherwife will do,
and then the fruit will not ripen ; fo that where thefe
plants are cultivated for the fake of their fruit, they
fhould be planted to a warm afped, and the branches
regularly fattened as they extend, that the fruit may
have the advantage of the fun’s warmth to forward,
them, otherwife it will be late in the feafon before
they are ripe, and they are unfit for ufe before ; but
when the plants are brought forward in the fpring,
and thus regularly trained to the fouth fun, the
fruit will ripen by the latter end of July, and there
will be a fucceffion of it till the froft kills the
plants.
Some perfons cultivate thefe plants for ornament,
but their leaves emit fo ftrong offenfive an odour on
being touched, which renders them very improper for
the pleafure-garden, and their branches extend fo wide
and irregular, as to render them very unfightly in fuch
places *, for as their branches cannot be kept within
bounds, efpecially when they are planted in good
ground, fo they will appear very unfightly in fuch
places ; therefore the borders in the kitchen-garden,
where thefe plants are placed for their fruit, muft;
not be too rich, for in a moderate foil they will not
be fo luxuriant and more fruitful.
The Italians and Spaniards eat thefe Apples, as we
do Cucumbers, with pepper, oil, and fait ; and fome
eat them ftewed in fauces, &c. and in loups they
are now much ufed in England, efpecially the fecond
fort, which is preferred to all the other. This fruit
gives an agreeable acid to the foup, though there
are fome perfons who think them not wholefome,
from their great moifture and coldnefs, and that the
nourhhment they afford muft be bad.
The third fort is never ufed either in the kitchen or
for medicine, but the plants are preferved for the
fake of variety, efpecially by thoie perfons who are
lovers of botany. This fort is propagated by feeds,
which fhould be fown upon a hot-bed in the fpring,
and the plants afterward treated in the fame manner
as hath been directed for the Capficum, with which '
this plant will thrive and produce plenty of fruit
annually.
The feventh fort is the common Potatoe, which is
a plant fo well known now, as to need no defcrip-
tion. Of this there are two varieties, one with a
red and the other with a white root ; that whofe
roots are red, have purplifh flowers, but the white
root has white flowers j thefe are fuppofed to be only
accidental variations, and not diftinct fpecies.
The common name of Potatoe, feem to be only a
corruption of the Indian name Batatas. This plant
has been much propagated in England within thirty
or forty years paft, for although it was introduced
from America about the year 1623, -yet it was but
little cultivated in England till of late ; thefe roots
being defpifed by the rich, and deemed only pro-
per food for the meaner fort of perfons ; however,
they are now generally efteemed by moft people,
and the quantity of them which are cultivated near
L Y C
London, I believe, exceeds that of any other part of
Europe.
This plant was always ranged in the genus of Sola-
num, or Nightfhade, and is now brought under that
title again by Dr. Linnaeus ; but as Lycoperficon has
been eftablifhed as a diftinct genus, on account of the
fruit being divided into feveral cells, by intermediate
partitions ; and as the fruit of this plant exactly
agrees with the charafters of the other ipecies of this
genus, I have inferted it here.
This is generally propagated by its roots, which
.multiply greatly if planted in a proper foil. The
common way is, either to plant the fmall roots or
offsets entire, or to cut the larger roots into pieces,
preferving a bud or eye to each •, but neither of
thefe methods is what I would recommend, for when
the fmaller offsets are planted, they generally pro-
duce a greater number of roots, but thefe are al-
ways fmall •, and the cuttings of the larger roots are
apt to rot, efpecially if wet weather happens foon
after they are planted ; therefore what I would re-
commend is, to make choice of the faireft roots for
this purpofe, and to allow them a larger fpace of
ground, both between the rows, as alio in the rows,
plant from plant by which method I have obferved,
the roots have been in general large the following
autumn.
The foil in which this plant thrives beft, is a light
fandy loam, not too dry or over moift j this ground
fhould be well ploughed two or three times, in order
to break and divide the parts ; and the deeper it is
ploughed, the better the roots will thrive. In the
fpring, juft before the laft ploughing, there fhould
be a good quantity of rotten dung fpread on the
ground, which fhould be ploughed into the ground
the beginning of March, if the feafon proves mild,
otherwife it had better be deferred till the middle
or latter end of that month ; for if it fhould prove
hard froft after the roots are planted, they may be
greatly injured, if not deftroyed thereby : but the
fooner they are planted in the fpring, after the danger*
of froft is over, the better it will be, efpecially in
dry land. In the laft ploughing, the ground fhould
be laid even, and then the furaows fhould be drawn
at three feet diftance from each other, about feven or
eight inches deep. In the bottom of this furrow the
roots, fhould be laid at about one foot and a half afun-
der ; then the furrow fhould be filled with the earth
which came out, and the fame continued through
the whole field or parcel of land, intended to be
planted.
After all is finilhed, the land may remain in the
fame ftate till near the time when the fhoots are ex-
pefted to appear above ground, when the ground
fhould be well harrowed over both ways, which will
break the clods, and make the furface very fmooth ;
and by doing of it fo late, it will deftroy the young
weeds, which, by this time, will begin to make
their appearance ; and this will fave the expence of
the firft hoeing, and will alfo ftir the upper furface of
the ground, which, if much wet has fallen after the
planting, is often bound into a hard cruft, and will
retard the appearance of the fnoots.
As I have allotted the rows of Potatoes at three feet
diftance, it was in order to introduce the hoe-plough
between them, which will greatly improve thefe roots j
for by twice ftirring and breaking the ground be-
tween thefe plants, it will not only deftroy the weeds,
but alfo loofen the ground, whereby every fhower of
rain will penetrate to the roots, and greatly improve
their growth ; but thefe operations fhould be per-
formed early in the feafon, before the Items or branches
of the plants begin to fall and trail upon the ground,
becaufe after that, it will be impoffible to do it with-
out injuring the fhoots.
If thefe ploughings are carefully performed between
the rows, and the ground between the plants in the -
rows hand-hoed, it will prevent the growth of weeds,
till the haulm of the plants cover the ground ; fo that
afterward there will be little danger of weeds growing
M4
fo as to injure the crop •, but as the ploughfcan only
go betweeathe rows, it will be neceffary to make ufe
of a hoe to ftir the ground, and deftroy the weeds in
the rows*, and if this is carefully performed in dry
weather, after the two ploughings, it will be fufficient
to keep the ground clean until the Potatoes are fit to
take up.
'In places where dung is fcarce, many perfons fcat-
ter it only in the furrcws, where the roots are plant-
ed ; but this is a very poor method, becaufe when
the Potatoes begin to pufli out their roots, they are
foon extended beyond the width of thefe furrows,
and the new roots are commonly formed at a diftance
from the old, fo will be out of the reach of this dung,
and confequently will receive little benefit from it.
And as molt of the farmers covet to have a crop of
Wheat after the Potatoes are taken off the ground, fo
the land will not be fo thoroughly dreffed in every
part, nor fo proper for this crop, as when the dung
is equally fpread, and ploughed in all over the land,
nor will the crop of Potatoes be fo good. I have al-
ways obferved, where this method of planting the Po-
tatoes has been pradtifed, the land has produced a fine
crop of Wheat afterward, and there has fcarce one
fhoot of the Potatoe appeared among the Wheat the
following feafon, which I attribute to the farmers
planting only the largeft roots *, for when they have
forked them out of the ground the following au-
tumn, there have been fix, eight, or ten large roots
produced from each, and often many more, and fcarce
any very fmall roots among them*, whereas, in fuch
places where the fmall roots have been planted, there
has been a vaft number of very fmall roots produced ;
many of which were fo fmall as not to be difcovered
when the roots were taken up, fo have grown the
following feafon, and have greatly injured whatever
crop was on the ground.
The haulm of thefe Potatoes is generally killed by
the firft froft in the autumn, when the roots fhould
be taken up foon after, and may be laid up in fand in
any flickered place, where they may be kept dry, and
fecure from froft. Indeed the people who cultivate
thefe roots near London, do not wait for the decay-
1 ing of the haulm, but begin to take up part of them
as foon as their roots are grown to a proper fize for
the market, and fo keep taking up from time to
time, as they have vent for them. There are others
likewife, who do not take them up fo foon as the
haulm decays, but let them remain much longer in
the ground ; in which there is no hurt done, pro-
vided they are taken up before hard froft fets in,
which would deftroy them, unlefs where the ground
is wanted for other crops ; in which cafe, the fooner
they are taken up the better, after the haulm is de-
cayed. When thefe roots are laid up, they fhould
have a good quantity of fand or dry earth laid be-
tween them, to prevent their heating*, nor fhould
they be laid in too large heaps, for the fame reafon.
The kitchen-gardeners and farmers who live in the
neighbourhood of Manchefter, cultivate great quan-
tities of this root, as the inhabitants of that populous
town confume abundance of them, and are much
fonder of them than of any other efculent plants ;
which has occafioned an emulation among the culti-
vators, of endeavouring to outvie each other, in get-
ting the roots of a proper fize for the table early in
the feafon : in order to obtain this, they have made
choice of thofe roots which produced the firft flowers,
and have left them to ripen their feeds, which they
have fowed with great care *, and the plants fo raifed,
have generally been forwarder than the other ; and
by frequently repeating of this, they have fo much
improved the forwarding of the roots, as to have
them fit for ufe in two months after planting *, fo
that great improvements may be made by this prac-
tice, of many efculent plants, by perfons who are cu-
rious and careful in trying the experiments.
LYCOPUS [A tjjtoTra?, of a wolf, and n 5 ?,
a foot j q. d. Wolf’s-foot becaufe the ancients
fancied, that the leaves of this plant refembled the
i.
foot of a wolf,] it is commonly called Water I lore-
hound.
This plant grows in great plenty on moift foils by
the fides of ditches and ponds in moft parts of Eng-
land, but is never cultivated in gardens, fo that It
Would be needlefs to fay any thing more of it in this
place.
LYSIMACHIA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 141. tab. 59,
Lin. Gen. Plant. 188. [this plant was fo called of
Lyfimachus, the fon of a king of Sicily, who is faid
to have firft found the virtues of it.] Looftrife ; in
French, Corneille.
The Characters are,
1 The empalement of the flower is permanent , and is cut
into five acute flegments , which are erect. The flower is
of one petal , cut into five oblong oval flegments to the bot-
tom , which fpread open. It hath five awl-Jhaped ftamina
about half the length of the petal , terminated by acute-
pointed fummits. In the center is fituated a roundiflj ger-
men , fupporting a fender ftyle the length of the ftamina ,
crowned by an obtufe fligma. The germen afterward
turns to a globular capfule with one cell , opening with ten
valves , and filled with fmall angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
which includes the plants whofe flowers have five fta-
mina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
Lysimachia ( Vulgaris ) paniculata, racemis termina-
libus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 209. Paniculated Looftrife , with
bunches of flowers terminating the ftalks. Lyfimachia
lutea, major, quae Diofcoridis. C. B. P. 245. Greater
yellow Looftrife of Diofcorides.
2. Lysimachia {Thyrfiflora) racemis lateralibus pedun-
culatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 147. Looftrife with lateral
fpikes of flowers growing upon foot-ftalks. Lyfimachia
bifolia flore globofo, luteo. C. B. P. 242. Two-leaved
Looftrife with a yellow globular flower.
3. Lysimachia ( Atropurpurea ) fpicis terminalibus peta-
lis, lanceolatis, ftaminibus corolla longioribus. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 147. Looftrife with fpear-f japed fpreading
fpikes of flowers terminating the branches , and ftamina
longer than the petals. Lyfimachia Grientalis angufti-
folia flore purpureo. Tourn. Cor. 7. Narrow-leaved
Eaftern Looftrife with a purple flower.
Lysimachia ( Ephemerum ) racemis fimplicibus ter-
minalibus, petalis obtufis, ftaminibus corolla brevio-
ribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 146. Looftrife with fpikes of
flowers terminating the ftalks , obtufe petals to the flower ,
and ftamina jhorter than the petal. Lyfimachia Orien-
tals minor, foliis glaucis, annuentibus, flore purpu-
reo. Hort. Piff. Smaller Eaftern Looftrife , with nodding
grayifh leaves and a purple ftpike of flowers.
Lysimachia ( Ciliata ) petiolis ciliatis, floribus cernuis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 147. Looftrife with hairy foot-ftalks and
nodding flowers. Lyfimachia Canadenfis Jalappae fo-
liis. Sarr. Canad. Canada Looftrife with a Jalap leaf.
Lysimachia ( Salicifclia ) fpica fimplici e recto ter-
minali, petalis ovatis, ftaminibus corolla longioribus.
Looftrife with a fingle ere It ftpike terminating the Jialk ,
oval petals , and ftamina longer than, the flower. Lyfi-
machia fpicata, flore albo, falicis folio. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 141. Looftrife with a ftpike oft white flowers ana
a Willow leaf.
Lysimachia ( Nummularia ) foliis fubcordatis, flori-
bus folitariis, caule repente. Vir. Cliff. 13. Looftrife
with leaves nearly heart-fhaped , flowers growing jingly ,
and a creeping ftalk. Nummularia lutea major. C. B.
P. 309. Greater yellow Moneywort.
Lysimachia ( Tenella ) foliis ovatis acutiufculis, pe-
dunculis folio longioribus, caule repente. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 148. Looftrife with oval acute-pointed leaves , foot-
ftalks longer thau the leaf. \ and a creeping ftalk. Num-
mularia minor, purpurafcente flore. C. B. P. 310.
Smaller Moneywort with a purplifh flower.
Lysimachia ( Nemormn ) foliis ovatis acutis, flo-
ribus folitariis, caule procumbente. Hort. Cliff. 52.
Looftrife with oval acute-pointed leaves , flowers grow-
ing Jingly, and a trailing ftalk. Anagallis lutea nemo-
rum, C. B. P. 252. tell ow Pimpernel of the woods.
io. Ly~
4 *
6 .
8 .
9 -
o. Lysimachia ( Quadrifolia ) foliis iubquaterms, pc-
dunculis verticillatis unifioris. Lin.. Sp. Plant. 147.
Looftrife with leaves generally placed by fours , and
foot-ftalks placed in whorls round the ftalks, each fitjlaining
a fingle flower. Lyfimachia lutea minor, foliis nigris
pun&atis notatis. C. B. P. 245. Smaller yellow Looftrife
with leaves marked with black fpots.
The firft fort grows by the fide of ditches and ri-
vers in many parts of England, fo is not often ad-
mitted into gardens, becaufe the roots creep far in
the ground, and fend up ftalks at a great diftance,
whereby it becomes often a troublefome piant ; other-
wife for the variety of its flowers, it might deferve a
place in large gardens, efpecially in moift places,
where better things will not thrive. It rifes with up-
right ftalks from two to three feet high, garniftied
with fmooth fpear-ftiaped leaves placed fometimes
by pairs oppofite ; at others there are three, and fre-
quently four of thefe leaves placed round the ftalk at
each joint. The upper part of the ftalk divides into
feveral foot-ftalks, which fuftain yellow flowers grow-
ing in a panicle thefe have one petal which is deeply
cut into five fegments, fpreading open. They ap-
pear in June and July, and are fucceeded by round-
ifn ’feed-veffels, filled with fmall feeds which ripen in
the autumn. This is placed in the lift of medicinal
plants, but is not often ufed. If the roots of this
plant are taken up from the places where it grows
naturally in the autumn, and planted in a moift foil,
they will thrive faft enough without care.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the northern parts
of England ; this hath a perennial creeping root,
which fends up feveral ereft ftalks near a foot and a
half high, garniftied at every joint by two pretty long
narrow leaves placed oppofite, whofe bafe fits clofe to
the ftalk ; they are about three inches long, and
more than half an inch broad toward their bafe, lef-
fening gradually to the end, which terminates in acute
points ; the foot-ftalks of the flowers come out oppo-
fite on each fide of the ftalks ; they are an inch long,
fuftaining at their top a globular or oval thyrfe of yel-
low flowers, whofe ftamina are much longer than the
petals. This flowers at the fame time with the for-
mer fort, but feldom produces feeds, for the roots
creep fo much as to render it barren. It is but feldom
kept in gardens, for the fame reafon as the former is
rejected ; but thofe who are defirous to have it, may
procure the roots and plant them in a moift foil, where
it will foon fpread.
The third fort is a biennial plant, which was difco-
vered by Dr. Tournefort in the Levant, from whence
he fent the feeds to the Royal Garden at Paris, where
they fucceeded, and many of the European gardens
have from thence been furniflied with it. This rifes
with an upright ftalk about a foot high, garniftied
with fpear-ftiaped leaves ending in acute points ^ thefe
are placed by pairs oppofite ; they are fmooth, and
of a lucid green. The flowers grow in a loofe lpike,
terminating the ftalks ; the flowers ftand horizontally,
fpreading out on each fide the ftalk-, they have
longer tubes than the other fpecies, and are of a pur-
ple colour. Thefe appear in June, and the feeds ri-
pen in September, foon after which the plants decay.
It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown on
a moderate hot-bed in the fpring, often watering the
ground to bring up the plants y and if the feafon
fhould prove warm, the glafles of the hot-bed fhould
be fhaded in the heat of the day ; when the plants
are up, they fhould havye a large fhare of frefh air
admitted to them in warm weather, to prevent their
drawing up weak, and fhould be frequently refrelhed
with water. * When they are fit to remove, they fhould
be each planted in a feparate pot, plunging them into
a moderate hot-bed to forward their taking new root :
after which they fhould be gradually inured to bear
the open air, into which they fhould be removed by
the beginning of June, where they may remain till
October, when they fhould be removed into a com-
mon frame, where they may be flickered from froft
in winter, but fhould always enjoy the free air in mild
weather, The fpring following fome of the plants
fhould be fliaken out of the pots, and planted in bor -
ders ; but a few of them fhould be put into larger
pots, where they may flower and feed : this is called
Ephemerum by Linnteus, but is not fo.
When the plants come up, they mu ft have plenty of
air admitted to them in warm weather, to prevent
their drawing up weak •, then they may be planted
into the borders of the plealure- garden, where they
will flower and produce ripe feeds trie following
r 1 ± ■ *
iummer.
The fourth fort is an annual plant, which is too ten-
der to rile in the open air in this country, therefore
the feeds fhould be fown on a moderate hot-bed in
the fpring, and the plants afterward treated in the
fame manner as hath been directed for thethircj fort.
The fifth fort was firft brought from Canada, where
it grows naturally ; this hath a perennial creeping
toot, fending up many erect ftalks about two feet
high, garniffied with oblong, oblique, fmooth leaves,
placed oppofite ; they are veined on their under fide,
and end in acute points. The flowers are "produced
from the wings of the ftalks, each fitting upon a long
flender foot-fcaik ; there are three or four of theie
arifing from the fhort branches, which come out on
each fide the ftalk, at all the upper joints. The
flowers are like thofe of the firft fort, but imalffer,
and hang downward ^ thefe appear in June and July,
but are ieldom fucceeded by any feeds' in England.
This fort fpreads and propagates by roots, in as great
plenty as the firft, and is equally hardy, fo requires no
other culture.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Spain, and was for-
merly titled by John Bauhin and others, Ephemerurn ;
this hath a perennial root, from which arife feveral
upright ftalks upward of three feet high, garniftied
with narrow, fmooth, fpear-ftiaped leaves, which
ftand oppofite, and at the bafe of thefe come out
fhort fide branches, garniftied with ftnaller leaves of
the fame ftiape. The flowers are produced in a long,
clofe, upright fpike, at the top of the ftalk ; they
are cut into five oval fegments, which are white,
fpreading open, and the ftamina ftand out longer
than the petal. It flowers in June, and the feeds
ripen in autumn.
This is the fineft fpecies of this genus, and as the
roots of it do not fpread like thofe of the other, fo
deferves a place in the pleafure-garden, where it is a
very ornamental plant for fnady borders. It loves a
moift foil and a fhady fitnation, where it -will continue
long in beauty. It may be propagated by parting
the roots in autumn, but by this method it increafes
flowly; fo that the only way to have it in plenty, is by
fowing the feeds : thefe fhould be fown upon an eaft-
afpedted border in autumn, foon after they are ripe,
then the plants will come up the following fpring ;
but thofe which are fown in the fpring will not grow
the fame year. When the plants come up they fhould
be kept clean from weeds, and if they are too clofe,
fome of them may be drawn out and tranfplanted on
a fhady border, which will give the remaining plants
room to grow till ^utumn, when they may be tranf-
planted into the borders of the flower-garden where
they are defigned to flower ; after which they will
require no other culture but to keep them ’ cleaq
from weeds, and dig the ground between them every
fpring.
The leyenth fort is commonly called Moneywort, or
Herb Two-pence ; this is a perennial plant, which
grows naturally in moift fhady places in moft parts of
England, fo is not cultivated in gardens. The ftalks
of this trail upon the ground, and put out roots,, by
which it foon fpreads to a great diftance. The Leaves
are almoft heart-lhaped, and placed by pairs. The
flowers come out fingly from the fide of ftalks j
they are yellow, appearing in June and July.
The eighth fort is a fmall trailing plant, which gref/s
upon bogs in moffy places in moft parts of England,
but cannot be cultivated on dry ground. The ftalks
feldom are more than three or four inches lono, and
L Y T
are terminated by three or four final! flowers, of a
bright purple colour, growing in a bunch. This
flowers in June, but is rarely planted in gardens.
The ninth fort is a perennial plant with trailing (talks,
which grow naturally in moift woods in moft parts
of England, fo is not cultivated in gardens. The
leaves ftand oppofite at each joint ; they are fmooth,
oval, and acute-pointed. The flowers come out fingly
from the fide of the ftalk, upon long foot-ftalks ; they
are yellow, and fpread open like the flowers of Chick-
weed. This flowers in May and June, and the feeds
ripen in autumn.
The tenth fort grows naturally among Rallies and
Reeds, by the rivers fides in Holland •, this hath a
perennial creeping root like the firft. The ftalks rife
a foot high ; they are ilender, and are garniflied by
fpear-fhaped leaves an inch and a half long, and a
quarter of an inch broad in the middle, placed feme-
times by pairs, at others by threes, and often four at
each joint, furrounding the ftalk. The flowers alfo
come out at each joint, four of them Handing round
the ftalk in whorls, each having a diftindt flender foot-
ftalk an inch long. The flowers are ftnall and yel-
low •, they appear in June, and are fometimes fuc-
ceeded by feeds which ripen in autumn •, it may be
treated in the lame manner as the firft fort, and is
equally hardy.
LYSIMACHIA G A LE R I C ULAT A. See
Scutellaria.
LYSIMACHIA NON PAPPOSA. See
CEnothera.
LYSIMACHIA SILIQUOSA. See Epilo-
BIUM.
LY THRUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 532. Salicaria.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 253. tab. 129. Willow Herb, or
purple Looftrife.
The Characters are,
Pke flower hath a cylindrical ftriated empalement of one
leaf ', indented at the h im in twelve parts, which are al-
ternately /matter. It has fix oblong blunt petals which
fpread open , whofe tails are inferted in the indentures of
the empalement , and ten flender ftamina the length of the
empalement , the upper being fhorter than the lower, ter-
minated by flngle rifling flummits. In the center is flituated
an oblong germen , flupporting an awl-floaped declining fiyle ,
crowned by a rifling orbicular fligma. I he germen after-
ward turns to an oblong acute capfuls with two cells , filled
with f matt feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s eleventh clafs, intitled Dodecandria Mo-
nogynia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have twelve ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Lythrum ( Salicaria ) foliis oppofitis ccrdato-lance-
olatis, floribus fpicatis dodecandris. Lin. Sp. Plant.
446. Lythrum with heart fpear-fhaped leaves placed op-
pofite, and flowers growing in fpikes , having twelve fla-
mina. Salicaria vulgaris, purpurea, foils oblongis.
Tourn. Inft. R. H.. 253. Common purple Willow Herb
with oblong leaves.
2. Lythrum (fl'omentofum) foliis corflato-ovatis, flori-
bus verticillato-fpicatis tomentofts. Lythrum with
oval heart-fhaped leaves , and flowers growing in whorlly
fpikes , which are woolly. Salicaria purpurea, foliis fub-
rotundis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 253. Purple Willow Herb
with roundifh leaves.
3. Lythrum ( Hyffopifotta ) foliis alternis linearibus,
floribus hexandris. Horn Upfal. 1 1 8. Lythrum with
linear alternate leaves, and flowers having fix ftamina.
Salicaria hyfibpi folio anguftiore. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
2 53. Willow Herb with a narrow Hyfflop leaf.
"4. Lythrum ( Lujitanicum ) foliis lanceolatis ternis gla-
bris, floribus fpicatis decandris. Lythrum with fmooth
fpear-fhaped leaves placed by threes , and flowers growing
in fpikes, which have ten ftamina, Salicaria Lufitanica,
anguftiore folio. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 253. Portugal
Willow Herb with a narrower leaf.
5. Lythrum ( Ilifpanicum ) foliis oblongo-ovatis in-
ferne oppofitis fuperne alternis floribus hexandris. Ly-
thrum with oblong oval leaves placed oppofite below, but
L Y T
above alternate, and' flowers having fix ftamina: S'alie-s-
ria Hifpanica, hyffopifolia, floribus oblongis fatware
creruleis, Tourn. Inft. 253. Spanifh Willow Herb with
a Hyffop leaf, and oblong, deep , blue flowers.
6 . Lythrum (Verticil latum) foliis oppofitis, fubtus to-
mentofls fubpetiolatis, floribus verticillatis iateralibus.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 446. Willow Herb with oppofite leaves,
which are woolly on their under fide, and flowers growing
in whorls round the ftalks.
7. Lythrum ( Petiolatum ) foliis oppofitis linearibus pe-
tiolatis, floribus dodecandris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 44 6.
Willow Herb with linear leaves placed oppofite , having
foot-ftalks , and flowers with twelve ftamina.
8. Lythrum {Line are) foliis oppofitis linearibus, fio-
ribus oppofitis hexandris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 447. Wil-
low Herb with linear oppofite leaves , and flowers having
fix ftamina, which are placed oppofite.
9. Lythrum ( Americanum ) foliis oblongo-ovatis in-
feme oppofitis luperne alternis, floribus hexandris,
caule eredto. Willow Herb with oblong leaves placed op-
pofite below, and above alternate , with flowers having fix
ftamina and an erebt ftalk. Salicaria Americana, hyf-
fopi folio latiore, floribus minimis. Houft. MSS. Ame-
rican Willow Herb with a broader Hyffop leaf, and very
fmatt flowers.
The firft fort grows naturally by the fide of rivers and
ditches in moft parts of England. It has a peren-
nial root, from which come forth feveral upright an-
gular ftalks, which rife from three to four feet high ;
they are of a purple colour, and are garniflied with
oblong leaves, placed fometimes by pairs oppofite, at
others there are three leaves at each joint, {landing
round the ftalk. The flowers are produced in a long
fpike at the top of the ftalk ; they are of a fine pur-
ple colour, and make a fine appearance. This flowers
in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn : although this
plant is defpifed, becaufe it grows common, yet it me-
rits a place in gardens better than many other which
are propagated with care, becaufe they are more rare.
Jt is eafily cultivated by parting the roots in autumn,
and fhould be planted in a moift foil, where it will
thrive and flower without any other care than the
keeping it clean from weeds.
There is a variety of this with an hexangular ftalk,
and generally with three leaves at each joint; but this
is only accidental, for the roots of this, when removed
into a garden, come to the common fort.
The fecond fort hath perennial roots like the firft,
from which come out upright branching ftalks three
feet high, garniflied with oval heart-fhaped leaves
about one inch long, and three quarters of an inch
broad ; they are downy, and placed by threes round
the ftalk. The flowers are produced in long fpikes
at the top of the ftalks, but they are difpofed in thick
whorls, with fpaces between each ; they are of a fine
purple colour, and appear at the fame time with the
former. This may be propagated in the fame way as
the firft fort, and is equally hardy.
The third fort grows naturally in moift bogs in many
parts of England, fo is feldom admitted into gardens ;
this hath a perennial root, fending up two or three
branching ftalks about a foot high, garniflied -with
narrow leaves, placed alternate. The upper part of
the ftalk is garnifhed with flowers, which come out
from the fide fingly at each joint, Handing clofe to
the bale of the leaves ; they are ftnall, and of a light
purple colour, appearing in June, and the feeds ripen
in autumn.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Spain and Por-
tugal, in moift places by the fide of waters ; this has a
perennial root and ftalks like the firft, which feldom
grow more than one foot high, garnifhed with nar-
rower and fhorter leaves than the firft, which are
fmooth, and placed by threes round the ftalk. The
flowers grow in fpikes at the top of the ftalks ; they
are of a light purple colour, and appear in July. The
feeds ripen in autumn. This fort is hardy, and may
be propagated in the fame way as the firft.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Spain and Portugal,
from both which countries I have received the feeds.
Thg
The root of this is perennial. The ftalks are {Tender*
not more than nine or ten inches long, fpreading out
on every fide. The lower part of the ftalks are gar-
nifhed with oblong oval leaves, placed oppofite. On
the upper part of the ftalks the leaves are narrower,
and placed alternate. The flowers come out fingly
from the fide of the ftalks at each joint ; they are lar-
ger than thofe of the common fort, and of a deeper
purple colour, fo make a fine appearance in July,
when they are in beauty.
This fort has never produced any feeds in England,
and the fevere froft in t 740, killed all the plants here,
fince which time I have not feen any of them in the
Englifh gardens.
The fixth fort grows naturally in the northern parts of
America ; this rifes with a ftiff branching ftalk a
foot and a half high, garnilhed with oblong leaves,
which are downy, and placed oppofite, ftanding upon
very fliort foot -ftalks. The flowers are produced in
whorls round the ftalks ; they are of a pale purple
colour, and appear in July •, thefe are fucceeded by
capfules with two cells, filled with feeds which ripen
in autumn.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Virginia, from
whence I received the feeds ; this rifes with an upright
woolly ftalk near two feet high, garnilhed with linear
leaves placed oppofite, upon fhort foot-ftalks. The
flowers come out from the wings of the ftalks fingly ;
they are fmall, tubulous, and of a pale purple colour,
fo make no great appearance; thefe appear in July,
and in warm feafons only will perfed feeds ; but the
roots of this fort will increafe fo faft, as to render the
propagating the plants by feeds unneceffary, when
once obtained.
The eighth fort grows naturally in North America,
has a perennial root. The ftalks are flender, about
a foot high, garhifhed with linear leaves placed ops-
polite, which are entire. The flowers come out fingly
from the wings of the leaves, on the upper part of the
ftalks ; they are fmall, white, and have fix petals.
The empalement is ftreaked, and cut at the top into,
fix parts, and the flower has fix ftamina. This flowers
in June, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The ninth fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Hoof-
toun at La Yera Cruz, growing in fwamps, where
the v/ater had ftagnated. This hath a ligneous root,
from which arife two or three flender ftalks upward
of two feet' high, garnilhed with oblong, oval, finooth
leaves, which, on the lower part of tire ftalks are op-
pofite, but thofe on the upper part are narrow and al-
ternate. The flowers come out from the wings of the
leaves, on the upper part of the ftalk fingly ; they are
fmall and white, having fix petals and fix ftamina ;
thefe do not appear till the fecond year from feed, and
have not produced any good feeds in England.
This fort is tender, fo will not live in the open air in
England. It is propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown in pots, and plunged into an old hot-bed the firft
feafon ; for the feeds never rife the firft year, unlefs
they are fown in autumn ; the pots fhould be flickered
in winter, and the fpring following placed on a hot-
bed to bring up the plants ; thefe muft be treated in
the fame way a? other tender plants from the fame
country.
All the other forts, when raifed from feeds, fhould be
fown in autumn, other wife the feeds will remain a
year in the ground, fo that thofe feeds which are
brought from America, never grow the fame year they
are fown ; for which reafon the ground fhould not be
difturbed in which the feeds are fown, but left till the
following fpring, when the plants will come up if the?
feeds were good.
MAG
AC ALEE. See Cerasus.
MADDER. See Rubia Tinctorum.
MAGNOLIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 38.
tab. 7. Lin. Gen. Plant. 610. The Lau-
rel-leaved Tulip-tree, vulgo.
The Characters are,
The empalement is compofed of three oval concave leaves
like petals, which foon fall away . The flower is compofed
of nine oblong blunt petals , which are concave. It hath a
great number of floor t flamina which are compreffed , and
inf erted into the germen, terminated by linear fummits, ad-
hering to every Jfide of the ftamina. It hath many oblong
oval germina faftened to the receptacle , flupporting re-
curved, contorted , fhort ftyles, with longitudinal hairy
fligmas. The germen afterward become oval cones , with
roundifh compreffed capfules almoft imbricated, having
one cell, opening with two valves, incloflng one kidney-
Jhaped feed, hanging by a flender thread from the fcale
of the cone.
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fedion
of Linnseus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Po-
lygynia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers
have many ftamina and ftyles. If Father Plumier’s
figure of the fedion of his fruit is exad, his muft be
a different genus from this ; for the feeds of his are
reprefented within the fruit, lying round a column.
The Species are,
1. Magnolia ( Glauca ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis fubtus
glaucis. Lin. Sp. 755. Magnolia with oval ftp ear-fhaped
leaves, which are gray on their under fide . " Magnolia
M A G
lauri folio fubtus albicante. Cateib. Hift. Car. 1. p.
39. Magnolia with a Bay leaf , which is whitifh on the
under fide, commonly called Small Magnolia, or Laurel'
leaved Tulip-tree.
2. Magnolia (Grandiflora) foliis lanceo'latis perfiftenti-
bus, caule eredo arboreo. Fig. Plant, tab. 172. Mag-
nolia with fp ear-fhaped leaves which are evergreen, and
an ere cr tree-like ftalk. Miagnolia altiilima, flore ingenti
candido. Catefb. Carol. 2. p. 61. Talleft Magnolia,
with a very large white flower, ' commonly called Greater-
Magnolia, or Tulip-tree , with a Laurel leaf.
3. Magnolia ( Tripetala ) foliis lanceolatis ampliflimis
annuis, petalis exterioribus dependentibus. Magnolia
with very large fpear-jhaped leaves which are annual, and
the outer petals of the flower declining. Magnolia amplifli-
mo flore albo, frudu coccineo. CatefbfCV. 2. p. 80.
Magnolia with a very large white flower and a fear let
fruit, commonly called Umbrella-tree.
4. Magnolia (. Acuminata ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis acu-
minatis annuis, petalis obtufis. Magnolia with oval,
fpearfljaped, pointed leaves, which are annual , and obtufe
petals to the flower. Magnolia flore albo, folio majore
acuminate, haud albicante. Catefb. Car. 3. p. 15. Mag-
nolia with a white flower , and a larger acute-pointed leaf,
not whitifh.
The firft fort grows pretty common in Virginia, Caro-
lina, and in moft other parts of North America, "
where it is found in moift places, near brooks ; this
ufually grows about fifteen or fixteen feet high, with
a flender ftem. The wood is white and iponsy,
MAG
the bark is fmooth and white, the branches are gar- j
milled with thick fmooth leaves, refembling thofe of
the Bay, but are of an ova! fhape, and fmooth on
their edges, being white underneath. The flowers
are produced in May and June at the extremity of
the branches, which are white, compofed of fix petals
which are concave, and have an agreeable fweetfcent.
After thefe are paft, the fruit increafes in fize to be
as large as a Walnut with its cover, but of a conical
lhape, having many cells round the outfxde, in each
of which is lodged a flat feed, about the fize of a
Kidney-bean. This fruit is at firft green, afterward
red,, and, when ripe, of a brown colour. The feeds,
when ripe, are difcharged from their cells, and hang
by a {lender thread.
In the natural places of its growth, there is a fuccef-
ilon of the flowers on the trees for two months or
more, during which time the woods are perfumed
with them •, but all thofe trees which have produced
flowers in England, feldom have more than twelve or
fourteen flowers upon each, which are of fhort dera-
tion, and are not fucceeded by others ; the leaves of
this fort fall off in winter.
The young plants of this fort frequently retain their ■
leaves through the greateft part of winter, and often
do not fall off till the young (hoots thruft them off, _
which has occafioned fome perfons to believe the
plants were evergreen ; but when they are three or
four years old, they conftantly call; their leaves by the
beginning of November.
When thefe trees are tranfplanted from the places of
their growth into dry ground, they make handfomer
trees, . and produce a greater number ot flowers ; this
is to be underftood of America, for in Europe they
do not thrive fo well in a dry foil as in a moift loamy
land. The greateft number of thefe trees, which are
now growing in England, are at his Grace the Duke of
Norfolk’s, atWorkfop Manor, in Nottinghamfhire.
The fecond fort grows in Florida and South Carolina,
where it rifes to the height of eighty feet or more,
with a ftrait trunk upward of two feet diameter, hav-
ing a large regular head : the leaves of this tree re-
femble thofe of the common Laurel, but are much
larger, and of a fhining green on their upper fide,
and, in fome trees, they are of a ruffet, or buff co-
lour, on their under fide ; thefe leaves continue all
the year, fo that this is one of the moft beautiful
evergreen trees yet known. The flowers are produced
at the end of the branches ; they are compofed of
eight or ten petals, which are narrow at their bafe,
but broad at their extremity, where they are rounded,
and a little waved •, thefe fpread open wide, and are
of a pure white colour. In the center is fituated a
great number of ftamina and ftyles, faftened to one
common receptaculum ; thefe flowers are fucceeded
by oblong fcaly cones in the places where it grows
naturally, but the fummers are not warm enough in
England to produce any fruit to perfection, though
fome old plants do often form cones. Thefe
trees in their native places of growth begin to pro-
duce their flowers in May, and continue a long time
in flower, fo that the woods are perfumed with their
odour the greateft part of fummer; but thofe which
have flowered in England, feldom begin till the mid-
dle or latter end of June, and do not continue long
in beauty. The largeft tree of this kind, which I
have met with in England, is in the garden of Sir
John Colliton, of Exmouth, in Devonfhire, which
has produced flowers for feveral years •, there are alfo
many pretty large plants of this fort in the gardens of
his Grace the Duke of Richmond, at Goodwood, in
Suffex, one of which has has produced flowers feveral
years ; and in the nurfery of Mr. Chriftopher Gray,
near Fulham, there is one very hand fome plant, which
has alfo produced many flowers feveral years.
As this Tort is a native of a warm country, it is a lit-
tle impatient of cold, especially while young, there-
fore the plants (hould be kept in pots, and flickered
in winter for fome years, until they have acquired
ftrength,. when they may be ftiaken out of the pots, j
M AG
and planted in the full .ground, but they rmift be
planted in a warm fituation, where they may b~
defended from the ftrong winds, and fereened from
the north and eaft, otherwife they will not Tifo*
abroad.
There were a great number of young plants in Eno--
iand before the year 1739 • but a great part of them
weie deftroyed by that ievere winter, and fince then,
there have been few good feeds Tent to England, fo
that theie are not many of the plants at prelent to be
fold in the nuiferies ; and as almoft every perfon who
is curious in gardening, is defirous to have fome of
thefe beautiful trees in their gardens, the demand for
them of late has greatly increafed their value. If
this tiee can be fo xar naturalized as to endure the
cold of our fevered winters abroad, it will be one of
the greateft ornaments to our gardens ; and this we
may hope, will, in time, be effected, by diligent
obfervation and care ; for the time when thefe plants
fuffer moft, is in autumn, by the early frofts j for the
extremity of the (hoots being then tender, as they are
then generally growing freely, a ffnall froft will pinch
them, and afterward the whole (hoot frequently de-
cays ; fo that the plants (hould be guarded againft
thefe early frofts, by covering their tops with "mats
until the (hoots are hardened, after which time they
will not be in fo much danger. of differing; for I
have conftantly obferved, that if thefe plants efcape
the early frofts of the autumn, they are feldom in-
jured afterward: in the fevere winter in the year
l 739~ 4fo I had a pretty large plant growing in the
open air, which was killed down by the froft, and I
fuppofed was entirely deftroyed, as there was not the.
leaft appearance of life in the ftem ; fo that after
Midfummer I cut it down to the ground, but left the
root remaining, which, to my great furprize, (hot up
again the year after. This I mention, to caution peo-
ple from being too hafty in deftroying plants after
hard froft, but to have them wait until there can be
no hopes of their recovery.
The third lort grows in Carolina pretty frequent, but
in Virginia it is pretty rare ; this ufually grows from
fixteen to twenty feet high, with a fiender trunk ; the
wood is foft and fpongy ; the leaves of this tree are
remarkably large, and are produced in horizontal
circles, fomewhat refembling an umbrella, from
whence the inhabitants of thofe countries have given it
the title o.f Umbrella-tree. The flowers are compofed
of ten or eleven white petals, which hang downVith-
out any order ; the fruit is very like that of the former
fort ; the leaves of this fort drop off at the befonnina-
or winter.
This tree is as yet very rare in Europe, but as it is
propagated from feeds, we may hope to have it in
greater plenty foon, if we can obtain good feeds from
Carolina, for it is rarely met with in Virginia.
The fourth fort is alfo very rare in England ; there
are but few of the plants at prefent here, nor is it very
common in any of the habitable parts of America ;
fome of thefe trees have been difeovered by Mr. John
Bartram, growing on the north branch of Sufque-
hannah river. The leaves of this tree are near eight
inches long and five broad, ending in a point. The
flowers come out early in the i'pring, which are com-
pofed of twelve white petals, (haped like thofe of the
fecond fort ; the fruit of this tree is longer than thole
of the other fpecies, but in other refpedts agrees with
therp. The wood of this tree is of a fine grain, and
an Orange colour.
All thefe forts are propagated by feeds, which muft
be procured from the places of their natural growth ;
thefe (hould be put up in fand, and fent over to Eng-
land as foon as poflible ; for if they are kept long
out of tfie ground, they very rarely grow, therefore
the feeds (hould be (own as foon as poflible, when
they arrive here.
Some years paft I received a good quantity of thefe
feeds from Carolina, which I (owed in pots as foon as
I received them, and plunged the pots into an old
hot bed of tanners bark j and with this management
I railed
/
M A G
1 raifed a great number of plants, but from the feeds
which have been lately brought over, there have
been but few plants produced; whether the feeds
were not perfe&ly ripe when they were gathered, or
from what other caufe this has happened, I cannot
fay, but it is certain the fault muft be in the feeds,
becaufe thofe before-mentioned were differently fown
and managed by the feveral perfons who received
them, and the fuccefs was nearly alike every where.
There have been feveral plants of the firft and fecond
fort raifed from layers, and fome from cuttings ; but
thefe do not thrive fo well as thofe which come from
feeds, nor will they grow to near the fize of thofe, fo
that it is much the beft way to procure their feeds
from America, and propagate them that way.
The firft fort frequently comes up well from feeds,
but the young plants are very difficult to keep the
two firft years ; for if they are expofed much to the
fun, their leaves change yellow and the plants de-
cay ; fo the beft way is to keep the pots plunged in a
moderate hot-bed, and ffiade them every day from
the fun with mats, giving them air in plenty when the
weather is warm, and frequently refreffi them with
water ; during the winter feafon they muft be fcreen-
ed from froft, and in mild weather they muft enjoy
the free air, to prevent their growing mouldy,
and they ffiould have but little wet in winter.
With this management the plants may be train-
ed up, and when they have acquired ftrength,
they may be planted in the open air, where they will
. thrive and flower, if they have a warm ffieltered
fituation.
The fecond fort is not fo difficult to train up as the
firft, but in order to get them forward, it will be
proper when they are removed out of the feed-pots,
to plant them each into a feparate fmail pot, filled
with foft loamy earth, and plunge them into a gentle
hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving to ffiade them
from the fun, and admit proper air to them ; but at
Midfummer, if they are well rooted, they ffiould be
inured to the open air gradually, and then placed in a
ffieltered fituation, where they may remain till au-
tumn ; but on the firft approach of froft, they ffiould
be removed under ffielter, otherwife the early frofts
will pinch their tender ffioots, which often occafions
their dying downward after. When the plants have
got ftrength, fome of them may be turned out of
the pots, and planted in the full ground in a warm
ffieltered fituation, but part of them ffiould be kept
in pots, and fheltered in the winter, to preferve
them, left, by fevere froft, the other ffiould be killed.
If the plants make good progrefs, they will be ftrong
enough to plant in the full ground in abour fix or le-
ven years from feeds. The time for removing or
ftiifting thefe plants is in March, before they begin
to ffioot, which may fometimes happen to be too loon
to turn them out of the pots into the full ground,
efpecially if the feafon proves late ; but as there will
be no danger in removing them out of the pots, the
ball of earth being preferved to their roots, fo it is
beft to defer this till the month of April ; but it will
be necefiary to harden thofe plants which are intend-
ed to be planted out, by expofing them to the air as
much as pofilble before, which will keep the plants
backward, and prevent their fhooting ; for if they
make ffioots in the green-houfe, thofe will be too ten-
der to bear the fun, until they are by degrees harden-
ed to it, and the leaft froft will greatly pinch them,
and fuch frofts frequently happen very late in the
fpring.
The two or three winters after thefe are planted out,
it will be neceffary to lay fome mulch on the furface
of the ground about their roots, as alfo to throw
fome mats over their heads, efpecially at the begin-
ning of the morning frofts in autumn, for the reafons
before given ; but in doing this, the heads of the
plant ffiould never be too clofely covered up, left
thereby the fhoots ffiould grow mouldy, for that will
certainly kill the leading buds of every ffioot, and
prove to the full as injurious to them as the froft.
M A L
As the plants get ftrength, they will be better able
to endure the cold of our climate, though it will be
proper to lay fome mulch about their roots every
winter *, and, in very fevere froft, to cover their heads
and ftems.
It is the firft fort which requires the moft care,
being much tenderer than any of the other, for they
will endure the cold very well, without much care,
after they have acquired ftrength for as thefe lofe
their leaves in the winter, the froft will not have fo
much force upon them as of the firft fort, whofe
leaves are frequently tender toward the end of the
fhoots, efpecially when they grow freely, or ffioot late
in the autumn.
MAHALEB. See Cerasus.
MAJOR AN A. See Origanum.
MALABAR NUT. See Justicia.
MALA fETHIOPICA. See Lycopersicqn.
MALA ARMENIACA. See Armeniaca.
MALACOIDES. See Malope.
MALA COTONE A. See Cydonia.
MALA IN SAN A. See Melongena.
MALL O W. See Malva.
MALLOW-TREE. See Lavatera.
MALOPE. Baftard Mallow.
The Characters are.
The flower , which is fhaped like that of the Mallow , hath
a double empalement , the outer being compofed of three
heart-Jhaped leaves , and the inner is of one leaf cut into
five fegments ; the flower is of one petals divided into five
parts at the bottom , where they are joined , but [o near
the bottom as to have the appearance of five petals. In
the center arifes the. pointal , having a great number of
Jlamina fur rounding it, which are joined clofely, and form
a fort of column. The pointal afterward becomes a fruit
compofed of many cells, which are collected into a head , in
each of which is lodged a fingle feed.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Malope ( Malacoides ) foliis ovatis crenatis glabris. Lin.
Hort. Cliff. 347. Baftard Mallow, with oval fmooth
leaves, which are notched.
This plant was by Dr. Tournefortfeparated from the
Mallow, and made a diftindt genus, by the tide of
Malacoides •, but Dr. Linn^us has altered the title of
this for Malope, being an enemy to all names which
are compounded of oides.
The whole plant has greatly the appearance of the
Mallow, but differs from it, in having the cells col-
ledted into a button, fomewhat like a Blackberry ; the
branches fpread, and lie almoft flat upon the ground,
extending themfelves a foot or more each way. The
flowers are produced fingly upon long foot-ftalks,
which arife from the wings of the leaves, which are
in ffiape and colour like thofe of the Mallow.
This is propagated by feeds, which ffiould be fown
in the place where they are defigned to remain, for
they do not bear tranfplanting well. If thefe feeds are
fown upon a warm border in Auguft, the plants will
frequently Hand through the winter, and flower early
the following feafon, fo that good feeds may be ob-
tained ; for thofe which are fown in the fpring, rarely
ripen feeds the fame year in England ; and thefe
plants being large, are often deftroyed in winter, un-
lefs they are fheltered under a frame ; it feldom con-
tinues longer than two or three years, fo that young
plants ffiould be annually raifed.
MALPIGHI A. Plum. Nov. Gen. 46. tab. 36.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 38. Barbadoes Cherry, vulgo.
The Characters are.
The fewer hath a fmail permanent empalement of five
leaves, which are clofed together. It hath two oval mel-
lous glands, adhering to the fmail leaves within and with-
out. It has five kidney-fhaped petals , which are concave ,
and fpread open, having long narrow tails , and ten
broad awl-fhaped fiamina, which are erect, terminated by
heart -fit aped fummits. It has a fmail toundifh germen ,
fupporting three fender fiyles, crowned by obtufe fiigmas .
The germen afterward turns to a large furrowed globular
berry with one cell, indofing three rough ftony feeds,
which are angular.
8 L This
l
f
M A L
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedt'ion of
Linnaeus’s tenth elafs, intitled Decandria Trigynia,
which includes the plants whofe flowers have ten i la-
ne mi and three" ftyles.
The Species are, .
1. Malpighi a ( Glabra ) folds ovatis integerrimis gla-
bris, pedunculis umbellatis. Hort. Cliff. 169. Mal-
pighia with fmooth , oval, entire leaves , and umbellate \d
foot-jlalks. Cerafus Jamaicenfis, fructu tetrapyreno.
Hort. Ami 1. p. 145. Jamaica Cherry with a fruit
having four feeds , commonly called Barbadoes Cherry .
2. Malpighia ( Punici folia ) foliis ovato-lanceOlatis,
acuminatis, glabris-, peduncnlis umbellatis. Mal-
pighia with oval, fpear-Jhaped , fmooth leaves , ending in
acute points, and umbellatei foot-ftalks. Malpighia ma-
il punici facie. Plum. Nov. Gen. 4 6. Malpighia with
the appearance of Pomegranate.
3. Malpighia {Incam ) foliis lanceolatis fubtus incanis,
pedunculis umbellatis aiaribus. Malpighia with fpear-
jbaped leaves , hoary on their tinder fide , and umbellated
foot-jlalks , proceeding from the wings of the ftaik.
4. Malpighia ( V'rens ) foliis cordato-lanceolatis, fetis
decumbentibus rigidis, racemis lateralibus. Malpighia
with fpear heart-Jlsaped leaves , having rigid declining
briftles , and hunches of flowers proceeding from the Jides
of the ftalks. Malpighia latifolia, folio fubtus fpino-
1b. Plum. Nov. Gen. 46. Broad-leaved Malpigha, with
/pines- growing on the under fide of the leaf.
5. Malpighia ( Nitida ) foliis ovatis acutis glabris, pe-
dmmilis umbellatis aiaribus terminalibufque. Mal-
pighia with' ovaf fmooth , acute-pointed leaves , and um-
bellated foot-jlalks , proceeding from the fides and at the
ends of the branches.
6. Malpighia ( Paniculata ) foliis oblongo-cordatis acu-
minatis glabris, pedunculis paniculatis, aiaribus ter-
minalibufque. Malpighia with oblong , heart-Jhaped ,
fmooth leaves , ending in acute points , and paniculated
foot-jlalks proceeding from the fides and ends of the
branches. Apocynum fruticofum, folio oblongo acu-
minate, floribus racemofis. Sloan. Cat. 89. Shrubby
Dog/bane with an oblong acute-pointed leaf and flowers
growing in chijlers.
y. Malpighia (. Anguftifolia ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis,
fetis decumbentibus rigidis, pedunculis unbellatis
aiaribus. Malpighia with linear fpear-Jhaped leaves , ■ ri-
gid declining briftles , and foot-jlalks having umbels of
flowers proceeding from the fdes of the branches. Mal-
pighia anguftifolia, folio fubtus fpinofo. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 46. Narrow-leaved Malpighia with [pines under
the leaves.
8. Malpighia ( TUmfolia) foliis lanceolatis dentato-fpi-
nofis fubtus hifpidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 426. Malpighia
with fpear-Jhaped leaves , indented and prickly , whofe
under fdes are fet with fpiny hairs. Malpighia an-
guftis & acuminatis aquifolii foliis. Plum. Nov. Gen.
46. Mfilpighia with narrow and acute-pointed Holly
leaves.
9. Malpighia ( Lucida ) foliis oblongo-ovatis obtu-
fis glabris, pedunculis racemofis aiaribus. Malpighia
with oblong oval leaves , which are obtufe and fmooth ,
and branching foot-jlalks of flowers proceeding from the
fides of the branches.
10. Malpigipja' iCoccigrya) foliis fufyovatis dentato-fpi-
nofis, pedunculis unifloris. Malpighia with leaves
nearly oval , indented , and prickly , and fooi-flalks with
one flower. Malpighia humilis, ilicis cocci-glandi-
ferse foliis. Plum. Nov. Gen. 46. Low Malpighia with
leaves like the Ke'rmes Oak.
The firft fort is commonly cultivated in the Weft-
Indies for the fake of its fruit ; this tree ufually
grows to the height of fixteen or eighteen feet, having
a (lender ftem, covered with a light brown bark.
The leaves are produced oppofite they are oval,
fmooth, ending in acute poins, and continue all the
year. The flowers are produced .in bunches upon
pretty long foot-ftalks, which come out from the fide
and at the end of the branches ; thefe are compofed
of five roundifh petals, which are of a Rofe colour,
joined at their bafe. The flowers are fucceeded by
red fruit, ftiaped like thole of the fmall wild Cherry,
M A L
and of the fame fize, having feveral furrows, each
mclofing four angular furrowed (tones, fur rounded
by a thin pulp, which has .an agreeable add flavour ;
the fruit of this often ripens in England.
The fecond fort grows, naturally in Jamaica ; this
rifes with a fhrubby (talk ten or twelve feet high, di-
viding into feveral (lender fpreading branches, cover-
ed with a light brown bark, garniffied with oval,
fpear-fhaped, fmooth leaves placed oppofite, ending in
acute points. The flowers are produced in (mail um-
bels at the end of the branches, upon fhort foot-ftalks f
they are of a pale Rofe colour, and compofed of five
obtufe concave petals which are indented, having long”
narrow tails, by which they are joined ; thefe ip re ad
open, and in the center is fit u a ted the roundifh ger-
men, fupporting three ftyles, attended by ten ftami-
' na which fpread afunder. The germeh afterward
turns to a roundifh pulpy berry with many furrows,
red when ripe, inclofing three or four hard angular
feeds. The fruit of this fort is eaten by the inhabitants-
of the ides in America.
The third fort grows naturally at Campeachy, from
whence it was lent me by the late Mr. Robert Millar.
This rifes with a ftrong woody ftaik eighteen or twen-
ty feet high, dividing into many branches, covered
with a brown fpotted bark, garni fhed with fpear-
fhaped leaves placed oppofite, which are hoary on
their under fide. The flowers come out in umbels
from the fide of the branches i they are of a Rofe co-
lour, and are fucceeded by oval channelled fruit, like
thofe of the former fort.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent me the feeds.
This rifes with a woody ftaik from fifteen to eighteen
feet high, dividing into many pretty ftrong branches,
which are furrowed, and covered with a brown bark.
The leaves are from three to four inches long, and
one broad at their bafe, where they are rounded in
form of a heart, leffening gradually to the point j
they are covered on their under fides with flinging
briftly hairs fo clofely, as to render it very trouble-
fome to handle them, for thefe hairs fallen themfclves
into the fiefh, and are difficult to get out again. The
flowers are produced in umbels from the fide of the
branches j they are of a light purple colour, and
fhaped like thofe of the other fpecies ; they are fuc-
ceeded by oval furrowed fruit like that of the for-
mer fort. This is called in the Weft-Indies, Couhage,
or Cowitch Cherry.
The fifth fort grows naturally at Carthagena in New
Spain, from whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent me
the feeds. This rifes with a fhrubby ftaik about ten
feet high, covered with a light brown fpotted bark,
branching out regularly at the top on every fide ; the
leaves are oval, fmooth, and end in acute points.
Handing oppofite, of a light green on the upper fide,
but paler on the under. The flowers come out from
the fide of the ftalks in fmall umbels, Handing erect ^
the foot-ftalks of the umbels are fcarce an inch long..
They are bf a pale bluffi colour, fiiaped like thofe of
the former forts ; thefe are fucceeded by roundifli
furrowed berries with a red fkiix, covering three hard
angular feeds.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from,
whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent the feeds to Eng-
land. This rifes with feveral (lender fhrubby ftalks
from five to fix feet high, garnifhed with oblong
heart-fhaped leaves, four inches long and one inch
and a quarter broad at the bafe, where they are round-
ed in two heart-fhaped lobes, gradually diminifhing
to the point they are fmooth, and of a pale yellowiih
green, placed oppofite. The flowers are produced
in loofe panicles from the fide and at the end of the
branches ; they are of a light purple colour, (gaged
like thofe of the other fpecies, but fmaller ; the fruit
is more pointed, and not fo much furrowed.
The feventh fort was fent me from the ifland Barbu-
da : this rifes with a fhrubby ft aik feven or eight feet
high, covered with a bright purplifh bark which is
fpotted and furrowed, dividing coward the top into
feveral
I
M A L
M A L
fcveral fmaller branches, garnifhed with narrow fpear-
iliaped leaves, about two inches long and a quarter
of an inch broad, of a lucid green on their upper fide,
but of a ruiTet brown on their under, where they are
clofeiy armed with ranging brifcles, which fallen
themlelves into the fiefh or clothes of thofe who touch
them; thefe leaves are placed oppofite. The flowers
are produced from the fide and at the end of the
branches in fmall umbels ; they are of a pale purple
colour, of the fame form of the other fpecies, but
fmaller ; and are fucceeded by fmall, oval, furrowed
fruit, of a dark purple colour when ripe.
The eighth fort was lent me from the ifland Berbuda
in the Weft-Indies, where it grows naturally. This
rifes with a ftrong woody ftem from fifteen to twenty
feet high, dividing into many fpreading branches,
covered with a gray bark, garnifhed with oblong oval
leaves of a firm confidence ; they are about an inch
long, and half an inch broad, rounded at their ends,
of a lucid green, and placed oppofite. The flowers
come out from the fide, and alfo at the end of the
branches, upon pretty long foot-ftalks, which branch
in form of a racemus, or long bunch. They are of
the fame form with thofe of the other fpecies, but va-
ry in their colour, fome of them being of a bright
red, and others of an Orange colour in the fame
bunch; thefe are fucceeded by fmall oval berries,
which are lefs furrowed than thofe of the other
fpecies, and, when ripe, change to a dark purple
colour.
The ninth fort grows naturally in the ifland of Cuba,
where the late Dr. Houftoun found it in plenty. This
rifes with a fhrubby {talk to the height of (even or
eight feet, fending out branches the whole length,
which are covered with a gray bark, garnifhed with
narrow prickly leaves like thofe of the Holly, which
have many flinging briftles on their under fide. The
flowers are produced in fmall clufters from the fide
of the branches, they are of a pale blufn colour, and
fhaped like thofe of the other fpecies, but fmaller ;
the fruit is more pointed than thofe of the common
fort, and turns to a dark purple colour when ripe.
The tenth fort grows naturally near the Havanna,
from whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent the feeds.
This is a very low fhrub, feldom rifing more than two
or three feet high ; the ftalk is thick and woody, as
are alfo the branches, which come out on every fide
from the root upward ; they are covered with a
rough gray bark, garniflied with lucid leaves half an
inch long, and almoft as much broad ; they appear
as if cut at their ends, where they are hollowed in,
and the two corners rife like horns ending in a ftiarp
thorn, as do alfo the indentures on the Tides. The
flowers come out from the fide of the branches,
upon foot-ftalks an inch long, each luftaining one
fmall pale blufh flower, of the fame form with thofe
of the other fpecies ; the fruit is fmall, conical,
and furrowed, changing to a purple red colour
when ripe. , ,
There are two other fpecies of this genus, which have
been lately introduced from America, but as neither
of them have yet flowered here, fo I have not enu-
merated them ; and if thofe warm parts of America
were learched by perfons of Ikill, there might be ma-
ny more fpecies difcovered ; for from a large number
of imperfed fpecimens which were fent me from the
Spanifh Weft-Indies, I have feleded many which have
the appearance of the other fpecies of this genus, but
as they are without flowers or fruit, they "cannot be
afcertained.
The fruit of feveral of the fpecies here mentioned,
are prornifcuoully gathered and eaten by the inhabi-
tants of the countries where they naturally grow ; but
the firft fort is cultivated in fome of the illands for
its fruit, though that is but indifferent : the pulp
which furrounds the ftones is very thin, but has a
pieafant acid flavour, which renders it agreeable to
the inhabitants of thofe warm countries, where, to
fupply the want of thofe Cherries which are cuiti-
4
vated in Europe, they are obliged to eat the fruit of
- thefe fhrubs.
Thefe plants are preferved in the gardens of thofe
perfons who are lb curious in botanical ftudies, as to
ered hot-houfes for maintaining foreign plants : and
where there are inch conveniencies, thefe plants de r
ferve a place ; became they retain their leaves ail the
year, and commonly continue flowering from Decem-
ber to the end of March, When they make a fine ap-
pearance at a feafon, when there is a fcarcity- of other
flowers, and many times they produce ripe fruit- here.
Thofe forts whole leaves are armed with Hinging
briftles, like the Cowitch, are the leaf; worthy of a
place in (loves, becaufe they are fo troublefo md to
handle, nor do their flowers make fo good an appear-
ance as many of the other forts. The tenth fort is the
moil valuable for its flowers, which are produced in
larger bunches than thofe of any of the other,
and there being flowers of different colours in the
fame bunches, they make a fine variety ; and this
fort grows more like a tree than the others, the
leaves are alfo of a ftronger confiftence and of a
lucid green.
As thefe plants are natives of the warmeft parts of
America, they will not live through the winter in
England, unlefs they are preferved in a warm Hove ;
but when the plants have obtained fcrength, they
may be expofed in the open air in a warm lituation,
from the middle or latter end of June, till the begin-
ning of Odober, provided the weather continues fo
long mild ; and the plants fo treated, will flower
much better than thofe which are conftantly kept in
a Hove.
They are all propagated by feeds, which muft be
fown upon a good hot-bed in the fpring ; and when
the plants are fit to tranfplant, they muft be each put
into a feparate fmall pot filled with rich earth, and
plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and muft
be treated in the fame manner as hath been direded
for other tender plants of the fame country ; and for
the two firft winters, it will be proper to keep them
in the bark-bed in the ftove ; but afterward they may
be placed upon (lands in the dry ftove in winter,
where they may be kept in a temperate warmth, in
which they will thrive much better than in a greater
heat; thefe muft be watered two or three times a
week, when they are placed in the dry ftove, but it
muft not be given to them in large quantities.
M A L T-D U S T is accounted a great enricher of bar-
ren ground ; it contains in it a natural heat and fweet-
nefs, which gives the earth wheteon it is laid a proper
fermentation, as thofe who live in malting countries
have found by experience.
Some are of opinion, that there is not a greater fweet-
ener than Malt-dull, where the grounds are natural
clay, and have contraded a fournefs and aufterity,
whether by reafon of its having lain long untilled and
unexpofed to the air, or by reafon of water havjno-
ftood long thereon.
M A L V A. Tourn. Lift. R. H. 94. tab. -23. Lin. Gen.
x lant. 751. [fo Called 01 or f/>aXd,iyiTU, to
foften, becaufe it is good to laden the belly.] Mal-
lows ; in French, Mauve.
The Characters are,
'The flower has a double empcdement ; the outer is com-
pofed of three fpear-Jhaped leaves, and is permanent ; the
inner is of one leaf . , cut into five broad fegments at the
brim. The flower is , according to Tcurnefort , Ray, &c-
of one petal ; but according toLinnaus , it has five-, they are
joined at the bafe , and fpread open , and fall of joined. It has
a great number of flamina which coalefce at bottom in a cylin-
der, but fpread open above,' and are infer ted in the petal, ter-
minated by kidney -fhaped fummits. In the center is fitu-
ated an orbicular grnnen fupporting a floor t cylindrical
flyle, with many briftly ftigmas the length of the ftyle.
The empalemcnt after TV ard turns to feveral capfules, which
are joined in an ■ orbicular deprejfecl head faf kneel to the
column , opening on their infide , each containing one kid-
nsy-Jhaped feed.
This
' ■ >
1
/ • '
m
*
t
/
M A L
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth feftion
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Monodelphia
Polyandfia, which contains thofe plants whole flowers
have many ftamina joined with the ftyle in one body.
The Species are,
1. Malva {Sylveftris) caule eredo herbaceo, foliis fep-
tem lobatis acutis pedunculis petiolifque pilofis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 969. Mallow with an erebl herbaceous jlalk ,
with [even acute lobes to the leaves , and hairy foot-ftalks
both to the leaves and flowers . Malva fylveftris, folio
finuato. C. B. P. 3 1 4. Wild Mallow with a finuated leaf.
2. Malva (Rotundifolia) caule proftrato, foliis cord&to-
orbiculatis obfolete quinquelobis, pedunculis frudi-
feris declinatis. Lin. Sp. 969. Mallow with proftrate
ftalks , roundi/h heart-ftoaped leaves with five obfolete lobes ,
and the foot-ftalks of the fruit declining. Malva vul-
garis, fiore minore, folio rotundo. J. B. 2. p. 949.
Common Mallow with a fmall flower and a round leaf.
3. Malva {Orient alis) annua, caule eredo herbaceo,
foliis lobatis obtuiis & crenatis. Annual Mallow with
an erect herbaceous ftalk , and obtufe lobed leaves which
are crenated. Malva orientalis eredior, fiore magno
fuave rubente. Tourn. Cor. 3. Eafiern Mallow with a
more upright ftalk, and a large, f oft, red flower.
4. Malva ( Crifpa ) caule eredo, foliis angulatis crifpis,
floribus axillaribus glomeratis. Lin. Sp. 970. Mallow
with an erect ftalk, angular curled leaves , and flowers in
clufters on the fide of the ftalks. Malva foliis crifpis.
C. B. P. 315. Furbelow ed Mallow.
5. Malva ( Verticillata ) caule eredo, foliis angulatis,
floribus axillaribus glomeratis fefiilibus, calycibus
fcabris, Vir. Cliff. 356. Mallow with an eredt ftalk ,
angular leaves , and flowers growing in whorls at the
wings of the ftalks.
6 . Malva ( Chinenfis ) annua, caule eredo herbaceo, fo-
liis fuborbiculatis obfolete quinquelobatis, floribus
confertis alaribus feflilibus. Annual Mallow with an
eredt, herbaceous , fingle ftalk , leaves almoft round , with
five indented lobes , and flowers growing in clufters , which
fit clofle to the ftalks. Malva Sinenfis eredt a, flofculis
albis minimis. Boerh. Ind. alt. Upright annual China
Mallow, with very fmall white flowers.
7. Malva ( Cretica ) caule eredo ramofo hirfuto, foliis
angulatis, floribus alaribus pedunculis brevioribus.
Mallow with an eredt , branching, hairy ftalk, angular
leaves , and flowers proceeding from the wings of the
ftalks, which grow upon jhorter foot-ftalks. Malva
Cretica annua altiflima, fiore parvo ad alas umbel-
lato. Tourn. Cor. 2. Lalleft annual Mallow oft Crete ,
with fmall flowers growing in umbels on the ftdes oft
the ftalk.
8. Malva ( Peruviana) caule eredo herbaceo, foliis lo-
batis, fpicis fecundis axillaribus feminibus denticula-
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 968. Mallow with an eredt herba-
ceous ftalk, leaves having lobes, and J pikes of flowers
in fruitful clufters proceeding from the ftdes oft the ftalks,
and indented feeds.
9. Malva ( Alcea ) caule eredo, foliis multipartitis fca-
briufculis. Hort. Cliff. 347. Mallow with an eredt
ftalk, and rough leaves divided into many parts. Alcea
tenuifolia crifpa. J. B. 2.953. Narrow-leaved curled
Vervain Mallow.
10. Malva ( Moftchata ) foliis radicalibus reniformibus
incifis, caulinis quinque partitis pinnato-multifidis.
Hort. Upfal. 202. Mallow with kidney-jhaped lower
leaves which are cut , and thofe on the ftalks divided into
five parts , ending in winged points. Alcea folio ro-
tundo laciniato. C. B. P. 316. Round cut-leaved
Vervain Mallow.
1 1. Malva ( JEgyptia ) foliis palmatis dentatis, corollis
calvce minoribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 690. Mallow with
hand-Jhaped indented leaves, and petals lefts than the em-
palement. Alcea fEgyptia, geranii folio. Juff. Egyp-
tian Vervain Mallow with a Crane's-bill leaf.
12. Malva ( Bryonifolia ) foliis palmatis fcabris, caule
tomentofo fruticofo, pedunculis multifloris. Prod.
Leyd. 356. Mallow with rough hand-Jhaped leaves, a
Jhrubby woolly ftalk, and foot-ftalks with many flowers.
Althaea frutefcens bryoniae folio. C. B. P. 316.
Shrubby Vervain Mallow with a Rriony leaf 1
M A L
13* Malva Jlournefortia) foliis radicalibus quinque
partitis, trilobis linearibus, pedunculis folio caulino
longioribus, caule procumbenre. Amcen. Acad. 4. p.
283. Mallow with cut leaves having three lobes , which
are linear, and a declining ftalk. Alcea maritirna Gal-
loprovincialis, geranii folio. Tourn. Infi. 98. Mari-
time Vervain Mallow of Provence, with a Crane's-bill leaf.
14. Malva ( Capenfts ) foliis fubcordatis laciniatis hirfu-
tis, caule arborefcente. Mallow with hairy cut leaves,
almoft heart-Jhaped , and a tree-like ftalk. Malva Afri-
cana frutefcens, fiore rubro. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 171.
African Jhrubby Mallow with a red flower.
15. Malva ( Americana ) foliis cordatis crenatis, floribus
lateralibus folitariis, terminalibus fpicatis. Prod, Leyd.
359. Mallow with heart-Jhaped crenated leaves , and
flowers growing fingly from the ftdes of the ftalks, and in
ftpikcs at the top. Althaea Americana, pumila, fiore
luteo fpicato. , Breyn. Cent. 1 24. Low American Marfh-
m allow, with a yellow fpiked flower.
The two firft forts are found wild in moft parts of
England, fo are rarely cultivated in gardens. The
firft is the fort commonly ufed in medicine, with
which the markets are fupplied by the herbfolks,
who gather it in the fields. Thefe are both fo well
known, as to need no defcription. There is a va-
riety of the firft with white flowers, which continues
the fame from feeds ; but as it only differs in the co-
lour of the flower, fo it cannot be reckoned a difrind
fpecies.
The third fort was difcovered by Dr. Tournefort in
the Levant, this is an annual plant with an ered ftalk ^
the flowers are larger than thofe of the common fort,
and are of a foft fed colour. This is prelerved in
fome curious gardens for the fake of variety.
The fourth fort is annual ; this riles with an upright
ftalk four or five feet high ; the leaves are curled
on their edges, for which variety it is preferved in
gardens.
The fifth fort was difcovered firft by Dr. Tournefort,
and afterward by Dr. Sherard, in the Levant, who
fent the feeds to feveral gardens, where the plants
have produced flowers and feeds which having flat-
tered in thofe gardens fo plentifully, as to become as
common as our native forts.
The fixth fort was formerly fent from China as a
pot-herb, and hath been cultivated in fome curious
gardens in England ; though it is not likely to ob-
tain here as an eflulent plant, fince we have many
others which are preferable to it for that purpofe.
This is an annual plant, which will propagate itfelf
faft enough, provided it be permitted to flatter its
feeds, when they feldom fail to grow, and are often
very troublefome when they have gotten poffefiion
of the ground.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Crete ; this plant
. is annual, the ftalks rifes rather higher than that of
our common Mallow, and the branches extend far-
ther, and are in greater plenty ; the leaves are an-
gular, and the flowers ftand on Abort foot-ftalks.
This will be very common, provided the feeds are
permitted to flatter.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Peru, from whence
the feeds were fent to the Royal Garden at Paris, by
Mr. Jofeph de Juflieu. This is an annual plant, ri-
fing with an upright branching ftalk near two feet
high, garniftied with broad hairy leaves, having three
lobes. The flowers grow in fpikes from the wings
of the ftalks ; they are fmall, of a pale blue, and let
very clofely on the fpikes. Thefe appear in June,
and are fucceeded by feeds, which, if permitted to
flatter, will come up plentifully the following fpring
without care.
The ninth fort is the common Vervain Mallow, which
is found growing naturally near London. It is a bi-
ennial plant ; the ftalks rife higher than thofe of the
former, the leaves are cut into obtufe lobes which
are indented. The flowers are large, appearing m
June and July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The tenth fort differs from the ninth, in having taker
hairy ftalks, and the leaves being kidney-fhaped,
and
*'
M A L
and finely cut into narrow fegments. This grows na-
turally in the middle counties of England, and about
Paris.
The eleventh fort was fent from Egypt to the Royal
Garden at Paris, and hath fince been communicated
to many other gardens. This is an annual plant,
whofe ltalks are about a foot long •, they are fmooth,
and decline toward the ground. The leaves ftand up-
on pretty long foot-ftalks, they are fhaped like a
hand, having five divifions which join at their bafe to
the foot-ftalk, and are indented on their fides. The
flowers come out fingle from the wings of the ftalk,
and at the top in clutters •, they have pretty large acute
empalements the Rowers are fmall, and of a pale
blue colour. Thefe appear in June, and the feeds
ripen ,in autumn.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in Spain ; this rifes
with a fhrubby woolly ftalk four or five feet high,
fending out branches on every fide, garniflied with
angular woolly rough leaves ; the foot-ftalks arife
from the wings of the leaves, each fupporting four
or five flowers of a bright purple colour, fhaped like
thofe of the common Malltfw, which appear in July,
and the feeds ripen in autumn. This fort feldom
continues more than two or three years:* but if the
feeds are permitted to fcatter, young plants will come
up the following fpring.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France •, this is an annual plant, which has fome re-
femblance of the former, but the (talks are longer
and more branched •, the leaves are cut into five ob-
tufe lobes almoft to the bottom, and thefe are deeply
cut on their fide. The flowers ftand upon very long
‘ foot-ftalks ; the empalement of the flower is large,
prickly and acute-pointed ; the flowers are blue, and
larger than thofe of the other fort. It flowers and
ripens its feeds about the fame time.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally at the Cape of
Good Hope ; this rifes with a woody ftalk ten or
twelve feet high, fending out branches from the fide
the whole length ; the (talks and branches are clofely
covered with hairs, and are garnifhed with hairy
leaves, which are indented on the fides, foas to have
the appearance of a trilobate leaf ; thefe on the young
plants are three inches long and two broad at their
bafe, but as the plants grow older, they are fcarce
half that fize. The flowers come out from the fide
of the branches, upon foot-ftalks an inch long ^ they
are of a deep red colour, and fhaped like thofe of the
common Mallow, but are fmaller. This plant con-
tinues flowering great part of the year, which ren-
ders it valuable.
There are two other varieties of this plant, which
have been mentioned by fome authors as diftinft fpe-
cies. The firft is, Alcea Africana frutefcens, grof-
fulariae folio ampliore, unguibus florum atro-ruben-
tibus. Aft. Phil. 1729. Shrubby African Vervain Mal-
low, with a larger Gocfeberry leaf , and the bottoms of
the flovoer of a dark red. The other is, Alcea Afri-
cana frutefcens, folio grofiulariae (lore parvo rubro.
Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 271. Shrubby African Vervain Mal-
low, with a Goofeberry leaf, and a fmall red fiower.
The leaves of the laft appear very different from ei-
ther of the other, being deeply divided into three
lobes, which are alfo deeply indented, fo that any per-
fon upon feeing it would fuppofe it to be a different
Upecies but I have frequently raifed all thefe, with
fome other intermediate varieties, from the feeds of
one plant.
This plant is eafily propagated by feeds, which, if
Town in a common border in the fpring, the plants
will come up ; but as it is too tender to live abroad
in the winter:, 1b when the plants are three or four
inches high, they fhould be each planted into a fe-
parate pot of light frefh earth, placing them in the
(hade till they have taken frefti root •, then they may
be removed to a (bettered fituation, intermixing them
with other hardy exotic plants, where they may re-
main till autumn ; when the froft comes on they
jbould be removed into the green-houfe, and after-
ward treated in the fame way as the hardy plants from
the fame country, always allowing them plenty of
free air in mild weather.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in moft of the
Hands in the Weft-Indies. This is an annual plant,
which rifes about a foot high, fending out a few fhort
branches from the Tide, which are woolly, and gar-
nifhecl with heart-fhaped woolly leaves which are cre-
nated on their edges, and are placed alternately upon
pretty long foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced
fingly from the fide of the ftalk, and in a clofe (pike
at the top •, they are fmall, and of a pale yellow
colour. They appear in July, and the feeds ripen
in autumn.
This is propagated by feeds, which muft be fown
upon a hot-bed in the fpring ; and when the plants
are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted in a
feparate fmall pot filled with light frefti earth, and
plunged into a new hot-bed, (hading them until they
have taken frefti root-, then they muft have free air
admitted to them in proportion to the warmth of the
feafon, and the latter end of June they may be placed
in the open air in a flickered fituation, where they .will
flower and produce ripe feeds.
The feeds of the other fpecies fhould be fown the end
of March, upon a bed of frefh light earth, and when
the plants afe up three or four inches high, they
fhould be tranfplanted where they are defigned to be
continued, allowing them a good diftance f for if
they are planted too clofe, they do not appear fo
well ; but they are beft when intermixed with other
flowers of the fame growth, where they afford an
agreeable variety.
Thefe feeds may alfo be fown in Auguft, for the
plants will endure the greateft cold of our climate,
if placed on a dry foil, and will grow larger, and
flower fooner than thofe fown in the fpring ; or if the
feeds are permitted to fcatter, they will come up as
the former forts, and thrive equally well.
MALVA ARBOREA. See Lavatera.
MALVA ROSEA. See Alcea,
MALUS. The Apple-tree.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, cut into five
fegments. The flower confifts of five leaves , which ex-
pand in form of a Rofe , whofe tails are irferted into the
empalement. The fruit is hollowed about the foot -folk ,
is for the mofi part rcundijh, and umbellated at th
top •, it is flejhy, and divided into five cells or partitions ,
in each of which is lodged one oblong feed.
Dr. Linnaeus has joined the Pear, Apple, and Quince
together, making them all of the fame genus, and
has reduced all the varieties of each to one fpecies.
The Apple he diftinguilhes by the title of Pyrus fifths
ferratis, pomis bafi concavis. Hort. Cliff, i. e. Pear
with flawed leaves, and the Apple hollow at the bafe.
But where the fruit is admitted as a diftinguifhing
chara&er of the genus, the Apple (hould be ieparated
from the Pear, this diftin&ion being founded in na-
ture i for thefe fruits will not take by budding or
grafting upon each other, though it be performed
with the utmoft care. Indeed I have fometimes fuc-
ceeded fo far, as to have the bud or graft of an Apple
(hoot when grafted on a Pear, but they foon decayed,
notwithftanding all poffible care was taken of them ;
therefore I (hall beg leave to continue the feparation
of the Apple from the Pear, as hath been always
pra&ifed by the botanifts before his time.
The Species are,
1. Malus ( Sylveflris ) foliis ovatis ferratis, caule arbo-
reo. Apple with oval fazved heaves, and a tree-like flalk.
Malus fylveftris, frutftu valde acerbo. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 635. Wild 'Apple with a very four fruit, com-
monly called Crab.
2. Malus ( Coronaria ) foliis ferrato-angulofis. Apple
with angular flawed leaves . Malus fylveftris Virginia-
na, floribus odoratis, Cat. Hort. Wild Crab of Vir-
ginia, with a fweet-feented flower.
3. Malus ( Pumila ) foliis ovatis ferratis, caule fruticofo.
Apple with oval flawed leaves and a fhrubby flalk. Malus
8 M ; pumila
M A L
%
•putn'ila qua potius frutex quani arbor. C. B. P. '433-
Dwarf Apple , which is rather a JJrruh than a tree , com-
monly called Paradife Apple.
Of the hr ft fort there are two varieties of fruit, one
is white, and the other purple toward the fun, but
thefe are accidental variations. There is alfo a vari-
ety of this with variegated leaves, which has been pro-
pagated in fome of the nurferies near London ; but
when the trees grow vigorous, their leaves foon be-
come plain,'
The fecond fort grows naturally in mod parts of
North America, where the inhabitants plant them for
docks to graft other forts of Apples upon ; the leaves
of this are longer and narrower than any of the other
forts, and are cut into two acute angles on their fides.
The dowers of this have a fragrant odour, which
perfumes the American woods at the time they appear.
The third fort is undoubtedly a diftind fpecies from
all the others, for it never rifes to any height ; the
branches are weak, fcarce able to fupport themfelves,
and this difference is permanent when raifcd from
feeds.
I have not diftinguilhed the Apples from the Crab,
as diftind fpecies, though I have never feen any Ap-
ples produced from the feeds of Crabs. I fhall next
mention a few of thofe forts of Apples which have
been introduced from France, which were mod of
them grafted on Paradife docks, fo were for fome
time much edeemed, and fhall mention thofe of our
own growth afterward.
There 1 is alfo a fort of Apple, called the Fig Apple,
which is common to England and North America,
but the fruit is not greatly edeemed ; however, as
fome perfons are fond of variety, fo 1 have men-
tioned it.
Pomme de Rambour. The Rambour is a very large
fruit, of a fine red next the fun, and driped with a
pale or yellowifh green. This ripens very early, com-
monly about the end of Augud, and foon grows
roeally, therefore is not edeemed in England.
Pomme de Courpendu, the hanging body. This is a
very large Apple, of an oblong figure, having fome
irregular rifing or angles, which run from the bale
to the crown •, it is of a red cad on the fide toward
the fun, but pale on the other fide •, the foot-dalk is
loner and fiender, fo that the fruit is always hanging
downward, which occafioned the French gardeners to
give it this name.
The Rennette-blanche, or White Renette, or french
Rennette. This is a large fine fruit, of a round idi fi-
gure, and of a pale green, changing a little yellowifh
when ripe, having lome fmall gray fpots •, the juice
is fugary, and it is good for eating or baking j it will
keep till after Chridmas found. .
The Rennette-grife. This is 3 middle iizcd fruit 5
fhaped like the Golden Rennette, but is of a deep
may colour on the fide next the fun, but on the other
fide intermixed with yellow •, it is a very juicy good
Apple, of a quick flavour. It ripens in Ohtober, and
will not keep long. .
Pomme d’Api. This is a fmall hard fruit, of a bright
purple colour on the fide next the fun, and Ox a yel-
lowiili oreen on the other fide •, it is a veiy fiim fiuit,
but hath not much flavour, fo is only preferved by
fome perfons byway of curiofity. It keeps along
time found, and makes a variety in a difh or fluff
Le Calville d’Automne, the Autumn CaJville. This
is a lame fruit of an oblong figure, of a fine red co-
lour toward the fun. The juice is vinous, and much
edeemed by the French.
Penouillat ou Pomme d’Anis, the Fennel, or Anne
Apple. This is a middle fized fruit, a little longer
than a Golden Pippin, of a grayifh colour. The pulp
is tender, and has a fpicy tafte like Amie- feed s the
wood and the leaves are whitifh. . _
Pomme Violette, the Violet Apple. This is a pretty
large fruit, of a pale green, driped with deep red to
the fun. The juice is fugary, and has a flavour or
Violets, which occafioned the name.
The Crab, which is the fird fort here mentioned, has
M A L
been generally edeemed as the bed dock for grafting
Apples upon, being very hardy, and of long dura-
tion •, but of late years there have been few perfons
who have been curious enough to raiie thefe docks,
having commonly fown the kernels of all forts of cy-
der Apples for docks without diftindion, as thefe are
much eafier to procure than the other , fo the garden-
ers generally call all thofe Crabs, which are produced
from the kernels of any fort of Apple which has not
been grafted •, but were the kernels of the Crabs
fown, I fhould prefer thofe for docks, becaufe they
are never fo luxuriant in their grow/th as thofe from
Apple kernels, and they will continue longer found ;
belide, thefe will preferve fome of the bed fort of
Apples in their true fize, colour, and flavour ; whereas
the other free docks produce larger fruit, which are
not fo well taded, nor will they keep fo long.
The Paradife Apple for fome years pad was greatly
edeemed for docks, to graft or bud the other forts
upon •, but thefe are not of long duration, nor will the
trees grafted upon them ever grow to any fize, unlefs
they are planted fo low as that the cion may drike
root into the ground, when it will be equal to no
dock ; for as the graft will draw its nourifhrnent from
the ground, fo the docks will become ufelefs after •,
therefore it is only by way of curiofity, or for very
fmall gardens, that thefe docks are proper, fince there
can never be expected any confiderable quantity of
fruit from fuch trees.
Thefe trees have been much more edeemed in France,
where they were frequently brought to the table in
the pots, growing with their fruit upon them •, but this
being only a curiofity, it never obtained much in Eng-
land, fo that the gardeners do not propagate many of
them here at p relent.
There is another Apple, which is called the Dutch Pa-
radile Apple, much cultivated in the nurferies for
grafting Apples upon, in order to have them dwarfs ;
and thefe will not decay or canker as the other, nor
do they dint the grafts near fo much, fo are generally
preferred for planting efpaliers or dwarfs, being
eafily kept within the compafs ufually allotted to
thefe trees.
Some perfons have alfo made ufe of the Codlin docks
to graft Apples upon, in order to make them dwarf ;
but the fruit which are produced on fuch trees are not
fo firm, nor do they lad near fo long as thofe upon
Crab docks ; therefore the winter fruits fhould never
be grafted upon them.
The Virginian Crab-tree with fweet flowers, is often
preferved by fuch perfons as are curious in collecting
great variety of trees ; it may be propagated by bud-
ding or grafting it upon the common Crab or Apple-
tree, but it is fomewhat tender while young ; where-
fore it fhould be planted in a warm fituation, other-
wile it will be fubjed to differ by an extreme hard
winter. The flowers of this tree are faid to be ex-
ceeding fweet in Virginia, where it grows in the
woods in great plenty •, but I could not obferve much
fcent in fome of them which have flowered in England,
fo that I am in doubt whether the fort at prelent in
the gardens is the very fame with that of Virginia ; or
perhaps it may have degenerated by lowing the feeds,
which is the way it was fird obtained in England.
The Fig Apple is fuppofed by many perfons to be
produced without a previous flower. But this opinion,
is rejeded by more curious obfervers, who affirm,
there is a fmall flower precedes the fruit, which is very
fugacious, feldom continuing above a day or two.
Now, which of thefe opinions is the right, I have not,
as yet, had an opportunity to determine, not having
a tree in my own poffeffion which is arrived at matu-
rity to produce fruit ; though it might reafonably be
expeded, that fuch who have had trees of this kind
feveral years, might have determined this point long
before this time.
I remember an account of a tree of this kind, men-
tioned in a letter from New England, written by Paul
Dudley, Efq-, to the Royal Society, and publifhed in
the Philofophical Tranfadions, N° 385 . which wa$
exceeding
1
r
M A L
exceeding large, and produced great quantities of
fruit, without any previous flowers ; but it grew at
home diftance from his habitation, and he having no
other opportunity to obferve it ftri&ly himfelf, but
by vifiting the place two or three times about the fea-
fon of flowering, and not being apprized of the hid-
den decay of the flowers, they might eafily be fup-
pofed to have appeared and dropped off, between the
times of his vifiting the place.
The other forts which are above-mentioned, are what
have been introduced from France, but there are not
above two or three of them, which are much efteemed
in England, viz. the French Rennette, the Rennette-
grife, "and the Violet Apple ; the other being early
fruit, which do not keep long, and their fleffi is ge-
nerally meally, fo they do not deferve to be propa-
gated, as we have many better fruits in England : but
as there may be fame perfons who are willing to
have all the forts, I have mentioned them here for
their inftruftion ; but I fhall next put down thofe
forts of Apples which are belt efteemed in England,
placing them in the order according to their time of
ripening.
The firft Apple which is brought to the markets, is
the Codlin. This fruit is fo well known in England,
that it is needlefs to defcribe it.
The next is the Margaret Apple : this fruit is not fo
long as the Codlin, of a middling fize ; the fide next
the fun changes to a faint red, when ripe ; the other
fide is of a pale green ; the fruit is firm, of a quick
pleafant tafte, but doth not keep long.
The Summer Pearmain is an oblong fruit, ftriped
with red next the fun •, the fleffi is foft, and in a fliort
time is meally, fo that it is not greatly efteemed.
The Kentifh Fill Bafket is a fpecies of Codlin, of a
large fize, and fomewhat longer fhaped than the Cod-
lin ; this ripens a little later in the feafon, and is ge-
neraliy ufed for baking, &c.
The Tranfparent Apple : this was brought to Eng-
land a few years fince, and was efteemed a curiofity ;
it came from Peterfburgh, where it is affirmed to be
fo tranfparent, as that the kernels may be perfe&ly
feen, when the Apple is held to the light ; but, in
this country, it is a meally infipid fruit, fo not worth
propagating.
Loan’s Pearmain : this is a beautiful fruit, being of
a middling fize •, the fide next the fun is of a beauti-
ful red, and ftriped with the fame colour on the other;
the fleffi is vinous, but as it foon grows meally, it is
not greatly efteemed.
The Quince Apple : this is a fmall fruit, feldom
larger than the Golden Pippin, but is in fliape like
the Quince, efpecially toward the ftalk ; the fide next
the fun is of a rufiet colour, on the other fide in-
clining to vellow : this is an excellent Apple for about
three weeks in September, but will not keep much
longer.
The Golden Renette is. a fruit fo well known in Eng-
land, as to need no defcription ; this ripens about Mi-
chaelmas, and for about a month is a very good fruit,
either for eating raw or baking.
The Aromatic Pippin is alfo a very good Apple : it
is about the fize of a Nonpareil, but not fo flat, it is
a little longer; the fide next the fun is of a bright
rufiet colour ; the fleffi is breaking, and hath an aro-
matic flavour. It ripens in O&ober.
The Hertfordiliire Pearmain, by fome called the Win-
ter Pearmain : this is a good fized fruit, rather long
than round, of a fine red next the fun, and ftriped with
the fame colour on the other fide ; the flefli is juicy,
and ftews well, but is not efteemed for eating by any
nice palates. This is fit for ufe in November and De-
cember.
The Kentiffi Pippin is a large jiandfome fruit, of an
oblong figure ; the Ikin is of a pale green colour ; the
fleffi is breaking, and full of juice, which is of a quick
acid flavour. This is a very good kitchen fruit, and
will keep till February.
The Holland Pippin is larger than the former ; the
fruit is fomewhat longer, the fidn of a darker green.
M A L
and the fleffi firm and juicy. Thus is a very good
kitchen fruit, and will keep late in the feafon.
The Monftrous Renette is a very large Apple, of an
oblong fliape, turning red toward the fun, but of a
dark green on the other fide ; the flefli is apt to be
meally, fo it is not much valued by thofe who are cu-
rious, and only preferved for the magnitude of the
fruit.
The Embroidered Apple is a pretty large fruit,
fomewhat fhaped like the Pearmain, but the {tripes
of red are very broad, from whence the gardeners
have' given it. this title: it is a middling fruit, and
is commonly ufed as a kitchen Apple, though there
are many better.
The Royal Rufiet, by fome called the Leather Coat
Rufiet, on account of the deep rufiet colour of fhe
Akin ; this is a large fair fruit, of an oblong figure,
broad toward the bafe ; the fleffi is inclinable to yel-
low. This is one of the faeft kitchen Apples we have,
and is a very great bearer : the trees grow large and
handfome, and the fruit is in ufe from October till
April, and is alfo a pleafant fruit to eat.
W heelePs Rufiet is an Apple of a middling fize, flat,
and round ; the ftalk is (lender, the fide next the fun
of a light rufiet colour, and the other fide inclining
to a pale yellow, when ripe ; the flefli is firm, and the
juice has a very quick acid flavour, but is an excel-
lent kitchen fruit, and will keep a long time.
Pile’s Rufiet is not quite fo large as the former, but
is of an oval figure, of a rufiet colour to the fun,
and of a dark green on the other fide ; it is a very firm
fruit, of a fliarp acid flavour, but is much efteemed
for baking, and will keep found till April, or later, if
they are well preferved.
The Nonpareil is a fruit pretty generally known in
England, though there is another Apple which is fre-
quently fold in the markets for it, which is what the
French call Flaute-bonne ; this is a larger fairer fruit
than the Nonpariel, more inclining to the yellow ;
the rufiet colour brighter, and it is earlier ripe, and
fooner gone ; this is not fo flat as the true Nonpa-
reil, nor is the juice fo ffiarp, though it is a good
Apple in its feafon ; but the Nonpareil is feldom ripe
before Chriftmas, and where they are well preferved
they will keep till May perfedtly found ; this is juftly
efteemed one of the beit Apples that have been yet
known.
The Golden Pippin is a fruit almoft peculiar to Eng-
land ; there are few countries abroad where this fuc-
ceeds well, nor do they produce fo good fruit in many
parts of England as were to be wiffied ; which, in
fome meafure, is owing to their being grafted on free
ftocks, which enlarges the fruit, but renders it lefs
valuable, becaufe the flefli is not fo firm, nor the fla-
vour fo quick, fo is apt to be dry and meally ; there-
fore this fliould always be grafted upon the Crab
flock, which will not canker like the others, and
though the fruit will not be fo fair to the fight, yet it
will be better flavoured and keep longer.
There are yet a great variety of Apples, which, be-
ing inferior to thofe here mentioned, I have omitted,
as thofe which are here enumerated will be fuffi-
cient to furnifli the table and the kitchen, during
the whole feafon of thefe fruits ; fo that where thefe
forts can be had, no perfon of tafte will eat the other.
I ffiall here mention lome of the Apples which are
chiefly preferred for the making of cyder, tho 5 there
are in every cyder country, new forts frequently ob-
tained from the kernels ; but thofe hereafter men-
tioned, have, for fome years, been in the greateft
efteem.
The Red-ftreak.
Devonffiire Royal Wilding.
The Whkfour.
Herefordffiire Under Leaf.
John Apple, or Deux-annes.
Everlaftino; Flanker.
Gennet Moyle.
All the forts of Apples are propagated by grafting or
budding upon the ftocks of the fame kind, for they
' will
h 350
i
M A L
Will net take upon a'ny other fort of fruit tree, In
the nurieries there are three fort of flocks generally
uled to graft Apples upon ■, the fird are called free
flocks ; thefe are raifed from the kernels of all forts
of Apples indifferently, and fometimes they are alfo
termed Crab (locks ; for all thofe trees which are pro-
duced from the feeds before they are grafted* are
termed Crabs without any clidindtion but, as I have
before obferved, I fhould always prefer fuch docks
as are raifed from the kernels of Crabs, where they ai e
preffed for verjuice ; and I find feveral of the old wri-
ters on this fubject of the fame mind. Mr. Auden,
who wrote above a hundred years ago, fays, “ The
“ dock which he accounts bed for Apple grafts is
“ the Crab, which is better than fweeter Apple-trees
te to graft on, becaufe they are lifually free from
“ tanker, and will become very large trees •, and, I
<c conceive, will lad longer than docks of fweeter
“ Apples, and .will make fruits more drong and hardy
“ to endure frod and it is very certain, that by
frequently grafting fome forts of Apples upon free
docks, the fruits have been rendered lefs firm and
poignant, and of fhorter duration.
The fecond fort of dock is the Dutch Creeper, be-
fore-mentioned ; thefe are defigned to dint the growth
of the trees, and keep them within compafs for
dwarfs or efpaliers.
The third fort is the Paradife Apple, which is a very
low fhrub, fo only proper for trees which are kept in
pots, by way of curiofity, for thefe do not continue
long.
Some perfons have made life of Codlin docks for
grafting of Apples, in order to dint their growth ;
but as thefe are commonly propagated by fuckers, I
would by no means advife the ufing of them ; nor
would I chufe to raife the Cod 1 in-trees from fuckers,
but rather graft them upon Crab docks, which will
caufe the fruit to be firmer, lad longer, and have a
fharper davour •, and thefe trees will lad much longer
found, and never put out fuckers, as the Codlins al-
ways do, which, if not condantly taken off, will weak-
en the trees, and caufe them to canker : and it is not
only from the roots, but from the knots of their dems,
there are generally a great number of drong fhoots
produced, which fill the trees with ufelefs fhoots,
and render them unfightly, and the fruit fmall and
crumpled.
The method of raifing docks from the kernels of
Crabs, or Apples, is, to procure them where they are
preffed for verjuice or cyder, and after they are
cleared of the pulp, they may be fown upon a bed of
light earth, covering them over about half an inch
thick with the fame light earth ; thefe may be lown
in November or December, where the ground is dry,
but in wet ground, it will be better to defer it till Fe-
bruary ; but then the feeds fhould be preferved in
dry fand, and kept out of the reach of vermin, for
if mice or rats can get at them, they will devour the
feeds ; there fhould alfo be care taken of the feeds,
when they are fown, to protedl them from thefe ver-
min, by fetting traps to take them, &c. In the fpring,
when the plants begin to appear, they mud be care-
fully weeded, and if the feafon fhould prove dry, it
will be of great fervice to water them two or three
times a week •, and, during the fummer, they mud be
kept clean from weeds, which, if differed to grow,
will foon over-top the plants, andfpoil their growth;
if thefe thrive well, they will be fit to tranfplant into
the nurfery the Odtober following, at which time the
ground fhould be carefully digged, and cleanfed from
the roots of all bad weeds ; then the docks fhould be
M A L
. * . ' J
planted in rd-ws three feet afunder, arid the plants one
• foot .didance in the rows, clofmg the earth pretty fad
to their roots; when the docks are tranfplanted out
of the feed-bed, the fird autumn after lowing, they
need not be headed, but where they are inclined to
fhoot downward, the tap root mud be fhortened, in
order to force out horizontal roots ; if the Ground is
. pretty good in which thefe docks are planted, and the
weeds condantly cleared away, the docks will make
great progrefs, fo that thofe which are intended for
dwarfs, may be grafted the fpring twelve months
after they are planted out of the feed-bed ; but thofe
which are defigned for dandards will require two or
three years more growth, before they will be fit to
graft, by which time they will be upward of fix feet
high. The other neceffary work to be obferved in
the culture of thefe trees, while they remain in the
nurfery, being exhibited under the article v of Nur-
sery, I fhall not repeat in this place.
I fhall next treat of the manner of planting fuch of
thefe trees, as are defigned for efpaliers in the kitchen-
garden, where, if there is an extent of ground, it
will be proper to plant, not only fuch forts ~as are for
the ufe of the table, but alfo a quantity of trees to
fupply the kitchen ; but where the kitchen-garden is
fmall, the latter mud be fupplied from dandard-trees,
either from the orchard, or wherever they are planted ;
but as many of thefe kitchen Apples are large, and
hang late in the autumn upon the trees,, they°wili be
much more expofed to the drong winds on dandarcl
trees than in efpaliers, whereby many of the fruit
will be blown down before they are ripe, and others
bruifed, fo as to prevent their keeping ; therefore
where it can be done, I fhould always prefer the
planting them in efpaliers.
The didance which I fhould chufe to allow thefe trees,
fhould not be lefs than thirty feet, for fuch forts as
are of moderate growth (if upon Crab'or free docks :)
but the larger growing forts fhould not be allowed
lefs room than thirty-five or forty feet, which will
be found full near enough, if the ground is good,
and the trees properly trained ; for as the branches
of thefe trees fhould not be fhortened, but trained at
their full length, fo in a few years they will be found
to meet. Indeed, at the fird planting, the didance
will appear fo great to thofe perfons who have not ob-
ferved the vigorous growth of thefe trees, that they
will fupppfe they never can extend their branches fo
far, as to cover the efpalier ; but if thefe perfons will
but obferve the growth of dandard-trees of the fame
kinds, and fee how wide their branches are extended
on every fide, they may be foon convinced, that as
thefe efpalier-trees are allowed to fpread but on two
Tides, they will of courfe make make more progrefs,
as the whole nourifhment of the root will be em-
ployed in thefe fide branches, than where there is a
greater number of branches on every fide of the tree,
which are to be fupplied with the fame nourifhment.
The next thing to be obferved is the making choice
of fuch forts of fruits as grow nearly alike, to plant
in the fame efpalier. This is of great confequence,
becaufe of the didance they are to be placed, other-
wife thofe forts which make the larged fhoots, may
be allowed lefs room to fpread than thofe of fmaller
growth ; befide, when all the trees in one efpalier
are nearly equal in growth, they will have a better
appearance than when fome are tall, and others fhort ;
but for the better indru&ion of thofe perfons who are
not converfant in thefe things, I fhall divide the forts
of Apples into three clafTes according to their different
growths.
y fre*
/
Larged
M A L
/
Larged growing tree.
All the forts of Pearmains.
Kentifh Pippin.
Holland Pippin.
Monftrous Renette.
Royal Ruffet.
Wheeler’s Rudet.
Pile’s Rudet.
Nonpareil.
Violet Apple.
Middle growing tree,
Margaret Apple.
Golden Renette.
Aromatic Pippin.
Embroidered Apple.
Renette Grife.
White Renette.
Codlin.
Smaileft growing trees,
Quince Apple.
Tranfparent Apple.
Golden Pippin.
Pomme d’Api.
Fenouilletj or Anis Apple,
N. B. Thefe are all fuppofed to be grafted on the fame fort of docks.
If thefe Apples are grafted upon Crab docks, I would
willingly place them at the following didance from
each other, efpecially where the foil is good, viz. the
larged growing trees at forty feet, the middle grow-
ing at thirty feet, and the fmall growing at twenty-
five feet, which, from condant experience, I find to
be full near enough ; for in many places, where I
have planted thefe trees at twenty-four feet didance,
they have fhot fo drong, as that in feven years their
branches have met •, and in fome places where every
other tree hath been taken up, the branches have al-
moid joined in feven years after-, therefore it will be
much the better way to plant thefe trees at a proper
didance at fird, arid between thefe to plant fome
Dwarf Cherries, Currants, or other forts of fruit, to
bear for a few years, which may be cut away when
the Apple-trees have extended their branches to
them ; for when the Apple-trees are planted nearer
together, few perfons care to cut down the trees,
when they are fruitful, fo that they are obliged to
ufe the knife, faw, and chifel, more than is proper
for the future good of the trees ; and many times,
where perfons are inclinable to take away part of their
trees, the didances will be often fo irregular (where
there was not this confideration in their fird planting,)
as to render the efpalier unfightly.
When the trees are upon the Dutch Dwarf dock, the
didance Ihould be for the larger growing trees thirty
feet, for thofe of middle growth twenty-five, and the
fmalled twenty feet, which will be found full near
where the trees thrive well.
'Lhe next is the choice of the trees, which Ihould not
be more than two years growth from the graft, but
thofe of one year fhould be preferred ; you fhould
aifo be careful, that their docks are young, found,
and fmooth, free from canker, and which have not
been cut down once or twice in the nurfery when
they are taken up, all the fmall fibres Ihould be en-
tirely cut off from their roots, which, if left on, will
turn mouldy and decay, fo will obdrud the new fi-
bres, which will foon pufh out, in their growth ; the
extreme part of the roots mud alfo be diortened, and
all bruifed roots cut off ; and if there are any mif-
placed roots which crofs each other, they fhould alfo
be cut away. As to the pruning of the head of thefe
trees, there need be nothing more done than to cut
off any branches which are fo fituated, as that they
cannot be trained to the line of the efpalier : in the
planting, there mud be care taken not to place their
roots too deep in the ground, efpecially if the foil is
moid, but rather raife them on a little hill, which
will be neceffary to allow for the raifing of the bor-
ders afterward. The bed feafon for planting thefe
trees (in all foils which are not very moid) is, from
Odober, to the middle or latter end of November,
according as the feafon continues mild ; but fo foon
as the leaves fall, they may be removed with great
fafety. After the trees are planted, it will be pro-
per to place down a dake to each tree, to which the
branches fhould be fattened, to prevent the winds
from fhaking or loofening their roots, which will de-
dray the young fibres for when thefe trees are
planted pretty early in autumn, they will very foon
pufh out a great number of new fibres, which, being
very tender, are foon broken, by the wind fhaking
of the trees, whereby they are. greatly injured, if
the winter fhould prove fevere, it will be proper to
lay fome rotten dung, tanners bark, or fome other
fort of mulch about their roots, to prevent the froft
from penetrating of the ground, which might da-
mage thefe tender fibres ; but I would not advife the
laying of this mulch before the frod begins, for if
it is laid over the furface of the ground about their
roots, foon after the trees are planted (as is often
praftifed,) it will prevent the moidure entering the
ground, and do much more harm than good to the
trees.
The following fpring, before the trees begin to
pufh, there fhould be two or three fhort dakes put
down on each fide every tree, to which the branches
fhould be fadened down as horizontally as poffible,
never cutting them down, as is by fome pradtifed,
for there will be no danger of their putting out b anch-t s
enough to furnifh the efpalier, if the trees are once
well edablifhed in their new quarters.
In the pruning of thefe trees, the chief point is, ne-
ver to fhorten any of the branches, unlefs there is
an abfolute want of fhoots to fill the lpaces of the
efpalier ; for where the knife is much uled, it only
multiplies ufelefs fhoots, and prevents their fruiting ;
fo that the bed method to manage thefe trees is, to
go over them three or four times in the growing fea-
fon, and rub off all fuch fhoots as are irregularly pro-
duced, and train the others down to the flakes in
the pofition they are to remain : if this is carefully
performed in dimmer, there will be little left to be
done in the winter, and by bending of their fnoots
from time to time, as they are produced, there will
be no occafion to ufe force to bring them down, nor
any danger of breaking the branches. The didance
which thefe branches fhould be trained from each
other, for the larged forts of fruits fhould be about
feven or eight inches, and for the fmaller four or five.
If thefe plain indruclions are followed, it will fave
much unneceffary labour of pruning, and the trees
will, at all times, make a handfome appearance ;
whereas when they are differed to grow rude in dim-
mer, there will be much greater difficulty to bring-
down their fhoots, efpecially if they are grown dub-
born, when it may become neceffary to flit the branches
to make them pliable. All the forts of Apples pro-
duce their fruit upon curfons, or fpurs, fo that
thefe fhould never be cut off, for they will continue
fruitful a great number of years.
The method of making the efpaliers having been
already exhibited under that article, I need not re-
peat it here, but only obferve, that, it will be bed to
defer making the efpalier till the trees have had three
or four years growth ; for before that time, the
branches may be fupported by a few upright dakes,
fo that there will be no neceffity to make the efpalier,
until there are diffident branches to fur nidi all the
lower part.
I fhall now treat of the method to plant orchards, fo
as to have them produce the greated profit. And
fird, in the choice of the foil and fitnation for an or-
chard : the bed fituation for an orchard is, on the af-
cent of the gentle hills, facing the fouth, or fouth-
ead , but this afcent mud not be too deep, led the
earth fhould be walked down by hady rains. There
% N are
7
M A L '
are many perfons who prefer low fituations at the foot
of hills, but I am thoroughly convinced from expe-
rience, that all bottoms where there are hills on each
fide, are very improper for this purpofe *, for the air
is drawn down into thefe vallies in ftrong cur-
rents, which, being pent in renders thefe bottoms
much colder than the open fituations ; and during
the winter and fpring, thefe bottoms are very damp
and unhealthy to all vegetables •, therefore the gentle
rife of a hill, fully expofed to the fun and air, is by
much the belt fituation. As to the foil, a gentle ha-
zel loam, which is eafy to work, and that doth not
detain the wet, is the belt •, if this happens to be
three feet deep, it will be better for the growth of
the trees, for although thefe trees will grow upon ve-
ry ftrong land, yet they are feldom fo^thriving, nor
are their fruit fo well flavoured, as thofe which grow
on a gentle foil •, and on the other hand, thefe trees
will not do well upon a very dry gravel or fand,
therefore thofe foils fhould never be made choice of
for orchards.
The ground intended to be planted fhould be well
prepared the year before, by ploughing it thorough-
ly, and if fome dung is laid upon it the year before,
it will be of great fervice to the trees ; if in the pre-
ceding fpring a crop of Peas or Beans is planted on
the ground (provided they are fown or planted in rows,
at a proper diftance, fo as that the ground between
them is horfe-hoed,) it will deftroy the weeds, and
loofen the ground, fo that it will be a good prepara-
tion for the trees, for the earth cannot be too much
wrought, or pulverifed for this purpofe : thefe crops
will be taken off the ground long before the feafon
for planting of thefe trees, which fhould be as foon
as poffible performed when the trees begin to fhed
their leaves.
In chufmg of the trees, I would advife the taking
fuch as are but of two years growth from the graft,
and never to plant old trees, or fuch as are grafted up-
on old flocks, for it is lofing of time to plant thefe ;
young trees being always more certain to grow, and
make a much greater progrefs than thofe which are
old. As to pruning of the roots, it mu ft be done in
the fame manner as hath been already direbled for the
efpalier-trees ; and in pruning their heads, little more
is necelfary than to cut out fuch branches as are ill
placed, or that crofs each other ; for I do not approve
the heading of them down, as is by fome often pradtifed
to the lofs of many of their trees.
The diftance which thefe trees fhould be planted,
where the foil is good, muft be fifty or fixty feet ; and
where the foil is not fo good, forty feet may be fuffi-
cient ; but nothing can be of worie confequence, than
the crowding trees too clofe together in orchards.
And although there may be fome who may imagine
this diftance too great, yet I am fure, when they have
thoroughly confidered the advantages attending this
pradtice, they will agree with me. Nor is it my own
opinion in this affair, for in many of the old writers
on this fubjedt, there is often mention made of the
neceffity for allowing a proper diftance to the fruit-
trees in orchards, particularly Auften, upon planting
before quoted, who fays, 44 He fhould chufe to
44 prefcribe the planting thefe trees fourteen or fix-
44 teen yards afunder ; for both trees and fruits have
44 many great advantages, if planted a good diftance
44 one from another.” One advantage he mentions
is, 44 The fun refrefhes every tree, the roots, body,
44 and branches, with the bloffoms and fruits •, where-
44 by trees bring forth more fruit, and thofe fairer and
44 better.” Another advantage he mentions is, 44 That
44 when trees are planted at a large diftance, much
44 profit may be made of the ground under and about
44 thefe trees, by cultivating garden-fluff, commo-
44 dious as well for fale as houfekeeping ; as alfo
44 Goofeberries, Rafpberries, Currants, and Straw-
44 berries, may be there planted.” Again he fays,
44 When, trees have room to fpread, they will grow
ver y } ar g e and great ; and the confequences of that j
ie : 'will be ? not only multitudes of fruits, but alfo j
M A L
44 long lading, and thefe two are no final! advan-
44 tagesA For, fays he, 44 Men are miftaken, when
44 they fay, the more trees in an orchard, the more
44 fruits j for one or two large trees which have room
44 to fpread, will bear more fruits than fix or ten (it
44 may be) of thofe that grow near together, and
44 crowd one another.” Again he fays, 44 Let men but
44 obferve, and take notice of fome Apple-trees, that
44 grow a great diftance from other trees, and have
44 room enough to fpread both their roots and
44 branches, and they fhall fee, that one of thofe trees '
44 (being come to full growth) hath a larger head,
44 and more boughs and branches, than (hTmay be)
44 four, or fix, or more, of thofe which grow near
44 together, although of the fame age,”
And Mr. Lawfon, an ancient planter, advifes to
plant Apple-trees twenty yards afunder. As the two
authors above quoted have written the beft upon this
fubjedt, and feem to have had more experience than
any of the writers I have yet feen, I have made ufe
of them as authorities to confirm what I have ad-
vanced ; though the fadt is fo obvious to every perfoa
who will make the leaft reflection, that there needs
no other proof.
When the trees are planted, they fhould be flaked,
to prevent their being fnaken, or blown out of the
ground by ftrong winds ; but in doing of this, there
fhould be particular care taken, to put either ftraw,
hay bands, or woollen cloth, between the trees and
the flakes, to prevent the trees from being rubbed
and bruifed, by the fhaking againft the flakes, for if
their bark fhould be rubbed off, it will occafion fuch
great wounds, as not to be healed over in fevers!
years, if they ever recover it.
If the winter fhould proye very fevere, it will be pro-
per to cover the furface of the ground about their
roots with fome mulch, to prevent the froft from pe-
netrating the ground, which will cleftroy the young
fibres •, but this mulch fhould not be laid on too foon,
as hath been before mentioned, left the moifture
fhould be prevented from foaking down to the roots
of the trees, nor fhould it lie on too long in the fpring
for the fame reafon ; therefore where perlbns will be
at the trouble to lay it on in frofty weather, and re-
move it again after the froft is over, that the wet in
February may have free accefs to the roots of the
trees ; and if March fhould prove dry, with fharp
north or eaft winds, which often . happens, it will be
proper to cover the ground again with the mulch, to
prevent the winds from penetrating and drying the
ground, and will be of fingular fervice to the trees.
But I am aware, that this will be objedted toby ma-
ny, on account of the trouble, which may appear to
be great ; but when it is confidered, how much of
this bufinefs may be done by a fingle perfon in a fhorr
time, it can have little force, and the benefit which
the trees will receive by this management, will greatly
recompenfe the trouble and expence.
As thefe trees mtift be conftantly fenced from cattle,
it will be the beft way to keep the land in tillage for
fome years, that by conftant ploughing or digging of
the ground, the roots of the trees will be more en-
couraged, and they will make the more progrefs in
their growth ; but where this is done, whatever crops
are fown or planted, fhould not be too near the trees,
left the nourifliment fhould be drawn away from the
trees ; and as in the ploughing of the ground where
it is fo tilled, there muft be care taken not to go too
near the ftem of the trees, whereby their roots would
be injured, or the bark of their items rubbed pff, fo
it will be of great fervice - to dig the ground about
the trees where the plough doth not come, every
autumn, for five or fix years after planting, by which
time their roots will have extended themfelves to a
greater diftance.
It is a common practice in many parts of England, t
lay the ground down for pafture, after the trees are
grown pretty large in their orchards j but this is by
no means advifeable, for I have frequently feen trees
of above twenty years growth, alrnoft deftroyed by
horfes,
MAM
horfes, in the compafs of one week; and if fheepare
put into orchards, they will conftantly rub their bo-
dies againft the Items of the trees, and their greafe
kicking to the bark, will Hint their growth, and in
time will fpoil them ; therefore wherever orchards
are planted, it will be much the better method to
keep the ground ploughed or dug annually, and fuch
crops put on the ground as will not draw too much
nourifhment from the trees.
In pruning of orchard-trees, nothing more fhould be
done, but to cut out all thofe branches which crofs
each other, and, if left, would rub and tear off the
bark, as alfo decayed branches, but never fhorten any
of their fhoots. If fuckers, or fhoots from their
Items, fhould come out, they mull: be entirely taken
off annually ; and when any branches are broken by
the wind, they fhould be cut off, either down to the
divifion of the branch, or clofe to the ftem from
whence it was produced ; the beft time for this work
is in November, for it fhould not be done in frofty
weather, nor in the fpring, when the fap begins to
be in motion.
The beft method to keep Apples for winter ufe is,
to let them hang upon the trees until there is danger
of froft, and to gather them in dry weather, laying
them in large heaps to fweat for three weeks or a
month ; afterward look them over carefully, taking
out all fuch as have appearance of decay, wiping all
the found fruit dry, and pack them up in large oil-
jars, which have been thoroughly fcalded and dry,
Hopping them down clofe to exclude the external
air : if this is duly obferved, the fruit will keep found
a long time, and their flefh will be plump ; for when
they are expofed to the air, their lkins will fhrink,
and their pulp will be loft.
M ALUS ARMENIACA. See Armeniaca.
MALUS AURANTIA. See Aurantia.
MALUS LIMONI A. See Limonia.
MALUS MEDIC A. See Citreum*
MALUS PERSIC A. See Persica.
MALUS PUNIC A. See Punica.
M A M M E A. Plum. Nov. Gen. 44. tab. 4. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 583. The Mammee-tree.
The Characters are,
* The empalement of the flower is compcfed of two fmall ,
aval , concave leaves , which fall off. 'The flower has
four large concave petals , which fpread open. It hath
many awl-fhaped jlamina , terminated by roundifh fummits ,
and in the center a roundiflo germen , with a conical flyle
the length of the Jlamina , crowned by a Jingle permanent
Jligma. The germen afterward turns to a large flefhy
fruit , of a fpherical figure, inclofing one , two, or three
large almofl oval Jlones.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, intitled Polyandria Mo-
nogynia, which includes the plants whofe flowers
have many ftamina and one ftyle.
There is but one Species of this tree known in the
Englifh gardens, viz.
Mammea ftaminibus flore brevioribus. Mammee with
the Jlamina Jhorter than the flower. Mammea magno
frudu, perficae fapore. Plum. Nov. Gen. 44. Mam-
mee with a large fruit, having the tafte of a Peach.
This tree, in the Weft-Indies, grows to the height
of fixty or feventy feet ; the leaves are large and ftiff,
and continue green all the year ; the fruit is as large
as a man’s fift ; when ripe, it is of a yellowifh green
colour, and is very grateful to the tafte. It grows
in great plenty in the Spanifh Weft-Indies, where the
fruit is generally fold in their markets, and is efteem-
ed one of the beft fruits in the country. It alfo grows
on the hills of Jamaica, and has been transplanted
into moft of the Caribbee Iflands, where it thrives
exceeding well.
In England there are fome few of thefe plants, which
are preferved with great care by fuch as are curious
in cultivating exotic plants ; but there are none of
any confiderable fize, fo that we cannot expect to fee
either fruit or flowers for fome years. Thefe plants
may be propagated by planting the ftones, which are
MU M
often brought from the WefLlndias, (which fhould
be very frefh, otherwife they will not grow,) into pots
filled with frefh light earth, and plunged into a hot-
bed of tanners bark, obferving to water the earth
whenever it appears dry. In about a month or fit
weeks the plants will appear above ground, after
which they mult be frequently refrefhed with water,
and in hot weather the glaffes of the hot-bed fhould
be raifed to let in frefh air. In twd months the
roots of the plants will have filled the pots, when you
fhould provide fome pots of a little larger fize, into
which you fhould tranlplant the plants, being careful
to prefer ve as much earth to their roots a-s poffible 5
then you fhould fill up the pots with frefh light earth,
and plunge them into the bark-bed again, obferving
to water and fhade them until they have taken root,
after which they fhould be conftantly refreihed with
water as you fhall find they want it, and mufl have
air in hot weather. In this bed they may remain till
Michaelmas, when they tnuft be removed into the
bark-ftove, where they mufl be conftantly kept, ob-
ferving to refrefh them with water, but it muft be
given to them fparingly at this fealbn, as alfo to clean
their leaves from the filth they are apt to contract in
the ftove ; the fpring following they fhould be fhifted
into frefh earth, and if they require it, into larger
pots, but by no means over-pot them, for they do not
produce many roots, therefore if the pots are too
large the plants will not thrive ; they muft be con-
ftantly kept in the bark-ftove, and may be treated
after the manner directed for the Coffee-tree.
If, when the ftones of this fruit are brought over,
they are put into the tan-bed, under the bottom of
any of the pots, they will fpfout fooner than thofe
which are planted in the earth.
MANC ANILLA. See Hippomane,
MANDRAGORA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 7 6. tab.
12. Lin. Sp. Plant. 221. Mandrake; in French,
Mandragore. '
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is large , b ell ff aped, eredt 7
and permanet ; it is of one leaf, cut at the top into jive
acute fegments. The flower hath one ereli bell floated'
petal which fpreads open , and is a little larger than the
empalement. It has five awl-fhaped Jlamina , which are
arched and hairy at their bafe. In the center is fituated
a roundiflo germen , fupporting an awl-fhaped ftyle , crown-
ed by a headed Jligma. The germen afterward turns to a
large round berry with two cells , having aflejhy receptacle
convex on each fide , filled with kidney-fhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
which contains thofe plants whofe flowers have five
ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this genus in the
Englifh gardens, viz.
Mandragora ( Offcinarum .) Flort. Cliff. 51. The Man-
drake. Mandragora frudtu rotundo. C. B. P. 169.
Mandrake with a round fruit.
This plant grows naturally in Spain, Portugal, Italy,
and the Levant, but is preferved here in the gardens
of the curious. It hath a long taper root fhaped like
Parfnep, which runs three or four feet deep in the
ground ; it is fometimes Angle, and at others divided
into two or three branches, aimoft of the colour of
Parfnep, but a little darker ; from this arifes a circle
of leaves, which at firft ftand eredl, but, when grown
to their full fize, fpread open, and lie upon the
ground ; they are more than a foot in length, and
four or five inches broad in the middle, growing nar-
row toward both ends, of a dark green colour, and a
foetid feent. Thefe- rife immediately from the crown
of the root, without any foot-ftalk ; between them
come out the flowers, each Handing upon a feparate
foot-ftalk about three inches long, which alfo arife
immediately from the root; they are five-cornered,
of an herbaceous white colour, fpreading open at the
top like a Primrofe, having five hairy ftamina, with
a globular germen in the center, fupporting an awl-
fhaped ftyle. The germen afterward turns to a gk>-
M A N
bular foft berry lying upon the leaves, which, when
fully grown, is as large as a Nutmeg, of a yellowifh
green colour when ripe, full of pulp, in which the
kidney-fhaped feeds are lodged. It flowers in March,
and the feeds are ripe in July.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fown upon a bed of light earth foon after they are
ripe, for if they are kept until the fpring, they fel-
dom fucceed well ; but thofe 'which are fown in au-
tumn will come up in the fpring, when they fhould
be carefully cleared from weeds ; and in very dry
weather they muft be reireftied with water, which will
greatly promote their growth. In this bed they
fhould remain till the latter end of Auguft, (obferv-
ing always to keep them clear from weeds) at which
time they Ihould be taken up very carefully, and
tranfplanted into the places where they are to remain ;
the foil Ihould be light and deep, for their roots al-
ways run very deep, fo that if the foil is wet, they
are often rotted in winter ; and if it oe too near the
gravel or chalk, they will make but little progrefs ;
but if the foil be good and they are not difturbed,
the plants will grow to a large fize in a few years, and
will produce great quantities of flowers and fruit j
the roots will abide a great many years.
I have been informed by fome perfons of credit, that
one of thefe roots will remain found above fifty years,
and be as vigorous as a young plant. I have known
fome plants myfelf near that age, v/hich are now in
great vigour, and may continue fo many years longer,
as there are no iigns of their decay j but they fhould
never be removed after their roots have arrived to any
con fide r able fize, which would break their lower fi-
bres, and fo flint the plants, as that if they live they
will not recover their former ftrength in two or three
years. ' Thefe plants fhould have a warm fituation,
otherwife in fevere winters they will be deftroyed.
As to the feigned relemblance of a human form,
which the roots of this plant are faid to carry, it is
all impofture, owing to the cunning of quacks and
mountebanks, who deceive the populace and the ig-
norant with fiditious images, fhaped from the freih
roots of Briony and other plants : and what is report-
ed as to the manner of rooting of this plant, by ty-
ing a dog thereto, to prevent the certain death of the
perfon who fhould care to attempt it, and the groans
it emits upon the force offered, &c. is all a ridicu-
lous fable ; for I have taken up feveral large roots
of this plant, fome of which have been tranfplanted
into other places, but could never obferve any
particular difference in this from any other deep
rooting plant.
MANGIFERA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 2 78. The Man-
go-tree.
The Characters are,
Tlos empalement of the flower is cut into five fpear -fhaped
fegments •, the flower hath five fpear -fhaped petals longer
than the empalement , and five awl-Jhaped ftamina the
length of the corolla , crowned with heart-fhaped fummits.
It hath a roundijh germen , fupporting a fender ftyle the
length of the empalement , terminated by a fingle ftigma ;
the getmen afterward becomes an oblong kidney-fhaped
Plumb fomjewhat comprejfied , inclofmg an oblong woolly
.nut of the fame form.
This genus of plants, is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogy-
nia, thb flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Mangifera ( Indica .) Lin. Sp. 290. The Mango-tree.
Manga Indica frudtu magno reniforma. Raii Hill.
3 55 0> ' ' . n .
This tree grows naturally in molt parts of India, as
alfo in the Brazils, and fome other parts of the world,
where it becomes a large tree *, the wood is brittle,
and the bark becomes rough by age ; the leaves are
feven or eight inches long, and two or more broad,
terminating in points, having feveral tranfverfe veins
from the middle rib to the fides, which are oppofite.
The flowers are produced in loofe panicles toward the
end of the branches, each confuting of 'five fpear-
M A N
fhaped petals which fpread open, having five awl-
fhaped ftamina the length of the petals," which are*
fituated between them ; the germen at the bottom of
the flower afterward becomes a large obipng kid-
ney-fhaped Plumb, inclofing a rough quit of the
fame form.
This fruit, when fully ripe,, is greatly efteemed by
the inhabitants of thofe countries where they grow
naturally, or have been tranfplanted ; but in Europe
we have only the unripe fruit brought over in pickle,
which is little better than feveral other fruit when
pickled in the fame way ; however, from the account
given of the ripe fruit, by moft people who have
eaten it in the country j it has excited the curiofity of
many perfons in Europe to endeavour to procure young
plants in their gardens, for which purpofe great quan-
tities of the nuts have been brought to feveral parts of
Europe, but without effeft ; for I have not heard of
one plant which has been produced in Europe front
the nuts. All thofe which have fallen into my hands
have been rotten when received, fo that I am apt to
think the vegetative quality of them cannot be long
preferved *, therefore the only method to obtain the
plants in England, is to plant a good quantity of the
nuts in a tub of earth in the country where they grow
naturally ■, and when the plants are grown .a foot
high, to fhip them for England, placing a covering
over them to defend them from fait water and the
fpray of the fea, being very careful not to let them
have much wet in their paffage ; as alfo when the fhip
arrives in a cold climate, to fcreen the plants from
cold, efpecially if it is toward the approach of winter.
By carefully obierving thefe rules, the plants may be
brought very fafeiy over, as has been experienced by
a plant of this fort, with feveral other forts of plants,
which were brought over by Capt. Quick, and are
now in good health in the Chelfea garden.
There have been fome plants brought to England be-
fore this, which were deftroyed by having too much
heat, for this plant will not thrive in a hot-bed of
tanners bark •, fo that the only way to have them fuc-
ceed, is to plant them in pots filled with light kitch-
en-garden earth, and place them in a dry ftove, where
in warm weather they Ihould have freih air daily, and
in the winter the air kept up to temperate, as is
marked upon the thermometers.
MANIHOT. See Jatrofha.
MANURE.
There are various kinds of Manure, which are now
commonly ufed in different parts of England, for en-
riching of the feveral foils. Some of thefe have been
already mentioned under the article of Dung, fo I
fhall not repeat them here, but proceed to take noth e
of fome other kinds of Manure, which are at prefer t
negle&ed by many people, though they might he
ufed Vv’ith equal fuccefs, if not better on many lands,
as moft of thofe now commonly in ufe.
Oak bark, after the tanners have uled it for tanning
of leather, when laid in a heap and rotted, is an ex-
cellent Manure, efpecially for ftiff cold land; in
which one load of this Manure will improve the
ground more, and laft longer, than two loads of the
richeft dungs ; and yet it is very common to fee large
heaps of this remaining in the tanners yards for many
years, in feveral parts of England, where Manure of
other kinds is very fcarce, and often carried to a great
diftance. Of late years this tan has been much ufed
for hot-beds in feveral parts of England, and is found
greatly to exceed horfe dung for that purpofe, the
fermentation being moderate and of long continuance;
fo that a bed of tan, when rightly made, will continue
in a moderate temperature of heat for three or four
months ; and when the heat begins to decay, if it be
ftirred up with a dung fork, and fome frefin tan add-
ed to it, the heat will renew again, and laft for fome
months, fo that thefe beds are by far the moft kindly
for exotic plants-, and whatever plants are plunged
into thefe beds, if they are permitted to root through
the bottom of the pots, they will thrive more in
one month after, than they did in four months while
MAN
they are confined to the pots. I have frequently ob-
fervedmany kinds of plants, which were rooted through
the pot into the tan, and have fent forth roots up-
ward of twelve feet each way, in lefs than three
months, and the plants have advanced in proportion •,
which is a plain indication, that plants are greatly
nourilhed by the rotten tan. After the tan hath been
ufed for a hot-bed, I have fpread it on the ground for
Manure, and found it has greatly enriched the ground;
but it is much better for cold ftrong land, than for
lio-ht hot ground, becaufe it is of a warm nature, and
will loofen and leparate the earth ; fo that where this
Manure hath been ufed three or four times, it hath
made the land very loofe which before was ftrong,
and not eafy to be wrought. When this Manure is
laid upon Grafs, it fhould be done foon after Mi-
chaelmas, that the winter rains may walh it into the
around ; for if it is laid on in the fpring, it will burn
the Grals, and inftead of improving it, will greatly
injure it for that feafon. Where it is ufed in Corn
land, it fhould be fpread on the furface before the
laft ploughing, that it may be turned down for the
fibres of the Corn to reach it in the fpring ; for if it
lies too near the furface, it will forward the growth
of the Corn in winter : but in the fpring, when the
nouriftiment is chiefly wanted to encourage the Items,
it will be nearly confumed, and the Corn will receive
little advantage from it. Nor will it be proper to
have this Manure lie too near the roots of any plants,
for when this has happened, I have frequently obfcrv-
ed it prejudicial to moft plants, but efpecially to bul-
bous and tuberofe-rooted flowers, which are very fub-
je£t to rot where it lies near their roots ; yet when it
is buried juft deep enough for the fibres of their
roots to reach it in the fpring, the flowers have been
exceedingly improved by it. And m fome places,
where this Manure hath been ufed in kitchen-gar-
dens, it hath greatly improved the vegetables; fo
that it is to be wondered, that this ftiould not be
employed on the land in every country where it can
be obtained.
Rotten vegetables of moft forts alfo will enrich land,
fo that where other Manure is fcarce, thefe may be
ufed with fuccefs. The weeds of ponds, lakes, or
ditches, being dragged out before they feed, and laid
in heaps to rot, will make good Manure, as will moft
other forts of weeds ; but wherever any of thefe are
employed, they fhould be cut down as foon as they
begin to flower, for if they arc fuffered to ftand until
their feeds are ripe, the land will be ftored with
weeds, which cannot be eafily deftroyed ; nay, fome
kinds of weeds, if they are permitted to ftand fo long
as to form their feed, will perfedt them after they are
cut down, which may be equally prejudicial to the
land : therefore the fureft method is, to cut them
down juft as they begin to flower ; at which time
moft forts of vegetables are in their greateft vigour,
being then ftronger and fuller of juice, than when
their feeds are farther advanced ; fo that at that time
they abound moft with falts, and therefore are more
proper for the intended purpofe. In rotting of thefe
vegetables, it will be proper to mix fome earth, mud,
or any other fuch like fubftance with them, to pre-
vent their taking fire in their fermentation ; which
they are very fubjedt to, where they are laid in large
heaps without any other mixture to prevent it ; and
it will be alfo proper to cover the heaps over with
earth, mud, or dung, to detain the falts, otherwil'e
many of the finer particles will evaporate in fer-
menting. When thefe vegetables are thoroughly
rotted, they will form a folid mafs, which will cut
like butter, and be very full of oil, which will greatly
improve land.
In fuch places where there are neither ponds, lakes,
or ditches, to fupply thefe weeds, and the fituation
being far from the fea (from whence alfo may be ob-
tained many forts of weeds for this purpofe) there
may be many forts of vegetables fown, in order to
plough them into the grounds when they are full
grown, to enrich the land ; at prefent thofe chiefly
MAN
ufed for this purppfe are Buck Wheat, Vetches, and
Spurry. And in fome countries abroad they com-
monly fow Lupines upon inch land as they want to
improve, and when they are full grown they mow
them down, and plough them into. the ground, which
they efteem to be good Manure. This is chiefly ufed
in the fouth of France and in ItaSy^ where fome of
the forts of Lupines grow naturally ; But thefe are
not proper for this climate, becaufe, if the feafon.
fhould prove cold or wet after the Lupines are fown,
they will rot in the ground, fo that it is very hazard-
ous to fow them in this country ; and there being
many other forts of plants which are hardy, and grow
to a much larger fize with us than Lupines, they
fhould be preferred to them for this purpofe. I have
known fome land fown pretty thick with Horfe-beans
which have been mowed down when they were in
bloflom, and ploughed in for a crop of Wheat, and
it hath largely repaid the owner. Alrnoft any of
the pulfe kind, which grow large, are very proper
to be fown for this purpofe ; and next to thefe
may be fown Muftard, Cole-feed, or any of theib
large growing plants ; which, if cut before they form
their feeds, and ploughed in, will greatly enrich,
the ground.
The refufe of kitchen-gardens, when laid in heaps and
rotted, will alfo afford a good fort of Manure for Corn
land ; but as this is not to be obtained in any quanti-
ty, excepting near great cities, fo, in fuch places,
dung being to be had pretty reafonable, the other
will not be much fought after.
I have lately been informed of another improvement,
which may be of great ufe in feveral parts of the king-
dom ; which is, the mowing down of Fern while it
is green and tender, and laying it in heaps to rot,
which will make a tolerable Manure for land ; and as
this is a moft troublefome plant in many parts of
England, fo by frequently mowing, it may be de-
ftroyed ; and when rotted, a good quantity of this
Manure may be obtained, which will more than de-
fray the charges of cutting it down. In fome places,
where no tan or horfe-dung can be obtained, they
have cut down Fern and chopped it pretty fmall, and
laid it in a heap to ferment, then have ufed it for hot-
beds, for which purpofe it has aniwered pretty well.
The firft perfon who informed me of this, was Mr.
Samuel Brewer, a very curious gentleman in garden-
ing, who made feveral hot-beds of Fern, which, he
fays, continued their heat for fome months ; fo that
he prefers it to dung, where a moderate lafting heat
is required.
There are many kinds of weeds which infeft the lands
in many parts of England, which, if cut down at a
proper time and laid to rot, might be ufed to great
advantage for manuring of land ; and hereby the
weeds may in time be deftroyed, and the Manure
would more than pay the expence of doing it: but
few perfons who are employed in hufbandry care to
go out of their old beaten road to try experiments,
even where they are attended with little expence and
nothing hazarded ; otherwife there is great room to
make improvements of this kind, efpecially in coun-
tries where dung, or other common Manure is very
fcarce ; in which places, if fome experiments were
properly made, of rotting whatever vegetables couid
be procured in the neighbourhood, it might turn to
good account.
Theafhes of all kinds of vegetables are an excellent
Manure for land, fo that where the ground is over-
run with bufhes, brambles, &c. which are become
woody, if they are grubbed up in funmier, and fpread
abroad to dry for a little time, then gently confumed
to afhes, and thefe fpread on the land, it will greatly
improve it. The mechod for doing this is already
explained under the article of Land.
Rotten wood, and faw-duft when rotted, is a very good
Manure for ftrong land, becaufe it loOfens the parts
of the earth and renders it light.-
Bones, horns, and other parts of animals, alfo en-
rich land greatly, as do decayed nfh ; fo that in fome
§ O places
A ' . ' ■ ' ' '■> ; A . * >
$ 5 $
I
MAR
M A R
places where thefe can be eafily obtained, a great im-
provement may be made of them.
Sea-fand and fhells are in feveral parts of England
ufed to great advantage, efpecially in Devonfhire,
where they are at the expence of fetching the fand
and fhells on horfes backs, twelve or fourteen miles.
The land on which they lay this Manure, is a ftrong
loam inclining to clay ; fo that this feparates the parts,
and the falts which are contained in the dreffing are
a very great improvement of their land. Coral, and
fuch kinds of ftony plants which grow on the rocks,
are filled with falts which are very beneficial to land ;
but as thefe bodies are hard, the improvement is not
the firft or fecond year after they are kid on the
ground, becaufe they require time to pulverize them
before their falts can mix with the earth to impreg-
nate it. Therefore dreffings of this kind are feldom
ufed by tenants, who want to reap the fruit of their
labour as foon as poffible. But thefe Manures are
much better for cold ftrong land, than for that which
is light and fandy. In fome countries, at a great
diftance from the fea, have been difcovered great
quantities of foffil fhells, which have been dug out
of the earth, and ufed as Manure, which have im-
proved the ground a little, efpecially ftrong land : as
thefe have little falts, when compared to thofe fhells
which are taken from the fhore, therefore where the
latter can be obtained, they other are fcarce worth
ufing.
Where the land lies near the fea, fo that either fand,
fhells, corals, wrecks, or fea-weeds, can be obtained
at an eafy expence, they are by far the belt kinds of
Manure, becaufe they enrich the land for feveral
years *, for as their falts are clofely locked up, they
are communicated by degrees to the land, as the heat
and cold caufes the bodies to pulverize, and fall into
fmall parts *, fo that where fand and fmaller kinds of
fea-weeds are ufed, if they are laid on land in proper
quantities it will enrich it for fix or feven years ; but
fhells, corals, and other hard bodies, will continue
many years longer.
In dunging of land, I have frequently obferved in
feveral parts of England, but efpecially in Cambridge-
fhire, a very wrong cuftom continued, by carrying
and laying the dung on the land about Midfummer,
and fpread abroad perhaps a month or fix weeks be-
fore the ground is ploughed ; in which time the fun
exhales all the goodnefs of the dung, fo that what re-
mains is of little feryice to the land. Therefore when
dung or any other Manure is ufed, it fhould not be
laid on the ground until the laft time of ploughing,
when it fhould be buried as foon as poffible, to pre-
vent the evaporation of the falts. Indeed, where
fhells, corals, or any other hard fubftances, are ufed
for Manure, if thefe are fpread abroad fome months
before the ground is ploughed, the fun, rain, or froft
will caufe them to pulverize much fooner than when
they are buried and excluded from the air.
The dreffing of Grafs ground in fummer, foon after
the crop of hay is taken off the land, is equally bad ;
for before Michaelmas the fun will have dried and
exhaled moft of the goodnefs, if the dreffing is of
dung or any other foft Manure, fo that the ground
will receive fmall advantage from it j and yet this
method is too generally pradifed.
MAPLE. See Acer.
MAR ACOCK. See Passiflora.
M ARANTA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 1 6. tab. 36. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 5. Indian Arrow-root.
The Characters are.
It hath a fmall three-leaved empalement fitting upon the
germen ; the flower hath one petal, which is of the grin-
ning kind, having an oblong comprefled tube , which is ob-
lique and turned inward *, the rim is cut into fix fmall feg-
ments , reprefenting a lip flower, the two fide fegments
being the largeft. It has one membranaceous ftamina , ap-
pearing like a flegment of the petal, with a linear fummit
faftened to the border. It hath a roundifh germen fitu-
ated under the flower, fiipporting a fmple ftyle the
length of the petal, crowned by a three-cornered fligma.
I he germen afterward turns to a roundifh three-cor-
nered capfule with three valves , containing one hard
rough feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s firft clafs, intitled Monandria Monogynia,
which includes thofe plants whole flowers have but
one ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Maranta (. Arundinacea ) culmo rarnofo. Lin. Sp. 2.
Indian Arrow-root with branching folks. Maranta
Arundinacea cannacori folio. Plum. Nov. Gen. 16.
Maranta with a leaf of the Indian flowering Reed.
2. Maranta ( Galanga ) culmo fimplici. Lin. Sp. 3.
Indian Arrow-root with a fmple folk. Canna Indica,
radice alba alexipharmica. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 122. In-
dian Arrow-root .
The firft fort was difcovered by Father Plunder in
fome of the French fettlements in America, who gave
it this name, in honour of one Bartholomew Maranta,
an ancient botanift. The feeds of this kind were
fent to Europe by the late Dr. William Houftoun,
who found the plant growing in plenty near La Vera
Cruz in New Spain.
This hath a thick, flefhy, creeping root which is very
fuM of knots, from which arife many fmooth leaves,
which are fix or feven inches long, and three broad
toward their bafe, leffening toward each end, termi-
nating in points. They are of the confiftence and co-
lour of thofe of the Reed, and ftand upon Reed-
like foot-ftalks, which arife immediately from the
root j between thefe come out the ftalks, which rife
near two feet high -, thefe divide upward into two or
three fmaller, and are garnifhed at each joint with
one leaf of the fame fhape with the lower, but are
fmaller. The ends of the ftalks are terminated by a
loofe bunch of fmall white flowers, ftanding upon
foot-ftalks which are near two inches long. The
flowers are cut into fix narrow fegments, which are
indented on their edges ; thefe fit upon the embryo,
which afterward turns to a roundifh three-cornered
capfule, inclofing one hard rough feed. It flowers
here in June and July.
The other fort was brought from fome of the Spanifh
a A.
fettlements in America, into the lflands or Bafcbadoes
and Jamaica, where it is cultivated in their gardens
as a medicinal plant, it being a fovereign remedy to
cure the bite of wafps, and to extract die poifon of
the Manchineel-tree. The Indians apply the root to
expel the poilon of their arrows, which they ufe with
great fuccefs. They take up the roots, and after
cleanfing them from dirt, they mafh them, and apply
it as a poultice to the wounded part, which draws out
the poifon and heals the wound. It will abb flop a
gangrene, if it is applied before it is gone too far, v fo
that it is a very valuable plant.
This fort is very like the firft, but has a Angle ftalk ;
the flowers are fmaller, and the fegments of the petals
are entire, in which their principal difference confifts j
it flowers alfo at the fame time.
Thefe plants being natives of a warm country, are
very tender, and therefore will not live in this climate,
unlefs they are preferved inftoves. They may be pro-
pagated by their creeping roots, which fhould be part-
ed in the middle of March, juft before they begin to
pufh out new leaves. Thefe roots lhould be planted
in pots filled with light rich earth, and plunged into a
moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, obferving now and
then to refrefh them with water • but it mirft not be
given to them in large quantities, for too much rnoi-
fture will foon rot the roots, when they are in an un-
adtive ftate. When the green leaves appear above
ground, the plants will require more frequently to be
watered, and they fhould have free airadmitted to them
every day, in proportion to the .warmth of the fe-afon,
and the heat of the bed in which they are placed. Ac
,*u
they mould, hav
the plants advance in ftrengti
greater (hare of air, but they muff cord-
in the ftove plunged in the tan, other wife they vHi no
an? i .■ rei ran
-A
thrive *, for when the pots are pS
ftove, the moifture pafles too foon bom the ,f»
hich
MAR
MAR
which generally fpread on the fides arid bottoms of
the pots, fo that the plants do not receive much nou-
rifhment from the water. But where they are con-
ftantly kept in the tanners bark, and have proper air
and moifture, they will thrive, fo as from a fmall
root to fill the pot in which it was planted, in one
lummer. About Michaelmas the firft fort will begin
to decay, and in a fhort time after the leaves will die
to the ground, but the pots muft be continued all the
winter in the bark-bed, otherwife the roots will pe-
riili ; for although they are in an unaftive irate, yet
they will not keep very long from fhrinking, when
taken out of the ground •, and if the pots are taken out
of the tan, and placed in any dry part of the flove,
the roots often fhrivel and decay ; but when they are
continued in the tan-bed they fhould have but little
water given to them when their leaves are decayed,
left it rot them. The firft fort doth flower conftantly
in July or Auguft, and will often produce ripe feeds
in England ; but the fecond fort doth not flower fo
conftant, nor do the flowers appear fo confpicuous,
being very fmall and of a fhort duration. This fort
never hath produced any feeds in England, nor could
I ever obfcrve any rudiment of a feed-veffei fucceed-
ing the flower. The green leaves abide on this fort
moft part of the winter, feldom decaying till Febru-
ary ; and fometimes will continue green until frefh
leaves come up, and thruft the old ones off-, in which
particular there is a more remarkable difference be-
tween the two forts, than can be obferved in the face
of plants.
MARJORAM. See Origanum.
MARLE is a kind of clay, which is become fatter, j
and of a more enriching quality, by a better fermen-
tation, and by its having lain fo deep in the earth as
not to have fpent or weakened its fertilizing quality
by any produd.
Marie is fuppofed to be much of the nature of chalk, \
and is believed to be fertile from its fait and oily qua- j
lity ; and that it contracts its falts from the air, and
for that reafon is the better the longer it is expofed
to it.
Maries are of different qualities in different counties
of England. There are reckoned to be four forts of
Maries in Suffex, a gray, a blue, a yellow, and a red ;
of thele the blue is accounted the beft, the vellow the
next, and the gray the next to that ; and as for the
red, that is the leaft valuable.
The Marie in Sufiex is moft like fullers earth, and
therefore muft certainly be the fatteft, whereas that
in the north country runs much upon the loam.
In Chefhire they reckon fix forts of Marie :
1. The cowfhut Marie, which is of a brownifh co-
. lour, with blue veins in it, and little lumps of chalk
or lime ftone ; it is commonly found under clay, or
low black land, feven or eight feet deep, and is very
hard to dig.
2. Stone, Hate, or flag Marie, which is a kind offoft
ftone, or rather flate, of a blue or bluifh colour, that
will eafily diffolve with froft or rain. This is found
near rivers and the Tides of hills, and is a verv laftino-
fort of Marie.
In Staffordlhire they efteem the dice or flate Marie
better than the clay Marie, and reckon the blue beft
for arable land, and the gray for pafture.
3. Peat Marie, or delving Marie, which is clofe,
ftrong, and very fat, of a brown colour, and is found
on the Tides of hills, and in wet boggy grounds,
which have a light fand in them about two feet or a
yard deep. This is accounted the ftrongeft of all
Maries, and is very good for fandy land, but the
land muft have a double quantity laid on.
4. Clay Marie; this refembles clay, and is pretty
near akin to it, but is fatter, and fometimes mixed
with chalk ftones.
5. Steel Marie, which lies commonly in the bottom
of pits that are dug, and is of itfelf apt to break
into cubical bits ; this is fometimes under fandy land.
6. Paper Marie, which refembles leaves or pieces of
brown paper, but fomething of a lighter colour ; rifts
lies near coals. This fort is lefs efteemed, it being
hard to be got.
The properties of any forts of Maries, arid by which
the goodnefs of them may be beft known, are better
judged of by their purity and uncompoundednefs,
than their colour : as if it will break in pieces like
dice, or into thin flakes, or is fmooth like lead ore,
and is without a mixture of gravel or fand : if it
will lliake like flats ftones, and fhatter after wet, or
will turn to duft when it has been expofed to the fun :
or will not hang and ftick together when it is tho-
roughly dry, like tough clay ; but is fat and tender,
and will open the land it is laid on, and not bind ;
it may be taken for granted, that it will be beneficial
to it.
Some advife to try the goodnefs of Marie, by put-
ting Tome of it in a glafs of water ; and they ac-
count it to be good, if it be fo tender, that the lumps
break, and diffolve as foon as it comes to the bot-
tom ; they alio reckon it a good fign, if it fparkle
in the water, and feel fat between the fingers *, but
the fureft fign of its goodnefs is, if it diffolve by wet
or froft. The ftrength of Marie may alfo be known,
by putting a lump of it in a glafs of good vinegar,
where, if the fermentation is great, it is a fure fign
of the goodnefs of the Marie.
Some approve of marling land Ihallow, becaufe they
fay, it is apt to work downwards ; others of laying
it in deep at firft, becaufe the fun waftes the fatnefs
of it.
Some recommend Maries for the improving of fandy
loofe land, but the fureft way to know what lands it
will beft fuit with, is to try with a little of it on lands
fuppofed to be of a contrary nature to it.
Maries do not make fo good an improvement of lands
the firft year as afterwards.
Some advife, firft to burn the Marie before it is laid
on the lands •, which if it be done, one load will go
as far as five.
The quantity of Marie ought to be in proportion to
the depth of the earth, for over-marling has often
proved of worle confequence than under-marling, es-
pecially where the land is ftrong ; for by laying it in
too great quantities, or often repeating the marling,
the land has become fo ftrong, and bound fo clofely,
as to detain the wet like a difli, fo that the owners
have been obliged to drain the ground at a great ex-
pence, and have often been obliged to lower their
rents ; but in fandy land there can be no danger in
laying on a great quantity, or repeating it often, for
it is one of the beft dreflings for luch land.
MAR RUB I AS TRUM, Baftard Horehound. See
SlDERITIS.
MARRUBIUM. Tourn. Inft.R.H. 192. tab. 91.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 640. Pfeudodictamnus. Tourn. 188.
tab. 89. Lin. Gen. Plant. 640. [feme derive the name
of 3 no, Heb. Marrob, i. e. bitter juice ; others
from the Latin word Marcidurn, becaufe the leaves of
this plant are fo wrinkled, that they appear to be wi-
thering.] Horehound.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is funnel-fhaped . , of one
leaf and equal at the brim , which fpreads open. The
flower is of the Up or grinning kind , with a cylindrical
tube opening at the brim , where it is divided into two lips ,
• the upper being very narrow and acute , the ufiden broad ,
reflexed , and cut into three fegments , the middle one is
broad and indented. It has four ftamina , which are un-
der the upper Up , two of which are a little longer than
the other , terminated by fimple fiimmits. It hath a four-
pointed germen , fupporting a fender flyle of the fame
length , and fituated with the fiamina , crowned by a bifid
fiigma. The germen afterward turns to four oblong feeds ,
fitting in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnteus’s fourteenth clafs, intiiled Didynamia Gym-
nofpermia, which iocl udes thofe plants whofe flowers
have two long and two fhort ftamina, which are fuc-
ceeded by naked feeds fitting in the empalement.
The
MAR
The Species are,
1. Marrubium ( Vulgafe ) cfehtibus calycinis fetaceis un-
cinatis. Hort. Cliff, 312; Horehound with hooked brifily
indentures to the empale'Ment. Marrubium album vul-
gare. C, B. P. 23O. Common white Horehound,
2. Marrubium ( Peregrinum ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis fer-
ratis, calycum denticulis fetaceis. Hort. Cliff. 3 1 1 .
Horehound with oval, fpear-Jhaped , fawed leaves , and
brifily indentures to the empalement. Marrubium album
latifolium peregrinum. C. B. P. 230. Broad-leaved , fo-
reign, white Horehound.
3. Marrubium ( Creticum ) foliis lanceolatis dentatis,
verticillis minioribus, dentibus calycinis fetaceis erec-
tis. Horehound with fpear-Jhaped indented leaves , fmaller
whorls , and erebt brifily indentures to the empalements.
Marrubium album anguftifolium peregrinum. C.B. P.
230. Narrow-leaved , foreign, white Horehound.
4. Marrubium ( AlyfJ'on ) foliis cuneiformibus, quinque
verticillis involucro deftitutis. Hort. Cliff 31 1.
Horehound with wedge-fhaped plaited leaves, with Jive
indentures , and the whorls defiitute of covers. Marru-
bium alyffon didum, foliis profunde incifis. H. L.
Horehound, called Madwort, with leaves which are
deeply cut on their ftdes.
5. Marrubium ( Supinum ) dentibus calycinis fetaceis
redis villofis. Hort. Cliff 312. Horehound with hairy ,
ere £ 1 , brifily indentures to the empalement. Marrubium
Hifpanicum fupinum, foliis fericeis argenteis. Tourn.
193. Low Spanijh Horehound with ftlken ftlver-coloured
leaves.
6 . Marrubium ( Candidijfmum ) foliis fubovatis lanatis fu-
perne emarginato-crenatis, denticulis calycinis fubu-
latis. Hort. Cliff 312. Horehound with woolly leaves al-
mofi oval, the upper parts of which are indented and cre-
mated, with awl-fhaped indentures to the empalements.
Marrubium album candidifiimum & villofum. Tourn.
Cor. 1. IVhitefi andvillofe Horehound.
7. Marrubium ( Hifpanicum ) calycum limbis patentibus,
denticulis acutis. Hort. Cliff 312. Horehound with
fpreading borders to the empalement, and acute indentures.
Marrubium album rotundifolium Hifpanicum. Par.
Bat. 201. Round-leaved Spanijh Horehound.
§. Marrubium ( Crifpum ) calycum limbis planis villofis,
foliis orbiculatis rugofis, caule herbaceo. Horehound
with a plain hairy border to the empalement , round rough
leaves, and an herbaceous fialk. Pfeudodidamnus Hif-
panicus, foliis crifpis & rugofis. Tourn. Inft. 188.
Spanijh Bafiard Dittany, with rough curled leaves.
9. Marrubium ( Sujfruticcfum ) calycum limbis planis vil-
lofis, foliis cordatis rugofis incanis, caule fuffruticofo.
Horehound with the border of the empalement plain and
hoary, heart -Jhaped, rough leaves, and a Jhrubby fialk.
Pfeudodidtamnus Hifpanicus, amplifiimo folio can-
dicante & villofo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 1 1 8. Spanijh Baf-
tard Dittany, with a very large hoary leaf.
10. Marrubium ( Pfeudodidtamnus ) calycum limbis planis
villofis, foliis cordatis, caule fruticofo. Hort. Cliff
312. Horehound with a plain hairy border to the empale-
ment, heart-fhaped leaves, and a Jhrubby fialk. Pfeudo-
didtamnus verticillatus inodorus. C.B. P. 232. Whorled
unfavoury Bafiard Dittany.
11. Marrubium ( Acetabulofum ) calycum limbis tubo
longioribus membranaceis, angulis majoribus rotun-
datis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 584. Horehound with a mem-
branaceous rim to the empalement longer than the tube, and
larger rounder angles Pfeudodidtamnus acetabulis Mo-
lucca. C. B. P. 222. Bafiard Dittany , with a pan or
hollow of Molucca Baum.
T he firft fort is the Prafium, or white Horehound of
the (hops. This grows naturally in mod parts of
England, fo is feldom propagated in gardens. It hath
a licmeous fibrous root, from which come out many
iquare (talks a foot or more in length, which branch
out upward, and are garnifhed with hoary round-
ifh leaves, indented on the edges, placed oppofite.
The flowers grow in very thick whorls round the
ftalks at each joint •, they are fmall, white, and of
the lip kind, (landing in (tiff hoary empalements, cut
into ten parts at the top, which end in (Tiff bridles •,
ttieTe are fuccceded by four oblong black feeds fitting
MAR
in the empalement. It flowers in June, and the feeds
ripen in autumn.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Italy and Sicily;
this rifes with fquare flalks near three feet high, which
branch much more than the firft ; the leaves arc
founder, whiter, and dand farther afunder ; the
whorls of dowers are not fo large, but the flowers have
longer tubes.
The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
gal ; this rifes with (lender hoary dalks near three feet
high ; the leaves are very hoary, much longer and
narrower than thofe of the fecond ; the whorls of
flowers are fmaller, the bridly indentures of the em-
palement are longer and ered ; the whole plant has
an agreeable flavour.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy*,
this is a biennial plant, whofe dalks are about the
fame length as thofe of the firft-, the leaves are
wedge-fhaped, hoary, and obtufely indented; the
whorls of flowers are fmall, and have no covers. The
flowers dand loofer in the whorls, and the cuts of the
empalement end in very ftiff prickles, which fpread
open ; the dowers are purple, and larger than thofe
of the firft fort.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the iflands of the
Archipelago ; the dalks of this are feidorn above
eight or nine inches long, covered with a foft hoary
down ; the leaves are fmall, roundifh, and very foft
to the touch ; they are hoary, and indented on the
edges. The whorls of dowers are fmall, very downy,
and white ; the dowers are fmall and white.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Spain ; this hath
Balks about the fame length as the firft ; the leaves
are nearly oval, woolly, and crenated toward the
top, and the empalement of the flowers are awl-
fhaped.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Iftria, from
whence I received the feeds. The dalks of this grow
more ered than thofe of the common fort : the leaves
are rounder and more fawed on the edges ; the em-
palement of the flowers fpread open, ending in acute
fegments. The flowers are like thofe of the common
fort ; the whole plant is very hoary.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Spain and Sicily ;
this fends out many ftiff roundifh dalks, which rife
more than two feet high, covered with a white cot-
tony down ; the leaves are almoft round, rough on
their upper fide, and woolly on their u:ider; the
whorls of flowers are large, the borders of the em-
palement are flat and hairy ; the tube of the flower
is fcarce fo long as the empalement, fo the two lips
are but juft vifible.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Spain ; the dalks
of this are fhrubby, and rife near three feet high,
dividing into fmall branches ; the leaves are heart-
(haped and rough on their upper fide, but hoary on
their under ; the whorls of dowers are large, the bor-
ders of the empalements flat and hairy ; the tube of
the flower is longer, and the flowers are larger than
thofe of the former fort ; they are of a pale purple
colour, and their upper lips are ered.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Sicily, and the
Iflands of the Archipelago. This rifes with a fhrubby
ftalk two feet high, which divides into many branches,
garnilhed with fmall heart-fhaped leaves, fitting pretty
clofe to the dalks : the whorls of flowers are not fo
large as thofe of the two former forts. The rim of
the empalements are flat. The flowers are white, and
the whole plant is very hoary.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in Crete ; this hath
very hairy dalks which rife about two feet high,
garnilhed with heart-fhaped leaves, which are rough
on their upper fide, but hoary on their under. The
whorls of flowers are large, the border of the em-
palements flat, and cut into many fegments, which
' are membranaceous, angular, and rounded at the top.
The flowers are fmall, of a pale purple colour, but
fcarce appear out of their empalements, and their up-
per lips are ered.
The
The firft fort is what the College of Phyficians has
diredted to be ufed in medicine. The leaves and tops
of the plants are efteemed hot and dry, pectoral, and
good to free the lungs from thick viicid phlegm, and
thereby to help old coughs, elpecialiy in cold moift
cpnftitutions, the juice being made into a fyrup with
fugar or honey •, they open obftru&ions of the
liver and fpleen, and are very ferviceable againft the
dropfy, jaundice, green ficknefs, and obftructions of
the catamenia, and fuppreffion of the lochia, and
other diltempers of the female fex, for which few
herbs go beyond this. The officinal preparation is
the fyrupus de Praffio.
The fourth fort is fuppofed to be Galen’s Madwort •,
this was by the antients greatly recommended for its
efficacy in curing of madnefs, and fome few of the
moderns have prefcri'oed it in the fame diforder, but
at prefent it is feldom ufed ; it is a biennial plant,
which generally perifhes after it hath perfeded feeds.
All thefe plants are preferved in botanic gardens for
the fake of variety, but there are not above two of
the forts which are cultivated in other gardens ; thefe
are the tenth and eleventh forts, whole ftalks are
lhrubby •, the plants are very hoary, fo make a va-
riety when intermixed with other plants ; thefe very
rarely produce feeds in England, fo are propagated by
cuttings, which, if planted in a ffiady border the mid-
dle of April, will take root pretty freely.
They are fomewhat tender, fo in very fevere winters
are killed, unlefs they are fcreened from the hard
frofts, efpecially thofe plants which grow in good
ground, where they grow luxuriant in fummer, fo
their branches are more replete with juice, and very
liable to fuffer by cold •, but when they are in a poor
dry rubbiffi, the roots will be ffiort, firm, and dry,
fo are feldom injured by cold, and will continue much
longer than thofe in better ground.
The other forts are eafily propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown on a bed of poor earth in the fpring,
and when the plants come up they mult be kept
clean from weeds ; and where they are too clofe they
fhould be thinned, leaving; them a foot and a half
afunder, that their branches may have room to
fpread •, after this they require no other culture ^
they may alfo be propagated by cuttings, in the fame
manner as the other two forts. If thefe plants are
upon a dry poor foil, they will live feveral years, but in
rich land they feldom laft above three or four.
MARRUBIUM NIGRUM. See Ballote.
MARTAGON. See Lilium.
MARTYNIA. Houft. Gen. Nov. Martyn. Dec. i .
42. [This name was given by the late Dr. William
Houftoun to this genus of plants, which he difcovered
in America, in honour of his friend Mr. John Mar-
tyn, who was Profeffor of Botany at Cambridge.]
The Characters are,
5 "he emp element of the flower is cut into five parts ,
three of them are erect, and two reflexed. The flower hath
one petal , which is bell-Jhaped , with a large f welling
tube , at the bafe of which is fituated a gibbous neclarium.
The rim of the petal is cut flight ly into five obtufe feg-
ments , two of which are turned upward , the other three
downward , reprefenting a lip flower. It hath four fen-
der incurved ftamina , which are inflexed into each 'other,
terminated by fumtnits, which are connected together. It
hath an oblong germen Jituated under the flower, fupp or ting
a floor t ftyle, crowned by a plain ftigma. The empale-
ment afterward turns to an oblong gibbous capfule , which
divides into two parts , including a hard nut, floaped like
the body of a flag beetle, with two incurved ftrong horns
at the end, having four cells, two of which are generally
barren, the other two have one oblong feed in each.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond left ion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, which includes the
plants whofe flowers have two long and two ffiort fta-
mina, and the feeds are included in a capfule.
The Species are,
1. Martynia {Annua) caule ramofo, foliis angulatis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 618. Martynia with a branching ftalk
and angular leaves. Martynia annua villofa & vif-
cofa, folio fubrotundc, fiore magno' rubro. . Houffi
Annual , hairy, vifeous Martynia , with 'a roundfh leaf
and a large red flower .
2. Martynia ( Perennis ) caule fimplici, foliis . ferrafis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 618. Martynia with a Jingle ftalk 'and
flawed leaves. Martynia foliis ferratis. Lin. Hort,
Cliff. Martynia with faived leaves.
3. Martynia ( Loiijiana ) caule dectimbehte ramofa, fo-
lds integris fru&ibus longiffimis. Martynia with a 'de-
cumbent branching ftalk, entire leaves , and very long fruit .
The firft of thefe plants was difcovered by the late
Dr. William Houftoun, near La Vera Cruz, in New
Spain, from whence he fent the feeds into England^
which lucceeded very well in the Phyfic Garden at
Chelfea ; and in the year 1731, feveral of thefe plants
were raifed, which produced their beautiful fi wers,
and perfected their leed, from whence feveral plants
were raifed the fucceeding year.
This riles with a ftrong, herbaceous, hairy ftalk near
three feet high, which divides upward into three or
four large branches, garniffied with oblong oval leaves,
cut into angles on their Tides j they artf five inches
long, and three inches and a half broad at their bale,
where they are broadeft, ending in obtufe points *
they are hairy, and very vifeous, [ticking to the fingers
if handled. The flowers are produced in ffiort fpikes
from the forks of the Tranches, and alfo at their tops ;
they are ffiaped like thofe c- r the Foxglove, but are
of a paler purple colour ; thefe are fucceeded by o be-
long oval capfules, which are thick, tough, and
clammy-, thefe, when ripe, divide into two parts,
leaving a large hard nut hanging on the plant, about
the fize, and much of the fame form, as the flag
beetle, with two ftrong crooked horns at the end.
The nut has two deep longitudinal furrows on the
ftdes, and feveral fmaller crofting each other in the
middle. It is fo hard, that it is with difficulty cut
open without injuring of the feeds : within are four
oblong cells, two of which have generally a Angle ob-
long feed in each, but the other two are abortive. If
the plants are brought forward in the fpring, they will
begin to ffiew their flowers in July, which are firft
produced at the divifion of the branches,' and af-
terward at the extremity of each branch, fo there
will be a fucceffion of flowers on the fame plant till
the end of Oftober, when the plants decay.
The fecond fort was difcovered by Mr. Robert Mil-
lar, growing naturally about C.arthagena in New Spain,
from whence he fent the feeds to Europe • this hath a
perennial root and an annual ftalk, which decays
every autumn, and new ones arife in the fpring. The
roots of this plant are thick, fiefiry, and divided into
knots, which are fcaly, fomewhat like thofe of Tooth-
wort ; thefe fend up feveral ftalks, which grow about
a foot high •, they are thick, fucculent, and of a pur-
plifh colour, garnifned with oblong thick leaves,
whofe bafe fits clofe to the ftalk-, they are fawed on
their edges, rough on their upper fide, where they
are of a dark green, but their under fide is purpliffi.
The ftalk is terminated by a fhort fpike "of blue
flowers, which are bell-ffiaped, and do not fpread
open at the rim fo much as the former fort ; thefe
ufually appear in July or Auguft, but are not fuc-
ceeded by feeds in England.
The firft fort, being an annual plant, is only pro-
pagated by feed, which Ihould be fown in pots filled
with light rich earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of
tanners bark, where (if the earth is duly watered to
promote the vegetation of the feed) the plants will
appear in about three weeks or a month, and will
grow pretty faft if the bed is warm -, they fhould
therefore be transplanted in a little time after they
come up, each into a ieparate pot filled with light
rich earth, and then plunged into the hot-bed amain
obferving to water them well, as alfo to fhade them
from the fun Until they have taken new root ; after
which time they fhould have a large ffiare of frefh air
admitted to them in warm weather, by raffing the
glaftes of the hot-bed every day : with this manage-
ment. the plants will make great progrefs, fo as" to
% P fill
MAR
fill the .pots, with their- roots in about a month or fix
weeks time, when they fhould be fhifted into pots
about a foot diameter at the top, which fhould be
filled with light rich earth,- and then plunged into
the hot-bed in the bark-ftove, where they ®uld be
allowed room, becaufe they put out many fide
branches, and will grow three feet high or more, ac-
cording to the warmth of the bed, and the care which
is taken to fupply them conftantly with water ; and
fhould be conitandy kept in the tan-bed, giving them
plenty of free air at all times when the weather is
warm, but they will not bear to be. expofed abroad
in this country j when thefe plants thrive well they
will fend out many fide branches, which will all of
them produce frnall fpikes of flowers but it is only
from the firft fpike of flowers that good feeds can
be expected in this country, fo that particular care
fhould be taken, that none of thefe are pulled off or
cieftroyed, becaufe it is very difficult to obtain good
feeds here •, and I believe few of thofe that are pro-
duced on the fide branches in the natural country of
their growth, are duly ripened ■, for I have received
a great quantity of thefe feeds from abroad, which
have appeared to be very good, and yet few of them
have grown.
The feeds of thefe plants have a ftrong green cover-
ing on them, as thick as the outer covering of an Al-
mond, and when the feeds are ripe, the covering
opens, and lets the feeds fall, in the lame manner as
the covering of Almonds, Walnuts, &c. In each co-
vering there is one hard nut, in fhape fomewhat like a
beetle, having two fharp crooked horns at one end.
This nut contains four embryos, but there are fel-
dom more than two feeds which are perfect in any of
them. However, when they are fown, the whole nut
nui ft be planted, for it is fo hard, that it is almoft
impoffible to take out the feeds without fpoiling them ;
fo where' there are two plants produced from the lame
nut, they are eafily feparated, efpecially if they are
tranfplanted while young. T. hefe feeds will continue
good for fome years, for I faved a pretty large quan-
tity of them in the year 1734, part of which I fowed
the following year, but had not one plant produced
from them ; the remainder of the feeds I divided,
and fowed fome of them every fucceeding year, with-
out any fuccefs, until the year 1738, when I fowed
all the feeds I had left, from which I had one plant
produced 3 fo that if the feeds are good, it is evi-
dent they will grow when they are four years old ;
therefore, whenever we receive good feeds from
abroad, or fave any in this country which are per-
fectly ripened, it will be proper to preferve fome of
them for a year or two, left a bad feafon fhould hap-
pen, when the plants may not perfeeft their feeds ; fo
that if this precaution be not taken, the ipeci.es may
be loft in Europe.
Thefecond fort dies to the root every winter, and
rifes again the fucceeding fpring ; this muft be con-
stantly preferved in the ftove, and plunged into the
bark-bed, otherwife it will not thrive in this country.
During- the winter feafon, when the plants are decay-
ed, they fhould have but little water given to them,
for at that time it will rot the roots. In the middle
'of March, juft before the plants begin to fhoot, is the
proper feafon to tranfplant and part toe roots, wh>_n
they fhould be planted into pots of a middle fize,
filled with light rich earth, and then plunged into
the bark-bed, -which fhould at this time be renewed
with fome frefh tan. When the plants come up, they
muft be frequently refreshed with water, but it muft
not be given to them m large quantities. Eft it rot
their tender roots ; and as the warmth of the feafon
increafes, it will be proper to admit a large fhare of
frefh air, which will greatly ftrengthen the plants •,
they muft alfo be placed in the tan-bed, where they are
not over-hung, orfhadedby other plants •, nor fhould
they be Ihifted or tranfplanted when they are in leaf,
for that will prevent their flowering. As the roots
of this plant increafe very faft, there is no neceffity
for ufing other methods to propagate it i otherwife
M A T
the fhoots of the young (talks will take root, if they
are planted in pots filled with light earth, and plunged
into a hot-bed during any of the fummer months.
The third fort grows naturally in Louifiana, from
whence the feeds were brought to France. This is.
an an final plant, having a fucculent vifeous ftalk,
which divides into many branches 5 thefe thick fuc-
culent ftalks become too weighty for the ftalk to
fupport them, whereby the ftalk generally is brought
to the ground, unlefs it is well fupported : the leaves
are large, vifeous, and hairy j fome of them are cut
into -angles, but for the moft part they are entire,
five or fix inches long, and four' broad in the mid-
dle. The flowers are produced from the forks of
the ftalk in fhort fpikes ; they are of a pale red co-
lour, and in fhape and fize like thofe of the firft fort j
they are fucceeded by fruit four or five inches long,
having a thick green cover, which parts and falls oft'
when ripe, leaving a rough beetle-fhaped vein:!, hav-
ing two very long horns at the end, opening in two
parts, containing feveral oval feeds, covered with
a black fkin, which muft be taken off before the feeds
are fown.
This being an annual plant, fhould be brought for-
ward in the fpring, by lowing the feeds on a hot-bed
the latter end of March *, and when the plants come
up, they fhould be treated almoft in the fame man-
ner as the firft, with this difference only, that being
more hardy than the firft, the plants fhould have more
air admitted to them, to prevent their drawing up
weak ; nor fhould they have too much water in fum-
mer, which is apt to rot their fucculent ftems before
the feeds are perfefted.
MARVEL OF PERU. See Mirabilis.
MARUM. See Teucrium.
M A R U M VULGARE. See Satureja.
MARYGOLD. See Calendula.
MARYGOLD (AFRICAN.) SccTagetes.
MARYGOLD (FIG.) See Mesembryanthemum,
MARYGOLD (FRENCH.) See Tagetes.
MASTERWORT. See Imperatqria.
MASTICHINA. See Satureja.
MATRICARIA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 493. tab.
281. Lin. Gen. Plant. 867. [fo called from the ma-
trix, becaufe this plant is very good againft difeafes
of the womb j and for the fame reafon it is called
Parthenium, of n«f 9 c»Q 4 a virgin.] Feverfew - y in
French, Matricaire.
The Characters are.
It hath a compound flower. The ray , or herder , is com-
pofed of many female half floret s, and the dijk, which
is hemiflpherical , of hermaphrodite florets •, thefe are in-
cluded in one common hemiflpherical empalcment , compofed
of linear fcales , nearly equal. Fhe female half florets
are tcngue-Jhaped , and indented in three parts at the end 5
thefe have a naked ger men, Supporting a fender flyle, ter-
minated by two twifted jiigmas. Fhe hermaphrodite flo-
rets are tubulous , ftinnel-Jhaped , and cut into five parts at
the brim, which fpread open they have each five hairy
fljort fiamina , terminated by cylindrical flnmmits , and an
oblong naked germen , with a fender ftyle , crowned by a
bifid fpreading fiigma, He germen of both turn to f ingle,
oblong , naked feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feftion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, which includes the
plants with compound flowers, whofe ftamina and
ftyles are connected, and the florets are all fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Matricaria ( Parthenium ) foliis compofitis planis,
foliolis ovatis incifis, pedunculis ramofis. Hort. Cliffl
416. Feverfew with plain compounded leaves, whofe lobes
are oval and cut, having branching foot -ftalks. Matri-
caria vulgaris, feu fativa. C. E. P. 133. Common, or
Garden Feverfew .
2. Matricaria {Maritima) receptaculis hemifphaericis,
foliis bipinnatis fubcarnofis, iupr-a convexis, fubtus
carinatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 891. Feverfew with hemi-
fpherical receptacles, doubly winged leaves, which are fiejhy,
and convex on their upper fide, but keel-ftaped below.
Chamssmeliim maritimum perenne humilius, foliis
brevoribus
MAT
brevioribus craffis obfcure virentibus. Rail Syn. Ed.
p. . 86. Dwarfs perennial, maritime Chamomile with
port , thick, dark green leaves. _ i
A Matricaria (. Indica ) foliis' ovatis finuatis angulis
ferratis acutis. Feverfew with oval , Jinuated , angular ,
acutely fawed leaves. Matricaria latiore folio, fiore
pleno. Mor. Hift. 3. p. 33 -
4. Matricaria ( Argentea ) foliis bipinnatis, pedunculis
folitariis, Hort. Cliff. 415. Feverfew -with winged
leaves , Jingle foot ftalks to the flowers. ChamasiUe-
lum Grientale incanum, Millefolium folio. Tourn.
Cor. 37. .... ,
c, Matricaria ( Americana ) foliis linearf lanceolatis in-
' tegerrimis, pedunculis unifloris. Feverfew with entire
fpear-Jh aped leaves, and foot ftalks with one flower. .
The firft fort is the common Feverfew, which is di-
rected to be ufed in medicine. It grows naturally in
lanes, and upon the fide of banks in many parts of
England, but is frequently cultivated in the phyfic-
o-ardens to fupply the markets •, this is commonly a
biennial plant, which decays foon after it has per-
febled feeds. The root of this plant is compofed of
a great number of fibres, which fpread wide on every
fide. The ftalks rife upward of two feet high •, they
are round, ftiff, and ftriated, branching out on every
fide. The leaves are compofed of feven lobes, which
are cut into many obtufe fegments ; they are of a
yellowifh green colour. The ftalks and branches are
terminated by the flowers, which are difpofed almoft
in the form of loofe umbels, each flower {landing
upon a feparate foot-ftalk, about two inches long.
The flowers are compofed of feveral Ihort rays, which
are white, like thofe of the Chamomile, furrounding
a yellow difk, compofed of hermaphrodite florets,
which form a hemifphere \ thefe are inclofed in one
common fcaly empalement, and are fucceeded by ob-
long, angular, naked feeds. It flowers in June, and
the feeds ripen in autumn. The whole plant has a
ftrong unpleafant odour. The leaves and flowers of
this are ufed in medicine, and are particularly appro-
priated to the female fex, being of great fervice in all
cold flatulent diforders of the womb, and hyfteric af-
fections, procuring the catamenia, and expelling the
birth and fecundines.
The following varieties of this plant are preferved in
botanic gardens, many of which are pretty conftant,
if care is taken in faving the feeds ; but where the feeds
of thefe plants has been buffered to fcatter, it will be
almoft impoffible to preferve the varieties without
mixture •, but if the feeds are fown upon a frefti fpot
of ground, where there has not grown any of the
plants before, I am inclinable to believe the feeds
will produre the fame plants as thofe they were taken
from ; however, as they are fuppofed to be only va-
rieties, fo I {hall only juft infert them here, for the
ufe of thofe who are curious in collecting the varieties.
1. Feverfew with very double flowers.
2. Feverfew with double flowers, whofe borders, or
rays are plain, and the difk fiftular.
3. Feverfew with very {mail rays.
4. Feverfew with very fnort fiftular florets.
5. Feverfew with naked heads, having no, rays or border.
6. Feverfew with naked fulphur-coloured heads.
7. Feverfew with elegant curled leaves.
Thefe plants are all propagated by their feeds, which
fhotild be fown in March upon a bed of light earth,
and, when they are come up, they ftiould be tranf-
planted out into nurfery-beds, at about eight inches
afunder, where they may remain till the middle of
May, when they may be taken up, with a ball of
earth to their roots, and planted in the middle of
large borders, where they will flower in July and Au-
guft } and, if the autumn be favourable, will produce
ripe feeds the fame year. But it is not advifeable to
permit them to feed, which often weakens and de-
cays the roots •, therefore, when their flowers arepaft,
you ftiould cut down their ftems, which will caufe
them to pufh out frefti heads, whereby the roots may
he maintained.
When the different varieties of thefe plants are inter-
MAT ■
mixed with .other plants of the fame growth, they
make a handfome appearance during the feafon of
flowering, which commonly continues a full month,
or more, which renders them more valuable. But as
their roots feldom abide more than two, or at moil
three years, frefh plants would be raifed from feeds
to fupply their places ; for although they may be
propagated by parting their roots either in fpring or
autumn, yet thefe feldom make fo good plants as
thofe obtained from feeds ; but the fecond variety fel-
dom produces any good feeds, therefore that mult be
propagated in this manner, or by planting cuttings
in the fpring or fummer ■ months, which will take
root, and make good plsfnts.
The fecond fort grows naturally near the fea, in fe-
veral parts of England. I have obferved it upon the
Suffex coaft in great plenty, from whence I brought
the plants, which were of no longer duration in the
garden than two years, though in their native foil they
may continue longer. The ftalks of this plant branch
out pretty much, and fpread near the ground ; they
are garnifhed with dark green leaves, which are corn-
pofed of many double wings, or pinna;, like thofe of
the common Chamomile, but are much thicker in
fubftance ; they have their edges turned backward, fo
are convex on their upper furface, and concave on
their under. The flowers are white, like thofe of
the common Chamomile, and are difpofed almoft in
the form of an umbel ; they appear in July, and the
feeds ripen in autumn.
This plant is feldom cultivated but in botanic gar-
dens for variety. It may be propagated by feeds,
which may be fown either in autumn, foon after they
are ripe, or in the fpring, upon a bed of common
earth, in almoft any fituation •, and when the plants
come up, they will require no other care but to thin
them where they are too clofe, and keep them clean
from weeds.
The third fort grows naturally in many parts of In-
dia, I received it from Nimpu, where it grows plen-
tifully •, this plant rifes a foot and a half high, dividing
into many branches, garnifhed with angular oval
leaves, which are acutely fawed on their edges, and
are of a pale colour ; the flowers are produced on
foot-ftalks which arife from the wings of the leaves,
and alfo terminate the branches ; thefe are, in all I
have yet feen, very double, and full as large as thofe
of the double fort before-mentioned •, thefe appear in
July, and in favourable feafons are fucceeded by feeds
which ripen late in the autumn.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which ftiould be
fown in the ipring upon a moderate hot-bed, and
when the plants come up, they mull be treated in the
manner already directed for the Chryfanthemum Co-
ronarium, with which culture they will thrive and-
flower very well.
The fourth fort grows naturally in the eaft r, this fort
rifes a foot high, having winged leaves of a filver
• colour, which are for the molt part placed oppofite
the foot-ftalks of the flowers arife Angle from the fide
of the branches, each iupporting one white flower.
This flowers in July, and in warm feafons will fome-
times perfebt feeds in autumn.
The feeds of this fort fhould be fown in April, on a
bed of light earth, in a good expofure and when the
plants are grown of a proper fize to remove, they
ftiould be planted in the borders of the flower-gar-
den •, where, if they are kept clean from weeds, they
will flower and perfebt their feeds.
The fifth fort grows naturally in North America ;
this is a perennial plant, whofe ftalks and leaves decay-
in the autumn, and new ones come out again in the
fpring ; the ftalks rife a foot and a half high, and di-
vide upward into feveral forked branches ; at each of
thefe divifions is placed one linear fpear-fhaped leaf
about two inches long, and a quarter of an inch
broad, entire on the edges, and of a deep green.
The branches are terminated by fingle foot-ftalks,
each fupporting one blue flower, very like thofe of
fome kind of Starwort s but the empalement being
fcaly.
M A U
fcaly, and the feeds having no down, occasions its
being, here placed. The flowers appear in July and
Auguft, and the feeds ripen in the autumn.
This is propagated by feeds, 'which, if fown in the au-
tumn, loon after they are ripe, will more certainly
iucceed than when fown in the fpring •, they fhould
be fown in the full ground, and when the plants are
fit to remove, if they are planted in the borders of the
flower-garden, they will continue fome years without
protection, and annually produce flowers and feeds.
M A T TED R O O T S are fuch as are entangled or
plaited together. „
M A U D L I N. See Achillea.
MAUROCEN 1 A. Lin. Gen. Plant. Edit. 2. 289
Frangula. Hort. Elth. 12 1. The Hottentot Cherry,
vulgo.
The Characters are,
The empakment of the fewer is of one leaf cut into
five figments , and is permanent. The flower hath five
oval petals , which fpread open. It hath five ftamina ,
which are fituated hetwen the petals , crowned, by obtufie
fummits. In the center is fituated a roundijh germen , hav-
ing no ftyle , crowned by a trifid Jligma. The germen af-
terward turns to an oval berry with one or two cells , each
containing a ftngle oval feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedlion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes the plants whofe
flowers have five ftamina and three ftyles or ftigmas •,
and in the laft edition of his Genera, he has joined it
to the Caffine, making them the fame; but as the
flower of Caffine has but one petal, and the flower
of thefe have five •, and the berries of the former
three cells, and thefe of this but one or two, there-
fore 1 have feparated them.
The Species are,
1. Maurocenia {'Frangula) foliis fubovatis integer-
rimis, fioribus confertis lateralibus. Maurocenia with
entire leaves which are almoft oval , and flowers growing
in differs on the Jid.es of the branches. Frangula fem-
pervirens, folio rigido fubrotundo. Hort. Elth. 146.
tab. 1 2 1 . Evergreen berry-bearing Alder with a roundijh
ftiff leafy commonly called Hottentot Cherry.
2. Maurocenia ( Phillyrea ) foliis obverse ovatis fer-
ratis, fioribus corymbofis alaribus & terminalibus.
Maurocenia with obverfi, oval Jawed leaves , and flowers
growing in a cCrynibus at the ftdes and ends of the branches.
Phillyrea capenfis, folio celaftri. Hort. Elth. 315.
tab. 236. Phillyrea of the Cape with a Staff-tree leaf
by the Hutch called Leplehout.
3. Maurocenia ( Cerafus ) foliis ovatis nervofis inte-
gerrimis. Maurocenia with oval veined leaves , which
are entire. Cerafus Hottentotorum. Pluk. Almag. 94.
The f mailer Hottentot Cherry.
4. Maurocenia {Americana) foliis obverse ovatis emar-
ginatis, fioribus folitariis alaribus. Maurocenia with
obverfi oval leaves which are indented at the edgesy and
fiowers growing Jingly from the Jides of the branches.
Frangula folio fubrotundo rigido fubtus ferrugineo.
Houft. MSS. Berry-bearing Alder with a roundijh Jtiff
leaf which is of an iron colour on the under fide.
The firft fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, where it rifes to a confiderable height, but here
they are rarely more than five or fix feet high. The
{talk is ftrong, woody, and covered with a purplilh
bark, fending out many ftiff branches, garnifhed
with very thick leaves, almoft oval. Handing for the
mod part oppofite •, they are about two inches long,
and almoft as much in breadth, of a dark green
colour, and entire. The fiowers come out from the
fide of the old branches, in clutters, three, four,
or five, {landing upon one common foot-ftalk,
which is (lender, compofed of five plain equal pe-
tals, 'ending in acute points ; they are firft of a gree.n-
ifh yellow colour, but afterward change to white,
fp reading wide open. In the center is fituated the
owl germen, crowned by the trifid ftigma, and be-
tween each petal is fituated a ftamina ; thefe fpread
pj §n in the lame manner as the petals, and are ter-
minated by obtufe fpmmits. 1 The germen afterward ,
M A U
turns to an oval pulpy berry, fome having but one,
and others two cells •, in each of thefe is lodged one
oval feed. The berries change to a dark purple
when they are ripe. This plant flowers in July and
Auguft, and the berries ripen in winter.
The fecund fort is a native of the Cape of Good Hope j
this hath a woody (talk, which in this country feldom
rifes more than five or fix feet high, fending out ma-
ny branches, covered with a dark purplilh bark, and
garniftied with pretty ftiff leaves, which are obverfely
oval, and fawed on their edges, Handing oppofite ;
they are about an inch and a half long, and a little
more in breadth, of a light green, having (hort
foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced in roundifh
bunches from the fide, and at the end of the branches;
they are white, and have five final! petals which
fpread open ; between thefe are fituated the ftamina,
which fpread in the fame manner ; thefe are termi-
nated by obtufe fummits. In the center is fituated
the roundish germen, which is crowned fometimes by
a bifid, and at others by a trifid ftigma. The fiowers
appear in July and Auguft, but are not fucceeded by
berries in England.
The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope ; this rifes with a woody ftalk about the fame
height as the former, dividing into many branches,
which are garnifhed with ftiff oval leaves about two
inches long, and nearly as much in breadth, of a
lucid green colour, and entire, having three lon-
gitudinal veins ; thefe are fometimes placed oppofite,
and at others they are alternate, having a ftrong mar-
gin, or border, furrounding them. This fort hath pro-
duced its fiowers in England, and I am fully con-
vinced that the characters of the flowers are the fame
with the others.
The fourth fort was difeovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun, growing naturally at the P ali fad oefc in Jamaica,
from whence he fent the feeds to Europe ; this rifes
with a woody ftalk from fifteen to twenty feet high,
covered with a rough brown bark, and divides into
many branches, which are garnifhed with ftiff leaves,
placed alternately ; they are about an inch and a half
long, and a littie more in breadth, indented at the
top, with a ftiff reflexed border, of a gray colour
on their upper fide, but of a rufty iron colour on
their under, (landing upon (hort foot-ftaiks. The
flowers come out fingly along the fide of the branches;
they have five (mail white petals, which end in acute
points, and five (lender ftamina, which fpread open,
and are terminated by obtufe fummits. In the center
is fituated a roundifh germen, fupporting a long bi-
fid ftigma, which is permanent. The germen after-
ward turns to a round berry, with one or two cells,
each having one oblong feed.
The firft fort is too tender to live abroad in England,
but as it requires no artificial heat, fo may be preierved
through the winter in a good green-houfe, where it
deferves a place for the beauty of its leaves, which
are very thick, of a deep green, and differing in
appearance from every other plant ; this may be pro-
pagated by laying down thofe (hoots which are pro-
duced near the root, but they are long in putting out
roots. The (hoots fhould be twitted in the part which
is laid, to facilitate their putting out roots ; if thefe
are laid down in the autumn, they will put out roots
lufficientto remove by the, following autumn ; it may
alfo be propagated by cuttings, but this is a tedious
method, as they are (eldom rooted enough to tranf-
plant in lefs than two years. When this is pradlifed,
the young (boots of the former year fhould be cut off,
with a fmall piece of the old wood at the bottom, in
the lpring, and planted in pots filled with loamy earth,
and plunged into a moderate hot bed , covering the
pots with glafles, which fhould be dole (topped
down to exclude the external air •, they fhould be
pretty well watered at the time they are planted, but
afterward they will require but littie wiet; the daffies
over them (hould be covered every day w;tn mats, to
fiercer. the cuttings from the fun during the heat of
MAR
the day, but in the morning before the fun is too
warm, and in the afternoon, when the fun is low,
they fhould be uncovered, that the oblique rays of
the fun may raife a gentle warmth under the glaftes.
With this care the cuttings will take root, but where
it is w anting, they feidom fucceed. When the cut-
tings or layers are rooted, they fhould be each plant-
ed in a feparate fmall pot, filled with foft loamy foil,
and placed in the fhade till they have taken new root;
then -they may be removed to a fheltered fituation,
where they may remain during the fummer feafon ;
and, before the frofts of the autumn come on, they
muft be removed into the green-houfe, and treated
in the fame way as the other plants of that country,
giving them but little water in cold weather, and in
mild weather admitting the free air. In fummer they
muft be removed into the open air, and placed in a
fheltered fituation with other exotic plants, and in
very warm weather they muft be watered three times
a week, but it muft not be given them too freely at
any time. When the plants have obtained ftrength,
they will produce flowers and fruit, which, in warm
feafons, will ripen perfectly ; and if the feeds are fown
foon after they are ripe, in pots, and plunged into
the tan-bed in the ftove, the plants will come up the
fpring following, and may then be treated in the
fame manner as thofe which are propagated by cut-
tings and layers.
The fecond fort is not altogether fo hardy as the firft,
fo muft have a warmer place in the green-houfe in
winter, and fhould not be placed abroad quite fo early
in the fpring, nor fuffered to remain abroad fo late in
the autumn, but if the green-houfe is warm, the
plants will require no additional heat. This may be
propagated by layers and cuttings, in the fame man-
ner as the firft, and requires the fame care, for the
cuttings are with difficulty made to root ; nor will
the branches which are laid, put out roots in lefs than
a year, and if thefe are not young fhoots, they will
Hot take root.
As this fort does 'not produce feeds in England, it
can be only propagated by layers and cuttings, which
being difficult to root, occaflons its being fcarce at
prefent in Europe.
The third fort is yet more rare than either of the
former, and is with greater difficulty propagated, for
the layers and cuttings are commonly two years be-
fore they get roots fufficient to remove, and as it ne-
ver produces feeds here, it can be no other way pro-
pagated -, this is alfo tenderer than either of the other
forts, fo requires a moderate degree of heat in winter,
for without fome artificial warmth, it will feidom live
through the winters in England. In the middle of
fummer the plants may be placed abroad in a warm
fituation, but they muft be removed into fhelter early
in the autumn, before the cold nights come on, other-
wife they will receive a check, which they will not
recover in winter ; during the fummer feafon they
fhould be gently watered three times a week in dry
weather, but in winter they will require to be feidom
watered.
The fourth fort is much more impatient of cold than
either of the other, being a native of a warmer coun-
try. This is propagated by feeds, which muft be
jprocured from the country where it grows naturally,
for it does not produce any here. Thefe do not grow
the firft year, fo the feeds fhould be fown in pots fill-
ed with light earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-
bed of tanners bark, where they may remain all the
fummer ; and in the autumn they fhould be removed
into the bark-ftove, and plunged into the tan-bed be-
tween the other pots of plants, in any vacant fpaces ;
there they may remain till fpring, when they fhould
be taken out of the ftove, and plunged into a frefh
hot bed, which will bring up the plants. When thefe
are fit to remove, they fhould be each tranlplanted
into a feparate fmall pot, filled with a foft loamy
earth, and plunged into a hot-bed again, being care-
ful to fhade them from the fun till they have taken
new root, after which they muft be treated in the
M E D
.fame manner as other tender plants from the fame:
country, always keeping them in the tan-bed ; and
in winter they muft have a temperate warmth, other-
wife they will not live here.
Ail the forts delight in a foft, gentle, loamy foil, not
over ftiit, fo as to detain the wet ; nor fhould the
foil be too light, for in fuch they feidom thrive. They
retain their leaves all the year, fo make a good ap-
pearance ifl the winter feafon, their leaves being re-
markably ftiff and of a fine green, efpecially the firft
fort, whole fruit ripens in winter, which when it is
in plenty on the plants, affords an agreeable variety.
AfS/ See Zea.
M E A DI A. Catefb. Carol. 3. p. 1. Doflecatheon. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 183.
The Characters are.
It hath a fmall involucrum of many leaves , in which are
many flowers. The flower hath a permanent empalement
of one leaf, cut into five long fegments which are reflexed.
The flower hath one petal , cut into five parts , whofe
tube is fhorter than the t impalement , and the limb is re-
flexed backward. It hath jive fhort obtufe ftardna fit-
ting in the tube , terminated by arrow-pointed ftigmas ,
which are connected into a beak , with a conical germen ,
fupporting a fender flyle longer than the flamina, crowned
by an obtufe ftigma. The empalement afterward becomes
an oblong oval capfule with one cell , opening at the top ,
and filled with fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe6liofi of
Linnseus’s fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have five ftamina and one flyle. The
title of this genus was given to it by Mr. Mark
Catefby, F. R. S. in honour of the late Dr. Mead,
who was a generous encourager of every ufeful branch
of fcience ; but being himfelf no great botanift. Dr.
Linnaeus was unwilling any plant fhould bear his
name, fo he has altered it to that of Dodecatheon,
which was a title applied by Pliny to a fpecies of
Primrofe with a yellow root, and leaves like the Gar-*
den Lettuce.
We have but one Species of this genus, vizi.
Me adi a ( Dodecatheon .) C’ateb. Elift. Carol. App. 1. tab*
1. Meadia. Auricula urfi Virginians, floribus boragi-
nis, inftar roftratis, cyclaminum more refiexis. Pink.
Aim. 62. tab. 79. fol. 6. Bear s- ear of Virgina, whofe
flower has a beak like that of Borage , and reflexed petals
like thofe of Sowbread.
This plant grows naturally in Virginia, and other
parts of North America, from whence it was lent by
Mr. Banifter, many years fince, to Dr. Compton,
Lord Biihop of London, in whole curious garden I
firft faw this plant growing in the year 1709 ; after
which the plant was for feveral years loft in England,
till within a few years paft, when it was again obtain-
ed from America, and has been propagated in pretty
great plenty. It hath a yellow perennial root, from
which comes out feveral long fmooth leaves in the
fpring, which are near fix inches long, and two and
a half broad ; at firft Handing eredr, but afterward
they fpread on the ground, efpecially if the plants are
much expofed to the fun ; from between thefe leaves
arife two, three, or four flower-ftalks, in proportion
to the ftrength of the roots, which rife eight or nine
inches high, they are fmooth, naked, and are ter-
minated by an umbel of flowers, under which is fit U-
ated the many-leaved involucrum. Each flower is
fuftained by a pretty long (lender foot-ftalk which is
recurved, fo that the flower hangs downward. The
flower has but one petal, which is deeply cut into five
fpear-fhaped fegments, which are refiexed upward
like the flowers of Cyclamen or Sowbread ; the fta-
mina, which are five in number, are lliort, and fit in
the tube of the flower, having five arrow-pointed
fummits, which are connected together round the
ftyle, forming a fort of beak. The flowers are pur-
ple, inclining to a Peach bloffom colour, and have
an oblong germen fltuated in the bottom of the tube,
which afterward becomes an oval capfule inclofed by
the empalement, with the permanent ftyle on its-
apex, which, when ripe, opens at the top to let out
8 (>_ the
m
M E A
the feeds, which are fattened round the ftyle. This
plant flowers the beginning of May, and the feeds
ripen in July, foon after which the (talks and leaves
decay, fo that the roots remain ina&ive till the fol-
lowing fpring.
This , plant is propagated by offsets, which the roots
put out pretty freely when they are ina loofe moift foil
and a (hady fituation •, the beft time to remove the
roots, and take away the offsets, is in Auguil, after the
leaves and ftalks are decayed, that they may be fixed
well in their new fituation before the froft comes on.
It may alfo be propagated by feeds, which the plants
generally produce in plenty ; thefe (hould be fown in
the autumn foon after they are ripe, either in a (hady
moift border, or in pots, which (hould be placed in
the (hade ", in the fpring the plants will come up,
and mutt then be kept clean from weeds, and if the
feafon proves dry, they mutt be frequently refreshed
with water ; nor (hould they be expofed to the fun,
for while the plants are young, they are very impa-
tient of heat, fo that I have known great numbers
of them deftroyed in two or three days, which were
growing to the full fun. Thefe young plants (hould
not be tranfplanted till their leaves are decayed, then
they may be carefully taken up and planted in a
(hady border, where the foil is loofe and moift, at
about eight inches diftance from each other, which
will be room enough for them to grow one year, by
which time they will be ftrong enough to produce
flowers, fo may then be tranfplanted into fome (ha-
dy borders 'in the flower-garden, where they will
appear very ornamental during the continuance of
their flowers.
At the firft many fuppofed this plant to be tender, fo
planted it in warm (filiations and nurfed it too much,
whereby the plants were often killed ; but by experi-
ence it is found to be fo hardy, as not to be hurt by
the fevered cold of this country; but it will not
thrive in a very dry foil, or where it is greatly expofed
to the fun.
MEADOW.
Under the general title of Meadow, is commonly
comprehended all pafture land, or at lead all Grafs
land, which is mown for hay ; but I chufe rather to
diftinguilh fuch land only by this appellation, which
is fo low, as to be too moift for cattle to graze upon
them in winter, being generally too wet to admit hea-
vy cattle, without poaching and fpoiling the fward ;
and thofe Grafs lands which are drier, I (hall diftin-
guifli by the title of pafture.
There are two forts of Meadows in England, one of
which is (filed Water Meadows, and the other are
Amply called Meadows.
Water Meadows are thofe which lie contiguous to
rivers or brooks, from whence the water can be car-
ried to overflow the Grafs at pleafure. Of thefe there
are large trails in feveral parts of England, which, if
fkilfully managed, would become much more profit-
able to their owners than they are at prefent, as hath
been already mentioned in another place ; for nothing
can be more abfurd than the common prailice of
flowing thefe low grounds all the winter, whereby the
roots of all the fweeteft kinds of Grafs are deftroyed,
and only fuch Graffes left as are natives of marfhes,
which are coarle and four : and if people were curious
to examine the herbage of thefe Water Meadows,
they would find the bulk of them compofed of bad
weeds, fuch as grow by the fides of rivers, brooks,
and ditches, of which the feveral forts of Docks make
no fmall (hare ; and although many of thefe Mea-
dows produce a great burden of what the country peo-
ple call hay, yet this is only fit for cows, cart-horfes,
and other animals, which by hard labour and hunger,
are driven to eat it ; for horfes which have been accuf-
torned to feed on good hay, will ftarve before they
will touch it : and after the Grafs is mown off thefe
Meadows, and cattle turned in to graze upon them,
how common is it to fee the land almoft covered with
thefe rank weeds, which the cattle never will eat !
Which muft always be the condition of (uch Meadows,
M E A
where the water is let over thera-fn autumn and win-
ter ; for, as the fides of rivers and brooks do every
where abound with thefe rank weeds, whole feeds ri-
pen in autumn, and falling into the water, they are
carried by the dream, and depofited on the flowed
land, where they grow and fill the ground in every
part ; but fo incurious are the generality of farmers
in this refpeft, that if the ground is but well covered,
they care not what it is, few of them ever taking any
pains to weed or clean their paftures.
The method which I propofe for the management of
thefe Meadows is, never to flow them till the middle
or latter end of March, excepting once or twice in
winter, when there may happen floods, which may
bring down a great (hare of foil from the upper lands,
at which tirries it will be of great fervice to let water
upon the Meadows, that the foil may fettle there ; but
the fooner the wet is drained off when this is lodged,
the greater advantage the Meadow's will receive by it ;
but from the end of March to the middle of May, in
dry feafons, by frequently letting on the water, the
growth of the Grafs will be greatly encouraged, and at
this feafon there will be no danger of deftroying the
roots of the Grafs ; and after the hay is carried off
the ground, if the feafon (hould prove dry, it will be
of great fervice to the Grafs, if the Meadows are
flowed again ; but when this is praftifed, no cattle
(hould be turned into the Meadows, till the ftirface
of the ground is become firm enough to bear their
weight without poaching the land, for otherwife the
Grafs will fuffer more from the treading of the cat-
tle, than it will receive benefit by the flowing ; but
thefe are things which the country people feldom
regard, fo that die Meadows are generally very un-
fightly, and rendered lefs profitable.
I would alfo recommend the weeding of thefe Mea-
dows twice a year ; the firft time in April, and again
in O&ober ; at which times if the roots of Docks
and all bad weeds are cut up with a fpaddle, the Mea-
dows will foon be cleared of this trumpery, and the
herbage greatly improved.
Another great improvement of thefe lands might be
procured, by rolling them with a heavy roller in
fpring and autumn. This will prefs the furface of
the ground even, whereby it may be mown much
clofer, and it will alfo fweeten the Grafs ; and this
piece of hulbandry is of more fervice to paftures
than mod people are aware of.
As to thofe Meadows which cannot be flowed, there
(hould be the fame care taken to weed and roll them,
as hath been dire&ed for the Water Meadows ; as alfo
never to let heavy cattle graze upon them in winter
when they are wet ; for the cattle will then poach
them, and greatly injure the Grafs ; therefore thefe
(hould be fed down as clofe as poflible in the autumn,
, before the heavy rains fall to render the ground foft ;
and thofe paftures which are drier, may be kept to
fupply the want of thefe in winter ; and where there
are not cattle enough to eat down the Grafs in time,
it will be much better to cut off what is left, than
to fuffer it to rot upon the ground, for that will pre-
vent the Grafs from (hooting early in the fpring ; but
where people have not cattle enough of their own to
eat down the Grafs in time, they had much better
take in fome of their neighbours, than fuffer their fog
(as it is called) to remain all the winter. When thefe
Meadows are fed in the autumn, the greater variety
of animals are turned in, the clofer they will eat th®
Grafs; and I am fully convinced, the clofer it is
eaten, the better the Grafs will come up the follow-
ing fpring ; therefore, if during the time while the
cattle are feeding, the Meadows are well rolled, the
animals will eat the Grafs much cloler than they
otherwife would.
Thofe perfons who are beft (killed in this part of
hufbandry, always drefs their Meadows every other,
or at lead every third year, without which it is in vain
to expeft any good crop of hay ; but the generality
of the farmers are fo much diftreffed for dreffing to
fupply their Corn land, as not to have any to (pare
MED
for their Meadows, fo that they are content with what
the land will naturally produce, rather than take any
part of their manure from their arable ground ; but
this is a very imprudent piece of hufbandry ; for if
land is to be annually mowed far hay, can it be fup-
pofed that it will produce a good crop long, unlefs
there are proper dreftings allowed it ? And when
ground is once beggared for want of manure, it will
be fome years before it can be recovered again ; but
I fhall referve what is necelfary to be farther en-
larged on this fubjedt, to be fully treated under the
article of Pasture.
MEADOW SAFFRON. SeeC olchicum.
M E D E O L A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 41 1 •
The Characters are.
The flower has no empalement it hath fix oblong oval
petals which are equal, fpread open, and turn backward ;
and fix awl- fh aped flamina the length of the petal, ter-
minated by incumbent fummits , and three corniculated
germen terminating the flyle, crowned by thick recurved
ftigmas. The germen afterward turns to a roundifh trifid
berry with three cells , each containing one heart-Jhaped
feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have fix flamina and three flyles.
The Species are,
1. Medeola ( Afparagoides ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis al-
ternis, caule fcandente. Medeola with oval, fpear-
jhaped, alternate leaves, and a climbing flalk. Afpara-
gus Africanus, fcandens, myrti folio. Hort. Piff. 17.
Climbing African Afparagus, with a Myrtle leaf ,
1. Medeola ( Anguflifolia ) foliis lanceolatis alternis,
caule fcandente. Medeola with fpear-fhaped alternate
leaves, and a climbing flalk. Afparagus Africanus,
fcandens, myrti folio anguftiore. Hort. Piff. 17.
Climbing African Afparagus , with a narrower Myrtle
leaf.
3. Medeola ( Virginiana ) foliis verticillatis, ramis in-
ermibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 339. Medeola with leaves
growing in whorls and fmooth branches. Lilium five
martagon puflllum, floribus minutiflime herbaceis.
Pluk. Aim. 410. tab. 328. fol. 4. The Lily or little
Martagon, with very fmall herbaceous flowers.
The firft fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope •, this hath a root compofed of feveral dugs
or oblong knobs, which unite together at the top
like that of the Ranunculus, from which arife two or
three ftiff winding {talks, which divide into branches
rifling four or five feet high, if they meet with any
neighbouring fupport to which they can faften,
otherwife they will fall to the ground •, thefe are gar-
nished with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, ending in acute
points, placed alternately, and fitting clofe to the
ftalks ^ they are of a light green on their under fide,
and dark on their upper. The flowers come out
from the fide of the ftalks, fometimes fingly, and at
others there are two upon a {lender Short foot-ftalk ;
they have fix oblong equal petals which fpread open,
and are of a dull white colour •, within thefe are ranged
fix flamina, which are as long as the petals, terminated
by incumbent fummits. In the center is fituated a
germen with three horns, fitting upon a {hort flyle,
crowned by three thick recurved ftigmas ; the germen
afterward turns to a roundilh berry with three cells,
each containing one heart-fhaped feed. It flow,ers
the beginning of winter, and the feeds are ripe in the
fpring.
The Second fort is alfo a native of the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence I received the feeds. This hath
a root like the firft, but the ftalks are not fo ftrong ;
they climb higher, but do not branch fo much ; the
leaves are much longer and narrower, and are of a
grayiih colour. The flowers come from the fide of
the branches, two or three upon each foot-ftalk they
are of an herbaceous white colour, fhaped like thofe of
the former fort, and appear about the fame time, but
this has not produced any fruit here. Thefe are un-
doubtedly diftinct fpecies, for they never vary when
they are propagated by feeds.
MED
Both thefe forts propagate freely by offsets froni
the roots, fo that when they are once obtained, there
will be no neceffitv of Sowing their feeds, which com-
monly lie a year in the ground, and the plants will
not be ftrong enough to flower in lefs than two years
more, whereas the offsets will flower the following
feafon. The time for transplanting and parting of
the roots is in July, when their ftalks are entirely de-
cayed, for they begin to {hoot toward the end of Au-
guft, and keep growing all the winter, and decay in
the Spring. Thefe roots Should be planted in pots
filled with good kitchen-garden earth, and may re-
main in the open air till there is danger of froft, when
they maft be removed into Shelter, for they are tod
tender to live through the winter in the open air ; but
if they are placed in a warm green-houfe, they will
thrive and flower very well, but they do not produce
fruit unlefs they have fome heat in winter *, therefore
where that is defired, the plants fiiould be placed in
a Stove kept to a moderate degree of warmth. During
the winter, when the plants are in vigour, they
Should be frequently, but gently watered 5 but when
the ftalks begin to decay, they muft have very little
wet, for much moifture will rot them while they are
in an ina&ive ftate ; during which time, if the pots
are placed where they have only the morning fun,
they will require little or no water : but when they
begin to {hoot out their ftalks, they fliould be removed
to a warmer Situation, and fliould then be frequently
but gently watered.
The^ flowers of thefe plants make no great appear-
ance, fo the plants are not preferved for their beauty j ,
but as their ftalks are climbing, and their leaves are
in full vigour in winter, during that Seal or th y add
to the variety in the green-houfe.
The third fort" is a native of North America ; it is
' by Dr. Linnaeus joined to this genus, in which I have
followed him •, though, if I remember rightly, the
chara&ers of this fort do not exa&ly agree with thofe
of the other, for the flower is either polypetalous, or
is cut into many fegments, and has but five flamina %
it being fome years Since I faw the flowers, I can-
not be very certain if I am right. This hath a fmall
fcaly root, from which arifes a Angle flalk about
eight inches high, garnifhed with one whorl of leaves
at a fmall diftance from the ground, and at the top
there are two leaves {landing oppofite ; between thefe
come out three {lender foot-ftalks which turn down-
ward, each fuftaining one pale herbaceous flower with
a purple pointal. It flowers in June, but I have not
feen any fruit upon it.
This plant is hardy enough to live in the open air,
but does not propagate faft here, as it produces no
feeds, fo can only be encreafed by offsets.
MEDIC A. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 410. tab. 231. Me-
dicago. Tourn. Inft. 412. Lin. Gen. Plant. 805.
[This plant takes its name from Media (as Pliny
writes) becaufe when Darius Hyftafpis carried hist
army into Greece, he had with him a great many facks
of this feed for provender for his cattle, and fo the
feeds came to be Scattered in Greece.] Medick, or La
Lucerne.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a bell-fhaped empalement of one leaf, cut
into five equal acute points. The flower is of the butterfly
kind ; the ftandard is oval, entire, and the border is re-
flexed ; the two wings are oblong, oval, and fixed by an
appendix to the keel the keel is oblong, bifid, cbtufe ,
and reflexed toward the ftandard. It has ten flaminai
nine of which are joined almoft to their tops, the other
is fingle ', they are terminated by fmall fummits. It hath
an oblong comprejfed germen which is incurved, fitting on
a Jhort flyle, terminated by a fmall ftigma •, this and the
flamina are involved by the keel and ftandard. The ger-
men afterward turns to a comprejfed moon-jhaped pod, in-
clofing feveral kidney -Jhaped feeds .
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fesftion
of Linnaeus’s Seventeenth clafs, which includes the
herbs with a butterfly flower, having ten flamina in
two houfes. He alfo has joined the Medica and. Me-
MED
Medicago of Tournefort together, making them one
genus under the tide Medicago, but Tournefort
makes the diftinguifhing charader of Medicago to
con lift in having a falcated compreiTed pod. There-
fore I fhall here feparate thofe plants whole pods are of
thatform, from the others whole pods are twilled like a
fcrew; and as the tide of Medica was firftapplied tothe
Lucern, fo I fhall continue it to thofe fpecies as have
fuch pods, and refer the others to the genus of Medicago.
1 'he Species are,
1. Medica ( Sativa ) pedunculis racemofis, legummibus
contortis, caule eredo glabro. Lin. Sp. 1096. Me-
dick with branching foot-Jiaiks , contorted pods, and an
erect fmooth ftalk. Medica major, eredior, floribus
purpurafcentibus. J. B. 2. 382. Greater upright Me -
dick with purplijh flowers , commonly called La Lucerne ,
and by the French , Burgundy Hay.
2. Medica ( Fdcata ) pedunculis racemofis, legumini-
bus Itinatis, caule proftrato. Flor. Suec. 620. Medick
with branching foot-Jiaiks , moon-Jhaped pods , and trail-
ing jlalks. Medica fylveftris, floribus croceis. J. B.
2. 383. Wild Medick with Saffron-coloured flowers.
3. Medica ( Radiata ) leguminibus reniformibus, mar-
gine dentatis, foliis ternatis. Hort. Cliff. 377. Me-
dick with kidney-Jhoped pods indented on the borders , and
trifoliate leaves. Medicago annua, trifolii facie.
Tourn. Inft. R. H.. 412. Annual Medicago with the
appearance of F refoil.
4. Medica ( Hifpanica ) caule herbaceo procumbente,
foliis pinnatis, leguminibus ciliato-dentatis. Medick
with a trailing herbaceous Jlalk , winged leaves , and pods
having hairy indentures. Medicago vulnerable facie
Hifpanica. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 412. Spanijh Medicago
with the appearance of Ladies Finger.
5. Medica ( Italica ) caule herbaceo proftrato, foliis ter-
natis, foliolis cuneiformibus fuperne ferratis, legumini-
bus margine integerrimis. Medick with a proftr ate her-
baceous Jlalk , trifoliate leaves whofe lobes are wedge-
Jhoped and flawed at the top , and the borders of the pods
entire. Medicago Italica, annua maritima, trifolia, po-
lycarpos, frudu torofo non fpinofo. Mitchel. Hort.
PiflT. Annual , Italian , maritime Medicago with trifoliate
leaves , and bearing much fruit, which is thick and with-
out [pines.
6 . Medica ( Cretica ) caule herbaceo proftrato, foliis ra-
dicalibus integerrimis, caulinis pinnatis leguminibus
dentatis. Medick with a proftrate herbaceous ftalk , the
bottom leaves entire , thofe on the ftalks winged, and in-
dented pods. Medicago vulnerarise facie Cretica.
Tourn. Inft. 4] 2. Cretan Medicago , with the appearance
of Ladies Finger.
7. Medica (. Arborea ) leguminibus Itinatis margine in-
tegerrimis caule arboreo. Hort. Cliff. 376. Medick
with moon-Jhaped pods whofe borders are entire , and a '
tree-like ftalk. Medicago trifolia, frutefcens, incana.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 412. Shrubby , hoary, three-leaved
Medica , or the Cytifus Virgilii.
The firft fort hath a perennial root and annual
ftalks, which rifes near three feet high in good land ;
thefe are garnifhed with trifoliate leaves at each joint,
whofe lobes are fpear-fhaped, about an inch and a
half long, and half an inch broad, a little fawed to-
ward their top, of a deep green, and placed alter-
nately on the ftalks. The flowers grow in fpikes, which
are from two to near three inches in length, Hand-
ing upon naked foot-ftalks which are tv/o inches long,
rifing from the wings of the ftalk ; they are of a Pea
bloom or butterfly kind, of a fine purple colour,
and are fucc^eded by comprefled moon-fhaped pods,
which contain feveral kidney-fhaped feeds. It flowers
in J une, and the feeds ripen in September.
There are the following varieties of this plant :
One with Violet-coloured flowers.
Another with pale blue flowers.
And a third with variegated flowers.
Thefe variations of their flowers have accidentally
rifen from feed, therefore are not to be fuppofed dif-
ferent plants ; yet thofe with the pale blue and vari-
egated flowers are never fo ftrong as thofe with pur-
ple, fo are lefs profitable to the cultivators. *
M E D
This plant is fuppofed to have been brought origi-
nally from Media, and from thence had "its name
Medica ; it is by the Spaniards called Alfafa ; by
the French, La Lucerne, and Grand T re fie •, and by
feveral botanic writers it is called Fcenuro Burgundia-
cum, i. e. Burgundian Hay. But there is little room
to doubt of this being the Medica of Virgil, Colu-
mella, Palladius, and other ancient writers of hui-
bandry, who have not been wanting to extol the
goodnefs of this fodder, and have given direction for
the cultivation of it in thofe countries where they
lived.
But notwithftanding it was fo much commended by
the antients, and hath been cultivated to fo good pur-
pofe by our neighbours in France and Switzerland for
many years, it hath not as yet found fo good recep-
tion in our country as could be wiflied ; nor is it cul-
vated in confiderable quantities, though it is evident,
it will fucceed as well in England as in either of the
before-mentioned countries, though will not bear
cutting fo often here, yet is extremely hardy, and re-
fills the fevereft cold of our climate : as a proof of
this, I muft beg leave to mention, that the feeds
which have have happened to be fcattered upon the
ground in autumn, have come up, and the plants
have endured the cold of a fevere winter, and made
very ftrong plants the following feafon.
About the year 1650, the feeds of this plant were
brought over from France, and Town in England ;
but whether for want of fkill in its culture, whereby
it did not fucceed, or that the people were fo fond
of going on in their old beaten road, as not to try
the experiment whether it would fucceed here or nor,
was the occafion of its being entirely negleded in
England, I cannot fay, but it is very certain that it
was negleded many years, fo as to be almoft forgot-
ten. However, I hope, before I quit this. article, to
give fuch directions for its culture, as will encourage
the people of England to make farther trial of this
valuable plant, which grows in the greateft heat, and
alfo in very cold countries, with this difference only,
, that in very hot countries, fuch as the Spanifh Weft-
Indies, &c. where it is the chief fodder for their cat-
tle at this time, they cut it every week ; whereas in
cold countires, it is feldom cut oftener than four or
five times in a year. And it is very likely that this
plant may be of great fervice to the inhabitants of
Barbadoes, Jamaica, and the other hot iflands in the
Weft-Indies, where one of the greateft things they
want is fodder for their cattle •, fince by the account
given of this plant by Pere Feuille, it thrives ex-
ceedingly in the Spanifh Weft-Indies, particularly
about Lima, where they cut it every week, and bring
it into the market to fell, and is there the only fodder
cultivated.
It is alfo very common in Languedoc, Provence, aad
Dauphine, and all over the banks of the Rhone, where
it produces abundantly, and may be mowed five or
fix times in a year. Horfes, mules, oxen, and other
domeftic cattle, love it exceedingly \ but above all
when it is green, if they are permitted to feed on
it, and efpecially the black cattle, which will feed
very kindly upon the dried plant ; the excels of which
is, by many people, thought to be very dangerous ^
but it is faid to be exceeding good for milch cattle,
to promote their quantity of milk •, and is aifo laid to
agree with horfes the bell of all, though fheep, goats,
and moft other cattle, will feed upon it, efpecially
when young.
The directions given by all thofe who have written of
this plant are very imperfed, and generally fuch as,
if pradifed in this country, will be found etffrely
wrong •, for many of them order the mixing of this
feed with Oats or Barley, (as is pradifed for Clover)
but in this way it feldom comes up well, and if it
does, it will draw up fo weak by growing amongft
the Corn, as not to be recovered under a whole year,
if ever it can be brought to its ufual ftrength again.
Others have direded it to be fown upon a low, rich,
moift foil, which is found to be the worft next to a
M E D
clay, of any for this plant ; in both which the roots
will rot in winter, and in a year or two the whole crop
will be deftroyed.
But the foil in which this plant is found to fucceed
belt in this country is, a fight, dry, ioole, fandy land,
which fhould be well ploughed and d relied, and the
roots of all noxious weeds, fuch as Couch Grafs, &c.
deftroyed, otherwife they will overgrow the plants
while young, and prevent their progrefs.
The beft time to low the feed is about the middle of
April, when the weather is fettled and fair; for if
you fow it when the ground is very wet, or in a rainy
feafon, the feeds will burft and come to little (as
is often the cafe with feveral forts of the leguminous
plants -,) therefore you fhould always obferve to fow
it in a dry feafon, and if there happens rain in about
a week or ten days after it is fown, the plants will foon
appear above ground. i
But the method I would direct for the fowing thefe
feeds is as follows : after having well ploughed and
harrowed the land very fine, you mould make a drill
quite acron the ground, about h i; an inch deep, into
which the feeds mould be fcattered very thin by a
hopper fixed to a drill plough ; then cover them over
half an inch’ thick, with t. ,e earth that came out of
the drill ; then proceed to make another drill about
two feet and a half from the former, lowing- the feeds
therein in the fame manner as before, and ib proceed
through the whdle fpot of ground, allowing the fame
diftance between row and row, and fcatter the feeds
very thin in the t rills. In this manner, an acre of
land will require about fix pounds of feeds ; for when
it is ibwn thicker, if the feed grows well, the plants
will be fo dole as to fpoil each other in a year or
two, the heads of them growing to a confiderable fize,
as will alfo the roots, provided they have room. I
have meafured the crown of one root, which v/as in
my pofieffion, eighteen inches diameter ; from which
I cut near four hundred fhoots at one time, which is
an extraordinary increafe, and this upon a poor, dry,
gravelly foil,, which had not been dunged for many
years, but the root was at leaft fourteen years old •, fo
that if this crop be well cultivated, it will continue many
years, and be equally good as when it was firft fown ;
for the roots generally run down very deep in the
ground, provided the foil be dry •, and although they
Ihould meet a hard gravel a foot below the liirface,
yet their roots would penetrate it, and make their
way downward, as I have experienced, having taken
up fome of them which were above four feet in length,
and had run above two feet into a rock of gravel,
which v/as lb hard as not to be loofened without
mattocks and crows of iron, and that with much dif-
ficulty.
The reafon for directing this feed to be fown in rows
is, that the plants may have room to grow ; and for
the better ftirring the ground between them, to de-
ftroy the weeds, and encourage the growth of the
plants, which may be very eafiiy effe&ed with a Dutch
hoe, juft after the cutting the crop each time, which
will caufe the plants to fhoot again in a very little time,
and be much ftronger than in fuch places where the
ground cannot be ftirred ; but when the plants firft
come up, the ground between them fhould be hoed
by hanci with a common hoe ; and if in doing of this
you cut up the plants where they are too cloie in the
rows, it will caufe the remaining to be much ftronger.
i his hoeing fhould be repeated two or three times
while the plants are young, according as the weeds
are produced, observing always to do it in dry wea-
ther, that the weeds may the better be deftroyed ; for
if it be done in moift weather, they will take root
and grow again.
t i-s O
With this management, the plants will grow to the
height of two feet, or more, by the beginning of Au-
gust, wnen tne flowers will begin to appear, when it
fhould be cut for the firft time, obferving to do it
in a dry feafon, efpecially if it is to be made into hay,
and keep it often turned, that it may foon dry, and
be -Gained oft the ground ; for if it lie long upon the
roots, it will prevent their ftiooting again. After the
MED
crop is taken off, you fhould ftir the ground be-
tween the rows with a hoe, to kill the weeds, and
loofen the furface, which will caufe the plants to
fhoot again in a fhort time, fo that by the middle of
September there will be fhoots four or five inches
high, when you may turn in fheep upon it to feed it
down, for it will not be fit to cut again the fame fea-
ion ; ncr fhould the fhoots be buffered to remain up-
on the plants, which would decay when the frofty
weather comes on, and fall down upon the roots, and
prevent their ftiooting early the fuceeeding fpring ;
but thefe fheep fhould not remain fo long upon' it as
to endanger the crowns of the roots.
So that the beft way is to feed it until November,
when it will have done ftiooting for that feafon; but
it fhould not be fed by large cattle the firft year, oe~
caufe the roots being young, would be in danger of
being deftroyed, either by their trampling upon them,
or their pulling them out of the ground ; but iheep
will be of fervice to the roots by dunging the ground,
provided they do not eat it too clofe.
The beginning of February, the ground between. the
roots fhou-ld be again ftirred with the hoe, to encou-
rage them to fhoot again ; but in doing of this you
fhould be careful not to injure the crown of the roots,
upon which the buds are at that time very turgid,
and ready to pufh. Yfith this management, if the foil
be warm, by the middle of March the fhoots will be
live or fix inches high, when, if you are in want of
fodder, you may feed it down till a week in April ;
after which it fhould be buffered to grow for a crop,
which will be fit to cut the beginning of June, when,
you fhould obferve to get it off the ground as foon
as pcfiible, and ftir the ground again with a Dutch
hoe, which will forward the plants ftiooting again,
fo that by the middle of July, there will be another
crop fit to cut, which muft be managed as before :
after which it fhould be fed down again in autumn ;
and as the roots by this time will have taken deep
hold in the ground, there will be little danger of
hurting them, if you fhould turn in larger cattle ; but
you muft always obferve not to buffer them to remain
after the roots have done ftiooting, left they fhould
eat down the crown of the roots below the buds,
which would confideraby damage, if not deftroy them.
In this manner you may continue conftantly to have
two crops to cut, and two feedings upon this plant,
and in good bummers there may be three crops cut,
and two feedings ; which will be a great improve-
ment, efpecially as this plant will grow upon dry
barren foils, where Grafs will produce little, efpe-
cially in dry feafons, when it will be of great ufe, the
Grafs being often burnt up. And as it is an early
plant in the fpring, fo it will be of great fervice when
fodder falls fhort at that feafon, when it will be fit to
feed at leaft a month before Grafs or Clover ; for I
have had this plant eight inches high by the tenth of
March, old ftyle, at which time the Grafs in the fame
place has fcarcely been one inch high.
That the cold will not injure this plant, I am fully
fatisfied ; for in the very cold winter, anno 1729-20,
I had fome roots of this plant which v/ere dug up in
Ohtcber, and laid upon the ground in the open air till
the beginning of March, when I planted them again,
and they fhot out very vigorously foon after ; nay,
even while they lay upon , the ground, they ftruck
out fibres from the under fide of the roots, and be-
gun to make fhoots from the crown of the roots. But
that wet. will deftroy the roots I am fully convinced,
for I fowed above an acre upon a moift fpot of
ground for a trial, v/hich came up very well, and
flourifhed exceedingly during the fumrner feafon, but
in winter, when the great rains fell, the roots began
to rot at bottom, and before the fpring moft oft them
were deftroyed. There has been lately fome perfons
who- have advifed the lowing of Lucern in broad-caft,
and to make uie of a ftrong harrow, to tear up and
deftroy the weeds which naturally grow up among
the plants ; but this advice has been given too pre-
maturely, therefore it is to be hoped will not he fbl-
lowed by any difcreet perfons, who are defired to take
8 R a furvey
MED
a, iurvey of fome of thefe lands which have been fb
cultivated three or four years, which I am fully per-
fuaded will convince them of the bad hufbandry, for
no perfon who has any regard to neatnefs and utility,
will ever pradtife this method.
The beft places to procure the feed from, are Swit-
zerland, and the northern parts of France, for the
feeds faved in thofe countries fticceed better with
us than that which comes from a more fouthern cli-
mate j but this feed may be faved full as well in Eng-
land, and in as great plenty, were people curious
enough to let the firft crop ftand for that purpofe ;
in order to which, a fmall quantity of the plants
fhould be fuffered to grow uncut till the feeds are
ripe, which is commonly about the beginning of
September, when it muft be cut, and laid to dry in
an open barn, where the air may freely pafs through,
but be defended from the wet j for if it be expofed
thereto, it will fhoot while it remains in the pod,
whereby it will be fpoiled. When it is quite dry, it
muft be threfhed out, and cleanfed from the hufk,
and prefeved in a dry place till the feafon for fowing
it ; and this feed faved in England is much preferable
to any brought from abroad, as I have feveral times
experienced, the plants produced from it having been
much ftronger than thofe produced from French,
Helvetian, and Turkey feeds, which were fown at
the fame time, and on the fame foil and fituation.
I am inclinable to think, that the reafon of this plant
not fucceeding, when it has been fown in England,
has either been occaftoned by the fowing it with Corn,
with which it will by no means thrive (for though
the plant be very hardy when grown pretty large, yet
at its firft coming up, if it be incommoded by any
other plants or weeds, it feldom does well ; there-
fore it fhould always be fown by itfelf, and care-
fully cleared from weeds until it has ftrength, af-
ter which it is noteafily deftroyed ;) or, perhaps, peo-
ple have fown it at a wrong feafon, or in wet wea-
ther, whereby the feeds have rotted, and never come
up, which hath difcouraged their attempting it
again : but however the fuccefs has been, I dare aver,
that if the method of fowing and managing of this
plant, which is here laid down, be duly followed, it
will be found to thrive as well as any other fort of
plant now cultivated in England, producing a much
greater crop than any other fort of fodder, and will
continue much longer ; for if the ground be duly
ftirred after the cutting each crop, and the laft crop
fed as hath been diredled, the plants will continue in
vigour forty years or more, without renewing, pro-
vided they are not permitted to feed, which will weak-
en the roots more than four times cutting it would do.
The hay of this plant fhould be kept in clofe barns, it
being too tender to be kept in ricks open to the air
as other hay ; but it will remain good, if well dried
before it be carried in, three years. The people
abroad reckon an acre of this fodder fufficient to keep
three horfes all the year round.
And I have been allured by perfons of undoubted
credit, who have cultivated this plant in England, that
three acres of it have fed ten cart-horfes from the
end of April to the beginning of Qdober, without any
other food, though they have been conftantly worked.
Indeed, the beft ufe which can be made of this Grafs
is, to cut it, and give it green to the cattle ; where
this hath been daily praftifed, I have obferved that
by the time the field has been cut over, that part
which was the firft cut hath been ready to cut again ;
fo that there has been a conftant fupply in the fame
field, from the middle of April to the end of Octo-
ber : when the feafon has continued long mild, and
when the fummers have proved fhowery, I have
known fix crops cut in one feafon, but in the drieft
feafons there will be always three or four. When the
plant begins to flower, it fhould then be cut •, for if
it ftands longer, the ftalks will grow hard, and the
under leaves will decay, fo that the cattle will not fo
greedily devour it. Where there is a quantity of
this cultivated, fome of it fhould be cut before the
MED
flowers appear, otherwife there will be too much to
cut within a proper time.
When this is made into hay, it will require a great
deal of making, for as the ftalks are very fucculent, it
muft be often turned, and expofed a fortnight or
longer, before it will be fit to houfe for this re-
quires a longer time to make than Saint Foin ; there-
fore, when it is cut, it fhould be carried jo make
upon fome Grafs ground, becaufe the earth in the
intervals of the rows will wafh up, and mix with the
hay in every fhower of rain, and by carrying it off as
foon as it is cut, the plants will fhoot up again foon
but it is not fo profitable for hay, as to cut green for
all forts of cattle, but efpecially horfes, which are
extremely fond of it and to them it will anfwer the
purpofe both of hay and Corn, and they may be
worked at the fame time juft as much as. when they
are fed with Corn, or dry food.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
in Spain, Italy, and alfo in fome more northern
countries, and has been fuppofed only a variety of
the firft, but I have frequentlycultivated this by feeds,
and have never obferved it to alter. The ftalks of
this are fmaller, and never rife fo high, generally prof-
trating on the ground the leaves are not half fo
broad, the flowers are produced in ihort roundifh
fpikes, and are of a Saffron colour. This flowers
about the fame time as the firft, and the feeds ripen the
latter part of fummer. It may be eafily propagated
by feeds, and hath a perennial root which will con-
tinue many years, but is feldom cultivated any where.
The third fort grows naturally in Italy ; this is an an-
nual plant, having feveral flender branching ftalks a
foot and a half long, which fpread on the ground,
garnifhed with trifoliate leaves, whofe lobes are oval,
fpear-fhaped, and entire. The flowers are produced
fingly upon flender foot-ftalks, which proceed from
the fide of the branches they are fmall, of a yellow
colour, and fhaped like thofe of the former fort *,
thefe are fucceeded by broad, flat, moon-fhaped
pods, whofe borders are indented, and theie inden-
tures are terminated by fine hairs •, in each of thefe
pods is lodged four or five kidney-fhaped feeds. It
flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in the
autumn.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Spain-, this is al-
fo an annual plant, whofe ftalks grow a foot and a
half long, trailing on the ground, and are garnifhed
with winged leaves compofed of two pair of fmall
lobes, terminated by one large, oval, fpear-fhaped
lobe, which are a little hoary, and placed alter-
nately at the joints. The flowers ftand upon long
flender foot-ftalks, each fuftaining four or five goid~
coloured flowers at the top, which are fucceeded by
compreffed moon-fhaped pods, not half fo large as
thofe of the third fort, but have hairy indentures like
thofe. This flowers and perfects its feeds about the
fame time as the former.
The fifth fort grows naturally on the borders of the
fea in feveral parts of Italy it is alfo an annual plant,
with proftrate herbaceous ftalks about a foot long,,
garnifhed with trifoliate leaves, whofe lobes are
wedge- fhaped and fawed toward the top. The flowers
are produced upon flender foot-ftalks arifing from the
joints of the ftalk they are about an inch long, each
fuftaining five or fix pale yellow flowers, which are fuc-
ceeded by fmall, thick, moon-fhaped pods, whofe
borders are entire, containing three or four imall kid-
ney-fhaped feeds in each. It flowers and feeds about
the fame time with the two former.
The fixth fort grows naturally in the Archipelago ;
this is an annual plant, from whofe roots come out
feveral oblong leaves about two inches and a half
long, narrow at their bale, but broad toward the top,
where they are rounded ; thefe fpread on the ground,
and between them come out the ftalks which are flen-
der, about a foot long, branching out into fmaller,
garnifhed with winged hoary leaves : thofe on the'
lower part of the ftafk are compofed of two pair of
lobes terminated by an odd one 5 thefe are equal in
1
MED
fize, but thofe on the upper part of the ftalks are
trifoliate. The flowers are produced at the end of
the ftalks ; they are fmall, yellow, and fhaped like
thofe of the other forts, and are fucceeded by com-
preffed moon-fhaped pods, which are acutely indented
on their borders, and contain three or four kidney-
fhaped feeds. This plant flowers and ripens its feeds
about the fame time as the other.
Thefe annual forts are preferved in the gardens of
thofe who are curious in botany ; the feeds of thefe
fhould be fown upon an open bed of frelh ground, in
the places where the plants are to remain, becaufe
they do not beartranfplanting well, unlefs when they
are very young. As the plants fpread their branches on
the ground, fo they fhould not be fown nearer than
two feet and a half afunder ; when the plants come
up, they will require no other care but to keep them
clean from weeds. In June they will begin to flower,
and as the ftalks and branches extend, there will be
a fuccefiion of flowers produced till the autumn ; but
the early flowers are fuch as will have good feeds fuc-
ceed them; for thofe which come late in fummer,
have not time to ripen before the cold weather
comes on.
The feventh fort grows naturally in the iflands of the
Archipelago, in Sicily, and the warmeft parts of Italy.
This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk to the height of eight
or ten feet, covered with a gray bark, and divides into
many branches, which, while young, are covered with
a hoary down ; thefe are garnifhed at each joint with
trifoliate leaves, handing upon foot-ftalks about an
inch long •, there are two or three of thefe at each
joint, fo that the branches are clofely covered with
them ; the lobes are fmall, fpear-fhaped, and hoary
on their under fide ; thefe remain all the year. The
flowers are produced on foot-ftalks which arife from
the fide of the branches, they are of a bright yel-
low, each foot-ftalk fuftaining four or five flowers ;
thefe are fucceeded by compreffed moon-fhaped pods,
each containing three or four kidney-fhaped feeds.
It flowers great part of the year, and when the win-
ters are favourable all the year ; or when the plants
are fheltered in winter, they are feldom deftitute of
flowers ; but thofe in the open air begin to flower
in April, and continue in fuccefiion till December,
Thofe flowers which appear early in fummer will have
their feeds ripe in Auguft, or the beginning of Sep-
tember, and the others will ripen in fuccefiion till the
cold flops them.
This plant may be propagated by fowing the feeds
upon a moderate hot-bed, or a warm border of light
earth, in the beginning of April ; and when the plants
come up, they fhould be carefully cleared from weeds ;
but they fhould remain undifturbed, if fown in the
common ground, till September following ; but if
on a hot-bed, they fhould be tranfplanted about Mid-
fummer into pots, placing them in the fhade until they
have taken root ; after which they may be removed
into a fituation where they may be fcreened from
ftrong winds, in which they may abide till the latter
end of Oftober, when they muft be put into a com-
mon garden frame, to fhelter them from hard frofts ;
for thofe plants which have been brought up tenderly,
will be liable to fuffer by hard weather, efpecially
while they are young. In April following thefe plants
may be fhaken out of the pots, and placed in the full
ground where they are defigned to remain, which
fhould be in a light foil and a warm fituation, in which
they will endure the cold of our ordinary winters ex-
tremely well, and continue to produce flowers moft
part of the year, and retaining their leaves all the
winter renders them the more valuable.
Thofe alfo which were fown in an open border mav
be tranfplanted in Auguft following, in the fame man-
ner ; but in doing of this you muft be careful to take
them up with a ball of earth to their roots, if pofli-
ble, as alfo to water and fhade them until they
have taken root ; after which they will require little
more care than to keep them clean from weeds, and
to prune off the luxuriant branches to keep them with-
MED
in due cdmpafs ; but you fhould never prune them
early in the fpring, nor late in autumn, for if froft
fhould happen foon after they are pruned, it will de-
ftroy the tender branches, and many times the whole
plant is loft thereby.
Thefe plants have been conftantly preferved in the
green-houfe, fuppofing them too tender to live thro*
the Winter in the open air ; but I have had large plants
of this kind, which have remained in a warm fitua-
tion many years without any cover, and have been
much ftronger, and flowered better, than thofe which
were houfed ; though, indeed, it will be proper to
keep a plant or two in fhelter, left by a very fevere
winter (which fometimes happens in England) the
plants abroad fhould be deftroyed.
They may alfo be propagated by cuttings, which
fhould be planted in April, upon a bed of light earth,
and watered and fhaded until they have taken root, af-
ter which they may be expofed to the open air ; bift
they fhould remain in the fame bed till July or Au-
guft following, before they are tranfplanted, by which
time they will have made ftrong roots, and may be
removed with fafety to the places where they are to
remain, obferving (as was before direfled) to wate£
and fhade them until they have taken root; after
which you may train them up with ftrait Items, by
fattening them to flicks, otherwife they are apt to
grow crooked and irregular ; and when you have got
their Items to the height you deflgn them, they may
then be reduced to regular heads, and with pruning
their irregular fhoots every year, they may be kept
in very good order.
This plant grows in great plenty in the kingdom of
Naples, where the goats feed upon it, with whofe'
milk the inhabitants make great quantities of cheefe ;
it alfo grows in the iflands of the Archipelago, wherg
the Turks ufe the wood of thefe fhrubs to make han«
dies for their fabres, and theCaliogers of Patmos make
their beds of this wood.
This is, as hath been before obferved, by many peo-
ple, fuppofedto be the Cytifus of Virgil, Columella,
and the old writers in hufbandry, which they men-
tion as an extraordinary plant, and worthy of culti-
vation for fodder, from whence feveral perfons have
recommended it as worthy of our care in England*
But however ufeful this plant may be in Crete, Sicily,
Naples, or thofe warmer countries, yet I am per-
fuaded it will never thrive in England, fo as to be of
any real advantage for that purpofe ; for in fevere
froft it is very fubjedt to be deftroyed, or at leaft fo
much damaged, as not to recover its former verdure
before the middle or latter end of May ; and the
fhoots which are produced will not bear cutting above
once in a fummer, and then will not be of any confide-
rable length •, and the ftems growing very woody, will
render the cutting of it very troublefdme ; fo that,
upon the whole, it can never anfwer the trouble and
expence in cultivating it, nor is it worth the trial,
fince we have fo many other plants preferable to it;
though in hot, dry, rocky countries, where few other
plants will thrive, this may be cultivated to great ad-
vantage, fince in fuch fltuations this plant will live
many years, and thrive very well.
But however unfit this may be for fuch ufes In Eng-
land, yet for the beauty of its hoary leaves, which
will abide all the year, together with its long conti-
nuance in flower, it deferves a place in evety good
garden, where, being intermixed with fhrubs of fc the
fame growth, it makes a very agreeable variety.
As there are at prefent fo many perfons inquifitive to
know which is the true Cytifus mentioned by the an-
tients, I have taken the pains of franfcribing briefly)
what they have faid as to its defcription, by which
may be judged how uncertain it is to determine in an
affair where there is fo little to be found in authors to
affift us.
Theophraflus fays, Cytifus is fuch an enemy to other
plants, that it will kill them, by robbing them of
nourifliment, and that the medulla of it is fo hard and
thick, that it comes the neareft of any thing to Ebenum.
" Tire
M E D
The fii rub Cytifus, by Ariftomachus, the Athenian,
as may be feen in Pliny [who fays much the fame as
■V afro and Columella, from whom probably he has
taken it,] is highly commended for food for fheep,
and, being dry, for fvvine ; the utility [as to 'health
and fattening, Dal] the fame as that ofErvum, but
the fahety is quicker, a four-footed animal growing
Fat with a little of it, fo that cattle fet light by their
Barley.
No food makes a greater quantity, nor better milk,
and it excels all things as to the difeafes of cattle •,
moreover, being given dry, or in a decodion of wa-
ter mixed with wine, to nurfes whofe milk fails, it
helps very much, and makes the children ftronger, 1
take to their feet fooner j green, it is alfo. good >. .
them, or dry, if it be made moift.
Democritus and Ariftomachus fay, bees will ne wt-
want food, if they have Cytifus enough, nor is any I
thing cheaper.
If, when the feed be fown, fhowers are wanting. Co-
lumella direds, That it be watered the fifteen fol-
lowing days.
It is fown [according to the antients] after the equi-
noxes. It is perfected in three years. It is mown
in the vernal equinox [for it flourilhes all the win-
ter, Dal.] with the cheap labour of a boy, or old
woman.
The Cytifus is hoary in afpect. If any one would
exprefs its likenefs briefly, it is a fhrub of a broader
fort of Trefoil.
In winter, being, moiftened, ten pounds will fatisfy a
horie, and a Ids quantity other animals. Being dry,
it has more virtue, and a lefs quantity fatisfies.
Thus fhrub was found in the ifle Cythnus, thence it
was tranfiated into all the Cyclades, and afterwards
into the cities of Greece, where it occafioned a great
increafe of cneefe.
It fears not the injury of heat nor cold, nor hail nor
friow, and Hyginus adds, nor of enemies, becaufe
the wood is of no value.
Alfo Galen, in his book de Antid. writes, 44 Cytifus
“ is a rub. In Myfia, in that part that is neareft to
44 or. - province, there is a trad which they callBrot-
44 ton, in which there is a place full of Cytifus, from
44 the flowers of which, all agree, the bees make very
44 much honey.
44 It is a fruticofe plant j it rifes to the height of a
44 Myrtle.”
Tie fays, feven Ample leaves have the faculty of di-
ge iting, mixed with warm water, as the leaves of
Mallows : thus Galen.
Cornarus too fecurely writes. That Cytifus either ne-
ver came among the Germans, or that it perifhed long
ago. From what Pliny fays. That it was very rare in
Italy in his time, he cannot perfuade me, that nothing
could grow in Germany, that was fcarce in Italy, jo.
Bauh.
Strabo, contrary to Diofcorides, Pliny, and Galen,
will have the Cytifus to be a tree, and he likens it to
the Balfatnum, an odoriferous tree, which probably
was the occafion, that Cornarus thought this tree came
neareft to a fhrub, becaufe Pliny faid the wood was of
no value, therefore he perfuades himfelf, that it pro-
duces woody branches, not tender and foft, as in an
herb.
But Virgil fliews it is neither a tree nor a fhrub,
when he fays :
44 __ — _ Non me pafeente, capeliae,
44 Flore n tem Cytifum, & falices capretis amaras, 5 ’
[Buc. Eclog. j.
44 Sic Cytifo paftse diflendunt ubera vaccse.”
Eclog. 9.
44 Nec Cytifo faturantur apes, nec fronde cape Ike.”
Eclog. 10.
Virgil, I fay, indicates very plainly in thefe verfes,
that it is neither a tree nor a fhrub, for goats do not
ufe it * ffor can they, if they were wont , to eat flowery
trees. Neither will what Cornarus fays avail, when
ME D
Plinyfays the wood is of no value, thatitfnuft of
neceffity produce woody branches j - nay, the contrary
is rattier true, that mere is. no value in the wood,
that it bears viny pliable branches, with which the ,
goats cannot be fatiated.
Theocritus very plainly exprefies it. That Cytifus is
a very grateful food to goats :
*H 0U% TOV XVTUTQV, Cilya S'lCOKH.
u Capra Cytifum,' lupus capellam fequitur
Which is thus imitated by Virgil :
44 Torva learn a lupum fequitur, lupus ipfe capellam:
44 Florentem Cytifum fequitur lafeiva capelia.”
Amatus, to avoid this difficulty, concludes Cytifus to
be between trees and fhrubs, by the difference of ge-
•- S to be diftinguifhed by Pliny, that, as a tree, it
r : be ufed in the feminine gender, as a fhrub in
me mafculine, which is not. worth the minding.
oiumella ufes Cytifus in the feminine gender, and
Theocritus and others in the mafeuline; as Cob.
Conft. in Lex. who writes that it was called dp*o<pv
and Theocritus calls this forub >AIsaL, and others,
x\f Turov ; others again t«Aij.
Of Cythnus, or, as others, of Cythifa, the name of
an ifland, as Severius has it.
Among thefe words of Diofcorides in feme manu-
scripts, there are found, falfely written, in fame, Te-
linen Triphyllon, in others Loturn Grandem.
Diofcorides 5 s description of the Cytifus is not fo ac-
curate, that from it the true Cytifus may be afeer-
tained.
Although in the feveral fpecies of Cytifufes it is hard
to judge which is the legitimate Cy tifus fpecified by
the antients j the moft fkilfuptake it to be that which
Maranthus has deferibed, which is our Medica, which
has been ranged under the genus of Cytifus, by moft
of the writers before Dr. Tournefort, who eftablifhed
the genus of Medicago, on account of the feed-veffel
being like that of Medica, or Snail Trefoil.
This plant grows* in great plenty at Abruzzo, where
the goats feed upon it, and from their milk are made
great quantities of cheefe. I have had both feeds and
fpecimens of the plant fent me from thence, by per-
ions of the greateft fkill in botany, who have allured
me, that this plant is generally fuppofed, by all the
people of learning in that country, to be the plant
mentioned by Virgil.
Trifolium fruticans, according to Dodqnaeus, orPo-
lemonium, according to fome, is improperly called,
Cytifus by many.
Trifolium candidum Dodon. by fome is faid to be
the Cytifus of Columella, concerning which, fee Lib.
Hift. n. 9. 1 7. of Trifolious herbs.
Tragus writes. That their opinion is to be rejected,
who interpret the Trifolium pratenfe to be a Cytifus.
Some contend the Trifolium candidum of Dodon. the
Redtum Melilotum vulgarem, to be the Cytifus of
the antients, as Dodonseus fays, but they have not hit
on the truth.
Ruellius writes, That he was afraid that Marcellus
took Cytifus for Medica.
MEDICAGO. Lin. Gen. Plant. 805. Medica.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 410. tab. 231. Snail Trefoil.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a cylindrical ereEl empalement ofl one leaf \
which is cut at the brim into five equal acute flegments .
The flower is of the butterfly kind , having an oval erect
ftandard , whofe borders are reflexed: The wings are ob-
lofig, oval , and fixed to the keel by an appendix. The
keel is oblong , bifid, obtufe , and r flexed. It hath ten
ftmnina , nine of which are joined,, and the other is Jingle,
terminated by flmall flummits , and an oblong germen, which
fits upon a floor t Jlyle , is involved with theftarxina by the
keel , and crowned by a very flmall flugrna. The germen
afterward turns to a long comprejfed pod , twifted into the
form of a flnail, inclojng many kidney -floaped feeds.-
This
MED • .
This genus of plants is ranged in the fame fedion
and clafs, as the former by Tournefort and Linnaeus.
The Species are,
1. Medic ago ( Marina ) pedunculis racemofis, legumi-
nibus cochleatis, fpinofis, caule procumbente tomen-
tofo. Hort. Cliff. 378. Medicago with branching foot-
fiaiks , fnail-fhaped prickly pods , and a trailing woolly
flalk. Medica Marina. Lob. Icon. 38. Sea Medick , or
Snail 'Trefoil.
2. Medicago ( Scutellata ) legumiftibus chochleatis, in-
ermibus ftipulis dentatis caule angulofo diffufo, foli-
olis oblongo ovatis acute dentatis. Medicago with
fmooth f nail- f 3 aped pods , indented ftipula , an angular dif-
fufed fialk , and oblongs oval , [mall leaves , Which are
floarply indented. Medica fcutellata. J. B. 2. 384. Snail
Trefoil , commonly called Snails.
3. Medicago (T ornato ) leguminibus tornatis inermibus,
ftipulis acute dentatis foliolis ferratis. Medicago with a
turned fmooth pod , acute indented ftipuH , and the fmall
leaves fawed. Medica tornata minor lenis. Park.
Theat. 1 1 1 6 . Snail Trefoil with a f nailer , turned, fmooth
fruit.
4. Medicago (. Intortexta ) leguminibus cochleatis fpi-
nofiffimis aculeis Utrinque tendentibus. Medicago with
very prickly fnail-fhaped pods , whofe fpines point every
way. Medica magno frudu, aculeis furlum & deor-
fum tendentibus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 411. Snail Tre-
foil with a large fruit, whofe fpines point upward and
downward , commonly called Hedgehog.
5. Medicago (. Laciniata ) leguminibus chochleatis fpi-
nofis, foliolis acute dentatis tricufpidifque. Medicago
with prickly fnail-fhaped pods , whofe lobes are acutely in-
dented, and terminate in three points. Medica cochleata
dicarpos capfula rotunda fpinosa, foliis eleganter dif-
fedis. H. L. B. Snail-fhaped T refoil, having a double
fruit with a round prickly capfule, and elegant cut leaves.
There are many other fpecies of this genus, which
grow naturally in the warm parts of Europe,, and are
frequently preferved in botanic gardens for the fake
of variety •, but thefe are rarely cultivated in other
gardens, fo it would be befide my purpofe to enume-
rate them here.
The firft fort grows naturally on the borders of the
Mediterranean Sea ; this is a perennial plant, with
trailing woolly branches about a foot long, which are
divided into fmall branches, garnifhed with fmall, tri-
foliate, downy leaves at each joint, Handing upon
Ihort foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced from
the fide and at the ends of the branches, in fmall
clufters ; they are of a bright yellow colour, and are
fucceeded by fmall roundiflh fnail-fhaped fruit, which
are downy, and armed with a few Ihort fpines. The
flowers appear in June and July, and the feeds ripen
in September.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which Ihould be
fown upon a warm border of dry foil in the fpring,
where the plants are defigned to remain 5 when the
plants are come up, two or three of them may be
tranfplanted into fmall pots to be fheltered in win-
ter, becaufe in very fevere froft, thofe which are in
the open air are frequently deftroyed ; though they
will endure the cold of our ordinary winters, if they
are growing in a dry foil and a fheltered fitu&ion.
Thofe plants which are left remaining, will require no
other culture but to thin them where they are too
clofe, and keep them clean from weeds. This fort may
be propagated by cuttings, which may be planted
in June or July, in a fhady border, covering them
clofe with a glafs to exclude the external air j thefe
will take root in about fix weeks time, and may then
be either planted in a warm border or in pots, and
treated in the fame way as the feedling plants.
The fecond fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in the warm parts of Europe, but in England
it is frequently cultivated in gardens for the oddnefs
of its fruit, which is twifted in the form of a fnail •
and as it ripens turns to a dark brown colour, fo as to
have the appearance of fnails feeding on the plants at
a diftant view. This hath trailing branches ; the
flowers are of a pale yellow, and come out -from the
M E L
fide of the branches. Thefe appear in June and July,
and the feeds ripen in the autumn. It is propagated
by feeds, which fhould be fown in the middle of April,
where the plants are to remain ; and the plants fhould
be thinned where they are too clofe, and kept clean
from weeds, which is all the culture they require.
The third fort is alfo an annual plant, which grows
in the fame countries as the former. This hath trail-
ing branches, and yellow flowers like the fecond fort,
but the fruit is much longer and clofer twilled, fo as
to refemble the figure of a veffel called a pipe, being
lefs at each end than in the middle. This is frequently
kept in gardens for the fake of variety, and may be
propagated and treated in the fame way as the fecond
fort.
The fourth fort is an annual plant, which was for-
merly more cultivated in the Englilh gardens than
at prefent. The ftalks, leaves, and flowers, are like
thofe of the two former forts, but the fruit is much
larger, and clofely armed with long fpines like a
hedgehog, from whence it had the title j thefe fpines
point every way, fo that it is difficult to handle the
fruit without fmarting for it; This is propagated by
feeds in the fame way as the fecond fort, and the plants
require the fame treatment. It flowers in June, and
the feeds ripen in September.
The fifth fort grows naturally in .Syria ; it is an an-
nual plant, with trailing ftalks like ,the former ; the
lobes of the trifoliate leaves are wedge-fh aped, fharply
indented on the edges, and at jthe fop" have three
acute points. The flowers are of a pale yellow, and
the fruit is fnail-fhaped, but fmall, armed with many
weak fpines. It flowers about the fame time with the
former, and may be cultivated in the lame way.
MEDLAR. See Mespilus.
MELAMPYRUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 173I
tab. y8. Lin. Gen. Plant. 660. MixIg-TTv^ov, of ^.ixac,
black, and 73-vf;, Wheat.] Cow Wheat;
The Characters are,
The flower has a permanent empalement of one leaf, which
is tubulous, cut into four fegments at the brim. .The flower
is of the lip kind, having an oblong recurved tube com-
preffed at the brim ; the upper lip is formed like a helmet *
and is compreffed and indented at the top \ the wider lip
is plain, erect, and cut into three fegments at the top,
which are equal and obtufe .- It hath four awl-fhaped
flamina which are curved under the upper lip, two of
which are floor ter than the other, terminated by oblong
fnmmits, and in the center is Jituated an acute-pointed ger-
men, fupporting afingle fiyle crowned by an obtufe ftigma.
The empalement afterward turns to an oblong acute-pointed
capfule with two cells, incloflng two pretty large oval
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, which contains thofe
plants whofe flowers have two long and two fliorter
ftamina, and the feeds are included in a capnfule.
The Species are,
1. Melampyrum ( Prctenfc ) floribus fecundis latera-
libus, conjugationibus remotis, corollis claufis. Flor.
Suec. 513. Cow Wheat with fruitful foot-ftalks of
floivers ft anding at a diftance , and the petals fhut. Me-
lampyrum luteum latifolium. C. B. P. 234. Broad-
leaved yellow Cow Wheat.
2. Melampyrum ( Criftatum ) fpicis quadrangylaribus
bradeis cordatis compadis denticulis imbricatis. Flow
Suec. 510. Cow Wheat with quadrangular fpikes, and
heart-Jhaped brableao, which are imbricated.% Melampyrum
luteum anguftifolium. C. B. P. 234. Yellow narrow-
leaved Cow Wheat.
3. Melampyrum ( Arvenfe ) fpicis eonicis laxe bradeis
dentato-fetaceis. Flor. Seuc. 5 il Cow Wheat with
loofe conical fpikes, and briftly indented broMea. Melam-
pyrum purpurafcente coma. C. B. P. 234, Cow Wheat
■ with purpliflj tops.
4. Melampyrum ( Nemorofum ) floribus fecundis' latera-
libus bradeis dentato cordato lanceolatis, film mis,
coloratis fterilibus, calycibus lanatis. Flor. Suec. 512’
Cow Wheat with fruitful lateral flowers, heart flpear-
f haped ~ bralle a, flerile coloured tops , and woolly empale-
^ S ' mints .
40I
MEL
mends. Melampyrum coma cserulea. C. B. P. 234.
Cow Wheat with blue tops.
Thefe plants are feldom cultivated in gardens. The
firft fort grows naturally in woods in many parts of
England. The fecond fort grows plentifully in Bed-
fordshire and Cambridgeshire. The fourth fort grows
in the northern parts of Europe. The third fort
grows naturally in fome of the fandy lands in Norfolk,
tho’ not in great plenty •, but in Well Friezland and
Flanders, it grows very plentifully among the Corn *,
and Clulius fays, it Spoils their bread, making it dark •,
and that thofe who eat of it ufed to be troubled with
heavinefs of the head, in the fame manner as if they
had eaten Darnel or Cockle : but Mr. Ray fays, He
has eaten of this bread very often, but could never
perceive that it gave any difagreeable tafte, or that it
was accounted unwholefome by the country people,
who never endeavour to Separate it from the Corn :
and Tabernacmontanus declares, he has often eaten it
without any harm ; and fays, it makes a- very pleafant
bread. It is a delicious food for cattle, particularly
for fattening of oxen and cows, for which purpofe it
may be cultivated.
The feeds of thefe plants Should be fown in the au-
tumn Soon after they are ripe, otherwife it feldom
grows the firft year ; when the plants come up, they
mufc be weeded in the fpring while young, and as Soon
as they begin to Shew their flowers, the cattle may be
fed upon it •, but they Should be confined to a cer-
tain Space, and not permitted to run over the whole
field to trample it down, which would deftroy a great
part of it.
The third and fourth forts make a pretty appear-
ance, with their purple and blue tops, during the
months of July and Auguft, They are all of them
annual plants.
MELANTHIUM, Star-flower.
The Characters are,
fhe flower has no empalement { unlefls the corolla is Jo call-
ed) it hath fix oblong , oval , fpreading petals , which are
permanent , and fix flender erebl ftamina inferted above the
tails , with globular fumrnits , with a freaked globular
germen , fupporting three curved diftinbl flyles , crowned
by obtufe fligma ; the germen afterward turns to an oval
capfule , having three cells , which are united within , con-
taining feveral oval comprejfed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fedtion of
Linnaeus’s Sixth clafs, intitled Hexandria Trigynia,
the flower having fix ftamina and three ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Melanthium ( Virginicum ) petalis unguiculatis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 483. Star-flower with tender nai 'i-fhaped pe-
tals. Afphodelo affinis Floridana, ramofo caule, flo-
ribus ornithogali obfoletis. Pluk. tab. 434. f. 8.
2. Melanthium ( Sibericum ) petalis fefiilibus. Amoen.
Acad. 2. p. 349. Star-flower with feffile petals. Orni-
thogalum fpicis florum longiSfimis ramofis. Flor.
Siber. p. 45.
3. Melanthium {PunClatum ) petalis pun&atis, foliis
cucullatis. Amoen. Acad. 6. Star-flower with punctu-
ated petals , and hooded leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally in Virginia and in other
parts of North America, but being a plant of little
beauty, is feldom cultivated except in botanic gar-
dens ; the flower-ftalks of this rifes from fix to eight
inches high, branching upward into three or four di-
visions, garniihed below the flower with two or three
linear leaves. The flowers are compofed of fix
fpreading petals of a dufky worn-out colour, which
are rarely Succeeded by feeds in England.
If the roots of this plant are planted in a border of
light earth, not too dry, they will thrive and pro-
duce their flowers here, but feldom increafe.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Siberia, fo is at
prefent a ftranger in England, but may be propagated
here (if once obtained) by planting the bulbous roots
in an eaft border.
The third fort grows at the Cape of Good Hope, fo
is too tender to thrive in the open air in England. But
if the roots are planted in a border, covered in win-
MEL
ter with a garden frame, and treated in the fame way
as is directed for the Ixia, they will thrive and flower
annually.
MELA STOMA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 481. Groffula-
ria. Sloan. Hift. Jam. Plum. Sp. 18. The American
Goofeberry-tree, vulgb.
The Characters are,
The flower has a permanent empalement of one leaf fwell-
ing like a bladder , and obtufe. It hath five roundijh pe-
tals , which are inferted into the border of the empalement ,
and ten fhort ftamina , terminated by long ereCi fummits a
little curved . Under the flower is fituated a roundijh
germen , fupporting a flender flyle, crowned by an incurved
indented fligma. I* he germen afterward turns to a berry
with five cells, covered by the empalement which crowns
it , and contains many fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogy-
nia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have
ten ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Melastoma {Plant aginis folio) foliis denticulatis
ovatis acutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 389. Melaftoma with
oval, acute-pointed, indented leaves. Groftularia Ame-
ricana, plantaginis folio ampliflimo. Plum. Sp. 18.
2. Melastoma ( Acinodendron ) foliis denticulatis fub-
trinerviis ovatis acutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 558. Melafto-
ma with oval indented leaves ending in acute points ,
having three veins. Groflfularia alia plantaginis folio,
frudhi rariore violaceo. Plum. Sp. 18.
3. Melastoma (. Hirta ) foliis denticulatis quinquener-
vibus, ovato-lanceolatis caule hifpido. Lin. Sp. 390.
Melaftoma with fpear-fhaped indented leaves , with five
veins , and a prickly folk. Groftularia plantaginis folio
anguftiore hirfuto. Plum. Sp. 18.
4. Melastoma ( Holofericea ) foliis integerrimis triner-
viis oblongo-ovatis tomentofis racemis brachiatis,
fpicis bipartitis. Lin. Sp. 559. Melaftoma with very
entire oblong oval leaves , which are woolly on their under
fide , and fpikes of flowers dividing in two parts. Arbor
racemofa Brafiliana, folio Malabathri. Breyn. Cent,
tab. 2 & 3.
5. Melastoma ( Grojfularioides ) foliis lanceolatis utrin-
que glabris nervis tribus ante bafln coeuntibus. Hort.
Cliff. 162. Melaftoma with fpear-fhaped leaves fmooth
on both fides , and three veins which join before they reach
the bafe. Grofiularia frudtu non ipinofo, Malabathri
foliis oblongis, floribus herbaceis racemofis, fru&u
nigro. Sloan. Cat. 165.
6. Melastoma {Bicolor) foliis lanceolatis, nervis tribus
longitudinalibus, fubtus glabris coloratis. Hort. Cliff.
162. Melaftoma with fpear-fhaped leaves having three
longitudinal veins , fmooth and coloured on their under
fide.
7. Melastoma {Malabathrica) foliis lanceolato-ovatis
quinquenervibus fcabris. Flor. Zeyl. 171. Melaftoma
with fpear-floaped oval leaves which are rough , and have
five veins. Melaftoma quinque nervia hirta major, ca-
pitulis fericeis villofis. Burm. Zeyl. 155. tab. 73.
8. Melastoma {Lavigata) foliis oblongo-ovatis minu-
tiflime dentatis inferne fericeis quinquenervibus, flo-
ribus racemofis. Melaftoma with oblong oval leaves ,
having very fmall indentures on the edges , and filky on their
under fide , with five veins , and flowers growing in long
bunches. Groflulariae fru&u, arbor maximo non fpi-
nofa, Malabathri folio maximo inodora, flore race-
mofo albo. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 165.
9. Melastoma {Petiolatis) foliis denticulatis ovatis acu-
minatis, inferne nitidifiimis, petiolis longiflimis. Me-
laftoma with oval acute-pointed leaves , which are indented
on their edges , very Jhining on their under fide, and have
very long foot-flalks.
10. Melastoma (JJmbellata) foliis cordatis acuminatis
integerrimis, inferne incanis, floribus umbellads.
Melaftoma with heart-Jhaped , acute-pointed , entire leaves ,
hoary on their under fide , and flowers growing in umbels .
Sambucus Barbadenfis didta, foliis fubincanis. Pluk.
Phyt. tab. 221. fol. 6 .
11. Melastoma {Racemofa) foliis oblongo-cordatis acu-
minatis, denticulato-ferratis, floribus racemofis fpar-
fis.
MEL
MEL
fis. Melafioma with oblong , heart-fhaped , acute-pointed
leaves , having /awed indentures , 00^ flowers growing
thinly in long bunches.
12. Melastoma ( Verticillata ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis,
quinquenervibus, fubtus aureis, floribus verticillatis,
caule tomentofo. Melafioma with oval fpear-floaped
leaves having five veins , which are of a gold colour on their
under fide , and flowers growing in whorls , with a woolly
ftalk.
13. Melastoma {Acuta) foliis lanceolatis acutis denti-
culatis inferne incanis trinervibus, floribus racemofis.
Melafioma with acute fpear-fhaped leaves which are in-
dented on their edges , hoary on their under fide , have three
veins, and flowers growing in bunches.
14. Melastoma ( Glabra ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis acu-
minatis integerrimis, utrinque glabris trinervibus, flo-
ribus racemofis. Melafioma with entire , oval , fpear-
fhaped leaves ending in acute points , having three veins ,
and fmooth on both fides , with flowers growing in long
bunches. Arbor Syrinamenfis, canellse folio utrinque
glabro. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 249. fol. 5.
15. Melastoma {Quinquenervia) foliis ovatis quinque-
nervibus fcabris, floribus racemofis alaribus. Melafioma
with oval rough leaves having five veins , and flowers
growing in bunches from the fides of the branches.
16. Melastoma ( Obtandria ) foliis lanceolatis trinervi-
bus glabris, marginibus hifpidis. Melafioma with fmooth
fpear-fhaped leaves having three veins , and hairy prickles
on the border.
17. Melastoma {Afpera) foliis ovatis quinquenervibus
glabris, marginibus hifpidis. Melafioma with oval
fmooth leaves , having five veins , and hairy prickly
borders.
18. Melastoma {Scabrofa) foliis ovato-lanceolatis fca-
bris acuminatis quinquenervibus,' floribus racemofis.
Melafioma with oval , fpear-fhaped , acute-pointed leaves ,
having five veins , and flo wers growing in long bunches.
The title of this genus of plants was given to it by
Profefibr Bur man, of Amfterdam, in the Thefaurus
Zeylanicus •, fome of thefe plants have been titled
Sambucus, others Chriftophoriana, and to fome of
the fpecies Dr. Plukenet gave the title of Acidendron *,
but Sir Hans Sloane and Father Plumier, gave them
the title of GroflTularia, from whence I have applied
the Englifh name of Goofeberry to them, which is
the name by which fome of the forts are known in
America.
The firft fort rifes about four or five feet high, the
Hem and branches being covered with long ruflfet
hairs ; the leaves are placed on the branches oppofite ;
they are five inches long and two broad, and are alfo
covered with the fame rufiet down, having five ribs
or veins running through the leaves from end to end,
but the three inner join before they reach the bale, with
fmall tranfverfe ribs •, the fruit is produced at the end
of the Ihoots, which is a pulpy blue berry, as large as
a Nutmeg.
The fecond fort grows to be a large tree, having ma-
ny crooked branches, covered with a brown bark,
the leaves placed oppofite on the branches •, thefe are
imooth, entire, and above five inches long, and two
broad in the middle, with three deep veins running
through them ; both fides of thefe leaves are of a
light green and fmooth, and are Iharply indented on
their edges, ending in acute points. The fruit
grows in loofe fpikes at the end of the branches ;
they are thinly placed on the fpikes, and are of a
Violet colour.
The third fort grows to the height of twenty feet, with
a large trunk, covered with a rufiet bark : the leaves
of this tree are very large, being above feven inches
long, and three and a quarter broad, ofa dark rufiet
colour on their upper fide, but of a yellowifh ruflfet on
their under, foft to the touch, having a foft down over
them ; the ftalks are covered with rough hairs, and the
leaves are placed by pairs on the branches, which
make a beautiful appearance when the trees are viewed
at a diftance.
The fourth fort feldom grows more than eight or ten
feet high, the leaves are about four inches long.
having three veins, which join before they reach the
bafe ; they are entire, and are of a fattin colour on
their under fide, but of a light green on their upper ;
thefe are placed by pairs on the branches.
The fifth fort feldom grows more than feven or eight
feet high, fpreading out into many branches, which
are covered with a fmooth purple bark ; they are {len-
der, and are garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves, five
inches long and two broad in the middle, where they
are broadeft ; they are fmooth on both fides, their
edges are entire, and they terminate in acute points.
The flowers are produced in pretty long hanging
bunches, of an herbaceous colour, with long ftyles
which are ftretched out a good length beyond the pe-
tals, and are permanent 5 the fruit is fmall, and black
when ripe.
The fixth fort rifes four or five feet high, dividing
into many flender branches, which are fmooth, and
garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves three inches long,
and one and a quarter broad, of a lucid green on the
upper fide, but white on the under, having three lon-
gitudinal veins which join before they reach the bafe ;
thefe are entire, and placed alternately on the branches.
The flowers are produced in a loofe panicle at the
end of the branches; they are fmall, white, and have
pretty long tubes ; thefe are fucceeded by fmall pur-
ple fruit.
The feventh fort rifes with an angular ftalk fix or feven
feet high, fending out branches oppofite, which are
garnifhed with fpear-fhaped, oval, rough leaves,
placed by pairs ; they are hairy, of a dark green on
their upper fide, but of a pale green on their under*
The flowers are produced at the end of the branches,
two or three ftanding together ; they are large, and
of a Rofe colour, inclining to purple, fitting in large
hairy empalements ; thefe are fucceeded by roundifh.
purple fruit crowned by the empalement, which are
filled with a purple pulp furrounding the feeds.
The eighth fort grows to the height of twenty feet,
with a large ftrait ftem, covered with a gray bark,
and at the top divides into many angular branches ;
thefe are garnifhed with oblong oval leaves near a
foot long, and fix inches broad in the middle, of a
dark green on their upper fide, but filky on their un-
der, with five ftrong longitudinal veins ; they are in-
dented on their edges, and placed oppofite. The
flowers are produced in loofe long bunches at the end
of the branches ; thefe are white, and are fucceeded
by roundifh purple fruit, filled with pulp, in which
the feeds are lodged.
The ninth fort rifes with a ftrong ere£t ftalk near
thirty feet high, covered with a gray bark, dividing
at the top into feveral angular comprefled branches,
which are garnifhed with oval leaves indented on their
edges ; they are feven inches long and almoft five
broad, ftanding by pairs oppofite on very long foot-
ftalks, of a lucid green on their upper fide, but of a
pale gold colour and fattiny on their under, with five
ftrong longitudinal veins, and a great number of
fmaller tranfverfe ones. The flowers are produced in
loofe panicles at the end of the branches ; they are
white, and are fucceeded by purple fruit, about the
fame fize as thofe of the former.
The tenth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk ten or twelve
feet high, covered with a hairy bark, and divides in-
to many branches toward the top, which are garnifh-
ed with heart-fhaped leaves ending in acute points ;
they are five inches long and three broad toward their
bafe, entire in their borders, of a dark green on their
upper fide, but hoary on their under, with five lon-
gitudinal veins, and many fmaller tranfverfe ones ;
thefe are placed oppofite, and ftand upon hairy foot-
ftalks, two inches and a half in length. The flow-
ers are produced at the end of the branches, in a
fort of umbel ; they are of a pale Rofe colour and
pretty large, fitting on hairy empalements ; thefe are
fucceeded by fmall black fruit, a little larger than
Elder-berries.
The eleventh fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk about
eight or nine feet high, covered with a dark brown
bark,
4 ax
\ MEL
bark, and divides at the top into many ftraggling
branches, which are garnifhed with oblong heart-
ftiaped leaves fix inches long, and three broad toward
their bafe, ending in acute points, indented on their
edges with fharp ferratures •, they are fmooth on both
fides, and of a light green colour. The flowers are
produced in very looie bunches at the end of the
branches ; they are fmall, of an herbaceous colour,
and are lucceeded by fmall fruit, of a dark colour
when ripe.
The twelfth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk five or fix
feet high, dividing into many fmaller branches, which
are covered with a hairy woolly bark, of a rufty iron
Colour ; thefe are garnifhed with oval fpear-fhaped
leaves, one inch and a half long, and three quarters
of an inch broad in the middle ; they are of a dark
green on their upper fide, and of a rufty iron colour
on their under, having five longitudinal veins •, they
are placed oppofite, and fit dole to the branches. The
flowers come out in whorls at the joints of the ftaiks ;
they are fmall, of a purplilh colour, and are fucceed-
ed by fmall black fruit.
The thirteenth fort is a low lhrub, feldom rifing
more than three feet high, dividing at the bottom
into flender branches, which are garnifhed with fpear-
fhaped leaves, ending in acute points •, thefe are five
inches long, and one and a half broad in the middle,
fawedon their edges, of a dark green on their upper
fide, but of a hoary white on their under, having
three longitudinal veins ; they are placed oppofite,
upon fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced in
loofe bunches at the end of the branches ; they are
white, and fucceeded by fmall purple fruit.
The fourteenth fort hath a fhrubby ftalk eight or nine
feet high, divided toward the top into many flender
branches which are fmooth, garnifhed with oval fpear-
fhaped leaves, which are feven inches long and three
broad, ending in acute points ; they are entire on
their edges, and fmooth on both fides, ftanding
oppofite, and have three longitudinal veins. The
flowers are produced in loofe panicles at the end of
the branches, and are fucceeded by very fmall pur-
ple fruit.
The fifteenth fort rifes with feveral fhrubby ftaiks five
or fix feet high, dividing into feveral crooked branches,
garnifhed with oval leaves three inches long, and
almoft as much broad, having five longitudinal veins;
they are rough, of a dark green on their upper fide,
but of a pale green on their under, indented on
their edges, ftanding upon very hairy foot-ftalks ;
they are fometimes oppofite, and at others alternate,
on the branches. The flowers are produced in very
loofe bunches, which come out from the fide of the
ftaiks ; they are fmall, of an herbaceous colour, and
are fucceeded by fmall purplifh fruit, filled with very
fmall feeds.
The fixteenth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk feven or
eight feet high, and divides into many fmooth
branches, which are garnifhed with fpear-fhaped
leaves about four inches long, and one inch and a
quarter broad in the middle ; they are fmooth on both
fides, of a dark green colour, and have three longi-
tudinal veins ; the edges of thefe leaves are clofely let
with briftly flinging hairs. The flowers are produced
in loofe bunches at the end of the branches ; they are
fmall,. of a purplifh colour, and are fucceeded by ve-
ry fmall black fruit.
The feventeenth fort is in many parts like the former,
but the leaves are oval, a little more than two inches
long, and oneand a quarter broad ; thefe have five lon-
gitudinal veins, and are fmooth on both fides, of a dark
green colour, and ft and oppofite on fhort foot-ftalks.
The flowers grow in loofe bunches at the end of the
branches, they are larger than t.hofe of the former
fort, but are of the fame colour. The edges of the
leaves of this fort are clofely fet with flinging hairs,
as -thole of the other.
‘The eighteenth fort rifes with a fhrubby ftalk eight
or nine feet high, dividing into branches ftanding
oppofite, as do alfo the leaves, which are feven inches
ME L
long and three broad, rough on their furface, entire
on their edges, ending in acute points ; they are of
a light green on both fides, and Hand upon fhort
foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced in pretty
large loofe panicles at the end of the branches ; they
are fmall, white, and are fucceeded by fmall, round,
purple fruit.
All the forts are natives of the warm parts of Ame-
rica, where there are many more fpecies than are
here enumerated. Mofl of thefe here mentioned,
were found by the late Dr. Honftoun, growing na-
turally in Jamaica, from whence he lent many of their
feeds to Europe, fome of which fucceeded ; but moft,
if not all the plants which were raifed from them,
were loft in the fevere winter in 1740, fince which
time they have not been recovered in Europe.
There is great beauty in the diverfity of the leaves of
thefe plants, many of them being very large, and
moft of them are of different colours on the two fur-
faces, their under fide being either white, gold co-
lour, or ruftet, and their upper of different fhades of
green, fo that they make a fine appearance in the hot-
houfe ail the year; indeed, their flowers have no
great beauty to recommend them, but yet for the
Angular beauty of their leaves, thefe plants deferve a
place in all curious collections, as much as moft other
forts.
There are very few of thefe plants at prefent in any
of the European gardens, which may have been oc-
cafioned by the difficulty of bringing over growing
plants from the Weft-Indies ; and the feeds being
fmall when they are taken out of the pulp, foon be-
come dry, fo feldom fucceed. The beft way to ob-
tain thefe plants is, to have the entire fruits put up in.
dry fand as foon as they are ripe, and forwarded by
the foonefl conveyance to England ; thefe fhould be
immediately taken out when they arrive, and the
feeds fown in pots of light earth, and plunged into a
moderate hot-bed of tanners bark. When the plants
come up, and are fit to remove, they muff be each
planted into a fmall pot of light earth, and plunged
ioto the tan-bed ; and may afterward be treated in
the manner directed for the Annona, to which I fhall
defire the reader to turn, to avoid repetition.
MELIA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 473. Azederach. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 616. tab. 387. The Bead-tree.
The Characters are,
The empalernent of the flower is fmall , ere ft, and of one
leafy cut into five points at the top, which are obtufe.
The flower hath five long , narrow , fpear-fhaped petals
which fpread open, and a cylindrical nectar him of one leaf
the length of the petals, indented at the brim in ten parts.
It has ten fmall flamina infer ted in the top of the nedla-
rium , terminated by fumrnits which do not appear above
it , with a conical germen fupporting a cylindrical ftyle ,
crowned by an obtufe indented fligma. The germen af-
terward turns to a foft globular fruit , including a round-
ijh nut having five rough furrows , and five cells , each
containing one oblong feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feflion of
Linnteus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Monogy-
nia, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have
ten flamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Melia ( Azedarach ) foliis bipinnatis. Flor. ZeyL
162. Melia with double winged leaves. Azederach.
Dod. Pempt. 848. The Bead-tree , or Falfie Sycamore.
2. Melia ( Azedirachta ) foliis pinnatis. Hort. Cliff.
161. Melia with winged leaves . Olea Malabarica,
fraxini folio. Pluk. Aim. 269.
The firft fort grows naturally in Syria, from whence
it was brought to Spain <md Portugal, where it is
now become as common almoft, as if it were a native
of thofe countries. This in warm countries grows to
a large tree, fpreading out into many branches, which
are garnifhed with winged leaves, competed of three
fmaller wings, whofe lobes are notched and indented
on their edges ; they are of a deep green on their up-
per fide, and paler on their under. The flowers
come out from the fide of the branches in long loofe
bunches ;
XL, Lj
, v «
-l I 1
XJ
bunches • they are compofed of five long, narrow,
fpear-fhaped petals, of a blue colour, and are fuc-
ceeded by oblong fruit as large as a fmall Cherry,
green at firft, but when ripe changes to a pale yellow,
inclofing a nut with five deep furrows, having four or
five cells, in each of which is lodged one oblong
feed. This produces its flowers in England in July,
but are not often fucceeded by feeds here-, it drops
its leaves in the autumn, and puts out frefli in the
fpring. The pulp which furrounds the nut, is faid
to have a deadly quality if eaten and if mixed with
greafe, and given to dogs, it will kill them. The nuts
are bored through, and ftrung by the Roman Catho-
lics to ferve as beads.
There has been of late years fome of thefe plants in-
troduced to the i (lands in the Weft-Indies, where I
informed they continue flowering, and produce
their fruit moft part of the year. The fruit I have
received from thence by the title of Indian Lilac,
from which I have railed many of the plants, and find
them to be the fame as that from Syria.
This fort is propagated by feeds (which may be ob-
tained from Italy or Spain, where thefe trees annually
produce ripe fruits in the gardens where they are
planted :) the feeds or berries fhould be fown in pots
filled with good frefh light earth, and plunged into a
moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, where (if the feeds
are frefh) they will come up in about a month or five
weeks time. When the plants are come up they fhould
be frequently watered, and fhould have a large
fhare of free air, by raifing the glafles every day -, in
June they fhould be expofed to the open air, in a well
Iheltered fituation, that they may be hardened before
winter. In October the pots fhould befemoved un-
der a hot-bed frame, where they may enjoy free open
air when the weather is mild, and be covered in hard
froft. During the winter feafon they muft be refrefh-
ed gently with water, but by no means repeat this
too often, nor give them too much at a time ; for
their leaves being off, they will not be in a condition
to throw off a fuperfluity of moifture.
In March following, you may fhake out the plants
from the feed-pots and divide them, planting each
into a feparate fmall pot, filled with light frefh earth,
plunging them into a moderate hot-bed, which will
greatly promote their rooting, and increafe their
growth, but they muft not be drawn too much ; and
in June you fhould remove them out into the open
air as before, and during the three or four winters,
while the plants are young, you muft fhelter them,
to fecure them from the cold ; but when the plants
are grown pretty large and woody, they will endure
to be planted in the open air againft a fouth wall.
The belt feafon for this is in April, at which time
you fhould fhake them out of the pots, being careful
not to break the earth from the roots, but only pare
off with a knife the outfide of the ball of earth ; then
open your holes and put in the plants, doling the
earth to their roots, obferving if the weather is dry, to
give them fome water, which fhould be repeated twice
a week until the plants have taken root-, but you muft
obferve to plant them on a dry foil, otherwife they
will be liable to mifcary in fevere frofty weather.
The fecond fort grows naturally in India, where it
becomes a large tree ; the ftem is thick, the wood of
a pale yellow, and the bark of a dark purple colour
and very bitter. The branches extend wide on every
fide, which are garnilhed with winged leaves, com-
pofed of five or fix pair of oblong acute-pointed
lobes, terminated by an odd one ; thefe are fawed on
their edges, of a light green colour, and a ftrong
difagreeable odour ; they Hand upon pretty long foot-
ftalks, which come out fometimes oppofite, and at
others they are alternate. The flowers are produced
in long branching panicles which proceed from the
fide of the branches ; they are fmall, white, and fit
in fmall empalements, which are cut in five acute
fegments j thefe are fucceeded by oval fruit of the
fize of fmall Olives, which are green, afterward yel-
low, and when ripe, they change to a purple colour ;
the pulp which furrounds the nut is oily, acrid, and
bitter; the nut is white, and fhaped like that of the
former. It grows in Andy land, "both in India and
the Hand of Ceylon, where it is always green; and
produces flowers and fruit twice a yean
This fort is now very rare in England, and alfo in the
Dutch gardens, where fome years paft it was more
common ; it is propagated by feeds in the fame way
as the other fort, but being much tenderer, the
plants fhould be kept conftantly in the tan-bed while
young. In the iummer they may be placed under a
frame, but in winter they muft be removed into the
bark-ftove, and treated in the fame way with other
plants from the fame countries. When the plants
have obtained ftrengtli, they may be treated more
hardily, by placing them in winter in a dry ftove; and
in the middle of fummer they may be placed abroad
ror two or three months in a warm flickered fituation,
but they fhould not remain too long abroad ; and
during the winter feafon they fhould be fparingly wa-
tered : with this management the plants will produce
flowers annually, and as they retain their leaves all
the year, they are ornamental in winter in the ftove.
The firft fort is commonly called, Zizyphus alba, in
Portugal and Spain, and in Italy, Pieudocycamo-
rus. It was by moft of the modem botanifts titled,
Azederach, but Dr. Linnaeus has altered it to this of
Melia, which was by Theophraftus applied to a fpe-
cies of Afh.
MELIANTHUS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 430. tab.
245. Lin. Gen. Plant, y 12 - [^sAjW)©^, of
honey, and cb/8©- 5 , a flower.] Honey Flower.
The Characters are,
The flower has a large , coloured , unequal empalement , di-
vided into five fegments -, the two upper are oblong and
ere hi, the lower is floor t , and floaped like a bag. The
middle are fpear-Jhaped and oppofite. It hath four nar-
row fpear -fhaped petals , reflexed at their points, spreading
open outward , and floaped like the empalement into two
lips, connected on their fides. It has a nebiarium of one
leaf , fituated in the lower fegment of the empalement , and
faftened with it to the receptacle ; it is floort, compreffed
on the fides , and cut on the margin. It hath four erect
awl-Jhaped ftamina, the two under being fomewhat floor ter
than the other, terminated by oblong heart -floaped fum-
mits. In the center is fituated a four-cornered germen,
fupporting an ere It fly le, crowned by a quadrifid ftigma.
The germen afterward becomes a quadrangular capfuls
with dift ended cells , divided by partitions in the center ,
each containing one almoft globular feed, fixed to the center
of the capfule.
1.
I his genus of plants is ranged in the fecond febfciori of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have two long and two fhorter ftamina,
and their feeds are included in empalemnets.
The Species are,
Melianthus {Major) ftipulis folitariis petiolo adna-
tis. Hort. Cliff. 452. Honey Flower with fingle ftipula?
growing clofle to the foot-ftalk. Melianthus Africanus.
H. L. B. 4 1 4. Greater African Honey Flower.
2. Melianthus {Minor) ftipulis geminis diftinbBs.
Hort. Cliff. 492. Smaller Honey Flower with two
diflinbi ftipuhe. Melianthus. Africanus minor foetidus.-
Com. Rar. PI. 4. tab. 4.
The firft fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence it was brought to Holland in the
year 1672 ; this hath a ligneous perennial root, which
lpreads far on every fide, from which arife many lig-
neous ftalks which rife four or five feet high, and are
herbaceous toward the top, where they are garnifhed
with large winged leaves, which embrace the ftalks
with their bale, where they have a large fingle ftipulte
faftened on the upper fide of the foot-ftalk, with two
ears at the bafe, which alfo embrace the ftalk. The
leaves have four or five pair of very large lobes, ter-
minated by an odd one ; thefe are deeply jagged on
their edges into acute fegments, and between the
lobes runs a double leafy border or wing on the up-
per fide of the midrib, fo as to conned! the bafe of
the lobes together ; thefe are alfo deeply jagged in
8 T
M E L
the fame’ manner as the lobes ; they are of a gray co-
lour, The flowers are produced in pretty long
fpikes, which arife from between the leaves toward
the top of the (talks ; they are of a brown or chocolate
colour, and are formed like the lip flowers, but have
four narrow petals, in which it differs from the other
plants of this clafs with lip flowers ; thefe are fuc-
ceeded by oblong four-cornered capfules, divided by
a central partition into four cells, each containing one
roundifh feed ; this plant flowers in June, but unlefs
the feafon' proves warm, they are not fucceeded by
feeds in England.
This plant was formerly preferved in green-houfes as
a tender exotic, but if planted in a dry foil and a
warm fituation, it will endure the cold of our ordi-
nary winters very well; and if in a fevere froft the
tops of them fliQuld be deftroyed, yet the roots will
abide, and put forth again the fucceeding fpring, fo
that there is no great danger of lofing it ; and the
plants which grow in the open air always flower much
better than thofe which are preferved in the green-
houfe, as they are lefs drawn, which always is hurt-
ful to the flow r ering of plants ; for it rarely happens
that any of the plants of this fort, which are placed
in the green-houfe do flower, for they are apt to
draw up tall and weak, which prevents their flower-
ing, and thofe branches which produce flowers, ge-
nerally decay foon after ; fo that although the Hems
become woody, yet they are not of long duration,
but the roots fpread where they have room, and fend
out a great number of (talks annually ; and when the
plants grow in the full ground, mod of thofe (talks
which are not injured by froft, feldom fail to flower
the fpring following, fo that the fureft method to have
them (lower, is to cover the (hoots of thefe plants in
frofty weather with Reeds or mats, to prevent their
tops being killed by the cold; therefore it is the beft
way to plant them dole to a good afpeded wall, and
on a dry rubbilh, in which they will not (hoot fo vi-
gorous as in good ground, fo will be lefs fucculent,
and therefore not fo liable to fuffer by cold ; but if
the winter proves fevere, the (talks may be fattened
up to the wall, and covered to proted them ; for
want of this care the (talks are frequently killed to
the ground in winter, fo that there is feldom any
flowers produced.
This plant may be propagated by taking off its fuck-
ers or fide (hoots, any time from March to Septem-
ber, obferving to chufefuchas are furnifhed with fibres,
and after they are planted and taken root, they will
require no farther care but to keep them clear from
weeds : they may be alfo propagated by planting
cuttings, during any of the fummer months, which,
if watered and (haded, will take root very well, and
may afterwards be tranfplanted where they are de-
figned to remain.
The feconcl fort is alfo a native of the country about
the Gape of Good Hope, from whence it was brought
to Europe ; this riles with round, foft, ligneous (talks
five or fix feet high, which fend out two or three
branches from their fide, garnifhed with winged
leaves like thofe of the former fort, but not half fo
large ; thefe have two diftind ftipulte adhering to
their foot-ftalks ; they are of a deep green on their
upper fide, and whitifhon their under. The flowers
come out from the fide of the (talks in loofe hanging
panicles, each fuftaining fix or eight flowers, which
are (haped like thofe of the firft fort, but fmaller ;
the lower part of the petals are green, their upper
part are of a Saffron colour, and on the outfide, in the
(welling part of the petals, is a blufii of fine red;
thefe have two long and two (hotter (tamina, which
are terminated by yellow fummits. The flowers are
fucceeded by four-cornered feed-veffels, which are
fhortef than thofe of the firft fort, in which are lodged
four oval feeds in feparate apartments ; this flowers
at the fame feafon with the former.
This fort does not fpread its roots as the firft, fo is
not propagated with fo great facility, but cuttings of
this fort planted upon an old hot-bed, whofe heat is
MEL
over, and covered clofe with bell or hand-glaffes to
exclude the air, will take root pretty freely; thefe
may be planted in pots, and dickered in the winter
under a common frame for a year or two till they
have obtained ftrength, then they may be planted in
a warm border, and treated in the fame way -as the
former fort, with which management I have feen them
flower much better than any of thofe which have been
treated more tenderly, and thefe plants have perfeded
their feeds in good ieafons.
MELICOCCA. See Sapindus.
ME LI LOTUS. See Trigonella.
MELISSA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 193. tab. 91. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 647. [lo called of honey, becaufe
the bees procure it from this plant; it is alio called
Meliffophyllon, fxi, and ^Jaam-, a leaf, q. d. Ho-
ney Leaf.] Baum.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the fewer is of the open , bell-fhape,
angular kind , freaked with one leaf whofe brim is form-
ed into two lips ; the upper lip is indented in three parts ,
which are fpread open and reflexed ; the under lip is
fhort , acute, and indented in two parts. The flower is
of the lip kind , having a cylindrical tube ; the chaps are
gaping, the upper lip is fhort , erect, forked , and round-
ifh, indented at the end. The under lip is trifid , the mid-
dle part being the largefl. It hath four awlfioaped fia-
mim , two of which are as long as the petal , but the
other are but half fo long ; they are terminated by j mall
fummits , which join by pairs. It hath a quadrifid ger-
rnen, fupporting a fender fiyle the length of the petal ,
which , with the jtamina , are fituated under the upper lip ,
and is crowned by a fender , bifid, reflexed fligma. The
germen afterward turns to four naked feeds, fitting in the
empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have two long and two fhort (lamina,
whofe feeds are naked.
The Species are,
1. Melissa ( Officinalis ) racemis axillaribus verticillatis,
pedicellis fimplicibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 592. Baum
with whorled bunches of flowers proceeding from the fides
of the fialks , having fingle foot-folks. Meliffa horten-
fis. C. B. P. 229. Garden Baum , or common Baum.
2. Melissa {Romano) floribus verticillatis fdfiiibus,
foliis hirfutis. Baum with whorls of flowers fitting clofe
to the folks , and hairy leaves. -Meliffa Romana, mol-
liter hirfuta & graveolens. H. R. Par. Reman Baum
with foft hairy leaves, and a firong fmell.
3. Melissa {Grandiflora) pedunculis axillaribus dicho-
tomis longitudine florum. Lin. Sp. Plant. 592. Baum
with foot-falks arifing from the wings of the folk, which
are divided in forks , and are the length of the flowers.
Calamintha magno (lore. C. B. P. 229. Calaminth with
a large flower.
4. Melissa {Calamintha) peduncu'is axillaribus dicho-
tomis longitudine foliorum. Lin. Sp. Plant. 593.
Baum with foot-falks arifing from the wings of the ft alk %
which are forked, and as long as the leaves. Calamin-
tha vulgaris & officinarum Germania;. C. B. P. 228.
Common officinal Calamini of the Germans.
5. Melissa (. Nepeta ) pedunculis axillaribus dichotomic
folio longioribus, caule decumbente. Lin. Sp, Plant.
593. Baum with foot-falks arifing from the wings of the
fialk , which are forked, and longer than the leaves, with
a declining fialk. Calamintha pulegii odore fiye ne-
peta. C. B. P. 228. Calamint with the J cent of Penny.
Royal, or Cat Mint.
6 . Melissa {Cretica) racemis terminalihus, pedunculis
folitariis breviffimis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 593. Baum with
fpikes of flowers terminating the fialks, growing upon ve-
ry fhort fingle foot-falks. Calamintha incana ocy-
mi foliis. C. B. P. 228. Hoary Calamint with Bafil
leaves.
7. Melissa ( Majoranifolia ) foliis ovatis glabris, floribus
verticillatis feffilibus, pedunculis folitariis breviffimis.
Baum with oval fmooth leaves, and flowers growing. in
whorls , fitting clofe to the branches , which have very
fhort finale fialks . Calamintha Romana, majoranas
folio.
/
MEL
folio, pulegii odore. Bocc. Muf. Roman Calamint with
a Marjoram leaf . , and the f. cent of Penny Royal.
8. Melissa ( Fruticofa ) fruticofa, rainis attenuatis virga-
tis,foliis fubtus tom en toils. Lin. Sp.Plant. 593, Shrubby
Baum with fender twig- like branches , and leaves which
are woolly on their under fvde. Calamintha Hifpanica
frutefcens, mari folio. Tolar n. Inft. 194. Shrubby
Spanifh Calamint with a Marum leaf.
The firff fort grows naturally on the mountains near
Geneva, and in Lome parts of Italy, but is cultivated
here in gardens as a medicinal and culinary herb. It
has a perennial root, and an annual ffalk, which is
fquare, branching, and rifes from two to three feet
high, garnifhed with leaves fet by pairs at each joint,
which are two inches and a half long, and almoft two
inches broad at their bafe,* growing narrower toward
the top, indented about their edges, and the lower
ones Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks. The
flowers grow in loofe fmall bunches at the wings of
the ffalk, in whorls. Handing upon Angle foot-
ftalks ; they are of the lip kind, the upper lip Hand-
ing eredt and is forked ; the under lip is divided into
three parts ; the middle one is roundifh, and indent-
ed at the top. The flowers are white, and appear in
July. The whole plant has a pleafant fcent, fome-
what like Lemons.
It is reckoned to be cordial, cephalic, and good for
ail difordersof the head and nerves •, there is a Am-
ple water of this herb. It is alfo ufed as Tea, and
is by fome greatly efteemed for that purpofe ; there
is a variety of this with Hriped leaves.
This plant is eafily propagated by parting of the
root ; the beH time for this is in October, that the
offsets may have time to get root before the froHs
come on. The roots may be divided into fmall pieces
with three or four buds to each, and planted two feet
apart in beds of common garden earth, in which they
will foon fpread and meet together ; the only culture
it requires is to keep it clean from weeds, and cut off
the decayed flalks in autumn, ffirring the ground
between the plants.
The fecond fort grows naturally about Rome, and
in feveral parts of Italy ; this hath a perennial root,
and an annual ffalk like the former. The Halks are
flender, the leaves are much fhorter than thofe, of
the former fort, and the whole plant is hairy, and
of a ffrong difagreeable odour. The flowers grow
in whorls, fitting pretty clofe to the branches, and
are fmaller than thofe of the firff fort; it flowers
about the fame time. It is feldom preferved in
gardens, but may be cultivated in the fame way as
the former.
The third fort grows naturally in the mountains of
Tufcany and Auffria, but is preferved in many Eng-
lifh gardens for the fake of variety. It hath a peren-
nial root, and an annual ffalk, which rifes about a foot
high, garnifhed at each joint with two leaves Hand-
ing oppoffte, which are an inch and a half long, and
three quarters of an inch broad, fawed on their edges,
of a lucid green on their upper fide, and whitifli on
their under : from the wings of the Halks come out
Angle foot-flalks half an inch long, which divide in-
to two fmaller, and each of thefe fuffain two flowers
upon fliort feparate foot-ffalks. The flowers are large,
of a purple colour, and fhaped like thofe of the other
fpecies. It flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in
Auguff. This may be propagated in the fame way
as the firff fort, and the plants may be treated in the
fame manner.
The fourth fort is the common Calamint of the fhops,
which grows naturally in many parts of England, fo is
feldom kept in gardens. It hath a perennial root,
from which arife feveral fquare Halks near a foot long,
which are hairy, and garnifhed with two roundifh
leaves at each joint, about the fize of thofe of Pot
Marjoram, a little indented on their edges, and of a
ffrong penetrating odour. The flowers come out in
whorls on the fide of the Halks, upon foot-ffalks,
which divide by pairs, and are as long as the leaves ;
thefe fuffain feveral fmall bluifh flowers, which appear
M E L
in July, and are fucceeded each by four fmall, round-
ifh, black feeds. The herb is ufed in medicine, and
is hotter, and abounds with more fubtile and volatile
parts than Mint. It provokes urine, brings down
the menfes, opens the liver, and is good for coughs.
This may be planted in gardens, and treated in '"the
fame way as the common Baum.
The fifth fort is found in greater plenty than the
fourth, growing wild in England. The ftalks of this
are longer and bend towards the ground. The leaves
are larger, and more indented on their edges, and
have a very ffrong fcent like Penny Royal. The
whorls of flowers are fet clofer together than thofe of
the fourth fort, but in other refpebfs they agree.
The fixth fort grows naturally in the fputh of France
and in Italy •, this is not of fo long duration as the
former forts, feldom continuing more than two or
three years. The ftalks are flender, a little ligneous,
and are garnifhed with fmall, roundifh, hoary leaves,
placed oppofite at each joint. The flowers are pro-
duced in whorls toward the upper part of the
ftalks, which are terminated by a loofe fpike ; they
are fmall and white, fhaped like thofe of the other
fpecies, and appear in June ; thefe are fucceeded by
feeds, which ripen in autumn, and if they are per "
rnitted to fcatter, there will be a fufficient fupply of
young plants.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Italy ; this is a
biennial plant, whole ftalks are about eight inches
long, declining toward the ground, and are garnifhed
with roundifh leaves about the lize of Marjoram, of
a light green colour. The flowers come out in clofe
whorls on the upper part of the ftalks, each Handing
upon a fhort feparate foot-ffalk ; they are large, and
of a bright purple colour, appearing in July and Auguff,
and the feeds ripen in autumn ; this is propagated
by feeds, which fhould be Town foon after they are
ripe, and then the plants will come up in the fpring ;
but when the feeds are not fown till the fpring,
they feldom grow till the next year. The plants may
alfo be propagated by cuttings, which if planted in
the fummer, and fhaded from the fun, will take root
very freely. If thefe plants are on a warm border,
they will live through the winter, but to preferve the
fpecies, a plant or two fhould be kept in pots, and
fheltered under a frame in winter.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Spain ; this hath
flender fhrubby ftalks about nine inches long, which
put out fmall fide branches oppofite, and are garnifh-
ed with fmall, hoary, oval-pointed leaves, placed by
pairs; thefe have much the appearance of thofe of the
Marum. The flowers grow in whorled fpikes, at the
end of the ftalks ; they are fmall and white, appear-
ing in July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. The
whole plant has a ffrong fcent of Penny Royal ; this
plant is of as fhort a duration as the feventh fort, and
may be propagated either by feeds or cuttings in the
fame way as the feventh, and the plants require the
fame treatment.
MELISSA TURCICA. See Dracocepha-
LON.
M E L I T T I S. Greater Dead Nettle.
The Characters are,
It hath an erect, taper , bell-jhaped empalement , having
two lips ; the upper is tall and indented , the under is floor t
and bifid ; the flower is ringent , the tube is longer than
the empalement , the chaps are thicker ; the upper lip is
roundifh , plain , and ere 0 ; the lower is trifid , fpreading ,
and obtufe. It hath four ftamina , which are awlflhaped,
Jituated under the upper lip , two being a little longer than
the other , terminated by bifid obtufe fummits , which are
placed a crofs ; it hath an obtufe , quadrifid , hairy gjrmen
fupporting a flender ftyle , crowned by a bifid acute JUg-
ma. Phe flower is fucceeded by four feeds which ripen in
the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firff; fedlion of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia Gym-
nofpermia, the flowers having two long and two fhort
ftamina, and are fucceeded by four naked feeds, fit-
ting in the empalement,
We
I
M E L
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Melittis ( Melyjfophyllum .) Flort. Clift. 309.' Greater
Dead Nettle. Meliffa. Fuchfii.
This plant grows naturally in fome woods in the Weft
bf England and in Wales, Germany and near Mont-
pelier. It hath a perennial root, which in the fpring
fends up three, four, or more ftalks, according to the
age and ftrength, which rife a foot and' a half high ;
thefe are fquare, and garnifhed with leaves like thofe
cf the common Dead Nettle, but are much larger,
tougher, and ftand on longer foot-ftalks, two being
placed oppofite at each joint. The flowers come out
at the joints of the ftalks, juft above the foot-ftalks
of the leaves *, they are in fhape like thofe of the
Dead Nettle, but are much larger, of a redder pur-
ple colour, and the upper lip grows ere£t. Thefe ap-
pear in May, when the plants make a handfome ap-
pearance, and if the feafon does not prove hot, the
flowers will continue in beauty upward of three weeks.
As the plants do rarely produce good feeds in the gar-
dens, fo they are tifually propagated by parting the
roots ; but where the plants are intended for orna-
ment, the roots flhould not be difturbed oftener than
every third year ; nor ftiouldthey then be divided in-
toWnall parts, left thereby they fhould not flower
the firft year. The beft time to remove and part the
roots is the beginning of O&ober, that they may have
time to get root before the froft comes on. They
fhould have a loamy foil and an eaft expofure, where
the plants will thrive and produce flowers in plenty.
MELO. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 104. tab. 32. Cucumis.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 969. [it takes its name of Mv^ou, an
Apple, becaufethe fruit refembles an Apple.] The
Melon.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers on the fame plant. 'The
male flowers have a bell-fhaped empalement of one leaf
whofe border is terminated by five awl-fhaped briftles.
The flower is of one petals which is bell-fhaped , faftened
to the empalement , and cut into five fegments at the brim
thefe are veined and rough. It hath three Jhort fiamiyia
inferted in the empalement , and are joined together , two
of which have bifid points. The fummits are linear , and
run up and down on the outfide of the fiamina , to which
they adhere. The female flowers have no fiamina or
fummits , but have a large oval germen fituated belozv the
flower , fupporting a Jhort cylindrical fiyle , crowned by
three thick gibbous fiigmas. The germen afterward turns
to an oval fruit with feveral cells , filled with oval , acute-
pointed , compreffed feeds , inclofed in a foft pulp.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus joined with
the Colocynthus and Anguria, to the Cucumis, mak-
ing them only fpecies of the fame genus, which, ac-
cording to his fyftem, may be allowable •, but who-
ever will admit the fruit as a charafteriftic note to
diftinguifh the genera, will find marks to feparate
them t and however properly thefe may be put toge-
ther in a fyftem of botany, yet in a work of this na-
ture it cannot be admitted.
There is a great variety of this fruit cultivated in the
different parts of the world, and in this country there
are too piany of them propagated, which are of no va-
lue, efpecially by thofe who fupply the markets,
where their fize is chiefly regarded j fo that by endea-
vouring to augment their bulk, the fruit is rendered of
no value i I lhall therefore only mention a very few
of the varieties, which are the moft defervingof care,
excluding the common Melons, as being unworthy of
the trouble and expence in cultivating.
The fort of Melon which is in the greateft efteem
among all the curious in every part of Europe, is the
CantaTeupe-, which isfo called from a place about four-
teen miles from Rome, where the pope has a country
feat, in which place this fruit has been long culti-
vated ; but it was brought thither from that part of
Armenia which borders on Perfia, where this fruit
is in fo great plenty, that a horfe-load is fold for a
French crown. The flefh of this Melon, when in
perfedion, is delicious, and does not offend the moft
tender ftomachs, fo may be eaten with fafety. The
M E L
Dutch are fo fond of this fruit, as to cultivate very
few other forts, and by way of pre-eminence, call it
only by the appellation of Cantaloupe, and never
join the title of Melon to it, which they apply indif-
ferently to all the other forts. The outer coat of
this is very rough, and full of knobs and protuber-
ances like warts ; it is of a middling fize, rather
round than long, and the fiefli is for the moft part
of an Orange colour, though there are fome with a
greenilh flelh, but I have never met with any of that
colour fo good as thofe of the other.
The Romana is by fome much efteemed, and when
the fruit is well conditioned, the plants in per fed
health, and the feafon dry, it is a good Melon, and
may be brought forwarder in’ the feafon than the Can-
taleupe •, therefore thofe who are deurous of early Me-
lons may cultivate this fort.
The Succado is alfo a good fort, and may alfo be cul-
tivated for early fruit, but thefe muft give way to the
Cantaleupe, when that is in feafon.
The Zatte is alfo a very good Melon, but very fmalL
The fruit of this is feldom bigger than a large
Orange •, it is a little flatted at the two ends, and the
outer coat is watted like the Cantaleupe, but there
is fo little flelh in one of thefe fruit, that they are
fcarce worthy the trouble of propagating.
The frnall Portugal Melon, which is by fome called
the Dormer Melon, is a pretty good fruit, and the
plants generally produce them in plenty, fo by many
people this is preferred ro moft other, efpecially thofe
who love a plenty, and are not fo nice in diftinguifh-
ing the quality : this may alfo be cultivated for an
early crop.
But the beft Melon for this purpofe is the Black Gal-
loway, which was brought from Portugal by Lord
Galloway many years fince, but of late years is rarely
to be met with in England, it having been degene-
rated by growing among other forts. The fruit of
this fort will ripen in a fhorter time from its firft let-
ting, than any other which I have yet feen, and when
fuffered to ripen naturally, is not a bad fruit.
The few varieties here mentioned, are fufilcient to
fatisfy the curious, who may be fond of variety, for
there are fcarce any other which deferve the trouble $
and indeed thofe who have a true tafte for this fruit,
feldom cultivate any but the Cantaleupe •, but as I be-
fore obferved, where this fruit is defired early in the
feafon, the Cantaleupe is not fo proper as fome of the
other, therefore a few plants of one of the other forts
fhould be raifed earlier in the fpring, but fhould be in
a different part of the garden from the Cantaleupe
Melons for when two forts of Melons grow near,
they cannot be preferved perfectly right ; therefore
the Dutch and German gardeners are very careful in
this refpeft, and in order to keep the fort in perfec-
tion, do not plant any other fort of Melon, Cucum-
ber or Gourd, near thefe, left, by the impregnation
of the farina of thofe other, thefe fruit fhould be ren-
dered bad ; and in this particular, I am convinced,
from long experience, they are right ; and from the
not oblerving this, many perfons who are lovers of
this fruit, have gradually diminilhed their goodnefs,
without knowing the caufe, and have imputed it to
the long cultivating from the feeds faved in the fame
garden, believing it abfoluteiy neceffary to procure
feeds from a diftant place frequently to preferve them
good : indeed, where a perfon can fecurely depend
on the care and fkill of thofe he procures the feeds
from, it is a very good method to exchange feeds
now and then ; but there are fo few who are exact
in making choice of the fruits from which they fave
the feeds, or careful enough to do it themfelves, but
often depend on others to clean the feed., that I fhould
advife every one to do it himfelf, which is the lure
way to have it good *, for I have frequently been de-
ceived myfelf, by depending on the fidelity and fkill
of others ; nor could I procure any of thefe feeds
from Cantaleupe which were good, until my much
honoured friend, the Chevalier Rathgeb, lent me plen-
tifully of it from thence * though I had often been
{applied
<1
1
MEL
supplied with feeds by perfons who I thought could
not be deceived in their choice, and who lived near
the place of their growth.
Before I quit this head, I beg leave to caution all per-
fons againft depending upon feeds which are brought
from abroad, either by thofe perfons who import
them for fale, or gentlemen who frequently bring or
fend over thefe feeds to their friends, for it feldom hap-
pens that any of thefe prove tolerable. I have been
lo often deceived by thefe myfelf, as to determine
never to make trial of any of thefe feeds again, unlefs
I receive them from a perfon who is fkilfui, and who
eat of the fruit himfelf of which he faved the feeds ;
for in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and many parts of
France, the gardeners are very carelefs in the choice
of all their feeds, but of the Melons they are remarka-
bly fo ; and as for thofe which come from Conftan-
tinople, Aleppo, and other parts of Turkey, I have
rarely feen one Melon produced from thofe feeds
which was tolerable.
The feeds of Melons Ihould not be fown until they
are three -years old, nor would I chufe to few them
when they are more than fix ; for although they will
grow at ten or twelve ' oid, yet the fruit which
are produced from th ; oid feeds are feldom fo thick
flefhed, as thofe which come from feeds which are
frefher : and it is the fame of light feeds, which hvim
upon water, when they are taken out of the pulp,
for I have made feme trials of thefe, and have had
them grow at three years old •, but not one of the Me-
lons produced on thefe plants was near lo deep flefhed,
as thofe which grew upon plants railed from heavy
feeds taken out of the lame fruit, though they grew
in the fame bed, and were cultivated exactly in the
fame manner-, nor was their flefh fo firm, but ra-
ther inclining to be meally therefore I would not
advife the fowing of thefe light feeds, nor thofe
which are very old.
Having thus largely treated of the choice of the forts,
and of the feeds, I fliall next proceed to the me-
thod of cultivating them, in order to obtain plenty of
good fruit : the method which I am going to preferibe
being very different from what has been conftantly
pradtifed in England,- will, I doubt not, be objedted to
by many ; but it is what has been pradtiled in all the
good gardens in Holland and Germany, where the
Cantaleupe Melon is produced in great plenty and
perfedtion ; and from feveral years experience, I have
found this to be the only method in which thefe Me-
lons can be cultivated with fuccefs ; and I am like-
wife convinced of its being the beft way to obtain
plenty of any other fort of Melon.
It is common to hear many perfons valuing them-
felves upon having two or three early Melons, which,
when brought to the table are not better than a Pump-
kin, and thefe are procured at a great expence and
with much trouble ; and in order to have them ripe a
little earlier than they would naturally come, if buf-
fered to grow to their full fize, the Item upon which
the fruit grows is commonly twifted, to prevent the
nourifhment entering the fruit, whereby the growth
is checked ; then the fruit is clofely covered with the
mowings of Grafs-plats, laid of a fufficient depth to
caufe a fermentation, by which the fruit becomes
coloured : but where this unnatural method is prac-
tifed, the fruit has little flefh, and that has neither
moifture, firmnefs, or flavour-, fo that after four
months attendance, with a great expence of dung, &c.
there may, perhaps, be three or four brace of Melons
produced, which are fitter for the dunghill than the
table. Therefore my advice is, never to attempt to
have thefe fruit ripe earlier than the middle or latter
end of June, which is generally foon enough for this
climate ; and from that time to the end of September,
they may be had in plenty, if they are fkilfully ma-
naged ; and when the autumn has continued favour-
able, I have had them very good in the middle of
Gdtober.
But in order to continue this fruit fo long, the feeds
muft be fown at two or three different feafons : the firft
M EL ■
fliould be fown about the middle or end of February*
if the feafon proves forward * but if it is otherwife, it
will be better to defer it till the end of that month ;
the future fuccefs greatly depends on the railing the
plants in ftrength, which cannot be fo well effected,
if the weather ihould prove fo bad after the plants
are come up, as that a fufficient quantity of frefh air
cannot be admitted to them, therefore it is not ad-
vifeable to be too early in fowing the feeds.
When the feafon is come, thefe feeds may be fown on
the upper fide of a Cucumber-bed, where there are
any and if there are none, a proper quantity of
new horfe dung muff be provided, which mu ft be
thrown in a heap to ferment, and turned over, that
it may acquire an equal heat, in the fame manner as
hath been direbted for Cucumbers ; and the plants
muft be railed and managed in the fame manner as
hath been direbted for them, until they are planted
where they are to remain for good, to which article
the reader is defired to turn, to avoid repetition.
The fecond feafon for {’owing of thefe feeds is about
the middle of March, and both thefe fowings muft be
underftood to be planted under frames ; for thofe
which are defigned for bell or hand-giaftes, or to be
covered with oil papers, ihould not be fown till about
a week in April ; for when thefe are fown earlier, if
the plants are properly managed, they will grow fo
long, as to extend their fhoots to the fides of the
glaffes, before it will be fate to let them run out ;
for it often happens in this country, that we have
fharp morning frofts in the middle of May -, fo that
if the ends of thefe Vines are then without the glaffes,
if they are not covered with mats to guard them
againft the froft, they will be in danger of fuflfering
greatly therefrom j and, on the other hand, if the
plants have fpread fo much as to fill the glaffes, and
not permitted to run out, they will be in equal dan-
ger of fuffering by their confinement from the heat
of the fun in the day time ; therefore it is that I
Ihould advife the putting of the feed rather a little la-
ter into the hot-bed for the glaffes, than thofe which
are to be covered with the oil papers. Nor will the
times here mentioned be found too late, for I have
put the feeds of Cantaleupe Melons into a hot-bed
the third of May, which were not tranfplanted, but
remained where they were fown, and covered with
oiled paper -, and from this bed I cut a large crop of
good fruit, which ripened about the latter end of Au-
guft, and continued till the end of October. This I
only mention, to fhew what has and may be done,
though it muft not be always depended on.
But we next come to the making and preparing of
the beds, or, as the gardeners term it, the ridges, into
which the plants are to be put out to remain ; thefe
fhould always be placed in a warm fituation, where
they may be defended from all cold and ftrong winds,
for the eaft and north winds are generally very trou-
blefome in the fpring of the year -, fo that if the place
be expofed to thofe afpects, it will be difficult -to ad-
mit a proper fhare of frefh air to the young plants ;
and if it is much expofed to the fouth-weft winds,
which often are very boifterous in fummer and au-
tumn, thefe will turn up and difplace the Vines,
whereby they will fuffer greatly ; therefore the beft
pofition for thefe beds is where they are open to the
fouth, or a little inclined to the eaft, and flickered
at a diftance by trees from the other points : this
place fhould be inclofed with a good Reed fence,
which is better for this purpofe than any other inclo-
fure, becaufe the winds- are deadened by the Reeds,
and are not reverberated back again, as they are by
walls, pales, and other clofe fences -, but in making
the inclofure, it fhould be extended to fuch diftance
every way from the beds, as not to abftrudt the fun's
rays during any part of the day ; this fhould have a
door wide enough toadmit of wheelbarrows paffing,to
carry in dung, earth, &c. and it fliould be kept locked,
that no perfons fhould be allowed to go in but thofe
who have bulinefs ; for ignorant perfons, having of-
ten curiofity to look into the beds, open the glaffes
8 U and
40S
MEL
and let the cold air to the plants, and frequently leave
the glaffes in part open; or fometimes when they are
raifed by the gardener to admit the freffi air, the tilts
are thrown down, fo that the air is excluded-, all
which are very injurious to the young plants, as is
alfo the handling of the fruit after it is fet ; there-
fore none fhould be admitted, but when the perfon
who is intruded with the care of them is there.
T. he next thing is the preparation of the earth for
thefe plants, in which the Dutch and German garden-
ers are very exadt : the mixture which they generally
prepare is of the following forts ; of hazel loam,
one third part ; of the i'counng of ditches or ponds a
third part, and of very rotten dung a third part ;
thefe are mixed up at lead one, and often two years,
before they make ufe of it, frequently turning it over,
to incorporate their parts and fweeten it ; but the
compoft in which I find thefe plants fucceed bed in
England, is two thirds of frefh gentle loam, and one
third or rotten neats dung ; if thefe are mixed toge-
ther one year before it is wanted, fo as to have the
benefit of a winter’s trod and dimmer’s heat, ob-
ferving to turn it over often, and never fuffer weeds
to grow upon it, this will be found equal to any other
cornpod whatever.
As thefe plants fucceed bed when they are planted
young, io before the plants appear there fhould be a
quantity of new dung thrown in a heap, proportion-
able to the number of lights intended, allowing
about fifteen good wheelbarrows full to each light ;
this mult be two or three times turned over, to pre-
pare it (as hath been directed for Cucumbers) and in
a fortnight it will be fit for ufe, at w T hich time the
trench mud be dug to receive the dung, where the
bed is intended ; this mud be made wider than the
frames, and in length proportional to the number of
frames intended. As to the depth, that mud be ac-
cording as the foil is dry or wet ; but in a dry ground
it fhould not be lefs than a foot, or a foot and a half
deep; for the lower thefe beds are made the better they
will fucceed, where there is no danger of their differing
by wet. In the well laying and mixing of the dung,
the fame care mud be taken as hath been advifed
already for Cucumbers, which in every refpedt mud
be the fame for thefe beds. When the bed is made,
the frames fhould be placed over it to keep out wet ;
but there fhould be no earth laid upon it till after it
has been three or four days made, and is found of a
proper temperature of heat ; for many times thefe
beds will heat fo violently when they are fird made,
as to burn the earth, if covered with it ; and when
this happens, it is much the bed way to take this
earth off again, for the plants will never thrive in it.
As foon as the bed is found to be of a proper
warmth, the earth fhould be laid upon it, which at
fird need not be more than two inches thick, except in
the, middle of each light, where the plants are to be
placed, where there mud be a hill raifed fifteen inches
high or more, terminating in a flat cone ; in two or
three days after the earth is put on the bed, it will be
of a proper temper to receive the plants ; then in the
evening you may tranfplant the plants, but always
do it when there is little wind dirring : in taking up
the plants, their roots fhould be carefully raifed with
a trowel, fo as to preferve all their fibres ; for if thefe
are broken off, the plants do not foon recover this ;
or if they do, they are generally weaker, and feldom
make fo good Vines as thofe which are more carefully
removed ; for thefe plants are more nice and tender
in tranlplanting than thofe of Cucumber, efpecially
the Cantaleupe Melon ; which, if it is not planted
out, foon after the third, (or what the gardeners call
the rough) leaf is put out, they are long recovering
their vigour ; fo that when it happens that the beds
cannot be ready for them in time, it will be a good
method to plant each plant into a fmall pot while they
are young, and thefe may be plunged into the hot-bed
where they were raifed, or into the Cucumber-bed
where there is room, fo that they may be brought for-
M E L
ward ; and when the bed is ready, thefe may be turned
out of the pots, with the whole ball of earth to their
roots, whereby they will receive no check in removing:
and this latter method is what I fhould prefer to any
other for thev^antaleupe, becaufe there fhould never be
more than one plant left to grow in each light ; there-
fore in this method there will be no neceffity of plant-
ing more, as there will be no danger of their fucceed-
ing ; whereas in the common way, moft people plant
two or more plants in each light, for fear fome
fhould mifcarry. When the plants are placed on the
top of the hills, they ffiould be gently watered, which
fhould be repeated once or twice after till the plants
have taken good root, after which they feldom require
more ; for when they receive too much wet, they of-
ten canker at the root, and when that happens they
never produce good fruit. When the plants have
eftablifhed themlelves well in the new beds, there
fhould be a greater quantity of earth laid on the bed,
beginning round the hills where the plants grow, that
their roots may have room to ftrike out ; and as the
earth is put in from time to time, it muff be trodden
or preffed down as clofe as poffible ; and it fhould be
railed at leaft a foot and a half thick upon the dung
all over the bed, obferving alfo to raife the frames,
that the glaffes may not be too near the plants, left
the fun fhould fcorch them.
"When the plants have gotton four leaves, the top of
the plants fhould be pinched off with the finger and
thumb, but not bruifed or cut with a knife, becaufe
in either of thefe cafes the wound will not fo foon
heal over : this pinching is to caufe the plants to put
out lateral branches, for thefe are what will produce
the fruit ; therefore, when there are two or more of
thefe lateral ihoots produced, they muft alfo be pinch-
ed, to force out more; and this muft be pradtifed of-
ten, that there may be a fupply of what the gardeners
call runners, to cover the bed. The management of
thefe beds muft be nearly the fame as hath been di-
rected for the Cucumbers, therefore I need not re-
peat it here ; but fhall only obferve, that the Melons
require a greater fhare of air than Cucumbers, and
very little water and when it is given to them, it
fhould be at a diftance from their ftems.
If the plants have fucceeded well, they will fpread
over the bed, and reach to the frames, in about five or
fix weeks, at which time the alleys between the beds
fhould be dug out ; or where there is but one bed,
there fhould be a trench made on each fide, of about
four feet wide, as low as the bottom of the bed, and
hot dung wheeled in, to raife a lining to the fame
height as the dung of the bed, which fhould be trod-
den down clofe, and afterward covered with the fame
earth as was laid upon the bed, to the thicknefs of a
foot and a half or more, treading it down as clofe
as poffible ; this will add to the width of the bed, fo
much as to make it in the whole twelve feet broad,
which is abfolutely neceffary, for the roots of the
plants will extend themfelves quite through it ; and
it is for want of this precaution, that it is common
to fee the Vines of Melons decay, before the fruit is
well grown ; for where there is no addition made to
the width of the bed, the roots will have reached
the fides of the beds by the time that the fruit ap-
pears, and having no more room to extend themfelves,
their extremities are dried by the fun and air, which
is foon difcovered by the plants hanging their leaves in
the heat of the day, which is foon attended with a
decay of many of thofe leaves which are near the
Item, and the plants from that time gradually lan-
guiffi, fo that the fruit cannot be fupplied with nou-
rilhment ; but when ripe, will be found to have little
fleffi, and that meally and ill flavoured ; whereas thofe
plants which have fufficient breadth for their roots to
run, and the earth laid of a proper depth and clofely
trod down, will remain in vigour until the froft de-
ftroys them, fo that I have had a fecond crop of
fruit on them, which have fometimes ripened well *,
but all the firft were excellent, and of a larger fize
Shan
MEL
MEL
than thefe forts ufually grow : the leaves of there
plants were very large, and of a ftrong green, fo
that they were in the utmoft vigour ; whereas, in moft
places where the Cantaleupe Melons have been raifed
in England, the beds have been no wider than they
were firfb made, and perhaps not more than three
inches thicknefs of earth upon them, fo that the plants
have decayed many times without producing a fingle
fruit i and from thence people have imagined, that
this fort of Melon was too tender for this climate,
when their ill fuccefs was entirely owing to their not
underftanding their culture.
There is alfo another advantage attending this method
of widening the beds, as above directed, which is
that of adding a frelh warmth to the beds, by the hot
dung, which is buried on each fide, which will caufe
the dung in the bed to renew its heat ; and as the
plants will by this time fhew their fruit, this addi-
tional heat will be of great fervice in fetting the fruit,
efpecialiy if the feafon Ihould prove cold, as it often
happens in this country in the month of May. When
the beds are made up in the manner here direfted,
and the Vines have extended fo far as to fill the
frames, and want more room, the frames Ihould be
raifed up with bricks about three inches high, to ad-
mit the fhoots of the Vines to run from under them ■,
for if the plants are ftrong, they will run fix or feven
feet each way from the items ; for which reafon, I
caution every one to allow them room, and to put
but one plant in each light ; for when the Vines are
crowded, the fruit feldom will fet well, but will drop
off when they are as large as an egg ; therefore the
frames which are defigned for Melons ihould not be
made fmall, but rather fix feet wide •, for the wider
thefe are, the better will the plants thrive, and produce
a greater plenty of fruit.
There is no part of gardening, in which the prac-
titioners of this art differ more than in the pruning
and managing of thefe plants : nor are there any rules
laid down in the feveral books in which the culture of
Melons have been treated of, by which any perfon
can be inftrudted ; for there is fuch inconfiftency in
all their diredlions, and what is worfe, the greateft
part of them are abfurd, fo that whoever follows them
can never hope to fucceed ; therefore I fhall, in as
few words as poffible, give fuch plain directions; as
I hope will be fufficient to inftrubt any perfon, who is
the leaft converfant in thefe things.
I have before advifed the pinching off the ends of the
plants as foon as they have a joint, in order to get
lateral fhoots, which are by the gardeners called run-
ners ; and when thefe ffioots have two or three joints,
to pinch off their tops to force out more runners, be-
caufe it is from thefe that the fruit is to be produced ;
but after a fufficient number are put out, they ffiould
not be flopped again, but wait for the appearance of
the fruit, which will foon come out in plenty ; at
which time the Vines fhould be carefully looked over
three times a week, to obferve the fruit, and make
choice of one upon each runner, which is fituated
neareft the Item, having the largeft foot-ffalk, and
that appears to be the ftrongeft fruit, and then pinch
off all the other fruit which may appear on the fame
runner ; alfo pinch off the end of the runner at the
third joint above the fruit, and if the runner is
gently pinched at the next joint above the fruit, it
will flop the lap and fet the fruit. There is alfo ano-
ther method pra&ifed by fome gardeners to fet this
fruit, which is the taking off fome of the male flowers,
whole farina are juft ripe and fit for the purpofe, lay-
ing them over the female flowers, which are fituated
on the crown of the young fruit, and with their nails
gently ftrike the male flowers to lhake the farina into
the female flowers, whereby they are impregnated,
and the fruit foon after will fwell, and ffiew vifible
figns of their being perfectly fet ; fo that where the
plants are under frames, and the wind excluded from
them, which is neceffary to convey the farina from
the male to the female flowers, this pradtice may be
very neceffary. The taking off all the other fruit
6
will prevent the nouriffiment being drawn away froni
the fruit intended to grow, which, if they were all
left on the plant, could not be fupplied with fuffi-
cient nouriffiment ; fo that when they come to be
as large as the end of a man’s thumb, they frequently
drop off, and fcarce one of them lets; which will be
prevented by the method before diredted : but there
are fome perfons, who are fo covetous of having A
number of fruit, as not to fuffer any to be taken off;
whereby they generally fail in their expedition. My
allowing but one fruit to be left upon each runner is,
becaufe if half thefe Hand there will be full as many
fruit as the plant can nouriffi ; for if there are more
than eight upon one plant, the fruit Will be fmall
and not fo well nouriffied : indeed, I have fometimes
feen fifteen or twenty Melons upon one plant, but
thefe have generally been of the fmaller kinds, which
do not require fo much nouriffiment as the Canta™
leupes, whofe lldns are of a thick fubftance • fo that
where a greater number are left of them than the
plants can well ftipply, their fleffi will be remarkably
thin. . V ,
As I before advifed the flopping or pinching off the
runners three joints above the fruit, fo by this there
will be freffi runners produced a little below the places
where the others were pinched ; therefore it is, that I
advife the careful looking over the Vines fo often, to
flop thefe new runners foon after they come out, a£
alfo to pull off the young fruit which will appear •, and
this muft be repeated as often as is found neceffary,
which will be until thofe intended to ftand are grown
fo large as to draw all the nouriffiment which the
plants can fupply, for then the plants will begin
to abate of their vigour. Thefe few diredtions, if
properly made ufe of, is all the pruning which is ne-
ceffary to be given them 5 but at the fame time when
this is pradlifed, it may be neceffary to give fome wa-
ter to the plants, but at a diftance from their Items,
which will be of fervice to fet the fruit and caufe it to
fwell, but this muft be done with great caution.
The glaffes of the hot-bed ffiould alfo be raifed High,
to admit a large ffiare of air to the plants, otherwife
the fruit will not fet ; and if the feafon fliould prove
very warm, the glaffes may be frequently drawn off,
efpecialiy in an evening, to receive the dews, pro-
vided there is but little wind ftirring ; but the glaffes
ffiould not remain off the whole night, left the cold
ffiould prove too great ; but in warm weather, the
glaffes may be kept off from ten in the morning till
evening. ,
When the plants have extended themfelves from un-
der the frames, if the weather ffiould alter to cold,
it will be neceffary to cover their extremities every
night with mats •, for if thefe fhoots are injured, it
will retard the growth of the fruit, and often proves
very injurious to the plants : and now what water is
given to the plants, ffiould be in the alleys between
the beds 5 for as the roots of the Vines will by this
time have extended themfelves through the alleys, fo
when the ground there is well moiftened, the plants
will receive the benefit of it * and by this method, the
items of the plants will be preferved dry, whereby
they will continue found •, but thefe waterings ffiould
not be repeated oftener than once a week in very dry
warm weather, and be lure to give as much air as pof-
fible to the plants when the feafon is warrm
Having given full inftrueftionsfor the management of
thofe Melons which are raifed under frames, I fhall
next proceed to treat of thofe which are raifed under
bell or hand-glaffes. The plants for thefe muft be
raifed in the fame manner as hath been already di-
re&ed, and about the latter end of Aprril, if the fea-
fon proves forward, will be a good time to make the
beds ; therefore a fufficient quantity of hot dung
fliould be provided, in proportion to the intended
number of glaftes, allowing fix or eight good wheel-
barrows of dung to each glafs. Where there is but
one bed, which is propofed to be extended in length,
the trench ffiould be dug out four feet and a half
wide, and the length according to the number of
MEL
glaffes, which fhould not be placed nearer thaft four
feet to each other ; for when the plants are too near
each other, the Vines will intermix, and fill the bed
fo clofely as to prevent the fruit from fetting : in dig-
ging the trench, it fhould be fo fituated, as to allow
for the widening of the bed three or four feet on each
fide | the depth mufc be according as the foil is dry or
wet ; but, as was before obferved, if the foil is fo dry
as that there is no danger of the beds being hurt by
the wet, the lower they are made in the ground the
better : in the making of the beds, the fame regard
muft be had to the well mixing and laying of the dung
as was before direded ; and after the dung is laid,
there fhould be a hill of earth raifed, where each
plant is to ftand, one foot and a half high ; the other
part of the bed need not as yet be covered more than
four inches thick, which will be fufficient to keep the
warmth of the dung from evaporating ; then the
glades fhould be placed over the hills, and fet down
clofe, in order to warm the earth of the hills to receive
the plants ; and if the beds work kindly, they will
be in a proper temperature to receive the plants in
two or three days after making ; then the plants
fhould be removed, in the fame manner as was before
direded ; and if they are in pots, fo that there will
be no danger of their growing, there fhould but one
plant be put under each glafs ; and if they are not in
pots, there fhould be two, one of which may be af-
terward taken away, if they both grow. Thele plants
muft be watered at firft planting, to fettle the earth
to their roots, and fhaded every day until they have
taken new root ; and if the nights prove cold, it will
be proper to cover the glaffes with mats, to preferve
the warmth of the bed.
Where there are feveral of the beds intended, they
fhould be placed at eight feet diftance from each
other, that there may be a proper fpace left between
them, to be afterward filled up, for the root of the
Vines to have room for extending themfelves, for the
reafons before given.
When the plants have taken good root in the beds,
their tops muft be pinched off; and their pruning,
'&c. muft, from time to time, be the fame as for thofe
under the frames. In the day time, when the weather
is warm, the glaffes fhould be raifed on the oppofite
fide to the wind, to admit frefh air to the plants ; for
where this is not obferved, they will draw up weak
and fickly, therefore all poffible care fhould be taken
to prevent this ; for if the runners have not proper
ftrength, they can never fupply the fruit with nou-
rifhment.
When the plants are grown fo long as to reach the
ftdes of the glaffes, if the weather proves favourable,
the glaffes muft be fet on three bricks, fo as to raife
them about two inches from the furface of the beds,
to give room for the Vines to run out from under
them ; but when this is done, the beds fhould be co-
vered all over with earth to the depth of one foot and
a half, and trod down as clofe as poffible ; and if the
nights fhould prove cold, there fhould be a covering
of mats put over the beds, to prevent the cold from
injuring the tender fhoots of the Vines ; but as the
Vines of the Contaleupe Melons are impatient of wet,
it will be neceffary to arch the beds over with hoops
to fupport the mats, that they may be ready for co-
vering at all times when they require it ; which is the
only fure met hod to have thefe Melons fucceed in Eng-
land, where the weather is fo very uncertain and va-
riable ; for I have had fome beds of thefe Melons in
as fine order under thefe glaffes as could be defired,
which were totally deftroyed by one day’s heavy rain
in June.
After the thicknefs of earth is laid upon the beds, if
the weather fhould prove cold, it will be advifeable to
dig trenches on each fide of the beds, into which you
fhould lay a fufficient quantity of hot dung, to make
it of the fame thicknefs with the bed, after the man-
ner before directed for the frames ; or if there is a fuf-
ficient quantity of hot dung ready, the whole fpace
between the beds may be dug out and filled up with
MEL
the dung, laying thereon the earth a foot and a half
deep, treading it down clofe ; this new dung will add
a frefh warmth to the beds, and cauie the plants to
fhew fruit foon after.
The watering of thefe plants muft be done with oreaf
caution, and not given to their items ; the pinching
oft the runners muft alfo be duly attended to, as alfo
the pulling off all fuperfluous fruit, to encourage thofe
which are dengned to remain c and in fhort, every
thing before direded for thofe under frames, muft
likewife be obferved for thefe ; and the further care
is, to cover them in ail hard rains and cold nights,
with mats, which, if performed v/ith care, therewill
be little danger of their mifcarrying, and thefe Vines
will remain vigorous until the cold in autumn de-
ftroys them.
There have been many perfons, who of late years
have raifed their Melons under oiled paper, and in
many places they have fucceeded well ; but where
this is pradifed, there muft be great care taken not
to keep thefe coverings too clofe over them ; for
where that is done, the Vines will draw very weak,
and rarely fet their fruit in any plenty ; therefore
where thefe coverings are propofed to be ufed, I
fhould advife the bringing up of the plants under
hand or bell-glaffes, in the manner before direded,
until they are grown far enough to be let out from
under the glaffes ; and then, inftead of the covering
with mats, to put over the oiled paper ; and if this
covering is prudently managed, it will be the beft
that can be ufed. The beft fort of paper for this
purpofe is that which is ftrdng, and not of too dark a
colour ; and it fhould be done over with iinfeed
oil, which will dry foon. There fhould be a pro-
portionable number of fheets of this paper parted
together, as will fpread to the dimenfions of the
frame to which it is fattened ; and if this is fixed to
the frame, before the oil is rubbed over it, fo much
the better ; but this fhould be done fo long before
they are ufed, as that the oil may be thoroughly
dry, and the ftench gone off, otherwife it will deftroy
the plants.
There are fome perfons who make thefe frames of
broad hoops, in imitation of the covers of waggons ;
but as thefe are cumberfome to move, and there are
no conveniencies for admitting air to the plants, but
by railing the whole frame on one fide, I prefer thofe
made of pantile laths, framed like the ridge of a
houfe ; and each Hope having hinges, may be raifed
at pleafure to admit the air to the plants ; but as de-
fections of thefe things are not well comprehended
by perfons not fo converfaht with them, I (hall exhi-
bit a figure of one of thefe frames, to be added to the
article of Stoves.
The further management of the Melons, after their
fruit is fet, is to keep pulling off all the fuperfluous
fruit, and to pinch off all weak runners, which may
draw away part of the nouriffiment from the fruit ; as
alfo to turn the fruit gently twice a week, that each
fide may have equal benefit of the fun and air ; for
when they are fuffered to lie with the fame fide con-
ftantly to the ground, that fide will become of a pale
or whitifh colour, as if it were blanched, for want of
the advantages of the fun and air. The plants will
require a little water in very dry weather, but this
fhould be given them in the alleys at a diftance from
the ftems of the plants, and not oftener than once
in a week or ten days, at which time the ground
fhould be well foaked in the alleys. This will encou-
rage the growth of the fruit, and caufe the flefli to be
thick ; but the great caution which is neceffary to be
obferved, is not to over-water the plants, which is
certain injury to them : alfo be fure to give as much
free air as poffible, at all times, when the weather
will permit, for this is abfolutely neceffary to render
the fruit good.
When the fruit is fully grown, they muft be duly
watched to cut them at a proper time ; for if they
are left a few hours too long upon the Vines, they will
lofe much of their delicacy, therefore they fhould be
looked
MEL
looked over at leaft twice every day j and if thbfe
fruit which are intended for the table, are cut early
in the morning, before the fun has warmed them,
they will be much better flavoured ■, but if any fhould
require to be cut afterward, they fhould be put into
cold fpring water, or ice, to cool them, before they
are brought to the table : and thofe cut in the morn-
ing, fhould be kept in the cooleft place till they are
ferved up to table. The fign of this fruit’s maturity
is, that of its beginning to crack near the foot-ftalk,
and its beginning to fmell, which never fail ; for as
thefe Cantaleupe Melons feldom change their colour
until they are too ripe, that fhould never be waited for.
The directions here given for the management of the
Cantaleupe Melons, will be found equally good for
all the other forts, as I have fully experienced *, for
in the common method of managing them, where the
earth is laid but three or four inches thick, the plants
are very apt to decay before the fruit is ripe •, for
their roots foon reach the dung, and are extended to
the hides of the bed, where their tender fibres are
expofed to the air and fun, which caufe the leaves
of the plants to hang down in the heat of the day, fo
it is neceffary to fhade them with mats, to pre-
vent their decay ; and this alfo occafions the water-
ing of the plants often to keep them alive, which is
alfo prejudicial to their roots ; whereas when the beds
are made of a proper width, and earthed of a fuffici-
ent thicknefs, the plants will bear the ftrongeft heat
of the fun in this climate, without fliewing the leaft
want of moifture, or their leaves drooping, and they
will continue in health till the autumn cold deftroys
them.
In faving of the feeds I need not repeat here, that only
fuch fhould be regarded, which are taken from the
firmeft fruit, and thofe which have the higheft flavour-,
and if thefe are taken out with the pulp entire, with-
out difplacing the feeds, and buffered to remain in
the pulp two or three days before it is wafhed out, the
better ; and then to preferve only the heavy feeds,
which fink in the water.
MELOCACTUS. 7 c _
MELOCARDUUS. j See Cactus -
MELOCHIA, Jews Mallow.
The Characters are.
It hath a -permanent empalement of one leaf cut half way
into five fegments ; the flower hath five large fpreading
petals the ftamina are involved in the tube of the ger-
men, and have five fummits. It has a roundifh germen
with five awl-jhaped ereft fityles , which are permanent ,
crowned by Jingle ftigmas. T he flower is fucceeded by
five-cornered roundifh capfules , having five cells with two
horns , in each cell is lodged one angular compreffed feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firfl fedion of
Linnaeus’s fixteenth clafs, intitled Monadelphia Pen-
tandria ; the flowers of this clafs have their ftamina
and ftyles conneded in one houfe, and thofe of this
fedion have but five ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Melochia (. Pyramidata ) floribus umbellatis oppofi-
tis foliis, capfuiis pyramidatis pentagonis, angulis
acutis, foliis nudis. Hort. Cliff. 343. Jews Mal-
low with umbellated flowers placed oppofite to the leaves ,
and five-cornered pyramidal capfules. Althaea Brafilia-
na frutefcens, incarnato fiore, fagopyri femine. Pluk.
Phyt. tab. 13 1. f. 3.
2. Melochia (Tomentofa) floribus umbellatis axillari-
bus, capfuiis pyramidatis pentagonis, angulis mucro-
natis, foliis tomentofis. Lin. Sp. 943 - Jews IMallow
with umbellated flowers at the wings of the fialk , five-
cornered pyramidal capfules, and woolly leaves. Abutilon
herbaceum procumbens, betonicae folio, flore pur-
pureo. Sloan. Hift. Sp. 220.
3. Melochia (Deprefid) floribus folitariis capfuiis de-
preffis pentagonis, anguftis obtufis ciliatis. Flor.
Leyd. Prod. 3 4 8 • Jews Mallow with flowers growing
fmgly, _ and five-cornered deprefied capfules. Abutilon
Americanum, ribefti foliis, flore carneo, frudu pen-
tagono afpero. Houft. MSS.
M E L
: 4. Melochia ( Concaienata ) racemis confertis termina"
libus, capfuiis glob oils feffilibus. Flor. Zeyl. 247*
Jews Mallow with clufiered J pikes terminating the folks ,
and globular capfules fitting clofe.
5. Melochia ( Supina ) floribus capititatis, foliis ovatis
ferratis, caulibus procumbentibus. Lin. Sp. ' 944^
Jews Mallow with flowers in heads , oval flawed leaves ,
and trailing fialks. Alcea fupina pufilla, geranii exi-
gui maritimi folio & facie, maderafpatenfis, frudu
in lunorno caule glomerate, pericarpio dura. Pluk.
Phyt. tab. 132. f. 4.
The firft fort grows naturally in the Brazils as a com-
mon weed, having a ftalk fomewhat flair ub by, which
riles four or five feet high * the flowers are produced
in umbels from the fide of the ftalk, oppofite to the
leaves they are of a pale fiefh colour, and are fuc-
ceeded by pyramidal capfules with five corners having
five cells, each containing one angular feed.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and other
warm parts of America. This has a trailing herba-
ceous ftalk, garnifhed with woolly leaves fhaped like
Betony. The flowers are produced in umbels at the
wings of the ftalk ; they are of a purple colour, and
are fucceeded by pyramidal capfules, having five
corners.
The third fort was difeovered growing naturally at
the Havannah, by the late Dr. Houftoun. This
rifes with a fhrubby ftalk five or fix feet high, gar-
nifhed with angular leaves refembling thofe of the
Currant buffi ; the flowers are produced fmgly from
the fide of the ftalk : they are of a fiefh colour, and
in fhape like thofe of the fmall flowering Mallow 5
thefe are fucceeded by rough five-cornered capfules,-
inclofing five Mallow-fhaped feeds.
The fourth fort grows naturally in both Indies ; this
hath an herbaceous ftalk, which is terminated by fe-
veral oblong bunches of flowers, which are fucceeded
by globular capfules with five cells, in each of which
is lodged a Angle feed.
The fifth fort grows naturally in India *, this is an an-
nual plant with trailing ftalks which fpread on the
ground, garnifhed with fmall Betony-fhaped leaves ;
the flowers and fruit are produced in clufters at the
end of the branches.
Thefe plants arepreferved in botanic gardens for va-
riety, but having little beauty they are rarely culti-
vated in other places j they are propagated by' feeds
which rnuft be fown on a hot-bed, and when the
plants come up, they fhould be treated in the fame
way as is directed for Sida, to which the reader is
defired to turn to avoid repetition. The firft and third
forts are fhrubby, fo may with care be preferved thro’
the winter in a ftove, whereby good feeds may be
obtained •, for thefe feldom ripen their feeds well
the firft year, unlefs the plants are brought forward
early in the fpring, and the fummer proves warm.
The other three forts generally ripen their feeds the
fame year they are fown.
M E L O N. See Melo.
MELONGENA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 151. tab.
65. Solanum. Lin. Gen. Plant. 224. Mad Apple,
by fome called Egg Plant ; in French, Mayenne f
The Characters are,
The flower has a permanent empalement of one leaf \ which
is deeply cut into five acute fegments, which fpread open .
’The flower hath but one petal , which is cut into five
parts , which fpread open and are reflexed. It hath five
awl-fhaped ftamina , terminated by oblong fummits which
converge together. In the center is. fuuated an oblong
germen [upper ting a fender ftyle , crowned by an obtufe
[sigma ; the germen afterward becomes an oval or oblong
fruit with one cell , which hath a fiefloy pulp , filled with
compreffed roundifh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the feventh fedion
of Tournefort’s fecond clafs, which includes the
herbs with a wheel-ill aped flower of one leaf, whofe
pointal changes to a foft fruit.' Dr. Linnaeus has
joined this genus, and the Lycoperficon of Tourne-
fort, to the Solanum, making them only fpecies of
' 8 X that
M E L
'that genus '; but as the fruit of this genus has but one
cell, fo it fhould be feparated from the Solanum,
whofe fruit have two cells, and of which there are fo
many fpecies already known, that there need not be
any addition of plants which can be feparated with
propriety added to it ; he places it in the firft iebtion
of his fifth clafs.
The Species are,
1. Melongena ( Ovata ) caule inermi herbaceo, foliis
oblongo-ovatis tomentofis integris, frudtu ovato. Mad
Apple with a fmooth herbaceous Jtalk , oblongs oval , woolly
leaves , which are entire , and an oval fruit. Melonge-
na frudtu oblongo violaceo. Tourn. Inft. 151. Mad
Apple with an oblong Violet-coloured fruit .
2. Melongena (Thereto) caule inermi herbaceo, foliis
oblongo-ovatis tomentofis, frudtu tereti. Mad Apple
with herbaceous , fmooth , oblong , oval , woolly leaves ,
and a taper fruit. Melongena frudtu tereti violaceo.
Tourn. Inft. 151. Mad Apple with a taper Violet-co-
loured fruit.
3. Melongena (. Tncitrva ) caule inermi herbaceo, foliis
oblongis finuatis tomentofis, frudtu incurvo. Mad
Apple with a fmooth herbaceous folk, oblong finuated
leaves which are woolly , and an incurved fruit. Melon-
gena frudtu incurvo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 152. Mad
Apple with an incurved fruit.
4. Melongena ( Spinofa ) fpinofa, foliis finuatis-lacini-
atis, frudtu tereti, caule herbaceo. Mad Apple , with a
prickly ftalk and leaves which are cut into fimifes , a taper
fruit , and an herbaceous ftalk. Solanum pomiferum
frudtu fpinofo. J. B. 3. 619. Apple-beariug Night-
jhade with a prickly fruit.
The firft fort grows naturally in Afia, Africa, and
America, where the fruit is commonly eaten by the
inhabitants ; and it is cultivated in the gardens in
Spain as an efculent fruit, by the title of Barenkeena ;
the Turks who alfo eat the fruit, call it Badinjan, the
Italians Melanzana, and the inhabitants of the Britifh
iflands in America, Brown John, or Brown Jolly. It 1
is an annual plant with an herbaceous ftalk, which
becomes a little ligneous, and rifes near three feet
high, • fending out many fide branches, garnifhed
with oblong oval leaves (even or eight inches long,
and four broad ; they are woolly, and their borders
are very (lightly finuated, but not indented, (landing
without order upon very thick foot-ftalks. The
flowers come out fingly from the fide of the branches,
having a thick flefhy empalement of one leaf, which
is deeply cut into five acute fegments, which fpread
open, and is armed with ftrong prickles on the out- I
fide. The flowers have one petal, which is cut at
the brim into five fegments, which expand in form
of a ftar, and are a little reflexed ; they are blue, and
the fummits which are connedted together in the bo-
fom of the flower are yellow. The flowers are fuc-
ceeded by oval flefhy fruit, about the flze and fhape
of a fwan’s egg, of a dark purple on one fide, and
white on the other. The flowers come out in June
and July, and the fruit ripens in September.
There are the following varieties of thefe fpecies ; one
with white fruit, called by fome the Egg Plant ; one
with yellow fruit, and another with pale red fruit ;
all thefe varieties are generally conftant, the feeds pro-
ducing the fame fruit as thole from which they were
taken, but as they only differ in colour, fo I chufe
not to enumerate them as diftindt fpecies.
The fecond fort differs from the firft in the fhape of
the fruit, which is commonly eight or nine inches
long, taper and ftrait ; in other refpedts they are the
fame, but as this never varies when propagated in
gardens, fo there can be no doubt of their being dif-
tindt fpecies. There are two varieties of this fort,
one with a purplifh fruit, and the other white, but
the latter is the mo ft common in England.
The third fort differs from the two former in the
fhape of the leaves, which are deeply finuated on their
borders. The fruit is oblong and incurved, of a yel-
lowiih colour, and larger at the end than in any other
part.
The feeds of the fourth fort were fent me from India; *
this differs greatly from either of the former. The
ftaiks and leaves are armed with very ftrong thorns,
and the leaves are larger, and deeply jagged on their
fides. The flowers are larger, and of z deeper blue
colour. The fruit is long, taper, and white.
1 hefe fruit are eaten by moft of the inhabitants of
the warm parts of the globe, and are efteemed a de-
licacy, but are fuppofed to have a property of pro-
voking luft.
They are propagated by feeds, which muft be fown
upon a moderate hot-bed in March, and when the
plants come up, they muft be tranfplanted into ano-
ther hot-bed about four inches afunder, obferving to
water and (hade them until they have taken root ; af-
ter which you muft give them a great (hare of air
when the weather is warm, otherwife they will draw
up very weak. They muft be alfo frequently water-
ed, without which they will make but very "indiffe-
rent progrefs ; but when they are grown fo ftrong as
to fill the frame (which will be by the middle or end
of May, j you muft tranfplant them out into a rich
fpot of ground, at two feet diftance, or in the
borders of the pleafure-garden at the fame diftance
from other plants, obferving to preferve as much
earth to the roots as poffible when you take them up,
otherwife they are fubjedt to mifcarry. You muft ob-
serve to water them plentifully, and (hade them until
they have taken root, after which they will require
but very little care, more than to keep them clear
from weeds, and in very dry weather to give them
fome water.
About the middle of July the fruit will appear, at
which time, if the weather fhould be very dry, you
muft often water them, which will caufe the fruit to
grow very large, and increafe their number : toward
the latter end of Auguft their fruit will ripen, when
you muft preferve the feeds of each kind feparate ;
but thofe for the table fhould be gathered before they
are quite ripe.
Thefe plants are only preferved as curiofities in the
Englifh gardens, the fruit being feldom eaten in
this country, except by fome Italians or Spaniards,
who have been accuftomed to eat them in their own
countries.
MELOPEPO. See Cucurbita.
MELONRY, or MELON GROUND, is an
apartment in the kitchen-garden for the propagation
of Melons only.
This fpot of ground fhould be open to the fouth-eafl
fun, but fheltered from the weft, north-weft, and
north-eaft winds, by walls, pales, or hedges, the
latter of thefe is the beft ; it fhould alfo be upon a
dry foil, for nothing is more injurious to thefe plants
than much wet ; for in the fpring of the year it often
proves very wet weather, when, if the foil is very
wet, there will be no making the ridges until it is very
late. This fhould alfo be contrived as near to the
dung as poffible, which will fave a great deal of la-
bour in wheeling the dung; and, if there fhould be a
pond of water near it, which, in very dry weather,
will be very ufeful to water the Melons when it is
neceffary, though it is not often that water is wanted
for this purpofe in England.
As to the fize of the ground, that muft be propor-
tioned to the quantity of ridges intended, which you
may ealily calculate, by allowing twelve feet breadth
for every ridge, and the holes placed at about four
feet afunder ; but it is the beft way to allow room
enough where you are not ftreightened to it.
This ground fhould be inclofed with a Reed fence,
and kept conftantly locked up during the time that
the Melons are growing, for if they are expofed to
every perfon that walks in the garden (moft of whom
have a curiofity to handle the Vines, and look after
the fruit,) it will be of ill confequence, nothing be-
ing more injurious to thefe plants than frequent tum-
bling or difturbing their leaves.
The common practice in moft gentlemens gardens is,
to inclofe a fpot of ground either with walls or pales,
which they conftantly appropriate to this purpofe ;
but
M E L
but this is by no means a good method, for it rarely
happens that thefe fucceed well longer than two years
in the fame place, unlefs the foil be removed and
freffi brought in, which is very expenfive ; therefore
the belt way is, to have a fufficient parcel of Reeds
made into pannels, which may be annually moved
from place to place, fo that you need not continue
your ridges longer than one year in the fame place ;
and if you have a piece of ground which is large
enough to divide into three or four fuch places, the
fence may be every year removed till the whole has
been occupied, after which you may return to the
fpot where you began, which, by that time, will be
as good as frefh earth ; and hereby, without much
trouble, you may remove them every year, for as
one of the fides will remain unremoved every time
the fence is carried forward, the labour will not be fo
great as if it were wholly removed to fome diftance,
and thefe Reed fences are much preferable to either
walls or pales, for this purpofe.
MELOTHR I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 48.
The title of this genus was applied to it by Dr. Lin-
naeus in the Hortus Cliffortianus. By fome authors
it hath been placed under the genus of Cucumis, and
by others under that of Bryonia ; but the Doctor has
removed this to a diftance from either of thole gene-
ra, on account of its having but three ftamina-, but
Dr. Van Royen has brought it next to the genus of
Bryonia again, as the plants have male and herma-
phrodite flowers.
The Characters are,
I he empalement of the flower is of one leaf \ b ell -Jh aped,
and cut J, lightly at the brim into five parts , and in the
hermaphrodite flowers , rcjls upon the embryo. The
male flower is of oyie leaf , wheel-fhaped , having a tube
the length of the empalement. In the center of the her-
maphrodite flower is fituated the point al, fupporting a cy-
lindrical flyle, attended by three conical ftamina , which
are infer ted in the tube of the flower , and are extended to
the fame length the male flowers have three ftamina ,
terminated by blunt flyles. The point al afterward becomes
an oval fmall berry , having three divifions , in which are
lodged fmall fiat feeds.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Melothria ( Pendula .) Lin. Hort. Cliff. 490. Small
creeping Cucumber. Cucumis minima frudtu ovali ni-
gro lsevi. Sloan. Hift. 1. p. 227. Smallefl Cucumber
with a fnooth , black , oval fruit.
This plant grows wild in the woods in Carolina, Vir-
ginia, and alfo in many of the iflands in America ;
it creeps upon the ground with (lender Vines, hav-
ing angular leaves, fomewhat refembling thofe of the
Melon, but much fmaller. Thefe Vines ftrike out
roots at every joint, which fatten themfelves into the
ground, and thereby a larger ftiare of nouriffiment is
drawn to the plants, by which means their ftalks ex-
tend to a great diftance each way, and cjofely cover
the ground. The flowers are very fmall, infhapelike
thofe of the Melon, and of a pale fulphur colour.
The fruit, in the Weft-Indies, grow to the fize of a
Pea, of an oval figure, and changes black when ripe;
thefe are by the inhabitants fometimes pickled when
they are green.
In England the fruit are much fmaller, and are fo
hidden by the leaves, as to render it difficult to find
them. The plants will not grow in the open air here,
but the feeds muft be fown upon a hot-bed, and if
the plants are permitted, will foon Ipread over the
furface of a large bed -, and when the fruit is ripe, if
they fcatter their feeds, the plants will come ’up
where the earth happens to be ufed on a hot-bed again,
and if they are fupplied with water, will require no
farther care. This plant is in fome gardens prelerv- [
ed for the fake of variety, but is of no ufe.
MENISPERMUM.. Tourn. Ad. R. Par. 1705.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 1131. Moonfeed.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers on different plants ;
the male flowers have empaiements compofed of two floor t
linear leaves , and have four oval fpr ending petals with- •
M E N
out fide , and eight oval, concave petals within , which ark
fmaller than thofe without , ranged in four femes, and
many cylindrical flamina which are longer than the petals ,
t er minuted by floor t obtufe fummits having four lobes. The
female flowers have the fame empalement and corolla as
the male , and have eight flamina with pellucid fummits ,
which are fruitful. Theje have two oval incurved ger-
wina, fupporting a folitary recurved flyle , crowned by a
bifid fligma ; the germen afterward become two roundifh
kidney-Jhaped berries of one cell , inclofmg a large kidney -
fhaped feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth fedion oU
Linnaeus’s twenty-fecond clafs, which includes thofe
plants which have male and female flowers on diffe-
rent plants, and the male flowers have twelve ftamina.,
The Species are,
1. Menispermum ( Canadenfe ) foliis peltatis fubrotundis
angulatis. Hort. Cliff. 140. Moonfeed with target-
Jhaped, roundifh , angular leaves. Menifpermum Cana-
denfe fcandens, umbilicatis foliis. Tourn. Ad. Par.
1 7°5- Climbing Moonfeed of Canada , with a navel -
fhaped leaf.
2. Menispermum ( Virginicum ) foliis cordatis peltatis
lobatis. Flor. Virg, 40. Moonfeed with heart and tar -
get-fhaped leaves , which have lobes. Menifpermum fo-
lio hederaceo. Hort. Elth. 223. tab. 178. Moonfeed
with an Ivy leaf.
3. Menispermum ( Carinianum ) foliis cordatis fubtus
villofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 340. Moonfeed with heart-
fhaped leaves , which are hairy on their under fide.
The firft fort grows itaturally in Canada, and moft
parts of North America, in the woods ; this hath a
thick ligneous root, from which are fent out many
climbing ftalks, which become ligneous, and rife to
the height of twelve or Fourteen feet, twifting them-
lelves about the neighbouring plants for fupport ;
thefe are garnilhedwith large, fmooth, roundiffi leaves 3
whofe foot- ftalks are placed almoft in the middle of
the back of the leaves ; on the upper fide there is a
hollow in that part of the leaf refembling a navel.
The flowers come out in loofe bunches from the fide
of the ftalks ; they are of an herbaceous colour, fmall
and compofed of two tiers of oblong oval petals, ve-
ry (hort ftamina, with ten in the male flowers, termi-
nated by Angle fummits the two germen fituated in
the center of the female flowers turn to fo many
channelled berries, each containing one kidnev-fhaped
feed. It flowers in July, and the feeds rip en in au-
tumn.
This fort may be eafily propagated by laying down
of the branches, which, if performed in autumn
will have made good roots by the following autumn 5
when they may be feparated from the old plant, and
tranlplanted where they are defigned to remain - ’thefe
plants require fupport, for their branches are (lender
and weak. In the country where it grows naturally
they climb up the trees to a confiderable height lb
that if thefe are planted near trees in wilderntft quar
ters, where their ftalks may have fupport, they will
thrive better than in an open fituation. 7
The fecond fort differs from the firft in the ffiape of
its leaves, which are angular, and fometimes heart-
fhaped ; their foot-ftalks join to the bafe of the leaves
fo they have no umbilical mark on their furface. The
ftalks of this become ligneous, and rife nearly as hffih
as thole of the firft fort, and the flowers and Bernes
do not differ from them. It is alfo propagated after,
the fame manner.
The third fort grows naturally in Carolina, from
whence the feeds were fent to England ; this ha* by
fome been fuppofed the fame with the fecond W
from which it differs in its branches, not becoming
woody as thofe do. The ftalks are herbaceous - the
leaves are entire and hairy, and are not more ’than
half fo large as thofe of the fecond, nor is the plant
lo hardy, tor in fevere winters, thofe which are ex-
pofed to the open air are fometimes killed, whereas
the fecond fort is never injured by cold. This fore
does not produce any flowers in England, unlefs the
lealon proves very warm.
This
4yg
MEN ;
This may be propagated by parting of the foots,
which fpread out on the fide, fo that part of them
may be cut off every other year ; the beft time for
doing thi§ is in the fpring, a little before the plants
begin to (hoot ; thefe fnould be planted in a warm fi-
tuation and £ have a light foil, for in ftrong land,
where the wet is detained in winter, the roots are
apt to rot ; therefore if they are planted clofe to a
wall expofed to the fouth or weft, their ftalks may
be fallen ed againft the wall, to prevent their trailing
upon the ground 5 and in this fituation the plants
will frequently flower, and by having a little flielter
in fevere froft, their ftalks may be preferved from
injury.
There is little beauty in thefe plants, but yet they are
preferved in many gardens for the fake of variety, for
which reafon they are here inferted.
'MENTHA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 188. tab. 89. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 633. [MiV 0 j 3, according to the ancients,
a goddefs, as alfo according to the poets. The an-
cients alfo gave it the name of Sweet-ftnelling, and
where this, word is found, this plant is underftood.
Mentha is likewife fo called of Mens, Lat. the mind,
becaufe this plant is faid to ftrengthen the mind.]
Mint •, in French, Menthe .
The Characters are,
It hath a ftp flower of one petal , fitting on a permanent \
tubulous empalement of one leaf. which is erect, and cut
at the brim into five equal figments. ‘The tube of the I
petal is a lit tie longer than the empalement. The chaps are
cut into four almoft equal figments , the upper being a
little larger and indented. It hath four awl-fhaped fta-
mina , which are erect, funding afunder , the two nearefl
being longefl ; they are terminated by roundifh fummits ,
and in the bottom of the tube is fituated a four-pointed
germen , fuppcrting a fender erekt fiyle , crowned by a bifid
spreading jligma. The germen afterward turns to four
naked feeds fitting in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have two long and two fhorter
ftamina, and the feeds ripen in the empalement.
The Species are,
1. Mentha ( Viridis ) floribus fpicatis, foliis oblongis
ferratis. Hort. Upfal. 168. Mint with fpiked flowers ,
and oblong flawed leaves. Mentha anguftifolia fpicata.
C. B. P. 227. Narrow-leaved fpiked Mint , commonly
called Spear Mint.
2. Mentha ( Glabra ) floribus fpicatis, foliis longiori-
bus glabris, fuperne mini me ferratis. Mint with
fpiked flowers , and longer fmooth leaves , which are very
' (lightly flawed toward their points. Mentha anguftifo-
lia fpicata glabra. Rand. Narrow-leaved , fmooth , fpiked
Mint. _ _
3. Mentha ( Candicans ) foliis lanceolatis ferratis, fub-
tus incanis, floribus fpicatis hirfutifllmis. Mint with I
fpear-f japed flawed leaves , which are hoary on their un-
der fide , , and very hairy fpiked flowers. Mentha Syl-
veftris candicans, odore fativi. Doody. Raii Syn.
App. Wild Mint of a white colour , fuelling like that
of the garden. ... I
4. Mentha ( Sylvefris ) fpicis confertis, foliis ferratis j
tomentofis feflilibus. Hort. Cliff. 306. Mint with
[pikes of flowers growing in cluflers , and woolly flawed
"'leaves fitting clofe to the folks. Mentha fylveftris Ion-
Acre folio. C. B. P. 227. Wild Mint with a longer leaf .
5. IvIentha ( Aquatica ) fpicis craffioribus, foliis ovato-
lanceolatis ferratis fubtus tomentofis petiolatis. Mint
with thicker /pikes, and oval, fpear-fhaped, flawed leaves, \
which are woolly on their under Jide, and have foot-
' ftalks. Mentaftri aquatici genus hirfutum, fpica la-
bore. J. B. 3. 222. Hairy Water Mint with a broad- j
er [pike. _ , j
6. Mentha ( Piperita ) fpicis craffioribus interruptis,
foliis lanceolatis acute ferratis. Mint with thicker [pikes
of flowers, which are interrupted, and fpear-fhaped
leaves which are Jharply flawed. Mentha fervida ni-
gricans, piperis fapore. Rand. Hort. Chel. Cat. |
Blackijh hot Mint with a tafle like Pepper , commonly
called Pepper Mint . f
M E N
7. Mentha ( Crifpa ) floribus fpicatis, foliis cordatis
dentatis undulatis feflilibus. Hort. Cliff. 306. Mint
with fpiked flowers , and heartflhaped indented leaves >
which are waved, and Jit clofe to the ftalks. Mentha
crifpa Danica five Germanica fpeciola. Mor. Hift. 3.
p. 367. Danifh or German curled Mint .
8. Mentha (. Rotundifolia ) fpicis confertis, foliis ova-
tis rugofis feflilibus. Mint with fpikcs growing together,
and oval rough leaves fitting clofe to the ftalk. Men-
taftrum folio rugofo rotundiore fpontaneum, flore
fpicato, odore gravi. j. B. 3. 217. Wild Mint with
a rounder rough leaf, and a fpiked flower, having a
ftrong f 'cent .
9. Mentha (Rubra) fpicis confertis interruptis, foliis
oblongo-ovatis acuminatis dentatis feflilibus. Mint
with interrupted flpikes of flowers growing together, and
oblong , oval, acute-pointed , indented leaves, fitting clcfi
to the ftalk . Mentha rotundifolia rubra, aurantii odo-
re. Mor. Hift. 3. 369. Round-leaved red Mint, /netting
like an Orange, commonly called Orange Mint.
10. Mentha ( Chalepenfa ) foliis oblongis dentatis,
utrinque tomentofis feflilibus, fpicis tenuioribus.
Mint with oblong indented leaves, which are woolly on
both fides , fit clofe to the ftalk , and very narrow flpikes
of flowers. Mentraftum chalepenfe, anguftifolium,
rare Horens. Boerh. Ind. ait. 1. p. 185. Narrow-leaved
wild Mint of Aleppo , which rarely flowers.
11. Mentha (. Paluftris ) floribus capitatis, foliis ovat's
ferratis petiolatis, ftaminibus corolla longioribus.
Hort. Cliff. 306. Mint with flowers growing in heads ,
oval flawed leaves having foot -ftalks, and ftamina longer
than the petals. Mentha rotundifolia paluftris five
aquatica major. C. B. P. 227. Greater round-leaved
Water Mint.
12. Mentha (Nigricans) floribus capitatis, foliis lan-
ceolatis ferratis fubpetiolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 576.
Mint with flowers growing in heads , and fpear-fhaped
Jawed leaves with very Jhort fool-ftalks. Mentha fer-
vida nigricans latifolia. Rand. Broad-leaved blackijh
Pepper Mint.
13. Mentha ( Arvenfis ) floribus verticillatis, foliis ova-
tis acutis ferratis, ftaminibus corolla brevioribus. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 577. Mint with flowers growing in whorls ,
oval, acute , flawed leaves , and ftamina fhorter than the
petals. Mentha arvenfis, verticillata hirluta. J. B.
3. 2. 217. Whorled hairy field Mint , or Calamint of the
fhops.
14. Mentha ( Exigua ) floribus verticillatis, foliis ova-
tis dentatis, ftaminibus corolla longioribus. Mint with
flowers growing in whorls, oval indented leaves, and fta-
mina longer than the petals. Mentha aquatica, exigua.
Trag. Lib. 1. c. 6. Smalleft Water Mint.
15. Mentha ( Gentilis ) floribus verticillatis, foliis ova-
tis, marginibus ciliatis, ftaminibus corollam tequan-
tibus. Mint with whorled flowers, oval leaves whofe bor-
ders are hairy , and ftamina equalling the petals. Men-
tha verticillata, rotundiore folio, odore ocymi. Dale.
Whorled Mint with a rounder leaf, fmelling like Bafll.
16. Mentha ( Hirfuta ) floribus verticillatis, foliis ova-
tis ferratis hirfutis, ftaminibus corolla longioribus..
Mint with zvhorled flowers, oval , flawed, hairy leaves , and
ftamina longer than the petals. Mentha aquatica live
fifymbrium hirfutus. j. B. 3. 2. 224. Water Mint,
or hairy Sifymbrium.
1 7. Mentha (Verticillata) floribus verticillatis, foliis
lanceolatis acutis ferratis, rugofis, ftaminibus corol-
lam tequantibus. Mint with whorled flowers, fpear-
fhaped, acute-pointed , flawed, rough leaves , and ftamina
equalling the petals. Mentha verticillata, longiori
acuminato folio, odore aromatico. Rand. Hort. Chel.
Cat. Whorled Mint with a longer acute-pointed leaf, and
an aromatic feent.
There are feveral other varieties of this genus, which
have been found growing naturally in England, of which.
1 have twelve or more in my own colledion •, but as I
fufpeft fome of them to be only accidental variations,
arifing from the different foils and fituations where
they have been found, I have not enumerated them
all here ; thofe which are here mentioned, I take to
be diftinft fpecies, having cultivated them more than
thirty
M E N
thirty years, in which time I have not obferved
them to change from one to another ; feveral of thefe
I have propagated by feeds, and have found them
keep to the kind from which the feeds were faved.
The nr ft fort is what the gardeners cultivate to fup-
ply the markets, and is ufed both as a culinary herb,
and for medicine 5 it is generally called Spear Mint,
and by fome Hart Mint ; Parkinfon and Gerard title
it Roman Mint •, this is a plant fo well known, as to
need no defcription. There are two varieties of this,
one with a curled leaf, and the other has variegated
leaves, but both thefe I have had run from the com-
mon fort •, thefe are by fome preferved in their gar-
dens for the fake of variety, therefore I have mention-
ed them here.
This herb is greatly efteemed for all diforders of the
ftomach, lofs of appetite, and vomiting •, there is a
fimple water, a fpirit, and compound lyrup, and a
diftilled oil of it prepared in the fhops.
The fecond fort hath fmoother leaves than the firft,
and they are rather narrower, in other refpefts it
agrees with that, fo that it is frequently cultivated in
the gardens for ufe, without diftin&ion.
The third fort grows naturally in England *, the
leaves of this are fhorter, and broader in the middle
than either of the former, the ferratures on their
edges are more acute, and their under Tides are wool-
ly, and very white. The ftalks divide more toward
the top, fo are terminated by a greater number of
fpikes, the lower part of which are interrupted.
The fcent of this fort is very like that of the Gar-
den Mint.
The fourth fort hath longer and broader leaves than
either of the former, which are woolly and white.
The ferratures on their edges are farther alunder, and
are very fharp pointed ; they fit clofe to the ftalks,
which are hairy. The fpikes of flowers are {lender,
feveral of them growing together at the top of the
ftalk, which are hairy. This is the Mentaftrum, or
wild Mint of the fhops, and is an ingredient in the
Trochifci de Myrrha.
The fifth fort grows naturally in moift places in feveral
parts of England, it is titled Spiked Horfe Mint, or
Water Mint. The ftalks of this are fhorter than
thofe of either of the former, and are hairy, as are
alfo the leaves, which are oval, fpear-fhaped, fawed
on their edges, and of a pale colour. The flowers
grow in fhort thick fpikes at the top of the ftalks,
their (lamina being fhorter than the petal.
The fixth fort is found growing naturally in fome
parts of England ; I have found it by the fide of the
river between Mitcham and Croydon, in Surry •, this
hath fmooth purple ftalks *, the leaves are fmaller
than thofe of common Mint •, they are fpear-fhaped,
fawed on their edges, and of a darker green colour
than either of the former ; their midrib and veins are
purple, and a little hairy on their under fide. The
fpikes of flowers are fhorter and thicker than thofe of
the common Mint, and are broken or interrupted at
the bottom •, they are of a dark purple colour, and
their (lamina are longer than the petal. The whole
plant has a hot biting tafte like Pepper, and a plea-
fant fcent. There is a diftilled water of this plant
kep : in the fhops, which is by moft people preferred
to that of the common Mint, for all the purpofes
which that is ufually prefcribed, and is efteemed an
excellent remedy againft the ftone and gravel.
The feventh fort was originally brought from Den-
mark, where it was thought to grow naturally, but
Dr. Linn$us fixes it as a native of Siberia. The
ftalks of this fort are hairy, and rife about the fame
height with the common. The leaves are heart-
Ihaped, deeply indented on their edges, waved and
curled, and fit clofe to the ftalk, they are of a light
green. The flowers are purple, growing in thick
interrupted fpikes at the top of the ftalks 5 their
empalements are cut almoft to the bottom, and the
ftyle of the flower is bifid, ftanding out beyond
the petal.
The eighth fort grows naturally in many parts of
M E N
England ; this rifes with a flrong, four-cornered, hairy
ftalk, about the fame height as the common Mint,
branching out toward the top, and garnifhed with
oval rough leaves fitting clofe to the ftalks j they are
of a dark green, andcrenated on their edges. The
fpikes of flowers grow in clufters at the top of the
ftalks, which are fhort and clofe ; the flowers are of
an herbaceous white colour, and their ftamina are
ftretched out beyond the petal.
The ninth fort is commonly called Orange Mint,
from its fcent, which is fomewhat like that of the
rind of Orange. This rifes with an upright fmooth
ftalk about the fame height with the common Mint,
but does not branch out like that j the leaves are
much broader than thofe of the common fort ; the in-
dentures on their edges are deep, and they end in
acute points. The fpikes of flowers grow in clufters
on the top of the ftalks, which are interrupted •, they
are of a pale colour, and their ftamina are fhorter than
the petal. It is commonly cultivated in gardens for
its pleafant fcent.
The tenth fort grows naturally at Aleppo, but is
hardy enough to thrive in the open air in England.
This hath {lender four-cornered ftalks, which are pur-
ple at bottom, but woolly upward, feldom branching ;
they are garnifhed with oblong indented leaves, which
are downy on both fides, fitting clofe to the ftalks.
The fpikes of flowers are Angle, and very (lender ;
thefe do not often appear in England, bill when they
do it is late in the fummer. It creeps much at the
root, fo the only way to obtain flowers, is to confine
their roots in pots.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in ditches in moft
parts of England, and is commonly known by the
name of Water Mint. This hath hairy ftalks about
a foot high, which branch toward the top, and are
garnifhed with oval fawed leaves, ftanding upon
pretty long foot-ftalks. The flowers grow in round-
ifh fpikes at the end of the branches j they are
of a purple colour, and their ftamina are longer
than the petal. The whole plant has a very ftrong
fcent, fomewhat like that of Penny Royal. This
fort is fometimes ufed in medicine, and is reckoned
hotter than the Garden Mint : it is carminative, ex-
pelling wind out of the ftomach, and helping the
cholick.
The twelfth fort grows naturally in ditches in feveral
parts of England the ftalks of this are purple,
fmooth, and fhort, branching out on every fide ; the
leaves are fmall, fpear-fhaped, of a dark colour ;
they are but (lightly fawed on their edges, and ftand
upon fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers grow in round-
ifh heads on the top of the ftalks, they are purple,
and their ftamina are longer than the petal. This fort
has a warm biting tafte, but not quite fo hot as the
Pepper Mint before defcribed, but is often ufed for
it. There is a variety of this which fmells like Pen-
ny Royal.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in arable land
in moft parts of England, and is rarely admitted in-
to gardens. This is the Water Calamint of the
fhops, but is now feldom ufed in medicine. The
ftalks of this fort rife about a foot high and are hairy,
garnifhed with oval leaves' ending in acute points,
and fawed on their edges. The flowers grow in
very thick whorls round the ftalks ; they are fmall,
of a purple colour, and their ftamina are fhorter than
the petal. The plant has a ftrong fcent like Penny
Royal.
The fourteenth fort grows in watery places in many
parts of England ; this hath weak trailing ftalks a
foot and a half long, garnifhed with fmall oval leaves
which are indented on their edges, and ftand upon
pretty long foot-ftalks. The flowers grow in thick
whorls round the ftalks, they are purple, and their
ftamina are longer than the petal.
The fifteenth fort grows plentifully on the fide of the
road between Bocking andGosfield in Eiflex; the ftalks
of this are much fmaller, and not fo long as thofe of
the former j the leaves are fhorter and rounder, and
8 Y an;
4oS
M E N
are very little indented on their edges, but have
their borders fet with hairs. The whorls of flowers
are fmaller, and the whole plant has the fcent of
Bafil.
The sixteenth fort grows naturally in ditches and on
the fides of rivers, in many parts of England. This
hath hairy four-cornered ftalks, which are a foot or
more in height ; the leaves are oval, fawed, and very
hairy. The flowers grow in large whorls toward the
top of the (talks ; they are purple, and their (lamina
are longer than the petals. This hath a pleafanter
fcent than the common Water Mint, fo is called Sweet
Water Mint by way of diftinflion : it (lands in the
lift of fimples in mod difpenfaries, but is now feldom
ufed in medicine.
The feventeenth grows naturally by the fide of the
river Medway, between Rochefter and Chatham.
This rifes with (lender hairy ftalks near two feet high,
garniihed with fpear-fhaped leaves, ending in acute
points, which are fawed on their edges ; the ftalks are
befet with whorls of flowers almoft their whole
length, fo that they have frequently ten or twelve
whorls on each. The flowers are purplifh, and their
(lamina are equal with the petals 5 this hath a very
pleafant aromatic fcent.
All the forts of Mint are eafily propagated by part-
ing the roots in the fpring, or by planting cuttings
during any of the fummer months, but they (hould
have a moift foil •, and after the cuttings are planted,
if the feafon (hould prove dry, they muft be often wa-
tered until they have taken root ; after which, they
will require no farther care but to keep them clear
from weeds : they (hould be planted in beds about
four feet wide, allowing a path about two feet broad
between the beds, to water, weed, and cut the plants.
The diftance they (hould be fet is four or five
inches, or more, becaufe they fpread very much at
their roots ; for which reafon, the beds (hould not
(land longer than three years before you plant frefh,
for by that time the roots will be matted fo clofely,
as to rot and decay each other, if permitted to (land
longer. There are fome people who are very fond
of Mint fallad in winter and fpring ; in order to ob-
tain which, they take up the roots before Chriftmas,
and plant them upon a moderate hot-bed pretty clofe,
covering them with fine earth about an inch thick,
and cover the bed either with mats or frames of glafs.
In thefe beds the Mint will come up in a month’s
time, and be foon fit to cut for that purpofe.
When the herb is cut for medicinal ufe, it (hould be
done in a very dry feafon, juft when it is in flower;
for if it (land longer, it will not be near fo handfome,
nor fo well tailed ; and if it be cut when it is wet, it
will change black and be little worth ; this (hould be
hung up to dry in a fhady place, where it may re-
main until it be ufed.
If the foil be good in which thefe plants are fet, they
will afford three crops every year, but after July they
feldom prove good ; therefore what (hoots are pro-
duced after that time (hould be permitted to remain
till Michaelmas, when they muft be cut down clofe ;
and after having cleared the beds from weeds, you
(hould fpread a little fine rich earth all over them,
which will greatly encourage the roots againft the fuc-
ceeding fpring.
As the diddled water of all the forts of Mint is ef-
teemed a very wholefome cordial dram, fo I lhould
think it might be fubftituted inftead of thofe vile
fpirits with which the common people intoxicate
themfelves ; for the Pepper Mint water is as warm on
the ftomach as any fort of dram, and more fo than
any of thofe noxious fpirits ; and if this was mixed
with fome other agreeable aromatic herbs, there
might certainly be a diftilled liquor much more pa-
latable and wholefome than what is now vended in
common ; for as the generality of the lower clafs of
people, are fo debauched, as not to be contented with-
out drams, fo the lefs hurtful thofe are made, the
better it will be for the public ; and by introducing
MEN
the diftiliing of herbs, there will be lefs occafion for
ufing of Wheat.
MENTHA C ATARI A. See Nepeta.
MENTZELI A. Plum. Nov. Gen, Plant. 40., tab.
6. Lin. Gen. Plant. 595.
The name was given to this plant by Father Plunder,
who difeovered it in the French fettlements in Ame-
rica, in honour of Dr. Mentzelius, who was phyfician
to the Eledor of Brandenburgh, and who published
an Inaex of plants m Latin, Greek, and High Dutch.
The Characters are,
‘The flower hath a fpreading empalement cut into five parts ,
which fits upon a long cylindrical germen . It hath five
petals which fipread open , and are a little longer than
the empalement , and many erebl Iriftly fiamina , termi-
nated by Jingle furnmits. From the long cylkdricalger-
vien which is ftuated under the flower , arifes a brifily
ftyle ttoe length of the petals , crowned by a Jingle ftighia.
The germen afterward turns to a cylindrical long capfuls
with one celf containing many fimall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have many (lamina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Mentzelia {Afipera.) Hort. Cliff. 492. Plumier titles
it Mentzelia foliis & frudibus afperis. Nov. Gen.
Plant. 41. Mentzelia with prickly leaves and fruit.
This plant grows plentifully at La Vera Cruz, from
whence the feeds were fent to England by the late Dr.
William Houftoun, which have fucceeded inthephy-
fic garden at Chelfea.
This plant is annual ; it rifes with a (lender fmooth
ftalk, which is fluff, and becomes a little woody,
riflng more than three feet high, branching out alter-
nately at diftances ; the branches are diftorted, and
run into one another ; thefe are garniihed with leaves
(haped like the point of an halbert, Landing alter-
nately on the branches, upon fnort foot-ftalks ; they
are covered with fhort hooded prickles, which fallen
themfelves into the clothes of thofe who rub againft
them ; and thofe parts of the branches eafily feparate
from the plants, and adhere to the clothes in like
manner as the feeds of Clivers. The flowers come
out flngly from the joints of the ftalk, refting upon a
cylindrical germen, which is near an inch in length,
narrow at the bafe, but widens upward to the top.
Upon the top of it comes out the empalement, which
is fpread open after the fame manner as thofe of the
Onagra ; then the petals of the flower fpread open
upon the empalement ; they are of a pale yellow cor
lour, and longer than the empalement. In the mid-
dle arifes a great number of (lamina which are eredt,
and are terminated by Angle furnmits ; from the ger-
men arifes a Angle ftyle, which is as long as the petals,
crowned by a Angle ftigma. The germen afterward
turns to a long cylindrical capfule, armed with the
like prickles as the leaves, which alfo fallen them-
felves to the clothes of thofe who rub againft them ;
thefe have but one cell, which is filled with frnall feeds.
As this is an annual plant, which perifhes foon after
the feeds are ripe, therefore the feeds muft be fown on
a hot-bed early in the fpring, that the plants may be
brought forward early in the feafon, otherwife they
will not produce ripe feed in this country. When the
plants are come up about an inch high, they fnould
be each tranfplanted into a feparate halfpenny pot
filled with light rich earth, and plunged into a hot-bed
of tanners bark, being careful to (hade them from the
fun until they have taken new root ; after which time
they muft be conftantly watered every other day in
warm weather, and (hould have frefh air every day
admitted to them, in proportion to the warmth of the
feafon, and the heat of the bed in which they are
plunged. In about fix weeks or two months after
tranfplanting, if the plants have made a good pro-
grefs, they will have filled the pots with their roots,
when they fhould be fnifted into larger pots, which
muft be filled with light rich earth, and then plunged
into the bark- bed in the (love, that they may have
room
M E R
room to grow in height, obferving, as before, to wa- I
ter them duly, as alfo to admit freih air to them every
day in warm weather : with this management the
plants will rife to the height of three feet, and will
. produce ripe feeds the latter end of Auguft or the be-
ginning of September.
M ENYANTHES, is the Trifolium Paluftre, or
Bog Bean.
This plant is common upon boggy places in divers
parts of England, but is never cultivated in gardens ;
for which reafon I (hail not trouble the reader with
any farther account of it, except the taking notice,
that this plant is at prefen t in great efteem, being
thought an excellent remedy for the rheumatifm,
gout, and many other diforders. It is frequently
called Bog Bean, or Marlh Trefoil, in the markets,
and grows plentifully on bogs in many parts of Eng-
land, where it is gathered and brought to fupply the
markets
MERCURIAL IS. Tourn. Inft. R. PL 534. tab.
308. Lin. Gen. Plant. 998. [This plant takes its
name from Mercury, becaufe the ancients had a no-
tion, that the God Mercury brought this plant into
ufe.] Mercury •, in French, Mercuriale.
The Characters are,
It is male and female in different plants the male
flowers have a fpreading empalement , which is cut into
three concave fegments •, thefe have ) no petals , but have
nine or twelve ere hi hairy ftamina , crowned by globular
twin fummits. I he female flowers have no petals , but
have two awl-fhaped acute-pointed neclariums \ to each
of thefe there is a Jingle broad germen , impreffed with a
furrow between them ■, thefe roundifh comprejfed germen
have a prickly furrow on each fide , and fupport two re-
flexed prickly ftyles, crowned by acute reflexed ftigmas.
‘The germen afterward turns to a twin capfule fhaped like
the fcrotum , having two cells , each containing one round-
ifh feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the eighth fedtion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-fecond clafs, which includes thofe
plants whole male flowers grow on different plants
from the fruit, and have nine ftamina in each.
The Species are,
1. Mercurialis {Annua) caule brachiato, foliis glabris.
Hort. Cliff. 461. Mercury with a branching ft alk and
fmooth leaves. Mercurialis fpicata & tefticulata mas
& foemina. C.'B. P. 12 1. Mercury withfpiked and tef-
ticulated flowers , which are both male and female , called
French Mercury.
2. Mercurialis ( Perennis ) caule fimpliciflimo, foliis
fcabris. Hort. Cliff. 461. Mercury with a Jingle ft alk
and rough leaves. Mercurialis montana fpicata &
tefticulata. C. B. P. 122. Mountain Mercury , or Dogs
Mercury , with fpiked and tefticulated flowers.
3. Mercurialis {Foment of a) caule fubfruticofo, foliis
tomentofis. Hort. Cliff. 461. Mercury with a ftalk
fomewhat florubby, and woolly leaves. Mercurialis fruti-
cofa incana, fpicata & tefticulata. Tourn. Inft. R. IT.
534. Shrubby hoary Mercury , having fpiked and tefticu-
lated flowers.
The Hrft fort is commonly called French Mercury,
from whence it might have been brought into Eng-
land •, for although it is now become a weed in gar-
dens and upon dunghills, yet it is feldom found grow-
ing at a diftance from habitations. This is an an-
nual plant, with a branching ftalk about a foot high,
garnifhed with fpear-fhaped leaves about an inch and
a half long, indented on their edges, of a pale or yel-
iowifh green colour. The male plants have fpikes of
herbaceous flowers growing on the top of the ftalks,
thefe fall foon ; but the female plants, which have
tefticulated flowers proceeding from the fide of the
ftalks, are fucceeded by feeds, which, if permitted
to fcatter, will produce plenty of plants of both
fexes. The leaves and ftalks of this plant are ufed
in medicine, and are reckoned aperitive and molli-
fying.^
The fecond fort grows under hedges and in woods in
molt parts of England. This hath a perennial root,
which creeps in the ground ; the ftalks are Angle and
M E S
without branches, rifing ten or twelve inches high’
garnifhed with rough leaves, placed by pairs at each
joint they are of a dark green colour, and indented
on their edges ; thefe have their male flowers growing
in ipikes upon different plants, from thofe which pro-
duce feeds.
This hath a poifonous quality, there have been many
late inftances of it, where' people in the fpring of the
year, when there has been a fcarcity of greens, have
boiled the leaves of this, and have fuffered greatly by
eating; them.
The third fort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
in Spain, and Italy. This rifes with afhrubby branch-
ing ftalk a foot and a half high, garnifhed with oval
leaves placed by pairs, which are covered with a white
down on both fides. The male flowers grow in fhort
fpikes from the fide of the ftalks, upon different
plants from the fruit, which are tefticulated and
hoary. If the feeds of thefe are permitted to fcatter,
the plants will come up the following fpring ; and if
the feeds are fown, it fhould be performed in the au-
tumn, for thofe which are fown in the fpring feldom
grow the fame year. This plant flaou ' d have a warm
Situation and a dry rubbifhy foil, 'in which it will live
three or four years, but in hard froft thefe plants are
frequently killed.
MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. Dill. Gen. 9.
Hort. Elth. 179. Ficoides. Tourn. Adt. R. Par.
1705. Fig Marygold.
The Characters are,
Fhe flower hath a permanent fpreading empalement of one
leaf which is cut at the top into five acute parts. It
hath one petal , which is cut into many linear fegments al-
moft to the bottom , and ranged in fever al feries , but are
joined together at their bafe within thefe are ranged a
great number of hairy ftamina , terminated by incumbent
fummits. Under the flower is fituated an obtufe five-corner-
ed germen , fupporting fometimes five , and often ten or more
ftyles , which are reflexed , and crowned by Jingle ftigmas.
Fhe germen afterward becomes a roundifh flcjhy fruit ,
having as many cells as there are ftyles , filled with fmall
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection
of Linnseus’s twelfth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whole flowers have from twenty to thirty ftamina in-
ferted in the empalement, and five ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Mesembryanthemum ( Nodiflorum ) foliis alternis
teretiufculis obtufis ciliatis. Hort. Upfal. 129. Me-
fembryanthemum with taper , obtufe , hairy leaves , placed
alternately. Ficoides Neapolitaria, flore candido. H. L.
Fig Marygold of Naples with a white flower , or Egyp-
tian Kali.
2. Mesembryanthemum ( Cryftallinum ) foliis alternis
ovatis papulofis undulatis. Hort. Cliff. 216. Mefem-
bryanthemum with oval, obtufe , waved leaves placed al-
ternately. Ficoides Africana, folio plantaginis undu-
lato, micis argenteis adfperfo. Tourn. Adt. R. Par.
1705. African Fig Marygold, with a waved Plantain
leaf , marked with filvery fpots, commonly called the Dia-
mond Ficoides , or Diamond Plant.
3. Mesembryanthemum ( Geniculiflorum ) foliis femite-
retibus papulofis diftindtis floribus feflilibus axillari-
bus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 481. Mefembryanthemum with
half taper leaves , and flowers fitting clofe to the wings of
the ftalks. Ficoides Capenfe, folio tereti, flore albido.
Pet. Gaz. 78. fol. 3. Fig Marygold of the Cape, with a
taper leaf and a whitiflo flower.
4. Mesembryanmthemum ( Nohliflorum ) foliis femicy-
lindraceis, impundtatis diftindtis, florjbus peduncula-
tis calycibus quadrifidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 481. Mefem-
bryanthemum with almoft cylindrical leaves , and quadrifd
foot-ftalks to the flowers. Ficoides Africana, eredta,
arborefcens, lignofa, flore radiato, primo purpureo,
dein argenteo, interdiu claufo, nodtu aperto. Boerh.
Ind. alt. 1. 290. Upright, ligneous , tree Fig Marygold of
Africa, with a radiated flower, which is at firft purple ,
afterward filvery, flout in the day, and open at night.
5. Mesembryanthemum ( Splendent ) foliis femiteretibus
impundtatis recurvis diftindtis congeftis, calycibus
terminalibus
ME S
tfcrminalibus digitiformibus. Lin. Sp. 689. Mefimbry -
antbemum with taper , unfpotted , recurved , dift in A leaves
in ck/ters, whofe empalemnt is finger -jhaped.
6. Mese-mbryantkumum ( Umbellatum ) foliis fubulatis,
fcabrido-pirnctatis connatis apiee patulo, .caule credo,
corymbp trichotoma. Lin. Sp, Plant, 48 1 . Mefembry-
anthemum with awl-Jhaped leaves which join , having
rough [pots, an -ereA jlalk, and a corymbus of flowers at
the triple divijton of the /talk. Ficoides Africans erec-
ta-.teretifolia, floribus albis umbellatis. Par. Bat. 166.
Upright African Fig Marygold , with a taper leaf , and
vjhite flowers growing in umbels.
7. Mesembryanthemum {Cal'amiforme) acaule foliis
fubteretibus aclfcendentibus impundatis connatis, flo-
ribus odagyrfis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 481. Mefembryanthe-
mum without afialk , almoft taper leaves which join at their
bafe and flowers having eight ftyles. Ficoides Capenfis
humilis, eepaeas folio, flore ftamineo. Brad. Suec. p.
10. fol. 19. Low Fig Marygold of the Cape , with an
Onion leaf, and a fiamineous flower.
8. Mesembryanthemum ( Lripolium ) foliis alternis lan-
ceolatis planis impundatis caulibus laxis fimplicibus
calyeibus pentagonis. Hort. Cliff. 2x7. Mefembryan-
themum with plain fpear-ftoaped leaves which are not
fpotted , a Jingle weak ftalk , and a five-cornered empale -
ment. Ficoides Africana, procumbens, tripolii folio,
flore argenteo. Holt. Chelf. Lrailing African Fig Ma-
ry gold with a Lripolium leaf and a Jihery flower.
9. Mesembryanthemum ( Bellidijiorum ) acaule, foliis
triquetris linearibus impundatis apice trifariam denta-
tis. Hort. Cliff. 218. Mefembryanthemum without a ftalk ,
having narrow , three-cornered , unfpotted leaves , marked
with three indentures at their points. Ficoides Capen-
fis humilis, folio triangular! in fummitatem dentato,
flore minore purpurafeente. Brad. Suec. p. 9. tab. 18.
Dwarf Marygold of the Cape , with a triangular leaf in-
dented at the top , and a fmatter purplifh flower.
10. Mesembryanthemum ( Subulatum ) acaule foliis fub-
ulatis triquetris dorfo fuperne ferratis. Mefembryan-
themum without a ftalk , and awl-Jhaped three-cornered
leaves , whofe back part is Jawed toward the top.
11. Mesembryanthemum (JDeltoides) foliis deltoidibus
triquetris dentatis impundatis diftindis. Hort. Cliff.
218. Mefebryanthemum with three-cornered indented
leaves , which are jhaped like the Greek delta , without
fpots , and diftinA. Ficoides Africana, folio triangulari
craffo, brevi, glauco, ad tres margines aculeato.
Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 290. African Fig Mary geld, with a
ftsort , thick , gray, triangular leaf, with prickles on the
three edges.
12. Mesembryanthemum ( Caulefcens ) caulefcens, fo-
liis deltoidibus, lateribus minime dentatis. Stalky Me-
fembryanthemum, with leaves ftoaped like the Greek delta,
whofe fries are a little indented. Ficoides Africana, fo-
lio triangulari glauco, breviffimo, craffiffimo, margine
non fpinofo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 290. African Fig Ma-
rygold, with very thick, Jhort, triangular, gray leaves,
having no fpines on their edges.
13. Mesembryanthemum ( Barbatum ) foliis fubovatis
papulofis diftindis apice barbatis. Hort. Cliff. 216.
Mefembryanthemum with almoft oval leaves, having dif-
tifki bladders bearded at their points. Ficoides feu ficus
aizoides Africana, folio variegato afpero, ad apicem
ft el la fpinola armato. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. p. 291. Afri-
can Fig Marygold, with a rough variegated leaf, whofe
point is armed with fpines inform, of a ftar.
14. Mesembryanthemum ( Stellatum ) caulibus decum-
bentibus, foliis teretibus papulofis apice barbatis.
Mefembryanthemum with decumbent ftalks and taper blad-
der ed leaves, whofe points are bearded like a ftar. Fi-
coides Capenfis frutefeens, folio tumido, extremitate
ftellata, flore purpurea. Brad. Suec. Dec. 1. tab. 6.
Shrubby Fig Marygold of the Cape, with a ftar-pointed
tumid leaf, and a purple fewer.
if. Mesembryanthemum ( Flifpidum ) foliis cylindricis
papulofis diftindis, caule hifpido. Lin. Sp. Plant. 482.
Mefembryanthemum with a prickly ftalk , and deflexed cy-
lindrical leaves with pulpy bladders. Ficoides Afra, fru-
.ticoia, caule ianugine argentea ornato, folio tereti,
parvo, longo, guttulis argenteis quafi fcabro, flore vi-
MES
olaceo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 291. African fhruhby Fig
Marygold, having ftalks adorned with Jilvery down, and
long, /mail, taper leaves , fpotted as it were with Jilvery
drops, and a Violet-coloured flower.
16. Mesembryanthemum {Villofum ) caule -foliifque
pubefeentibus. Hort. Cliff. 217. Mefembryanthemum
whofe ftalks and leaves are gar nifty ed with downy hairs.
17. Mesembryanthemum ( Scabrum ) foliis fubulatis
diftindis fubtus undique muricatis, calyeibus mu-
• ticis. Hort. Cliff. 2x9. Mefembryanthemum with awl-
Jhaped leaves, which are diftinA, every where rough on
their under fide, and chaffy empalements. Ficoides Afra,
folio triangulari viridi longo afpero, flore viokceo.
Boerh. Ind. alt. 290. African Fig Marygold , with a
long, green, rough, triangular leaf, and a Violet -coloured
flower.
18. Mesembryanthemum (Uncinatum) articulis cauli-
nis terminatis in folia connata acuminata fubtus den-
tata. Hort. ediffi 218. Mefembryanthemum whofe joints
of the ftalks are terminated by acute-pointed leaves, which
are joined at their bafe, and indented on their under fide .
Ficoides Afra, folio triangulari glauco, pelfoliato,
breviffimo, apice fpinofo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 290. Afri-
can Fig Marygold , with a Jhort , perfoliated , 'triangular
leaf, whofe point is prickly, commonly called Buckjhorn
Ficoides.
19. Mesembryanthemum [Ferfoliatum ) perfoliatum,
foliis majoribus, apicibus triacanthis. Hort. Elth. 251.
Perfoliate Mefembryanthemum with larger leaves, whofe
points have three thorns. Ficoides Africana frutefeens
perfoliata, folio triangulari glauco pundato, cornice
lignofo candido tenui. Tourn. Ad, Par. 1705. Shrubby,
perfoliate, African, Fig Marygold , with a triangular ,
gray, fpotted leaf, and a thin, white , ligneous bark , com-
monly called Siagfhorn Ficoides.
20. Mesembryanthemum ( Spinofum ) foliis tereti-tri-
quetris pundatis diftindis fpinis ramofis. Hort. Cliff.
216. Mefembryanthemum with taper three-cornered leaves,
which have dift in A fpots and branching fpines. Ficoides
Africana, aculeis longiffimis & foliolis nafeentibus ex
foliorum alis. Tourn. Ad. R. Par. 1705. African Fig
Marygold with long fpines , and fmaller leaves arifing
from the wings of the leaves.
21. Mesembryanthemum (Luberofum) foliis fubulatis
pappilofis, diftindis apice patulis radice capitata,
Hort. Cliff. 216. Mefembryanthemum with awl-Jhaped
pimply leaves , and a headed root. Ficoides Africana,
folio triangulari recurvo, floribus umbellatis obfbleti
coloris, externe purpureis. Tourn. Ad, Par. 1705.
African Fig Marygold with a triangular recurved leaf
and umbellated flowers of a dark colour, which are pur-
ple on their ouffide.
22. Mesembryanthemum ( Lenuifolium ) foliis fubulatis
femiteretibus glabris, diftindis internodio longioribus.
Hort. Cliff. 216. Mefembryanthemum with aval- ftoaped,
half-taper, fmooth, diftinA leaves, whofe joints are far-
ther dift ant. Ficoides Capenfis humilis, teretifolia,
flore coccineo. Brad. Suec. p. 13. Low Fig Marygold
of the Cape, with a taper leaf and a fcarlet flower.
23. Mesembryanthemum ( Stipulaceum ) foliis fubtri-
quetris comprdfis incurvatis pundatis diftindis con-
geftis bafi marginatis. Lin. Sp. 693. Mefembryanthe-
mum with three-cornered, compreffed , incurved leaves ,
having diftinA fpots, whofe bafe are bordered and cluftered.
Mefembryanthemum frutefeens, flore purpurea rari-
ore. Hort. Elth. tab. 209.
24. Mesembryanthemum ( Crajfifolium ) foliis femicy-
lindricis impundatis connatis, apice triquetris caule
repente femicylindricis. Hort. Cliff. 2 1 7. Mefembryan-
themum with a creeping cylindrical ftalk, cylindrical fmooth
leaves, joining at their bafe, whofe points are three-cor-
nered. Ficoides Africana reptans, folio triangulari,
flore faturate purpureo. Brad. Suec. p. 16. tab. 38.
Creeping African Fig Marygold with a green triangular
leaf, and deep purple-coloured flower.
25. Mesembryanthemum ( Falcatum ) foliiis fub-acina-
ciformibus incurvis pundatis diftindis ramis tereti-
bus. Hort. Cliff 219. Mefembryanthemum with diftinA ,
fmooth , falchion- jhaped leaves , and taper branches. Fi-
: coides Afra folio triangulari enfiformi brt'viflimo,
» flore
/
M E S
flore dilute purpurafcente filamcritofo. Brad. Suec.
Dec. 5. tab. 42. African Fig Mary gold with a triangu-
lar, cirneter-fhaped, fhort leaf, and a pale purplifh flower.
26. Mesembryanthemum ( Glomeratum ) foliis teretiuf-
culis compreflis pundatis, caule paniculato multi fioro.
Lin. Sp. 694. Mefemhryanthemum with taper, com-
preffed, fpotted leaves , and. a panicled fialk with many
flowers. Mefembryanthemum falcatum minus, flore
carneo minore. Hort. Elth. tab. 213.
27. Mesembryanthemum ( Edule ) foliis aequilateri-tri-
quetris acutis ftridis impundatis connatis carina fub-
ferratis, caule ancipiti. Lin. Sp. 695. Mefembryanthe-
mum with equilateral, acute, unfpotted leaves joined at
their bafe, wbofe keel are flawed. Ficoides leu ficus
aizoides Africana major procumbens, triangulari fo-
lio, frudu maximo eduli. H. L. 244. Greater trail-
ing African Fig Marygold, with a triangular leaf and a
large eatable fruit.
28. Mesembryanthemum {Bicolor wn) foliis fubulatis
laevibus pundatis diftinctis caule frutefcente corollis
bicoloribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 695. Mefembryanthemum
with awl-jhaped fmooth leaves , which have different
fpots, a jhrubby ftalk, and the flower of two colours. Fi-
coides Capenfis frutefcens, folio tereti pundato, pe-
talis luteis. Brad. Suec. 1. p. 8. tab. 7. Shrubby Fig
Marygold of the Cape , with a taper leaf having punc-
tures, and yellow petals.
29. Mesembryanthemum ( Acinaciforme ) foliis acina-
ciformibus Impundatis connatis, angulo carinali fca-
bris, petalis lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. 695. Mefembryan-
themum with fharp , three-cornered, unfpotted leaves ,
joined at their bafe, whofe keel are rough , and fpear-Jhaped
petals of the flower. Ficoides Africana folio longo tri-
angulari incurvo, caule purpureo. Tourn. Ad. Par.
1 705. African Fig Marygold with a long triangular leaf ,
which is incurved, and a purple fialk.
30. Mesembryanthemum ( Loreum ) foliis femicylin-
dricis recurvis congeftis bafi interiore gibbis connatis,
caule pendulo. Lin. Sp. 694. Mefembryanthemum with
cylindrical recurved leaves, whofe bafe are tluftered and
join, and a pendulous ftalk. Mefembryanthemum lo-
reum. Hort. Elth. tab. 200.
31. Mesembryanthemum ( Serratum ) foliis fubulatis
triquetris pundatis diftindis angulo carinali retrorfum
ferratis. Lin. Sp. 696. Mefembryanthemum with awl-
jhaped leaves having diftind fpots, and the angle of the
keel flawed. Mefembryanthemum ferratum flore ace-
tabuliformi luteo. Hort. Elth. tab. 192.
32. Mesembryanthemum ( Tuberculatum ) acaule foliis
femicylindricis connatis externe tuberculatis. Hort.
Cliff. 219. Mefembryanthemum without a ftalk, and cy-
lindrical leaves which have tubercles on their outfides, and
are joined at their bafe. Ficoides Afra, folio trian-
gulari, longo, fucculento, caulibus rubris. Boerh.
Ind. alt. 290. African Fig Marygold with a long , tri-
angular, [accident leaf, and red Jlalks.
33. Mesembryanthemum ( Veruculatum ) foliis trique-
tro-cylindricis acutis connatis arcuatis impundatis
diftindis. Holt. Cliff. 220. Mefembryanthemum with
three-cornered cylindrical leaves which are connebled at
their bafe, bowed and fmooth. Ficoides Afra arbore-
feens, folio tereti glauco, apice purpureo craffo.
Boerh. Ind. alt. 291. African free Fig Marygold , with
a taper gray leaf, having a thick purple top.
34. Mesembryanthemum ( Glaucum ) foliis triquetris
acutis, pundatis diftindis calycinis foliolis ovato-
cordatis. Lin. Sp. 696. Mefembryanthemum with acute
three-cornered leaves marked with pundures , and oval
heart-floaped empalements. Ficoides Afra caule lignofo,
ereda, folio triangulari enfiformi fcabro, flore luteo
magno. Boerh. Ind. alt. 289. African Fig Marygold
with an ered ligneous ftalk, a triangular, cimeter-Jhaped,
rough leaf, and a large yellow flower .
35. Mesembryanthemum ( Corniculatum ) foliis trique-
tro-femicylindricis fcabrido-pundatis, fupra bafin li-
nea elevatis connatis. Lin. Sp. 697. Stalky Mefembry-
anthemum with three-cornered, femicylindrical, rough, fpot-
ted leaves, which are connected at their bafe. Ficoides
Afra triangulari longiffimo, marginibus obtufioribus,
flore amplo, intus pallide luteo, extus linea rubra
longapido. Boerft, Ind. alt. 289. African Fig Mary ~
M E S
gold with a long triangular leaf, obtufer borders, and- a
large flower of a pale yellow Within, and marked with a
long red freak on the outfide.
36. Mesembryanthemum {Exp am film) foliis plimiufcu-
lis lanceolatis impundatis patentibus diftindis oppo-
ficis alternatifque remotis. Lin. Sp. 697; Mefemhryan-
themum with plain, fpear-Jhaped, unfpotted leaves , which
fpread diftindly , and are oppofite and alternate at a dif-
tance. F'icoides Africana humifufa, folio triangulari
. longiore glauco, flore flavefeente. Tourn. Acad. R.
Par. 1705. trailing African Fig Marygold , with a
longer , gray , triangular leaf , and a yellowifh flower.
37. Mesembryanthemum ( Micans ) foliis fubulatis tri-
quetris pundatis diftindis, caule fcabro. Lin. Sp.
696. Mefembryanthemum with three-cornered awl-jhaped
leaves , which are diftindly fpotted , and a rough fialk .
Mefembryanthemum micans, flore Phcenicio, filamen-
tris atris. Hort. Elth. tab. 215.
38. Mesembryanthemum {Lortuofum) foliis plahiuf-
culis oblongo-ovatis fubpapillofls confertis connatis,
calycibus tryphyllis bicornibus. Lin. Sp. 697. Me-
fembryanthemum with plain, oblong , oval leaves joining
at their bafe, and a three-leaved empalement with two
horns. Ficoides Capenfis procumbens aleae folio, flore
albo medio croceo. Brad. Suec. Dec. 2. p. 7. tab, 16.
Trailing Fig Marygold of the Cape, with an Olive leaf,
and a white flower of a Saffron colour in the middle.
39 Mesembryanthemum ( Ringens ) fubacaule, foliis
cilfato-dentatis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 218. Mefembryan-
themum with a fhort ftalk , and leaves having hairy inden-
tures. Ficoides Capenfis humilis, folio triangulari
prope fumitatem dentato, flore luteo. Brad. Suec,
Dec. 2. p. 8. tab. 17. Low Fig Marygold of the Cape,
with a triangular leaf indented toward the top , and a
yellow flower , commonly called Dogs Chap Ficoides.
40. Mesembryanthemum (. Roftratum ) acaule, foliis fe-
micylindricis connatis externe tuberculatis. Lin. Sp;
696. Mefembryanthemum without a ftalk, having cylindri-
cal leaves joined at their bafe, and tubercles on the out-
flde. Ficoides Afra folio triangulari, enfiformi craffo
brevi, ad margines laterales multis majoribus fpinis
aculeato. Martyn. Cent. 30. tab. 30. African Fig
Marygold, with a triangular, cimeter-Jhaped, fhort, thick
leaf, whofe fide borders have many large fpines, commonly
called Cats Chap Ficoides .
41. Mesembryanthemum ( Dolabrifornie ) foliis dolabri-
formibus pundatis. Hort. Cliff. 219. Mefembryanthe-
mum with ax-fhaped fpotted leaves. Ficoides Capenfis
humilis foliis cornua cervi referentibus, petalis luteis,
nodiflora. Brad. Suec. 1. p. 11. tab. 10. Low Fig
Marygold of the Cape, with leaves like a flag’s horn, yel-
low petals, and a flower opening at night.
42. Mesembryanthemum ( Difforme ) foliis drfformibus
pundatis connatis. Prod. Leyd. 287. Mefembryanthe-
mum with deformed leaves. Ficoides Afra foliis latifli-
mis craflimis lucidis, difformibus. Boerh. Ind. alt;
292. African Fig Marygold , with very broad, thick, Join-
ing, deformed leaves.
43. Mesembryanthemum ( Lucidnm ) acaule foliis lin-
guiformibus lucidis imarginatis. Mefembryanthemum
without a ftalk, and tongue jhaped lucid leaves, indented
at the top. Ficoides Afra acaulos, foliis latiffimis craf-
fis lucidis conjugatis, flore aureo ampliflimo. Tourn.
Acad. R. Scien. 1705. African Fig Marygold without
a ftalk, broad , thick, fhining leaves growing by pairs, and
a very large yellow flower.
44. Mesembryanthemum ( Linguiforme ) acaule foliis
linguiformibus altero margine craffioribus impunda-
tis. Lin. Sp. 699. {Mefembryanthemum without a ftalk,
very broad tongue-Jhaped leaves , one edge being thicker
than the other, and without fpots. Ficoides Afra acau-
los, foliis latiffimis craffiffimis, lucidis conjugatis, flore
aureo amplo, peduncuio brevi. Boerh. Ind. alt. 292,
African Fig Marygold having no ftalk, very broad , thick,
fhining leaves placed by pairs , and a large golden flower
with a fhort foot -ftalk.
45. Mesembryanthemum ( Albidum ) acaule foliis tri-
quetris. Mefembryanthemum having no ftalk , and gray ,
entire , three- comer ed leaves. Mefembryanthemum fo-
liis robuftis albicantibus. Hort. Elth. 243. Mefembry-
anthemum with ftrong wbitijh leaves .
8 Z
46. Me-
M E S
46. Mes.embryanthe.mum {PugioMforme) foliis alter-
nis fubulatis triquetris Iqngiffimis impundlatis. Hort.
Cliff. 216. Mefembryanthemum with alternate , awl-
Jhapedy three-cornered leaves , which are very long , with-
out [pots. Ficoides Capenfis, caryophylli folio, flore
aureo fpeciofo. Brad. Suec. Dec. 2. p. 5. tab. 14.
Fig Marygold of the Cape , with a Clove Gilliflower leafy
and a, beautiful golden-coloured flower.
Thefe plants are moil; of them natives of the Cape of
Good Hope, from whence their feeds were firfl
brought to Holland, and the plants railed in many of
their curious gardens, and have fince been communi-
cated to molt parts of Europe •, thefe were at firfl ti-
tled Chrysanthemum by the old botanifts, but after-
ward they were titled Ficoides by Herman and
Tournefort, from their capfules being fhaped like
little Figs ; afterward they had this title of Mefem-
bryanthemum applied to them, which fignifies a
flower opening in the middle of the day, which is what
molt of the fpecies do ; there are three or four of
them which open in the evening, and are clofed all
the day ; thefe have been Separated from the others
by fome, and have had the title of Nydlerianthemum
applied to them, from their flowers being expanded
m the night ; but as they all agree in the characters
which distinguish the genus, they fhould by no means
be feparated.
Moft of the plants of this genus have beautiful
flowers, which appear at different feafons of the year;
fome of them flower early in the Spring, others in Sum-
mer, iome in the autumn ; and there are others which j
flower in winter ; and many of them produce their I
flowers in fuch quantity, as that when they are ex- 1
panded, the plants are entirely covered with them ;
they have all of them thick Succulent leaves, but fome
of the fpecies are much more fo than others, and the
figures of their leaves vary fo much in the Several fpe-
cies, that they afford an agreeable variety when they
are not in flower.
To defcribeall the fpecies which are here mentioned,
would Swell this work too much, and as their titles
are fhort descriptions of the fpecies, I Shall not en-
large more on that head, but proceed to their culture.
All the forts here mentioned are perennial plants ex- |
cept the two firfl:, which are annual. The perennial |
forts are eafily propagated by cuttings during any of
the Summer months ; fuch of them as have Ihrubby
Stalks and branches, very readily take root when I
planted in a bed of light foil, and covered either with
mats or glafles, but when they are covered with the
latter, they muft be fhaded every day when the fun
is warm ; thefe cuttings of the fhrubby forts need
not be cut from the plant more than five or fix days
before they are planted, during which time they
fhould be laid in a dry room, not too much ex-
pofed to the fun, that the part which was feparated
from the old plants may heal over and dry before
they are planted, otherwife they are apt to rot ; thefe
may be planted at about three inches distance from
each other, and the earth prefled clofe to them, but
none of their leaves fhould be buried in the ground,
for as they abound with moifture, fo if they are co-
vered with the earth, it will caufe them to rot, and
that often deftroys the cuttings ; therefore when
the cuttings are taken from the old plants, they
fhould be divefted of their lower leaves, fo far as
may be neceflary, to allow a naked ftalk of fufficient
length for planting.
When the cuttings are planted, it will be neceflary to
give them a little water, to fettle the ground about
them, but it fhoold be done with caution, for too
much wet will fpoil them ; if thefe are fhaded every
day from nine or ten o’clock till three or four, when
the fun is warm, it will prevent the ground from dry-
ing too fall, fo that the cuttings need not be watered
bftener than once in a week ; but if there fhould hap-
pen fome gentle Showers of rain, it will be proper to
take off their covers, and let them receive it, but
they fhould be fereened from hard rains. The cut-
tings thus managed will have put out good roots in |
M E $
about fix weeks, when they Should be carefully taken
up, and each planted in a Separate (mall pot filled
with light Sandy earth, and then placed in a Shady
filiation, giving them a little water to fettle the .earth
to their roots ; in this place they may remain about
ten days or a fortnight, by which time thev will
have taken go;od root, arid may be removed to a
Sheltered place, where they may have more fun, in
which they may remain till autumn ; during the dim-
mer months, thefe may be watered twice, or in very
hot weather, three times a week, but it muft not be
given them in too great plenty ; but as the fun de-
clines in autumn, they fhould not have it oftenerthan
once a week, for if they are often Supplied with it,
the plants will grow luxuriant; their leaves and
' branches will be fo replete with moifture, that the
early frofts in the autumn will deftroy them ; whereas
when they are kept dry, their growth will be ftinted ;
fo that they will be hardy enough to refift fmall frofts,'
but there muft be care taken that they do not Shoot
their roots through the holes of the pots into the
ground, for when they do, the plants will grow very
luxuriant ; and when the pots are removed, and thofe
roots are torn off, their leaves and branches will
fhrink, fo will not recover it in a long time, if ever ;
to prevent which, the pots fhould be removed every
fortnight, and where the roots are beginning to come
through the pots, they fhould be cut off. The forts
which grow very freely fhould be Shifted three times
in the fum mer, to pare off their roots, and keep them
within compafs, and thefe fhould never be planted in
rich earth for the reafons before given ; for if the
earth is frefh, there will require no dung or other
compoft, unlefs it is Strong, in which cafe fea fand,
or lime rubbifh, will be a good mixture ; the quan-
tity of either muft be in proportion to the ftiffnefs of
the ground, always being careful to render it fo light,
as that the wet may eaflly* pafs off.
We. next proceed to treat of thofe forts, whofe ftalks
and leaves are very fucculent. The cuttings of thefe
fhould be taken from the plants ten days^or a fort-
night before they are planted, that they may have
time for their wounded part to heal over and dry ; the
lower leaves of thefe fhould alfo be ftripped off, that
their naked ftalks may be of a fufficient leno-th for
planting. As thefe are moftly plants of humble
growth, fo if their ftalks are divefted of fheir leaves
an inch and a half, it will be fufficient. The cuttings
of thefe forts require to be covered with glafles, to
keep off the wet ; they muft alfo have lefs water than
the other, but in other particulars require the fame
treatment. The roots of thefe do not Spread and ex-
tend fo much as thofe of the other, fo will not require
to be Shifted oftener than twice a year at moft ; they
muft alfo be kept in fmall pots to confine their roots ;
the earth in which they are planted fhould be rather
light and not rich. During the fummer feafon they
muft not have too much wet, and in the winter they
muft have but little water. If thefe fucculent forts are
placed in an open airy glafs-cafe in winter, where they
may have free air admitted to them in plenty in mild
weather, and fereened from the froft, they will thrive
much better than when they are more tenderly treated.
The other Shrubby kinds may be Sheltered in winter
under a common frame, where, if they are protected
from froft and wet, it is all they require ; for the har-
dier thefe are treated, the greater quantity of flowers
they will produce : and fome of the forts are fo hardy,
as to live abroad when planted clofe to a good af-
pedted wall, and in a poor dry foil ; fo that where
there is room to difpofe them againft a wall, and the
border is raffed with lime rubbifh to prevent their
rooting deep and growing luxuriant, they may be
preferved through the winter with very little Shel-
ter, and thefe will flower much better than thofe un-
der cover.
The firfl fort grows naturally in Egypt, where they
cut up the plants, and bum them for pot-afh ; and
this is efteemed as the beft fort for making hard fope,
and the bell fort of glafs.
This:
1
This is an annual plant, which does riot perfect feeds
in England •, for when it is placed in the ftove, or kept
- in the hot-bed, their ftalks grow long ana {lender, fo
are not productive of flowers ; and thofe which are
raifed in hot-beds, and afterward expofed in the open
air, will flower pretty freely, but do not perfect their
feeds. As this plant will thrive in South Carolina as
well as in its native foil, fo it might turn to the ad-
vantage of that colony, and likewife become benefi-
cial to the public, if the inhabitants could be prevailed
on to cultivate this plant.
The fecond fort is annual ; this is a native at the
Cape of Good Hope. It is propagated for the odd-
nefs of its leaves and ftalks, which are clofelv covered
over with pellucid pimples full of moifture, which,
when the fun Ihines on the plants, they refled the
light, and appear like fmall bubbles of ice •, from
whence lome have called it the Ice Plant, and others
have named it the Diamond Plant, or Diamond Fi-
coides.
This fort is propagated by feeds, which muft be
fown on a hot-bed early in the fpring •, and when the
plants come up, they muft be planted on a frefh hot-
bed to bring them forward •, after they have taken
root in the hot-bed, they fhould have but little wet,
for moifture will rot them. When they are grown
large enough to tranfplant again, they fhould be each
planted into a fmall pot, filled with light frefh earth,
but not rich, and plunged into a hot-bed of tan, ob-
ferving to fhade them in the heat of the day until they
have taken new root ; then they fhould have plenty
of frefh air admitted to them every day in warm wea-
ther, to prevent their drawing weak. In the latter
end of June, fome of the plants may be inured to bear
the open air, and afterward they may be turned out of
the pots, and planted into a warm border, where they
will thrive, and fpread their branches to a great dis-
tance upon the ground •, but thefe plants will not be
very productive of flowers, therefore fome of them
muft be continued in the fmall pots, and may at the
fame time, when the others are planted out, be re-
moved into the ftove or glafs-cafe, placing them up-
on the fhelves, that the roots may not get out from
the bottom of the pots, fo that they may be confined,
which will caufethem to flower plentifully, and from
thefe good feeds may every year be obtained.
MESPILUS [MeWia^, Gr.] Tourn. Inft. R. H.
641. tab. 410. Lin. Gen. Plant. 549. 'The Medlar.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is permanent , of one leaf
cut into five fpr ending concave fegments. The flower
is compofed of five roundijh concave petals , which are in-
fer ted in the e?npakment. The number of flamina are
different in the fever al fpecies , from ten to twenty or more •,
thefe are alfo inferted in the empalement , and are termi-
nated by fingle fummits. The germen is fituated under the
flower , and fupports an uncertain number of fiyles from
three to five , which are crowned by headed ftigmas. The
germen afterward becomes a roundijh or oval berry , car-
rying the empalement on its top , and inclofing four or five
hard feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth feftion
of Linnaeus’s twelfth clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have twenty ftamina inferted to the em
palement, and five ftyles.
The Species are,
r. Mespilus ( Sylveftris ) inermis, foliis lanceolatis den-
tatis acuminatis, fubtus tomentofis, calycibus acumi-
natis. Smooth Medlar , with fpear-fhaped , acute-pointed ,
indented leaves , woolly on their under fide, and acute-
pointed empalements. Mefpilus folio laurino major,
frudu minor!, rariori fubftantia. Hort. Cath. Greater
Medlar with a Bay-tree leaf , and a fmaller lefs fubftantial
fruit.
2. Mespilus ( Germanica ) inermis foliis lanceolatis in-
tegerrimis fubtus tomentofis, calycibus acuminatis.
Hort. Cliff. 189. Unarmed Medlar with fpear-fhaped
entire leaves , which are downy on their under fide , and
acute-pointed empalements. Mefpilus Germanica, folio
laurino, non ferrate, five Mefpilus fylveftris. C. B.
P. 453. German Meddar with a Bay -tree leaf which is
not flawed. , or wild Medlar.
3. M espilus ( Pyracantha ) fpinofa, foliis lanceolato-
ovatis crenatis, calycibus frudus obtufis. Hort. Chff.
189. Prickly Medlar, with fpear-flj aped, oval, crenate'd
leaves, and obtufe empalements to the fruit. Mefpilus
aculeata, amygdali folio. Tourn. Inft. 642. Prickly
Medlar with an Almond leaf, called Pyracantha. ■
4. Mespilus ( Cordato ) foliis cordata-ovatis acuminatis,
acute ferratis, ramis fpinofis. Fig. Plant, tab. 1 79.
Medlar with heart-Jhaped, oval , acute-pointed leaves . ;
which are fharply fawed, and prickly branches.
5. Mespilus (. Amelanchier ) inermis, foliis ovalibus fer-
ratis, cauliculis hirfutis; Lin. Sp. Plant. 478. Med-
lar without thorns , having oval fawed leaves , and hairy
flalks. Mefpilus folio rotundiori, frudu nigro fub-
dulci. Tourn. Inft. 642. Medlar with a rounder leaf
and a black fweetifo fruit, commonly called Amelanchier.
6 . Mespilus ( Canadenfis ) foliis ovato-oblongis glabris
ferratis, caule inermi. Lin. Sp. Plant. 478. Medlar
with oval, oblong, fmooth , fawed leaves, and branches
without thorns. Mefpilus inermis, foliis fubtus gla-
bris obverse-ovatis. Fior. Virg. 54. Medlar without
thorns , and obverfe oval leaves, which are fmooth on their
under fide.
7. Mespilus ( Cotoneafter ) foliis ovatis integerrimis,
Hort. Cliff. 189. Medlar with oval entire leaves. Mef-
pilus folio fubrotundo, frudu rubro. Tourn. Inft,
R. H. 642. Medlar with a roundijh leaf and a red fruity
commonly called Dwarf Quince.
8. Mespilus ( Chamamefpilus ) inermis, foliis ovalibus
ferratis glabris, floribus capitatis^ bradeis deciduis li~
nearibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 479. Medlar without thorns?
having fmooth, oval, fawed leaves, headed flowers , and
linear brattle# which fall off. Cotoneafter folio oblongo
ferrato. C. B. P. 452. Baflard Quince with an oblong
fawed leaf
9. Mespilus ( Orientalis ) foliis ovatis craffis integerri-
mis, fubtus tomentofis, floribus umbellatis axillari-
bus. Medlar with oval, thick , entire leaves , which are
woolly on their under fide, and flowers growing in umbels
from the wings of the ft alk. Chamsecerafus Idma. Alp.
Exot. 5. Dwarf Cherry oft Mount Ida.
10. Mespilus ( Arbutifolia ) inermis, foliis lanceolatis
crenatis fubtus tomentofis. Hort. Cliff. 189. Virginia
Medlar with an Arbutus leaf. Mefpilus Virginiana,
folio arbuti. H. L. 578*
11. Mespilus ( Virginiana ) inermis, foliis oblongo-ova-
tis, fubtus tomentofis, frudu ovato, peduneulis lon-
giflimis. Smooth Virginia Medlar, with oblong oval leaves ,•
downy on their under fide, and oval fruit on long foot-
ftalks.
The firft fort grows naturally in Sicily, Where it be-
comes a large tree ; this rifes with a {trailer ftem, and
the branches grow more upright than thofe of the
Dutch Medlar j the leaves are narrower and not fawed
on their edges ; the flowers are fmaller than thofe of
the Dutch Medlar, and the fruit is lliaped like a
Pear.
The fecond fort is generally called the Dutch Med-
lar ; this never rifes with an upright ftalk* but fends
out crooked deformed branches at a fmall height from
the ground •, the leaves of this are very large, entire,
and downy on their under fide. The flowers are very
large, as are alfo the fruit, which are rounder, and
approach nearer to the fhape of an Applet This be-
ing the largeft fruit, is how generally cultivated in
the gardens •, but there is one with fmaller fruit, which
is called the Nottingham Medlar* of a much quicker
and more poignant tafte than this ; which is, I fup-
pofe, only a variety, fo I have not enumerated it as a
diftinbt fpecies.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Auftria, Italy, and
France, particularly near Fontainbleau ; this rifes with
many flender ftalks about three or four feet high,
which put out fmall fide branches, covered with a dark
purple bark, having no thorns, clolely garniftied
with oval leaves, about three quarters of an inch
long, and half an inch broad, {lightly fawed on their
edges ; the frnali fide branches which fuftain the
flowers.
M E S
flowers, are very hairy and woolly, as are alfo the
foot-ftalks, and the under fide of the leaves, but
their upper fides are fmooth and green. The flowers
come out in bunches at the end of the {hoots* which
have five long narrow petals, and about ten ftamina
in each. The flowers are fucceeded by fmall fruit,
which, when ripe, are black •, the gardeners call this
New England Quince ; there is one of this kind
which grows naturally in North America, but the
leaves of that are wedge-lhaped and not fawed on
the edges, fo I take it to be a different fpecies.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Canada ; this is alfo
a low fhrub, feldom rifing more than five feet high,
dividing into feveral fmooth branches, covered with
a purplifti bark. The leaves grow upon long {lender
foot-l'talks ; they are one inch and a half long,
and an inch broad, fmooth on both fides, and a little
fawed on their edges. The flowers come out in
lmall bunches at the end of the branches •, they are
about the fize of thofe of the common Hawthorn, and
are fucceeded by fmall fruit of apurplilh colour when
ripe.
The fcventh fort grows naturally on the Pyrenean
mountains, and in other cold parts of Europe •, this
rifes with a fmooth Ihrubby ftalk about four feet
high, dividing into a few fmall branches, which are
covered with a purple bark, and garniflied with
oval entire leaves, little more than one inch long,
and about three quarters of an inch broad, having
very fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers come out from
the fide of the ftalks, two or three together ; they
are fmall, of a purpliflt colour, and fit clofe to the
ftalks ; thefe appear in May, and are fucceeded by
fmall roundilh fruit, which are of a bright red colour
when ripe.
The eighth fort grows naturally in the northern parts
of Europe •, this hath a fmooth ftalk, rifing about four
or five feet high, fending out {lender branches, which
are covered with a purplifti bark, and garnilhed with
oval fmooth leaves about two inches long, and one
inch and a half broad, fawed on their edges, but the
teeth point upward •, they have pretty long {lender
foot-ftalks, and are of a yellowifh green on both fides.
The flowers come out from the wings of the ftalk,
four or five joined together in a clofe head, of a pur-
plifli colour *, between the flowers come out long nar-
row braftea, which are purplifh, and fall off as the
flowers begin to decay. The fruit is fmall, and red
when ripe.
The ninth fort grows naturally upon mount Ida, in
Crete, where the poor fliepherds feed upon the fruit
when ripe ; this hath a fmooth ftalk about eight feet
high, dividing into many fmooth branches, garnifh-
ed with oval leaves two inches and a half long, and
near two inches broad, of a thick fubftance, and a
dark green on their upper fide, but downy on their
under, {landing upon fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers
come out from the fide of the ftalk upon lhort
fmall branches, five or fix growing upon each in a
clofe bunch ; they are of a purple colour, the petals
being but little longer than the empalement, which
is woolly, and cut into five obtufe fegments. The
fruit is large, roundifh, and of a fine red colour
when ripe.
The tenth fort grows naturally in North America,
W'here it rarely rifes more than five feet high, fending
out a few upright branches, garnilhed with fpear-
fhaped leaves whofe edges are crenated, and their
under fide downy ; the flowers are produced in fmall
bunches on the fide, and at the extremity of the
branches, which are fucceeded by fmall roundilh fruit
a little compreflTed, of a purple colour when ripe.
The eleventh fort is an inhabitant of the fame country
with the former ; this rifes fix or eight feet high,
fending out fide branches, garnifhed with oblong,
oval, entire leaves, downy on their under fide *, the
flowers are produced in fmall bunches, {landing on
long foot-ftalks, having each five narrow white pe-
tals which are contrafted at their bafe, and are fuc-
ceeded by oval fruit of a blue colour when ripe, and
M I C
are by fonie of the inhabitants of America eaten in
a fcarcity of other forts of fruit, but are not very
palatable. *
All thefe forts are hardy enough to thrive in the open
air in England, and fonie of them are very ornamen-
tal plants for gardens, where, during the feafon of
their flowering, they will make a fine appearance ;
and again, in autumn, when their fruit are ripe, they
will afford an agreeable variety, and their fruit will
be food for the deer and birds ; fo that if clumps of
each fort are planted in different parts of the garden,
nothing can be more ornamental.
The American kinds are ufually propagated in the
nurferies, by grafting or budding them upon the com-
mon White Thorn, but the plants fo propagated will
never grow to half the fize of thole which are propa-
gated by feeds *, fo that thofe plants fhould always be
chofen which have not been grafted or budded, but
are upon their own roots.
But there are many who objeft to this method of
raifing the plants from feeds, on account of their
feeds not growing the firft year, as alfo from the te-
dioufnefs of the plant’s growth after •, but where a per-
fon can furnifti himfelf with the fruit in autumn, and
take out their feeds foon after they are ripe, putting
them into the ground immediately, the plants wiU
come up the following fpring, if they are kept clean
from weeds, and in very dry weather fupplied with
water, they will make good progrefs ; but if they are
planted in the places where they are to remain, after
two years growth from feeds, they will fucceed much
better than when the plants are of greater age ; the
ground fhould be well trenched, and cleanfed from
the roots of all bad weeds. The befit time to tranf-
plant them is in autumn, when their leaves fall off ;
thefe fhould be conftantly kept clean from weeds,
and if the ground between the plants is dug every
winter, it will greatly encourage the growth of the
plants, fo that if they are cleaned three or four times
in the fummer, it will be fufticient.
All the forts of Mefpilus and Crataegus will take; by
budding or grafting upon each other •, they will alfo
take upon the Quince, or Pear {locks, and both
thefe will take upon the Medlars ; fo that thefe have
great affinity with each other, and might be with
more propriety brought together under the fame ge-
nus, than the Pear and Apple, which will not take
upon each other ; but although the Pear will take
upon the White Thorn, yet it is not advifeable to
make ufe of thefe ftocks, becaufe they generally caufe
the fruit to be fmall and often to crack, and renders
their flefh ftony •, fo unlefs it is the very foft melting
kinds of Pears which are upon thefe ftocks, the fruit
will not be good.
METHONICA. See Gloriosa.
M E U M. See Athamanta.
MEZEREON. See Thymel^a.
MICROPUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 892. Gnaphalo-
des. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 439. tab. 261. Baftard
Cudweed.
The Characters are.
It hath hermaphrodite and female flowers, which are in-
cluded in the fame double empalement ; there are ten her-
maphrodite flowers which compofe the difk ; thefe have
one petal, are funnet-fhaped, ere El, and cut into five parts
at the top , and have five fhort briftly ftamina, terminated
by cylindrical fummits, with an obfolete germen fupporting
a fhort Jlender ftyle, crowned by an obfolete ftigma. In
the fame empalement are five female flowers in the circum-
ference, which have each an oval germen which is com-
prejfed, hid under the feales cf the interior empalement ,
each having a ftyle by their fide , which is briftly, turning
toward the hermaphrodite flowers, crowned by jlender
acute-pointed ftigmas, divided in two parts. The female
flowers have each a Jingle oval feed fucceeding them, in-
cluded in the fmall leaves of the empalement , but the her-
maphrodite flowers are barren.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fedlion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers are compofed of female fruitful
flowers
M I L
flowers in the border, and barren hermaphrodite
flowers in the middle.
We have but one Species of this genus in the
Englifh gardens, viz.
Micropus ( Supinus ) caule proftrat-o, foliis geminis. Hort.
Upial. 275. Prod. Leyd. 145. Micropus , or Bafiard
Gnaphalium , with a trailing ftalk. Gnaphalodes Luflta-
nica. Tcurn. Inft.R.H.439. Portugal Bafiard Cudwted.
This is an annual plant, which grows naturally in
Portugal, near the lea. The roots fend out feveral
trailing {talks about fix or eight inches long, gar-
nilhed with fmall, oval, iilvery leaves, whofe bafe
embrace the (talks. The flowers come out from the
wings of the (talks in fmall clutters ; they are very
fmall, white, and fit in a double empalement, the
interior being fo large, as to almoft hide the flowers.
It flowers in June and July, and the feeds ripen in au-
tumn ; this is frequently preferved in gardens for
the beauty of its filvery leaves : if the feeds are fown
in autumn, or are permitted to fcatter, the plants
will come up in the fpring, and will require no other
care but to keep them clean from weeds, and thin
them where they are too clofe. When the feeds of
this plant are fown in the fpring, they leldom grow
the Arft year.
MICROSCOPE, a dioptrical inftrument, by means
of which very minute or fmall obje&s are reprefented
very large, and capable of being viewed very diftind-
ly, according to the laws of refradion.
This inftrument may be of Angular ufe to a curious
enquirer into the operation of vegetative nature, by
viewing nicely the feveral minute veffels and parts of
vegetables, in order to difcover their various ufes, and
how the bufinefs of vegetation is carried on, as aifo
to examine the minute parts of flowers, which are
not obvious to the naked eye.
M I L D E W is a difeafe that happens to plants, and
is fuppofed to be caufed by a dewy moifture which
falls on them, and continuing, for want of the fun’s
heat to draw it up, and by its acrimony corrodes,
gnaws, and fpoils the inmoft fubftance of the plant,
and hinders the circulation of the nutritive fap, upon
which the leaves begin to fade, and the bloflbms and
fruit are much prejudiced : but Mildew is rather a
concrete fubftance, which exfudes through the pores
of the leaves.
However, what the gardeners commonly call Mil-
dew, is an infed, which is frequently found in great
plenty, preying upon this exfudation.
Others fay, T. hat Mildew is a thick clammy vapour,
exhaled in the fpring and fummer from plants, blof-
foms, and even the earth itfelf, in dole ftill weather,
where there is neither fun enough to draw it upwards
to any conflderable height, nor wind of force ftrong
enough to difperfe it, and that, hanging in the lower
regions, when the cold of the evening comes on, it
condenies, and falls on plants, and with its thick clam-
my fubftance (tops the pores, and by that means pre-
vents perforation, and hinders the fap from amend-
ing to nourifh the flowers, (hoots, &c.
Some fay, 1 hat Mildew is a corroAve or nipping dew,
proceeding from the vapours that are exhaled by the
earth, which, being drawn up, and falling down
again on the tender opening buds, infeds them by
its acrimony, and hinders the circulation of the nu-
tritious fap in the proper veflels, upon which the
leaves begin to fade, and the bloflbms and fruit re-
ceive a very great prejudice.
T here are ethers who make this obfervation, That
tne places moft liable to Mildew are inclofed grounds
and valleys, eipecially thole that lie tending to the
eaft j and tne reafons that they give why thole grounds
which lie from the horizon to the eaft, are moft fub-
jed to Mildew and blaftings, may be by the fun’s at-
tracting thofe vapours towards it, after the manner
that a great Are in a room draws the air to it ; fo the
fun having fet thefe in motion, and not having ftrength
enough to draw them into tne middle region, to form
them into a cloud, he does yet draw them till he be
below the horizon, and then thefe dews tend to the
M I L
earth, from whence they were exhaled, and in motion
to the weft, do, as it were, fall upon the ground which
lies eaftward at right angles, and therefore is moft of-
fenAve to them.
But I take the true caufe of the Mildew appearing
moft upon plants which are expofed to the eaft, to
proceed from a dry temperature in the air when the
wind blows from that point, which Hops the pores of
plants, and prevents their perfpiration, whereby the
juices of the plants are concreted upon the furface of
their leaves, which being of a iweetifn nature, infefts
are incited thereto, where, finding proper nutriment,
they depollt their eggs, and multiply fo fad as to co-
ver the whole furface of plants, and by their corrod-
ing the veffels, prevent the motions of their fap ;
and it is very probable, that the excrements of thefe
infedts may enter the veflels of plants, and by mixing
with their juices, may fp read the infection all over
them ; for it is obfervable, whenever a tree has been
greatly affedted by this Mildew, it feldom recovers it
in two or three years, and many times is never entire-
ly clear from it after.
Others fuppofe. That the reafon why valleys afford
more moifture than hills is, becaufe of the dew which
is attracted from the earth and herbs as before, and
that they afford more moifture than hills (they fay) is
often feen by the miffs, which are more frequent on
them than on hills ; this being drawn by the fun in
the day time, and wanting wind to aflift its motion,
hangs in the lower region, and when the fun fets, it
falls upon the plants with its thick clammy fubftance,
and hinders the lap of the plant or tree from afeending
to nourifli its flowers or {hoots, in thofe whofe bark is
tender and young, and the pores open with the heat
of the feafon.
This dew has been obferved in the great leaved Cher-
ries, fuch as the Black Heart, the White Heart, &c.
to fall upon them at the top, juft at the beginning of
the Midfummer (hoot, which has fo flopped the (hoot
that it has (hot forth in other places below, and on
the top of thefe (hoots there have been many fmall
flies feeding on this dew, which may plainly be feen
and tafted on the leaves of Oak and Maple.
Some are of opinion, that.Mildews and blights are the*
fame thing •, but others again, that Mildew is quite
another thing than blaftings. They fay Mildews are
caufed from the condenfation of a fat and moift ex-
halation in a hot and dry fummer, from the blof-
foms and vegetables, and alfo from the earth it-
felf, which is condenfed into a fat glutinous matter
by the coolnefs and ferenity of the air, and falls down
on the earth again, part of which reds upon the
leaves of the Oak and other trees, whofe leaves are
f'mooth, and for that reafon do not fo eafily admit the
moifture into them, as the Elm, and other rougher
leaves do.
Other parts of Mildew reft upon the ears and (talks
of Wheat, befpotting the fame with a different co-
lour from what is natural, being of a glutinous
fubftance, by the heat of the fun, and it binds up
fo dole the tender ears of Wheat, that it prevents
the growth, and occafions it to be very light in the
harveft.
Some are of opinion, that Mildews are the principal
food of bees, it being fweet, and eafily converted
into honey.
MILIUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 514. tab. 298!
Lin. Gen. Plant. 73. [fo called of Mille, Lat. a
thoufand, becaufe of the multitude of its grains,!
Millet.
The Characters are,
It is of the Corn or Grafs tribe , with one flower in each
chaff. \ the chaff opening with two oval acute-pointed
valves. The petal of the flotver is bivalve, and fmaller
than the empalement. It hath three very floori hairy Jla-
vnina , terminated by oblong fumnnts , and a roundifh, ger-
men with two hairy flyles , crowned by bmfb-Jbaped ftig-
mas. The germen afterward turns to a roundiflo feed , co-
vered by the petal of the flower.
9 A This
4 it
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond lednon of
Linnaeus’s third clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have three ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Milium ( Pardcum ) panicula laxa flaccid!, foliorum
vaginis pubefcentibus. Millet with a loofe hanging pa-
nitty* and the [heaths of the leaves hairy. Milium fe-
mine luteo, C. B. P. % 6 . Millet with a yellow feed.
Panicum Miliaceum. Lin. Sp.
2. Milium ( Sparfum ) panicula fparsa 'erect!, glumis
ariftatis. Millet with a loofe erettt panicle , and bearded
chaff. Milium panicula ampla e redid fparsa. Houft.
MSS. Millet with a large , erettt, fparfed panicle.
3. Milium ( Effufum ) floribus paniculatis difperiis. FI or.
Suec. 55. Millet- with difperfed flowers. Gramen fyl-
vaticum panicula miliacea fparsa. C. B. P. 3. Wood
Grafs with a fparfed Millet -like panicle.
4. Milium ( Confer turn ) floribus paniculatis confertis.
Prod. Leyd. 57. Millet with panicles of flowers grow-
ing in clufiers. Gramen paniculatum Alpinum, lari-
folium, panicula miliacea fparsa. Scheu. Gr. 34.
Broad-leaved , Alpine , Panicle Grafs , with a fparfed Mil-
let-like panicle.
The firft fort grows naturally in India, but is now
cultivated in many parts of Europe as an efculent
grain •, this rifes with a Reed-like ftalk from three
to four feet high, and is channelled ; at every joint
there is one Reed-like leaf, which is joined on the
top of the fheath, which embraces and covers that
joint of the ftalk below the leaf ; this fheath is clofely
covered with foft hairs, but the leaf which is expand-
ed has none •, that has feveral fmall longitudinal fur-
rows running parallel to the midrib. The top of the
ftalk is terminated by a large loofe panicle, which
hangs on one fide, having a chaffy flower, which is
fucceeded by a fmall round feed, which is often made
into puddings, &c. There are two varieties of this,
one with white, and the other hath black feeds, but
do not differ in any other particular.
This plant is ranged under the title of Panicum, by
Linnsus, but as it is more generally known by its
former appellation, fo I chufe to continue it.
The fecond fort was difcovered growing naturally at
La Vera Cruz ^ this has a flenderer ftalk than the for-
mer, which rifes about three feet high. The (heaths
which furround it have no hairs, but are channelled.
The leaves are fhorter than thofe of the former. The
panicle ftands eredt, and the chaff has fhorter awns,
or beards.
The other two forts grow naturally in woods, and are
never cultivated in the fields, fo do not require any
farther deicription.
The common Millet was originally brought from the
Eaftern countries, where it is ftill greatly cultivated,
from whence we are furnifhed annually with this grain,
which is by many perfons greatly efteemed for pud-
dings, &c. but is feldom cultivated in England in
quantity, but by way of curiofity in fmall gardens,
for feeding of poultry j but the feeds generally ripen
very well.
They muft be fown the beginning of April, upon a
warm dry foil, but not too thick, becaufe thefe
plants divide into feveral branches, and fhould have
much room •, and when they come up, they fhould
be cleared from weeds, after which they will, in a
fnort time, get the better of them, and prevent
their future growth. In Auguft thefe feeds will ri-
pen, when it muft be cut down, and beaten out,
as is pradtifed for other grain ; but when it begins to
ripen, if it be not protected from birds, they will
loon devour it.
M I L L E F O L I U M. See Achillea.
.MIL LERI A. Houft. Gen. Nov. Martyn. Cent.- 4,
Lin. Gen. Plant. 881.
The 'Characters are,
Phis hath a compound flower, compofed of feveral florets,
and cm half floret , which are included in one common em-
palement of one leaf which is cut into three pants, and
is permanent. Phe hermaphrodite florets have one tubu-
hus petal , winch is ere ft* and indented at the brim in
five parts j thefe have five hairy ftamina, withered li-
near fummits conned ed in their middle , to the fide , and are
the length of the petal, and an oblong narrow per men,
fupporting a fender fly le, crowned by two narrow\ obtufle.
Spreading jtigmas thefe florets are barren. Phe female
■half florets is of one leaf, ftr etched cut on one fide like a
tongue, and is indented at the top •, this hath a large three-
cornered genmen, fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned by
two long briftly ftigmas. Phe germen afterward turns to
an oblong, three-cornered, obtufle feed, inch fed in the em-
palement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fe&ion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants with compound flowers, whofe hermaphro-
dite flowers are barren, and the female flowers are
fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Milleria (ffumque flora) foliis cordatis, pedunculis
dichotomis. Hort. Cliff. 426. Milleria with heart-
Jhaped leaves, and forked flalks. Milleria annua, erec-
ta, major, foliis conjugatis, floribus fpicatis luteis.
Houft. MSS. Greater, upright, annual Milleria , with
leaves growing by pairs, and yellow fpiked flowers.
2. Milleria ( Maculata ) foliis infimis cordato-ovatis
acutis rugofls, caulinis lanceolato-ovatis, acuminatis.
Milleria whofe lower leaves are oval, heart-Jhaped , acute-
pointed, and rough , and the upper ones oval , fpear-fhap-
ed, and pointed. Milleria annua eredta ramofior, foliis
maculatis, profundius ferratis. Martyn. Dec. 5. Up-
right, annual, hr anchingMilleria, with [potted leaves deeply
flawed.
3. Milleria ( Biflora ) foliis ovatis, pedunculis flmpli-
ciflimis. Hort. Cliff. 425. Milleria with oval leaves ,
and ftngle foot-ftalks. Milleria annua ereda minor,
foliis parietarias, floribus ex . foliorum alis. Houft.
MSS. Smaller , upright , annual Milleria , with a Pettits*
ry leaf, and flowers proceeding from the wings of the
leaves.
4. Milleria {Pr flora) foliis ovato-lanceolatis acumi-
natis trinerviis, pedunculis alaribus trifloris. Milleria
with oval , fpear-Jhaped, acute-pointed leaves, having
three veins , and foot-ftalks proceeding from the wings of
the leaves, with three flowers. Milleria annua eredta,
foliis parietarise longioribus, floribus ex foliorum alis.
Edit. Prior. Annual erettt Milleria , with a longer Petti -
tory leaf, and flowers proceeding from the wings of the
leaves.
The firft fort was difcovered by the late Dr. William
Houftoun, at Campeachy, in the year 1731, from
whence he fent the feeds to Europe ; and as the
charadters which diftinguifh the genus, were different
from all the other genera of the clafs to which it be-
longs, fo he conftituted a new genus with this title.
This rifes with an herbaceous branching ftalk from
four to five or fix feet high, garni fhed with heart-
fhaped leaves about four inches long, and three inches
broad toward their bafe, drawing to a point at the
end, which are {lightly fawed on their edges, having
two veins on each fide the midrib, which diverge and
join to it near the bafe, meeting again at the point,
which generally is oblique to the foot-ftalk. The
leaves are of a light green, and hairy, (landing oppo-
fite ; their foot-ftalks are about an inch long, and have*
a part of the leaf running on each fide like wings.
The ftaiks divide upward into forks, and the foot-
ftalks of the flowers come out at the divifions ; thefe
branch again by pairs, and terminate in loofe fpikes
of yellow flowers, compofed of four or five herma-
phrodite florets, which are barren, and one female
half floret, which is fucceeded by a Angle, oblong, an-
gular feed, wrapped in the empalement of the flower.
It flowers in July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in
autumn.
The fecond fort was difcovered by Mr. Robert Mil-
lar, at Campeachy, in the year 1734 ; this approaches
near to the firft fort, but the ftaiks rife fix or feven
feet high, branching out very wide. The leaves are
feven inches long, and four inches and a half broad
toward their bafe, ending in long acute points ; they
are deeper flawed on their edges, and have feveral
M I M
large black. fpots fcattered oyer them; their furface
is rougher, and they are of a darker green than thofe
of the firft. The upper leaves are long and fpear-
fhaped ; the foot-flalks of the flowers branch out wi-
den, and the fpikes of flowers are Ihorter than thofe
of the firft.
The third fort was difcovered at Campeachy by the
late Dr. Houftoun ; this is alio an annual plant, which
rifes with an herbaceous ftalk upward of two feet
high, branching out at a fmall diftance from the root
into three or four {lender Halts, which are naked al-
moft to the top, where they have two oval fpear-
fhaped leaves placed oppofite, which are about two
inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad near
their bafe, ending in points •, they are hairy, and ftand
upon naked foot-ftalks near an inch long, and are
rough, having three longitudinal veins, and are (light-
ly indented on their edges. The flowers come out
at the foot-ftalks of the leaves, in fmall clutters ; the
common empalement is compufed of three orbicular
leaves, which are comprefled together ; in each of
thefe are fit ua ted two hermaphrodite florets, which
are barren, and one female half floret, which is fruit-
ful, being fucceeded by a roundifh angular feed, in-
clofed in the empalement. This flowers and perfetts
feeds about the fame time with the former.
The fourth fort was difcovered by the late Mr. Ro-
bert Millar, at Campeachy •, this is an annual plant,
which rifes with an upright ftalk three or four feet
high, garnilhed the whole length with oval fpear-
Jfhaped leaves near four inches long, and almoft two
broad near their bafe ; they have three longitudinal
veins, and toward the top there are two more which
diverge from the midrib, but join again at the point.
The upper fide of the leaves are of a dark green and
fmooth, their under Tides are of a pale green, and in-
dented on their edges. The flowers grow from the
wings of the leaves in fmall clutters, having three
hermaphrodite and one female flower in each, Hand-
ing upon ftiort foot-ftalks ; thefe have empalements
like the former, but they are much fmaller. This
flowers and feeds later in the year than either of the
former, fo that unlefs the plants are brought for-
ward in the fpring, they will not ripen their feeds in
England.
The feeds of thefe plants fhould be fown early in the
fpring, on a moderate hot-bed ; and when the plants
are come up about two inches high, they fhould be
each tranfplanted into a feparate pot filled with light
rich earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of
tanners bark, being careful to ihade them from the
fun until they have taken root, as alfo to water them
frequently. After the plants are rooted, they fhould
have a large fhare of free air admitted to them, by
raifing of the glafies of the hot-bed every day when
the weather is warm, and in hot weather mutt be du-
ly watered, for they are very thirfty plants. With
this management, the plants will, in a month after
tranfplanting, rife to a conttderable height ; therefore
they fhould be fhifted into larger pots, and placed
in the ftove, plunging them into the bark-bed, where
they may have room to grow, efpecially the firft and
fecond forts, which ufually grow high and branch out
where they are well managed. But the other forts
feldom rife above three or four feet high, and do not
fpread their branches very far, fo thefe may be al-
lowed lefs room.
In the middle of July thefe plants will begin to flow-
er, and the feeds will be ripe about a month or fix
weeks after; therefore they mu ft be gathered when
they begin to change of a dark brown colour, other-
wife they will foon fall oft', efpecially thofe of the two
large kinds, >vhich will drop on the leaft touch when
they are ripe. Thefe plants will continue flowering
till Michaelmas, or later, if the feafon proves favour-
able; but when the cold of the autumn comes on,
they will foon decay.
MIMOSA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 605. tab. 375. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 597. The Senfitive Plant.
M I M
The Characters are,
T he empalement of the flower fa fmall . , of one leaf in-
dented in five parts at the top : the flower has one funnel-
jhaped petal. , which hath five points. It hath many long
hairy flamina , terminated by profir ate fummits , and an
oblong germen fiupforting a floor t fender fiyle , crowned by
a truncated fligma. 'The germen afterward turns to a
long jointed pod with fever al tranfverfe partitions , inch-
fing comprefled feeds of various forms, and there are many
male, female , and hermaphrodite flowers mined in feme
of the fpecies.
This genus of plants Dr. Linnaeus has joined to the
Acacia of Tournefort, and the Inga of Plunder, and
places it in the firft feftion of his twenty-third clafs,
which includes thofe plants which have male* female,
and hermaphrodite flowers on the fame plant, which
have many flamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Mimosa (Pundlata ) inermis, foliis bipinnatis, fpicis
decandris, inferioribus caftratis corollatis caule eredto
tereti. Lin. Sp. 1502. Senftive Plant without J pines - ,
double winged leaves , fpikes having ten flamina , and the
lower without flamina , and an ere hi taper folk . Mimofa
Jamaicenfis. Zan. Hift. 144. Senftive Plant of Ja-
maica.
2; Mimosa (Plena) inermis, foliis bipinnatis, fpicis pen-
tandris, inferioribus plenis. Hort. Upfal. 145. Smooth
Senftive Plant with double winged leaves , the fpikes with
five flamina , and the under one double. Mimofa non
fpinofa, paluftris & herbacea, procumbens, flore lu-
teo pleno. Houft. MSS. Herbaceous , marfh , trailing
Senftive Plant without [pines, and a double yellow flower ;
3. Mimosa (P ernambucana) inermis decumbens, foliis
bipinnatis, fpicis cernuis, pentandris, inferioribus
caftratis. Hort. Upfal. 145. Smooth Senftive Plant with
inclining fialks , double winged leaves , nodding fpikes of
flowers having five flamina , but the under ones without
any. Mimofa fpuria de Pernambuque, di£ta mimofa
Italica. Zan. Hift. 151. Spurions Senftive Plant of
Pernambuque , called Italian Senftive Plant.
4. Mimosa ( Pudica ) aculeata, foliis pinnatis. Prickly
Senftive Plant with winged leaves. Mimofa herbacea
procumbens, & fpinofa, caule tereti & villofo, fill-
quis articulatis. Houft. MSS. Trailing herbaceous Sen-
ftive Plant having /pines , with a taper and hairy [talk,
and jointed pods.
5. Mimosa (Pudica) foliis fubdigitatis pinnatis, caule
aculeata, hifpido. Lin. Sp. 1501. Senftive Plant with
winged-handed leaves , a prickly declining flalk, and fmall
pods growing in cluflers , with prickly coverings. Mi-
mofa humilis frutefeens & fpinofa, ftliquis congloba-
tis. Plum. Cat. Low florubby and prickly Senftive
Plant with cluflered pods , commonly called the Humble
Plant.
6 . Mimosa (pjuadrivalvis) aculeata, foliis bipinnatis,
caule quadrangulo, aculeis recurvis, leguminibus
quadrivalvibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1508. Prickly 'Senf-
tive Plant with double winged leaves, a four-cornered
flalk, recurved fpines , and pods having four valves.
Mimofa herbacea procumbens, & fpinofa, caule quad-
rangulo, ftliquis quadrivalvibus. Houft. MSS. T rail-
ing and prickly herbaceous Senftive Plant , with a quad-
rangular flalk , and pods having four valves .
7. Mimosa ( Senfitiva ) foliis conj ugatis pinnatis, parti-
alibus bijugis, intimis minimis, caule aculeate. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 1501. Senftive Plant with conjugated wing-
ed leaves , whofe wings have two pair of lobes , the innet
of which are the leaf, and a prickly flalk. Mimofa
fpinofa prima, five Brafiliana latifolia, ftliquis, ra~
diatis. Breyn. Cent. 1. 31. The firfi prickly, or broad-
leaved Senftive Plant of the Brazils, with radiated pods.
8. Mimosa (Afperata) caule fruticofo, foliis bipinna-
tis, aculeatis, aculeis geminis, ftliquis radiatis hir-
futis. Fig. Plant, tab. 183. fob 3. Senftive Plant
with a Jhrubby ftalk, double winged prickly leaves , whefs
fpines grow in pairs, and hairy radiated pods. fEfchy-
nomene fpinofa quarta, five folioiis Acacim angofti-
oribus, frondibus validiffimas fpinas habentibus.
Breyn. Cent. 1. 43, The fourth prickly Senftive
Plant,
4sS
M I M
M I M
Plant , with narrow Acacia, leaves , armed with ftrong
fpines.
9. Mimosa {Viva) inermis, foliis conjugatis pinnatis,
partialibus quadrijugis fubrotundis, caule inermi her-
baceo. Lin. Sp. 1500. Senfitive Plant with a creeping,
herbaceous, unarmed ftalk , conjugated winged leaves , and
globular flowers proceeding from the votings of the Jlalks.
Mirnofa herbacea, non fpinofa, minima, repens. Sloan.
Hift. Jam, 2. p. 58. The leap creeping herbaceous Sen-
Jitive Plant, having no fpines.
10. Mimosa (. Nilotica ) fpinis ftipularibus patentibus,
foliis bipinnatis, partialibus extimis glandula inter-
ftinftis, fpicis globofis pedunculatis. Haffelq. It. 475.
Acacia with double winged leaves , and globular fpikes of
- fowers having foot-ftalks. Acacia fEgyptica. Hern.
Mex. 866. True Egyptian Acacia.
11. Mimosa ( Farnejiana ) fpinis ftipularibus diftindlis,
foliis bipinnatis, partialibus obtojugis, fpicis globofis
feffilibus. Hort. Upfal. 146. Acacia Indica foliis,
fcorpioidis leguminofe, filiquis fufcis teretibus re-
finofis. H. L. Indian Acacia with taper refmous
pods .
12. Mimosa ( Cornigera ) fpinis ftipularibus geminis
connatis, foliis bipinnatis. Hort. Cliff. 208. Acacia
with two fpines joined at their bafe , and doubly winged
leaves. Acacia llmilis Mexiocana, fpinis cornu ftmi-
libus. fhe great horned Acacia.
13. Mimosa ( Unguis cati) fpinofa, foliis bigeminis ob-
tufis. Hort. Cliff. 207. Prickly Acacia with four ob-
tufe leaves. Acacia quodammodo accedens, five Ce-
ratia & Acacia media Jamaicenfis fpinofa, bigemi-
natis foliis, flofculis ftamineis, atronitente frubtu, fi-
liquis intortis. Piuk. Phyt. Acacia with branching
leaves and twified pods.
14. Mimosa {Arbor ea) inermis, foliis bipinnatis, pinnis
dimidiatis acutis, caule arboreo. Lin. Sp. 1503. Tree
Acacia without thorns , doubly winged leaves , whofe pin-
na are acute. Acacia arborea maxima non fpinofo,
pinnis majoribus fiore albo, filiqua contorta coccinea
verticofa elegantiffima. Slqan. Jam. 157.
15. Mimosa ( Purpurea ) inermis, foliis conjugatis pin-
natis, foliis intimis minoribus. Lin. Sp. 1500. Pur-
ple Acacia without fpines , conjugated winged leaves which
are fmallejl below. Acacia Americana frutefcens non
aculeata, fiore purpurafcente. Plum. Cat. Shrubby
American Acacia with thorns , and a purplifh flower.
1 6. Mimosa ( Houfloniana ) inermis, foliis bipinnatis gla-
bris, pinnis tenuiffimis, filiquis latis villofis. Fig. PI.
5. Acacia without thorns , doubly winged fmooth leaves ,
whofe pinna are very narrow , and broad hairy pods.
Acacia Americana, non fpinofa, fiore purpureo, fta-
minibus longiilimis, filiquis planis villofis, pinnis fo-
liorum tenuiffimis. Houft. MSS. American Acacia
without thorns , having purple flowers , with very long
filaments , flat hairy pods , and very narrow leaves.
17. Mimosa ( Lute a ) aculeata, foliis bipinnatis glabris,
floribus globofis pedunculatis, aculeis longiffimis.
Prickly Acacia with fmooth doubly winged leaves, globular
flowers having foot-ftalks , and very long fpines. Acacia
fpinofa, foliorum pinnis tenuiffimis glabris, floribus
globofis lutea, fpinis longiffimis. Houft. MSS. Prickly
Acacia with very narrow fmooth leaves , round yellow
flowers , and very long thorns.
18. Mimosa (Glauca) inermis, foliis bipinnatis, parti-
alibus lejugis, pinnis plurimis, glandula inter infima.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 1502. Acacia without thorns , doubly
winged leaves, whofe wings are feparated, and have Jmall
glands between them. Acacia non fpinofa, fiore albo,
foliorum pinnis latiufculis glabris, filiquis longis
planis. Houft. MSS. White flowering Acacia with-
out thorns , having broad fmooth leaves , and long flat
pods.
19. Mimosa ( Anguftijjima ) inermis, foliis bipinnatis,
pinnis anguftiffimis glabris, leguminibus tumidis.
Narrow-leaved unarmed Acacia , with doubly winged
fmooth leaves , and jointed pods. Acacia non fpinofa,
floribus globofis albis foliorum pinnis tenuiffimis gla-
bris, filiquis ad fingula grana tumidis. Houft. MSS.
Acacia without thorns , having round white flowers, with
very narrow fmooth leaves , and jointed pods .
20. Mimosa ( Campeachiana ) . ipinofa, foliis bipinnatis,
pinnis anguftis, fpinis fingulis cornu bovinum per lon-
gitudinern fiffum referentibiis. Acacia with doubly
winged leaves having narrow pinn^, and Jingle fpines like
oPs horns fplit their length. Acacia fpinofa tenuifolia,
fpmis fingulis cornu bovinum per longitudinem fifliim
refei entibus. Houft. Cat. Acacia with Jingle thorns
fhaped like thofe of an ox’s horn , and feem as if [phi thro’
their length.
21. Mimosa ( Cinerea ) fpinis folitariis, foliis bipinnatis,
floribus fpicatis. Flor. Zeyl. 215. Acacia with Jingle
fpines,' doubly winged leaves , and Jjpiked flowers. Aca-
cia fpinofa tenuifolia, filiquis latis, fpinis minimis re-
curvis folitariis. Houft. Cat. Prickly narrow-leaved
AcaCia with bi oad pods , and finals recurved fpines , which
come out Jingle.
22. .Mimosa ( Laiifolia ) inermis, foliis conjugatis, pin-
nis terminalibus oppofitis, lateralibus alternis. Lin.
op, 1 49 9 • Broad-leaved Acacia without thorns , conju-
gated leaves whofe upper pinna are oppofite , but the fide
ones are alternate. Acacia non ipmoia, jucdandis fo-
lio, fiore purpurafcente. Plum. Sp. 17. Acacia with-
out thorns , Walnut-tree leaves , and a purple flower.
23. Mimosa {Circinalis) aculeata, foliis conjugatis pin-
natis, pinnis tequalibus, ftipulis fpinofis. Lin. Sp.
1499. Prickly Acacia with conjugated winged leaves ,
which are equal, and prickly ftipida. Acacia foliis am-
plioribus, filiquis circinatis. Plum. Sp. 17. Acacia
with broad leaves and twified pods.
24. Mimosa (. Fagifolia ) inermis, foliis pinnatis bijuffis
petiolo marginato. Lin. Sp. 1498. Broad-leaved Aca-
cia without fpines, whofe wings have four lobes, and run-
ning foot-ftalks. Arbor filiquofa, faginis foliis, Ame-
ricana, floribus comofis. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 141. fol. 2.
The fir ft fort grows naturally in moft of the iflands in
the Weft-Indies, and it has been found growing in
fome warm moift fpots, as far north as Virginia. This
rifes with upright branching ftalks fix or feven feet
high, which become ligneous toward the root, but
are not perennial (at leaft they are not fo here in any
fituation, the plants always decaying in winter ;) thde
are fmooth, and garniffiecl with double winged leaves,
compofed of four or five pair of long winged lobes,
which have about twenty pair of fmall leaves ranp-ed
along the midrib ; they are fmooth and rounded 0 at
their points, of a full green on their upper fide, but
pale on their under. Thefe fmall leaves contract
themfelves together on their being touched, but the
foot-ftalks do not decline at the fame time, as thofe
do which are titled Humble Plants, fo this is called
the Senfitive Plant by way of diftindion. The flowers
are produced upon long foot-ftalks, which come out
from the wings of the leaves, and are difpofed in
globular heads which nod downward ; they are yel-
low, and ail thofe which have petals have ten {lamina
in each, but thofe fituated round the border have
neither petals or ftamina ; thofe on the upper part of
the fpike are fucceeded by pods an inch and a half
long, and a quarter of an inch broad, which change
to a dark brown when ripe, inclofing three or four
compreffed, ffiining, black feeds.
The fecond fort was dilcovered by the late Dr. Hou-
ftoun at La Vera Cruz, growing in ftagnant waters,
v/here the ftalks were very broad and flat, and floated
on the furface, in the fame way as the pond weeds
do ; but in thofe places where the water was dried up
the ftalks grew upright and were round, which is al-
ways the cafe when the plants are cultivated in gar-
dens, fo that they might eafily pals for different
plants, to thofe who never faw them growing in both
fituations. When this fort is cultivated in gardens,
it has great refemblance to the firft, but the ftalks of
this never grow fo ere£t, the wings of the leaves are
longer, and ftand more horizontal ; the heads of
flowers are much larger, the ftamina are longer, and
the flowers on the under fide of the fpike which have
no ftamina are double : the pods of this fort are
fhorter, and much broader than thofe of the firft fort.
This is alfo an annual plant in this country. This
fort was fince difcovered by a friend of mine, growing
naturally
M I M
naturally in a marfhy fpotof.land in the iiland of Bar-
buda, from whence he fent me the feeds, with a large
branch of the plant, in a glafs -filled with a lixivium,
which prderved it in the ftate it was gathered, with
tire flowers and pods upon it.
The third fort grows naturally in all the iflands of the
Weft-Indies, where it is titled the flothful Senfitive
Plant, becaufe the leaves do not contract on their be-
ing touched. The ftalks of this fort feldom rife more
than two feet and a half high, they are fmooth, and
garnifhed with double- winged leaves, compofed of
three or four pair of wings which are (hotter, and the
fmall leaves are much narrower than thofe of the two
former forts ; the heads of flowers are fmaller, and
the pods are longer and narrower than thofe of the
other. This fort will live through the winter in a
moderate warm air.
The fourth fort was difcovered by the late Dr.
Houftoun, growing naturally at La Vera Cruz. This
hath ligneous ftalks which decline to the ground,
fpreading out two or three feet from the root, and
fend out feveral fide branches, which are armed with
fhort yellowifti lpines under the foot-ftalks of the
leaves, and are their whole length clofely covered
with briftly flinging hairs ; the foot-ftalks of the
leaves are three inches long, and at the top fuftain
four Angle winged leaves, whofe bafe meet in a point,
but fpread above like the fingers of an open hand.
Thefe wings are about three inches long, and are
clofely garnifhed with fmall narrow lobes, fet by
pairs along the midrib, which is alfo covered on the
under fide with the like briftly hairs as the ftalk.
The flowers come out from the wings of the leaves
upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; they are collected into
globular heads, and are of a pale yellowifn colour •,
thefe are fucceeded by fmall jointed pods, containing
tv/o or three Alining black feeds.
The fifth fort is the raoft common of any in the iflands
of the Weft-Indies, as alfo in the Englifh gardens ;
the feeds of this fort are frequently fold in the feed-
fhops, by the title of Humble Plant. The roots of
this are compofed of a great number of hairy fibres,
which mat clofe together, from which come out fe-
veral ligneous ftalks which naturally decline toward
the ground, unlefs they are fupported ; they are arm-
ed with fhort recurved fpines, and garnifhed with
winged leaves, compofed of four,' and fometimes five
wings, whofe bafe join at a point, where they are in-
ferted to the foot-ftalk, fpreading upward like the
fingers of a hand •, thefe wings are fhorter than thofe
of the former fort, and the ftalks are not "hairy. The
flowers come out from the wings of the ftalks, upon
fhort foot-ftalks ; they are collected in fmall globu-
lar heads, are yellow, and are fucceeded by fhort,
flat, jointed pods, which have two or three orbicular,
bordered, compreffed feeds in each : thefe pods are
in clofe clufters, almoft covered with Hinging hairy
covers.
The fntth fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz, from
whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent the feeds. This
hath a perennial creeping root, which fpreads and
multiplies greatly in the lands, where it grows wild;
the ftalks are (lender, and have four acute angles, arm-
ed with fhort recurved fpines pretty clofely ; the
leaves (land upon long prickly foot-ftalks, which are
thinly placed on the branches ; they are compofed of
tv/o pair of wings, Handing about an inch afunder ;
the wings are fnort, and the fmall leaves are narrow,
and not placed fo clofe together, as in many of the
other fpecies. The foot-ftalks of the flowers come
out from the wings of the leaves, fuftaining a fmall
globular head of purple flowers thefe are fucceeded
' by four-cornered pods about two inches long, which
have four ceils, opening with four valves, containing
feveral angular feeds in each.
This fort fpreads fo much at the root, as to
render it not fo produftive of flowers and feeds
as moft of the others; and the plants which are
propagated by parting of the roots, are always
weak, fo that the beft way is to propagate them
/
by feeds, when they can be obtained. This is one of
the forts, whofe foot-ftalks fall on being touched.
The feventh fort grows naturally at La Vera Cruz,
from w T hence the late Dr. Houftoun fent the feeds.
This rifts with a (lender ligneous ftalk feven or eight
feet high, armed with fnort recurved thorns. Tire
leaves grow upon long foot-ftalks which are prickly,
each fuftaining two pair of wings ; ^ie exterior pair
have two lobes which join at their bafe, and are
rounded on their outfide, but (trait on their inner
edges, very much fnapeci like a pair of thofe fliears
ufed for [hearing of fheep ; thefe tv/o outer pair of
lobes are much larger than the inner; they are almoft
two inches long, and one broad in the middle. From
the place where thefe are inferred to the ftalk, come
out fmall branches which have three or four globular
heads of pale purple flowers coming out from the
fide, upon fhort foot-ftalks, and the principal ftalk
has many of thofe heads of flowers on the upper part
for more than a foot in length ; and this, as alfo the
branches, are terminated by the like heads of flowers :
thefe are fucceeded by broad, flat, jointed pods,
which open with two valves, fome having but one,
others two, and fome have three orbicular compreffed
feeds. The leaves of this fort move but (lowly when
they are touched, but the foot-ftalks fall when they
are preffed pretty hard.
The eighth fort was alfo found by the fame gentle-
man, growing naturally at La Vera Cruz. This hath,
a fhrubby eredt ftalk about five feet high, which is
hairy, and armed with fhort, broad, ftrong thorns,
which are white, Handing on each fide fometimes al-
mofc oppofite, and at others alternately. The leaves
are compofed of five or fix pair of wings, which are
ranged oppofite along a ftrong midrib, and between
each pair are placed two fhort ftrong fpines, pointing
out each way. The fmall leaves which compofe thefe
wings are extremely narrow, and Hand very clofe to
each other. Toward the upper part of the ftalk, the
flowers are produced from the fides, upon fhort foot-
ftalks ; they are coliedted into globular heads, and
are of a bright purple colour ; the ftalks are alfo ter-
minated by fmaller heads of the like flowers. Thefe
are fucceeded by flat jointed pods about two inches
long, and a quarter of an inch broad, which fpread
open like rays, there being commonly five or fix of
thefe joined together at their bafe to the foot-ftalk.
Thefe pods feparate at each articulation, leaving the
two fide membranes or borders Handing ; and the
feeds which are compreffed and fquare, drop out from
the joints of the pods ; thefe pods are hairy at firft,
but as they ripen become fmooth.
This is a perennial plant, which may be preferred
through the winter in a warm ftove, by which me-
thod the feeds may be obtained, for they feldom flower
the firft year. The foot-ftalks of this fort do not fall
on being touched, but the fmall leaves on the wings
clofe up.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Jamaica ; this hath
trailing herbaceous ftalks, which put out roots at
every joint, which faften in the ground and fpread to
a great diftance, as they will alfo do here, when placed
in a bed of tanners bark. I have had a Angle plant
in one bummer, which has fpread near three feet
fquare, whofe branches were clofely joined, fo as to
cover the furface of the bed ; but when they are thus
permitted to grow, they feldom produce flowers.
Thefe ftalks have no thorns, but are garnifhed with
winged leaves compofed of two pair of fhort wings,
whofe fmall leaves or lobes are narrow ; thefe (land
upon fhort foot-ftalks, which are fmooth. The
leaves of this fort contradl and fall down upon the
leaft touch, fo that where the plant is extended to a
diftance, a perfon may draw any figure with a flick
upon the leaves, which will be very vifible till the
leaves recover again. The flowers come out from
the wings of the leaves, upon naked foot-ftalks
about an inch in length ; they are of a pale yellow-
ifh colour, and are colledted into fmall globular
heads ; thefe are fucceeded by fhort, flat, jointed
9 B pods.
4*1
M I M
jjeds, containing three or four comprefied roundifti
feeds. |
Thefe plants are all of them propagated by feeds,
which fhould be fown early in the fpring, upon a good |
hot-bed. If the feeds are good, the* plants will appear
in a fortnight or three weeks, when they will require
to be treated with care, for they mull not have much
wet till they have acquired ftrength , nor Ihould they
be drawn too weak, fo that frelh air Ihould be admit-
ted to them at all times when the air is temperate. In
about a fortnight or three weeks after the plants come
up, they will be fit to tranfplant, efpecially if the bed
in which they were fown, continues in a proper degree
of heat •, then there Ihould be a frelh hot-bed pre-
pared to receive them, which Ihould be made a week
before the plants are removed into it, that the vio-
lent heat may be abated before the earth is laid upon
the dung, and the earth Ihould have time to warm
before the plants are planted into it. Then the plants
mull be carefully railed up from the bed to preferve
the roots entire, and immediately planted in the new
bed, at about three or four inches diftance, preffing
the earth gently to their roots ; then they Ihould be
gently fprinkled over with water, to fettle the earth to
their roots ; after this they mull be lhaded from the
fun till they have taken new root, and the glalfes of
the hot-bed fhould be covered every night to keep up
the heat of the bed. When the plants are ellablifhed
in their new bed, they mull have frequent, but gentle
waterings ; and every day they mull have free air ad-
mitted to them, in proportion to the warmth of the
feafon, to prevent their being drawn up weak ; but
they mull be conftantly kept in a moderate degree of
heat, otherwife they will not thrive. In about a
month after the plant will beltrong enough to remove
again, when they Ihould be carefully taken up, pre-
ferving as much earth to their roots as poffible, and
each planted in a feparate fmall pot, filled with good
kitchen-garden earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of
tan, carefully fhading them from the fun till they have
taken new root •, then they mull be treated in the fame
manner as other tender exotic plants from very warm
countries.
The forts which grow upright and tall, will foon
rife high enough to reach the glalfes of the hot-bed,
efpecially if they thrive well ; therefore they Ihould
be fhifted into larger pots, and removed into the Hove,
and if they are plunged into the tan-bed there, it will
greatly forward them. The firft fort will often flower
here, if the plants are raifed early in the fpring, and
brought forward by their removal from one hot- bed
to another ; and two or three times I have had their
feeds ripen, but this can only be expeded in very
warm fealons.
The perennial forts will live through the winter, if
they are preferved in a warm Hove, and the following
iu turner they will produce flowers and ripen their
feeds. Some of thefe may be propagated by laying
down their branches, which will put out roots, and
then may be feparated from the old plants ; and I
have fometirues propagated them by cuttings, but
the plants which rife from feeds are preferable to either
of thefe.
There is no particular management which thefe plants
require, different from others of the fame warm
countries ; the great care muff be to keep them in a
proper temperature of heat, and not to give them too
much water, efpecially in cool weather; nor fhould
they be kept too dry, for many of the forts require
frequent waterings, as they naturally grow in moift
places. There fhould alfo be care taken that they
do not root into the tan-bed, for they foon put out
their roots through the holes at the bottom of the
pots, which, when they ftrike into the tan, will caufe
the plants to grow very luxuriant •, but when they are
removed, and thefe roots are cut or broken off, the
plants feldom fur-vive it ; therefore the pots Ihould be
frequently drawn out of the tan, and if any of the
roots are beginning to get through the holes at the
bottom, they fhould be cut off clofe ; and when the
roots are very clofely matted together, they fnould
be turned out of the pots, and pared round to reduce
them, and tnen potted again, either in pots of the
fame fize, or if the plants require, in pots one fize
larger •, but they muff not be over-potted, for then
the plants will not thrive.
Some of thofe forts whofe ftalks fpread near the
ground, may be turned out of the pots in the mid-
die of June, and planted in a very warm border, where,
if they are covered with bell or hand-glaffes, they will
live through the fummer ; but thele will not prow
very large, and upon the approach of cold in the au-
tumn, they are foon deftroyed : however, thofe who
have not conveniency of ftoves or tan- beds, may raife
the plants on common hot-beds in the fprino- ; an d
when they have acquired ftrength, they may be'treated
in this manner, whereby they will have the pleafure
of thefe plants in fummer, though not in fo great per-
fection, as thofe who have the advantages before-
mentioned : but thefe plants will not thrive in the
open air in this country, nor will they retain their fen-
fibility when they are fully expofed to the air.
It would be to little purpofe to trouble the reader
with the feveral idle ftories related of thefe plants by
travellers, nor to infert what has been faid by others,
who have attempted to account for the motion of the
leaves of thefe plants on their being touched, fince
there has not been any thing wrote on this fubjed,
worthy of being noticed, that I have yet been; I ffial!
therefore only mention what I have myfelf obferved in
thefe plants, for more than forty years that I have
cultivated them.
The firft is, that they are more or lefs fufceptible of
the touch or preflure, according to the warmth of
the air in which they grow ; for thofe plants which are
kept in a warm ftove, contrad their leaves immedi-
ately on being touched, either with the hand, a flick,
or any other thing, or by the wind blowing upon
them : fome of the forts only contrad their fmall
leaves, which are placed along the midrib ; others
not only contrad their fmall leaves, but the foot-
ftalk alfo declines downward on being touched : the
firft are called Senfttive, and the fecondHumble Plants ;
but when thefe plants are placed in a cooler fituation,
they do not move fo foon, nor contrad fo clofely, as
thofe which are in a greater warmth •, and thofe which
are entirely expofed to the open air, have very little
motion, but remain in one ftate, neither expanded
nor clofed, but between both, efpecially in cool wea-
ther •, nor do thefe fhut themfelves at night, as thofe
do which are in a warm temperature of air.
The fecond is, that it is not the light which caufes
them to expand, as fome have affirmed, who have had
no experience of thefe things ; for in the longeft days
of fummer, they are generally contraded by five or
fix in the evening, when the fun remains above the
horizon two or three hours longer ; and although the
glaffes of the ftove in which they are placed, is cover-
ed clofe with fhutters to exclude the light in the mid-
dle of the day, yet if the air of the ftove is warm,
the leaves of the plants will continue fully expanded,
as I have feveral times obferved. Nor do thefe plants
continue ffiut till the fun rifes in the morning, for I
have frequently found their leaves fully expanded by
the break of day in the morning •, fo that it is plain
the light is not the caufe of their expanflon, nor the
want of it that of their contradion.
I have, alfo obferved, that thofe plants which are
placed in the greateft warmth in winter, continue vi-
gorous, and retain their faculty of contrading on
being touched; but thofe which are in a moderate
warmth, have little or no motion.
When any of the upper leaves of thefe plants are
touched, if they fall down and touch thofe which are
below them, it will occafion their contrading and
falling, fo that by one touching another, they will
continue falling for fome time. When the air of the
ftove in which thefe plants ftand, is in a proper tem-
perature of warmth, the plants will recover themfelves,
and their leaves will be fully expanded in about eight
or
M I M
or ten minutes. I have frequently watched them as
they have been recovering, and have always found it
has been by a vibratory motion, like the index of a
clock.
Some of the forts are fo fufceptible of the touch, that
the fmalleft drop of water falling on their leaves will
caufe them to contrad, but others do not move with-
out a much greater prelfure.
The roots of all the forts have a very ftrong difa-
greeable odour, almoft like that of a common fewer.
I have met with fome accounts of thefe plants, in
A
which it is mentioned, that the leaves and branches
have a poifonous quality, and that the Indians extradl
a poifon from them, which kills by flow degrees, and
that the root of the plant is the only remedy to expel
it ; but how far this is true I cannot fay, having never
made any experiments on the qualities of thefe plants-,
but if thefe plants are endowed with fo deadly a qua-
lity as related, this fenflbility with which they are en-
dued, may be defigned by providence to caution per-
fons from being too free with it and as many of them
are ftrongly armed with thorns, fo that is a guard
againlt their being eaten by animals ; for in all the
enquiries which I have made of thole perfons who
have refided in the countries where they naturally
grow, I could never learn that any animal will browfe
upon them.
Thefe plants are all of them natives of America, fo
were unknown to the other parts of the world till that
was difcovered, for I have not heard of any of them
being found in any other country : and a few years
ago I lent fome of the feeds of thefe plants to China,
which fucceeded, and occafloned great admiration in
all who faw the plants.
The Acacias are fo nearly allied to the Mimofas in
their characters, that Linnteus has joined them in
the fame genus j and as his fyftem is now generally
followed, fo in compliance with that I have done the
fame.
The tenth fort of Acacia is the tree from whence
the true Succus Acacia: is taken, and the Gum Ara-
bic exfudes from the branches of the fame ; which,
though mentioned as a native of Egypt, yet it is alfo
found in divers parts of America, from whence the
feed of this tree have been fent into England, and
there railed in feveral gardens near London.
This tree arrives to a large fize in the countries where
it grows, but in England is rarely feen more than eight
or ten feet high. It frequently flowers in autumn,
but never produces any feeds.
The eleventh fort is the molt common kind in Jamaica
and Bar’badoes, and the other warm parts of America ;
and, for the fweetnefs of its flowers, has been dif-
perfed through moll parts of Europe ; and though a
native of the warmer parts of the Indies, it hath been
made familiar to the Italian gardens, and is cultivated
likewife in great plenty in Portugal and Spain.
The Italian gardeners, who bring over Orange-trees,
&c. every year, generally bring alfo many young
plants of this fort to England, under the title of Ga
zia ; but as they are too tender to live in a common
green-houfe in England, fo few of thofe which are
pure ha fed of them lucceed.
I have had fome plants of this fort upwards of fix-
teen feet high, which have produced great numbers
of flowers in July and Auguft, but thefe were kept
in a (love in winter, and in glafs-cafes in fummer, to
fereen them from wet and the cold, for they will not
flower in the open air in this country. The flowers
are of a bright yellow colour, and fmell fweet ; in the
Weft-Indies it is called Sponge-tree.
1 he twelfth lort is at prefent very rare in England,
and only to be found in fome curious gardens. This
tree produces its fpines by pairs, which are extreme
large and crooked, and of a whitifh colour -, but I do
not remember ever to have feen this flower.
In England, from the dried famples, however, which
I have received from Campeachy, with many flowers
upon them, there appears but little beauty in them ;
nor do the trees in their native foil make a better ap-
M I M
pearahee, their branches always growing deformed*
and being but thinly garnifhed with leaves, when in
• their greateft vigour ■; but for feveral months they are
deftitute of leaves, fo that the only thing remarkable
in this tree is* the uncommon wreathed fpines with
which the trunk and branches are fully hefet. Thefe
have the refemblance of animal horns, and are vari-
oufly twilled and contorted.
The twenty-third fort was brought from the Bahama
Xflands by Mr. Catefby, anno 1726. The feeds of this
plant (which are flat, and one half of a beautiful red
colour, the other half of a deep black) grow in long
twilled pods, opening when the feeds are ripe, on one
fide, and letting them out, which hanging by a finall
thread for fome time out of the pods, make a very
agreeable appearance ; the leaves of this tree branch
out and divide into many ramifications : the lobes are
roundifh, and placed in a very regular order. The
flowers have not as yet appeared in England, but
from a painting done from the plant in the country,
they feem to be very beautiful.
The thirteenth fort was brought from Jamaica, and
is growing in the pbyfic-garden at Chelfea ; this hath
four large lobes to each leaf ; the fpines are lhoft, ft iff,
and crooked, and the feeds grow in twilled pods like
the former. This plant is well ddcribed in Sir Hans
Sloane’s Natural Hiftory of Jamaica. By the inha-
bitants of America it is called Do£tor Long, under
which name the feeds are frequently brought to
England.
Moll of the other forts here mentioned, were col-
lected by the late ingenious Dr. William Elouftoun^
in Jamaica, at Vera Cruz and Campeachy, who fent
the leeds of molt of them into Europe, many of
which are now growing in the phyfic-garden at Chel-
fea, where fome of them have produced flowers and
plenty of feeds.
Thefe being all tender, are to be placed in ftoves in
the winter, and in fummer mull be but a fhort time
expofed to the open air, and have a warm filiation.
They are propagated by fowing their feeds on a hot-
bed in the fpring of the year, which will in a.fnort
time appear above ground, and in about five or
fix weeks after, be fit to tranfplant, when a frefh,
hot-bed is to be prepared for them, and fhould be
pretty warm ; the next thing to be provided is a quan-
tity of fmall halfpenny pots, which are to be filled
with frefh, light, fandy earth ; thefe Ihonld be plunged
into the hot-bed, but not into dung ; for if thefe beds
are made with warm horfe dung, they ought to be
covered with earth as deep as the pots, whole bottoms
fhould reft Upon the dung, for otherwife the roots of
the plants may fuffer by too much heat ; but beds of
tanners bark leldom heat fo violently. As foo;i as
the earth in the pots is warm, which will be in two or
three days, you fhould carefully take up the young
plants out of the firft hot-bed, planting four or five
plants into each of thefe pots, giving them a gentle
watering to fettle the earth to their roots, and fereen-
ing them with mats over the glafifes from the heat of
the fun, until they have taken root ; after which time
you mull give them air, by raifing the glades in pro-
portion to the heat of the weather, or to the conftitu-
tion of the plants.
The tenth, eleventh, and twelfth, forts are very
tender, efpecially while young, therefore fhould have
a hot-bed of tanners bark ; and as they increafe in
bulk, fhould be Ihifted into bigger pots. The earth
for thefe fhould be a little lighter, and more inclined
to a fand, than for the other forts ; but never plant
them in pots that are too large, which is full as bad
to thefe as to Orange-trees ; neither give them too
much water, efpecially in winter. The tenth lore
being the hardieft of the three, will, when grown to
be woody, Hand in a common ftove, which fhould
be kept to the point of temperate heat in winter ; and
in the fummer time, in warm weather, may enjoy
the open free air : but the eleventh and twelfth forts
mull have a bark-ftove in winter nor fhould they
be expofed to the open air in fummer, at lead for four
-or
k
* 6 ?
M I M
or five years* until they are grown very woody, for
they are very tender, and with great difficulty pre-
feryed in this climate. The ftove in which thefe
fhould be placed in winter, , muft be kept above the
temperate point, as marked in the botanical thermo-
meters. Thefe fhould have very little water in win-
ter, but in furnmer time will require frequent re-
f reffiings, though at that feafon it fhould not be given
them in great quantities at one time. The eleventh
fort is a very beautiful tree. The twelfth fheds its
leaves juft before the new ones come on, fa that it is
naked of leaves about a month or fix weeks in the
fpring of the year, which has occafioned fome people
to throw them away as dead, when, if they had let
them remain, they would have come out frefh again.
This I thought proper to mention, in order to cau-
tion people not to be too hafty in throwing out trees
for dead, but preferve them through the fucceeding
furnmer, to fee if they will fhoot again ; for I have
known feveral plants, which, after having been given
over by unfkilful perfons for dead, have the July fol-
lowing fhot out vigoroufly again ; and others, which
have died to the furface of the earth, have rifen again
from the root.
The three forts of horned Acacias are very often def-
titute of leaves for two or three months, appearing
to have no life •, but they will put out frefh leaves to-
wards autumn, which is commonly the feafon when
they are moft vigorous. Thefe fhould be expofed in
the furnmer feafon for about two months, to clear
them from infeds, which greatly infeft them, in a place
defended from ftrong winds ; and in the winter they
require a moderate degr.ee of warmth.
All the other forts here mentioned are propagated by
feeds, which, feldom ripening in this country, muft be
procured from America, particularly at Campeachy,
where there is great variety of this tree, many forts
of which have been hitherto unknown to botanical
writers. In bringing over the feeds of thefe trees,
they fhould be taken out of the pods when gathered,
and put up in papers, and ought to have Tobacco, or
fome other noxious herb, put between the papers, to
keep bff infeeds, otherwife the feeds will be eaten and
deftroyed before they arrive in England. For the in-
feeds depofit their eggs in fmall punedures which they
make in the pods ; and as thefe are foon hatched, fo
they immediately attack the feeds for food, and eat
holes through them, by which they are fpoiled from
growing. This has often happened to feeds which
have been fent me from America.
There are feveral of thefe Acacias, which are very
tender while they are young ; but, after two or three
years growth, become hardy enough to bear the open
air in furnmer, though fcarce any of them will live
through the winter in a green-houfe, unlefs they have
fome. warmth in very cold weather.
Acacia Germanorum. See Prunus Sylvestris.
Acacia Virginiana. See Robinia.
Acacia, the Three-thorned. See Gleditsia.
MIMULUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 761. Cynorrhyn-
chium. Mitch. 3.
The Characters are,
The flower hath an oblong, priflmatical , permanent em-
palement of one leaf-, it is of the lip or ringent kind , hav-
ing one petal, whofle tube is the length of the empalement,
and the brim is divided into two lips. The upper lip is ered,
divided at the top into two parts , which are reflexed on
their fide -, the lower lip is broad and trifid , the middle
figment is the leaft -, the palate is convex and bifid. It
has four fender Jlamina , two longer than the other , ter-
minated by bifid , kidney -fio aped fummits , and a conical ger-
men fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned by an oval , bifid ,
comprejfed ftigma. The germen afterward turns to an
oval capfule with two cells , filled with fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fe<dion
of Linnaeus's fourteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whole flowers have two long and two fhort fta-
mina, and their feeds are included in the capfule.
We know but one Species of this genus at prefent
in England, viz.
M I M
Mimulus ( Ringens ) e rectus, foliis oblongis linearibus
feffilibus. Hort. Upfal. 176. tab. 2. Upright Mimulus
with oblong linear leaves fitting clofie to the ftalk. Di-
gitalis perfoliata glabra, fiore violaceo rninore. Mor.
Hift. 2. p. 479. Smooth perfoliated Foxglove , with a fmall
Violet flower.
This plant grows naturally in North America in moift
ground. It has a perennial root and an annual ftalk,
which decays in the autumn ; the ftalk is fquare, and
rifes a foot and a half high, garnifned at each joint
with two oblong fmooth leaves, which are broadeft
at their bafe, where they almoft join round the ftalk,
but end in acute points. The lower part of the
ftalk fends out two or three fhort branches, and the
upper part is adorned with two flowers at each joint,
coming from the bofom of the leaves on each fide the
ftalk ; thefe have an oblong curved empalement with
five angles, indented at the top into five parts, out of
which arifes the flower, with a long curved tube,
fpreading open at the top into two lips, the upper-
lip ftanding ered, which is {lightly cut into two parts
at the top ; the under lip turns downward, and is cut
into three flight fegments. The flowers are of a Vi-
olet colour, but have no feent. Thefe appear in Ju-
ly, and are fucceeded by 1 oblong capfules with two
cells, filled with fmall feeds, which in warm feafons
ripen in the autumn.
This plant is very hardy in refped to cold, but fhould
have a loamy foft foil, rather moift than dry, and
not too much expofed to the fun. It may be propa-
gated by parting of the roots in the autumn, but the
flips fhould not be divided too fmall ; it may alfo be
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown in au-
tumn, foon after they are ripe, for thofe which are
lown in the fpring feldom grow the fame year : thefe
may be fown on a border expofed to the morning
fun, and the plants may be afterward planted in the
flower-garden.
MINT. See Mentha.
MIRABILIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 2 1 5. Jalapa.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 129. tab. 50. Marvel of Peru, 1 or
Four o’Clock Flower.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower has five , oval , fpear-Jhaped ,
fmall leaves , and is ere Ft, J welling , and permanent. The
flower has one funnel-Jhaped petal , with a flender tube
fitting upon the nedarium , which fpreads open above , and
is cut into five obtufie fegments. It hath five fender ft a-
mina , which adhere to the petal, which are unequal and
inclined, terminated by roundifio fummits, with a rcundifih
germen within the nedarium, fupporting a fender fiyle,
crowned by a globular ftigma. The germen afterward be-
comes an oval five-cornered nut, inclofing one feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Mirabilis ( Jalapa ) floribus congeftis terminalibus
eredis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 252. Marvel of Peru , with
bunches of flowers ered, terminating the ftalk. Admi-
rabilis Peruviana. Cluf. Hift. 2. p. 87.
2. Mirabilis (. Dichotoma ) floribus feffilibus axillaribus
eredis folitariis. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 267. Marvel of
Peru , with an ered Jingle flower fitting clofie to the • usings
of the branches. Jalapa officinarum. Mart. Cent. 1. f.
1 . The then fuppofed Jalap of the /loops.
3. Mirabilis ( Longiflora ) floribus congeftis terminali-
bus longiffimis nutantibus, foliis fubvillofis. Ad.
Plolmenf. 1756. p. 1 76. Long-flowered Marvel of Pe-
ru, whofe flowers are in bunches, terminating the ftalks
and nodding , with hairy leaves. Mirabilis Mexicana.
Hern. Mex. 170. f. 2.
The firft fort is the Marvel of Peru, which has been,
many years cultivated in the Engliffi gardens for or-
nament ; of this there are feveral varieties, which dif-
fer in the colour of their flowers ; two of thefe retain
their difference, one of them has purple and white
flowers, which are variable, fome of them are plain
purple, others are plain white, but moft of them are
variegated with the two colours j and all thefe varie-
ties
I
4 *
ties are frequently upon the (ante plant, and at others
on different plants •, the other has red and yellow
flowers, which are generally mixed in the fame flow-
■ ers, but are often with plain flowers of both colours
on the fame plant, intermixed with thofe which are
variegated •, but fame plants have only plain flowers ,
and I have never found that the feeds of the purple
and white fort, ever produced the yellow and red, nor
the latter ever vary to the former, and I have con-
flantly cultivated both more than forty years but al-
though thefe do not change from one to the other,
yet as there is no other difference between them than
in the colour of their flowers, I have not enumerated
them as diitind fpecies.
The fecond fort is very common in all the iflands of
the Weft-Indies, where the inhabitants call it the
Four o’Clock Flower, from the flowers opening at
that time of the day. Of this fort I have never feen
any with variable flowers ; they are of a purpliili red
colour, and not much more than half the fize of the
other. The (talks of this fort have thick fwollen
joints-, the leaves are fmalier, and the fruit is very
rough, fo there can be no doubt of their being dif-
tind fpecies, for I have never feen any alteration in
this from feed, and I have cultivated it many years.
Tournefort was informed by Father Plunder, that
the root of this plant was the officinal Jalap, upon
which he conftituted the genus, and gave that title to
it but the late Dr. Houftoun was fully informed in
the Spanifh ¥feft-Indies of the contrary, and brought
over a drawing of the plant which was made by a
Spaniard at Halapa, and he carried two or three of
the plants to Jamaica, where he planted them in a
garden, but after he left the ifland they were de-
ftroyed by hogs : however, he was fully iatisfted of
its being a Convolvulus, which Mr. Ray had many
years before given the Jalap the title of, but upon
what authority it does not at prefent appear. Some
few years after I received three feeds of the Jalap from
the Spani(h Weft-Indies, one of which grew, and
became a large plant, having a bulbous root, as large
as thofe of the Jalap which are imported, but the plant
produced no flowers in the three years it lived ^ and
in the winter 1739-40 it died, fince when I have not
been able to procure any feeds ^ however, I am fully
fatisfied that the Jalap is a fpecies of Convolvulus :
indeed the roots of the Marvel of Peru are purgative, ■
and when given in a double quantity for a dofe, will
anfwer thepurpofe of Jalap.
The third fort was lent from Mexico a few years
fince. The feeds of this were firft fent me from Paris,
by Dr. Monier, of the Royal Academy of Sciences,
and afterward I had fome lent me from Madrid, by
Dr. Hortega. The ftalks of this fort fall on the
ground, if they are not fupported ; thefe grow about
three feet long, and divide into feveral branches, which
are garnifhed with heart-fhaped leaves, placed oppo-
fite thefe, as alfo the ftalks, are hairy and vifcous,
flicking to the fingers of thofe that handle them. The
flowers come out at the end of the branches ; they are
white, and have very long (lender tubes, and a faint
muiky odour ; thefe are like the other forts, clofeiy
fhut all the day, but expand every evening when the
fun declines. The feeds of this fort are larger than
thofe of any other fpecies, and are as rough as thofe
of the fecond fort.
The two varieties of the firft fort are very ornamen-
tal plants in gardens, during the months of July, Au- ■
guft, and September ; and if the feafon continues
mild, they often laft till near the end of Odober. The
flowers do not open till toward the evening, while
the weather continues warm, but in moderate cool
weather, when the fun is obfcured, they continue open
almoft the whole day. The flowers are fo plentifully
produced at the ends of the branches, as that when
they are open, the plants feem entirely covered with
them, and there being fome plain, and others varie-
gated on the fame plants, they make a fine appearance.
The plants are propagated by feeds, in the choice
of which there ftiould be care taken not to fave any
from thofe plants whofe flowers are plain ; and thofe
who are deliraus of having only the variegated kinds,
are careful to pull off ail the plain flowers from thofe
plants which they intend for feeds, to prevent them
from bearing any feeds by this method they rarely
have any plants with plain flowers.
The feeds (liouici be Town on a moderate hot-bed in
March, and when the plants come up, they fhould
have plenty of air admitted to them, when the wea-
ther is mild, to prevent their being drawn up weak ;
and when they are about two inches high, they ftiould
be trarffpl anted on another very moderate hot-bed ;
or if they are each planted in a fmall pot filled with
light earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed, it
will be a more fecure way, for then there will be no
danger in fhaking them out of the pots, when they
are to be planted in the borders, fo as to preferve
all the earth to their roots ; by this method, they will
not require to be (haded, whereas thofe that are to
be tranfplanted from the fecond hot-bed to the bor-
ders, often rife with little earth to their roots, fo
muft be carefully (haded, otherwife they often mif-
carry.
When they are in the fecond hot-bed, they ftiould be
(haded till they have taken frefh root, after which they
muft have plenty of free air admitted to them to pre-
vent their being drawn up weak, and in May they muft:
be gradually inured to the open air. .The beginning of
J une, if the feafon is favourable, they ftiould be tranf-
planted into the borders of the pleafure-garclen, giv-
ing them proper room, and after they have taken
new root, they will require no further care. If thefe
feeds are (own in a warm border the beginning of
April, they will grow very well, but the plants will
be late in the feafon before they flower.
As the feeds of thefe plants ripen very well every
year, fo there are not many who are at the trouble of
preferving their roots ; but if thefe are taken out of
the ground in autumn, and laid in dry land all the
winter, fecured from froft, and planted again in the
fprjng, they will grow much larger, and flower earlier
than the feediing plants : or if the roots are covered
in winter with tanners bark to keep out the froft,
they may remain in the borders, provided the foil be
dry. If the roots which are taken out of the ground,
are planted the following fpring in large pots, and
plunged into a hot-bed, under a deep frame, they
may be brought forward, and raifed to the height of
four or five feet, as I have frequently pradifed ; and
. thefe plants have come earlier in the feafon to flower,
fo have been intermixed with other ornamental plants,
to decorate halls and fhady courts, where they have
appeared very beautiful.
The other two fpecies require the fame treatment, but
the fecond fort is not quite fo hardy as the other two,
fo unlefs the plants are brought forward in the fpring,
they will not flower till very late, fo their feeds will
not ripen.
MISLETO E. See Viscum.
MI TELL A. Tourn. Inft. R. FI. 241. tab. 12 6 .
Lin. Gen. Plant; 496. [fo called of Mitella, Lat. a
little mitre, becaufe the feed-veffel of this plant re-
fembles a biftiop’s mitre.] Baftard American Sanicle.
The Characters are,
"The flower has a bellfioaped empalement of one leaf , ‘ cut
into five points, which is permanent. It hath jive petals ,
ending in many hairy points , and are inflerted in the eni-
palement , as are alfo the ten awl-floaped ftamina , which
are floor ter than the petals , and terminated by rounaijh
fummits. It hath aroundijh germen, which is bifid , with
Jcarce any flyle , crowned by two obtufe ftigmas. Ikhe em-
pakment afterward becomes an oval capfule with one cell ,
opening with two valves , filled with fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnteus’s tenth clafs, which contains thofe plants
whole flowers have ten ftamina and two ftyles or
ftigmas.
The Species are,
1. Mitella ( Diphylla ) fcapo diphyllo. Lin. Gen. Nov.
29. Mitella with flower -ftalks having two leaves. Mi-
9 C ° sella .
M O L
tella Americana, floriim petalis fimbriatis. Tourn.
Inft. 242. American Mitella with fringed petals to the
fiozvers.
2. Mitella ( Nuda ) fcapo nudo. Amcen. Acad. 2.
p. 252. Mitella with a naked folk.
The firft fort grows naturally in the woods, in moil
parts of North America. It has a perennial root,
from which come out many heart-fhaped angular
leaves, fome of which are obtufe, and others end in
acute points ■, they are indented on their edges, and
of a lucid green, a little hairy, and ftand upon pretty
long foot-ftalks. The fiower-ftalks arife immediately
from the root, having two or three angular leaves to-
ward the bottom, and about the middle of the ftalk
come out two fmall leaves with acute angles, placed
oppofite. The ftalks rife eight or nine inches high,
and are terminated by a loofe fpike of fmall whitifh
flowers, whofe petals are fringed on their edges ;
thefe appear the beginning of June, and are fuc-
ceeded by roundifn capfules filled with fmall feeds.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the northern parts
of Aha ^ this is of a humbler growth than the firft,
feldom rifing more than five or fix inches high. The
leaves are not fo angular as thofe of the firft fort, and
the fiower-ftalks are always naked, having no leaves.
The fpikes of flowers are fliorter, and more compact.
Both thefe are propagated by parting of their roots ^
the belt time for this is in autumn : they fhould be
planted in a fhady fituation, and they love a foft
loamy foil.
M 1 T E L'L A M A X I M A. See Bixa.
MOLD AYIC A. See Dracqcephalum.
MOLLE. See Schinus.
MOLLUGO. Lin. Gen. Plant. 99.
The Characters are,
’The empalement of the flower is compofed of five oblong
fmall leaves , which are coloured on their infide , and is
permanent . The flower has five oval petals , which are
jhorter than the empalement , and three brifily ftamina ,
which ftand near the ftyle , and are terminated by Jingle
fummits , with an Gval germen having three furrows ,
fupporting three very Jhort ftyles , crowned by obtufe ftig-
mas. The germen afterward becomes an oval capfule with
three cells , filled with fmall kidney -JJjaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
Linnaeus’s third clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have three ftamina and three ftyles.
Thie Species are,
1. Mollugo ( Verticillata ) foliis verticillatis cuneifor-
mibus acutis, caule fubdivifo decumbente, pedun-
culis unifloris. Hort. Upfal. 24. Mollugo with acute
wedge-fhaped leaves , growing in whorls , a trailing di-
vided ftalk , and foot-ftalks bearing a Jingle flower. Al-
fine procumbens, galii facie Africana. Plort. Lugd.
Trailing African Chickweed , with the appearance of La-
dies Bedftraw.
2. Mollugo (Jhiadrifolia) foliis quaternis obovatis, pa-
nicula dichotoma. Hort. Cliff 28. Moluggo with four
leaves at each joints which are alraoft oval , and a panicle
arifing at the divifion of the branches. Herniaria alfines
folio. Tourn. Inft. 507. Rupturewort with a Moufe
Ear leaf.
There are two or three fpecies of this genus, which
are rarely admitted into gardens, fo I have not enu-
merated them here.
Both thefe forts are annual ; the firft is a native of
warm countries, fo is lefs hardy than the fecond •, they
are both trailing plants, whofe ftalks lie flat on the
ground •, the firft fpreads out eight or nine inches
every way, and at each joint is garnifhed with fix or
feven fmall leaves fpread out in form of a ftar. The
flowers are fmall, like thofe of Chickweed, one Hand-
ing upon each foot-ftalk j thefe are fucceeded by oval
capfules filled with fmall feeds, which, if permitted to
fcatter, the plants will come up the following fpring
without any care •, but when the feeds happen to fall
upon earth which is thrown upon a hot-bed, the
plants will be forwarder and ftronger than thofe in
the open air. This is preferved in fome gardens for
the fake of variety, but has no great beauty.
M G L
MOLUC CELLA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 643. Molucca.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 187. tab. 88. [This plant takes
its name from the Molucca Iftands, becauie it w-as
found there.] Molucca Balm.
The Characters are.
The flower hath a large permanent empalement of one
leaf , which is deeply indented at the brim , where it Means
open. The flower is of the lip kind , with a port tube
and chaps. The upper lip is ere A, concave , and entire.
The under lip is trifid , the middle fegment being longer
than the other. It has four ftamina fituated under 'the
upper lip, two of which are Jhorter than the other, crown -
ed by fingle fummits , and a germen with four parts , f im-
porting a ftyle fituated with the ftamina , crowned by a
bifid ftigma. The germen afterward turns to four angular
convex feeds , fitting in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, which includes thofeplants
whofe flowers have two long and two Short ftamina,
and are fucceeded by naked feeds in the empalement.
The Species are,
1. Moluccella ( 'L/evis ) calycibus campaniformibus
fubquinquedentatis, denticulis aequalibus. Lin. Sp.
821. Molucca Balm with bell-fioaped empalements^ in-
dented in five equal parts. Molucca tevis. Bod. Pempc.
92. Smooth Molucca Balm.
2. Moluccella ( Spinofa ) calycibus ringentibus odo-
dentatis. Lin. Sp. 821. Molucca Balm ' whofe empale-
ment s are ringent , indented in eight parts. Molucca fpi-
nofa. Dod. Pempt. 92. Prickly Molucca Balm.
The firft fort rifes with a fquare ftalk three feet high,
fpreading out into many branches, which are Smooth,
and come out by pairs, garnifhed with roundifh
leaves, which are deeply notched on their edges.
Handing upon long foot-ftalks placed oppofite ; they
are fmooth, of a light green on both fides, and at
the bafe of their foot-ftalks the flowers come out in
whorls ; thefe have very large fpreading empalements,
which are indented in five parts, and immediately un-
der them come out two bunches of pretty long fpines,
one on each fide the ftalk, each bunch conlifting of
five or fix fpines arifing from the fame point. The
flowers are fmall, and being fituated at the bottom
of the large empalements, are not vifible at a diftance j
they are white, with a caft of purple, and fhaped like
thofe of the other lip flowers, having the upper lip
entire, and hollowed like a fpoon, and the under lip
is cut into three fegments, the middle one being the
longeft. After the flower is paft, the germen turn to
four club-fhaped angular feeds inclofed in the empa-
lement. It flowers in July, but unlefs the feafon
proves warm and dry, the feeds do not ripen in Eng-
land. The fmell of this plant is to fome perfons very
, disagreeable, and to others very pleafant.
The fecond fort hath fquare fmooth ftalks, of a
purplifh colour, which rile four feet high, and
branch out in the fame manner. The leaves
are Smaller, and ftand upon Snorter foot-ftalks ;
they are deeper, and more acutely indented on their
edges. The empalements of the flowers are not fo
large, and are cut into eight fegments, each being
terminated by an acute fpine. The flowers are like
thofe of the former fpecies, as are alfo the feeds •, this
is not fo hardy as the firft fort.
The firft grows naturally in feveral parts of Syria,
and the fecond is a native of the Molucca islands,
from whence this genus received its title. They are
both annual plants, which decay foon after their feeds
are ripe, and being natives of warm countries, they
feldom perfedl their feeds in England, when they are
fown in the fpring ; therefore the beft way is to raife
the plants in autumn, and plant them in fmall pots
thefe Should be placed under a hot-bed frame in win-
ter, where they may have free air in mild weather, by
talcing off the glafles, but covered in frofty weather,
obferving to keep them pretty dry, otherwife they are
very Sub] eft to rot, when they are cloSely covered in
frofty weather. In the fpring the plants may be
turned out of the pots, with all the earth about
their roots, and planted in a warm border, defended
from
M O M
from ftrong winds, giving them a little water to fet-
tle the earth to their roots ; after this they will re-
quire no other care but to keep them clean from
weeds, and to fupport them with flakes, to prevent
their being broken by the winds. The plants thus
preferved through the winter, will flower the latter
end of June, fo from thele good feeds may be ex-
pended.
MOL Y. See Allium.
MOMORDICA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 103. tab. 29,
30. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1090. Male Balfam Apple ; in
French, Pomme de Marseille.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers upon the fame plant.
c fke male flowers have a fpreading empalement of one leaf.
The flower hath one petals which adheres to the em-
palement. It has three fleort awlfhaped ftamina ; in two
of the flamina the fummits a,re bifid , and eared on both
Jides ; the third has a Jingle eared fummit ; thefe are com -
pre/fed in a body. The female flowers have the fame em-
palement and petal as the male , but fit upon the germen ;
thefe have three Jhort filaments without fummits. Phe
germen fupports one taper trifid flyle , crowned by three ob-
long gibbous ftigmas. Phe germen afterward turns to an
oblong fruit , opening with an elafiicity , having three mem-
branaceous cells , filled with comprejfed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the tenth fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clafs, which contains the
plants with male and female flowers on the fame
plant, whofe ftamina coalefce together.
The Species are,
1. Momordica ( Balfamina ) pomis angulatis tubercula-
tis, foliis glabris patenti-palmatis. Hort. Cliff. 451.
Male Balfam Apple with angular warted fruit, and fmooth
open-handed leaves. Momordica vulgaris. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 103. Common male Balfam Apple.
2. Momordica ( Charantia ) pomis angulatis tubercula-
tis, foliis villofis, longitudinaliter palmatis. Hort.
Cliff. 451. Male Balfam Apple with angular warted
fruit , and hairy leaves , which are longitudinally hand-
floaped. Momordica Zeylanica, pampinea fronde,
frudu longiori. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 103. Male Bal-
fam Apple of Ceylon , with a Vine leaf and a longer
fruit.
3. Momordica ( Zeylanica ) pomis ovatis acuminatis
tuberculatis, foliis glabris palmatis ferratis. Male
Balfam Apple with an oval. , acute-pointed , warted fruit,
and fmooth hand-Jhaped leaves , which are fawed. Mo-
mordica Zeylanica, pampinea fronde, frudu brevio-
ri. Tourn. Inft. 103. Male Balfam Apple of Ceylon ,
with a Vine leaf and a Jhorter fruit.
4. Momordica ( Elat er turn ) pomis hifpidis, cirrhis nul-
lis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 10 10. Male Balfam Apple with a
prickly fruit , and no tendrils to the Vines. Cucumis
fylveftris afininus didus. C. B. P. 314. Wild Cucum-
ber, called Ajfes Cucumber , and the Elaterium of Boer-
haave.
The firft fort grows naturally in Afia, the fecond and
third in the ifland of Ceylon ; they are annual plants,
which perifh foon after they have ripened their fruit ;
thefe have trailing ftalks like thole of the Cucumber
and Melon, which extend three or four feet in length,
fending out many fide branches which have tendrils,
by which they fallen themfelves to any neighbouring
plants, to fecure themfelves from being toffed and
blown about by the winds, and are garnilhed with
leaves fhaped like thofe of the Vine. The leaves of
the firft and third forts are fmooth, and deeply cut
into feveral iegments, and fpread open like a hand ;
but thole of the lecond fort are extended more in
length, and are hairy. The fruit of the firft fpecies
is oval, ending in acute points, having feveral deep
angles, which have lharp tubercles placed on their
edges ; it changes to a red or purplifli colour when
ripe, opening with an elafiicity, and throwing out
its feeds.
1 he fruit of the fecond fort is much longer than
that of the iirft, and not fo deeply channelled. The
tubercles are fcattered all over the furface, and are
not fharp like thofe of the other ; this fruit is yel-
M O M
low, when ripe, and cafts out its feeds with an elaft
ticity.
The fruit of the third fort is fhort and pointed like
that of the firft, but does not lwell fo large in the
middle. The angles of this are not deep, and the
whole furface is ciofely let with fharp tubercles ; this
changes to a deep Orange colour when ripe, and calls
out its feeds in the like manner.
The fourth fort is commonly called Wild or Spurting
Cucumber, from its calling out its feeds, together
with the vifeid juice in which the feeds are lodged,
with a violent force, if touched when ripe ; and from
hence it has fometimes the appellation of Noli me
tangere, or touch me not. This plant grows natu-
rally in fome of the warm parts of Europe, but in
England it is cultivated in gardens for the fruit,
which is ufed in medicine, or rather the faecula of
the juice of the fruit, which is the Elaterium of the
fhops.
This plant hath a large flefhy root fomewhat like that
of Briony, from which come forth every fpring fe-
veral thick, rough, trailing ftalks, which divide into
many branches, and extend every way two or three
feet ; thefe are garnifhed with thick, rough, almoft
heart-fhaped leaves, of a gray colour, Handing upon
long foot-ftalks. The flowers come out from the
wings of the ftalk, thefe are male and female, grow-
ing at different places on the fame plant, like thofe
of the common Cucumber, but they are much lefg,
of a pale yellow colour, with a greenifh bottom :
the male flowers (land on fhort thick foot-ftalks, but
the female flowers fit upon the young fruit, which,
after the flower is faded, grows to be an inch and a
half long, and fwelling like a Cucumber, of a gray
colour like the leaves, and covered over with fhort
prickles. Thefe do not change their colour when
ripe, like moft of the other fruit of this clafs ; but
if attempted to be gathered, they quit the foot-
ftalk, and call out the feeds and juice with great vi-
olence ; fo that where any plants are growing, and
the fruit permitted to Hand till it is ripe, the feeds
will be fcattered all round to a great diftance, and
there will be plenty of the plants produced the fol-
lowing fpring.
But when the fruit is defigned for Life, it fhould al-
ways be gathered before it is ripe, otherwife the
greateft part of the juice will be loft, which is the
only valuable part; for the juice which is expreffed,
with part of the parenchyma of the fruit, is not to
be compared with the other for its virtues; for the
Elaterium which is made from clear juice of the
fruit, is much whiter, and will retain its virtues mueb
longer, than that which is extracted by preffure.
The three firft forts are annual ; their feeds muft be
fown on a hot-bed the beginning of March, and
when the plants come up, they fhould be tranfplant-
ed out into a frefh hot-bed, after the manner of Cu-
cumbers or Melons, putting two plants of the fame
kind under each light, and the plants watered and
fhaded until they have taken root ; after which they
muft be treated as Cucumbers, permitting their
branches to extend upon the ground in the fame man-
ner, and obferve to keep them dear from weeds.
With this management (provided you do not let them
have too much wet, or expofe them too much to the
open air) they will produce their fruit in July, and
their feeds will ripen in Auguft and September, when
you muft obferve to gather it as foon as you fee the
fruit open, otherwife it will be caft abroad, and with
difficulty gathered up again.
Thefe plants are preferved in curious gardens for the
oddnefs of their fruit ; but as they take up a great
deal of room in the hot-beds, requiring frequent at-
tendance, and being of little beauty or ufe, fo they
are not much cultivated in England, except in bota-
nic gardens for variety.
There are fome perfons who put thefe plants in pots,
and fatten them up to ftakes, to fupport the Vines
from trailing on the ground, and place the pots in
ftoves ; where, when they are fikilfully managed, they
will
MON
will produce their fruit tolerably well ; and in this
way they make a better appearance, than when the
Vines fpread on the ground like Cucumbers and Me-
lons. But when the plants fpread on the ground,
which is their natural way of growing, they- thrive
much better, and produce more fruit, than when they
are fupported •, for though thefe plants have clafpers,
yet thefe are not formed for climbing, but merely to .
fallen themfeives about any neighbouring (import, to
fecure them from being railed by the wind and brok-
en ; which would often happen, where they grow in
the open air and are fully expofed, were it not for
this ie'eurity.
The fourth fort is eafrly propagated by feeds, which
(as was before mentioned) if permitted to fcatter,
there will be a fupply of plants come up the following
fpring ; or if the feeds are fown upon a bed of light
earth, the plants -will come up in about a month after,
and may be tranfplanted to an open fpot of ground,
in rows at three or four feet diftance, and aimoft as
far aftinder in the rows ; if thefe are carefully tranf-
planted while young, there will be little hazard of their
growing , and after they have taken new root, they
Will require no further care, but to keep them clear
from weeds. If the ground is dry in which they are
planted, the roots will continue three or four years,
unlefs the winter fhould prove very fevere, which will
kill them.
MONARDA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 34. Leonurus.
Tourn. I ait. R. FI. 187. tab. 87.
The Characters are.
The flower has a tubulous cylindrical empalement of one
lea f which is channelled , and cut into five equal parts at
the brim. The flower hath one petal , and is of the lip
kind , having a cylindrical tube longer than the empale-
ment , divided at the top into two lips. The upper lip is
narrow , entire, and erect ; the under lip is broad , trifid ,
and reflexed ; the middle Jegment being long and narrow ,
tkofe on the fide are obtufle. It hath two briftly flamina
the length of the upper lip , in which it is involved , ter-
minated by comprejfed erect fummits. In the bottom of
the tube is fituated a four-pointed germen , fupporting a
fender fiyle involved with the flamina , and crowned by an
acute bifid fligma. The germen afterward turns to four
naked feeds , inclofed in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s fecond clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have two flamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Monarda ( Fifiulofa ) capitulis terminalibus, caule
obtuf-angulo. Hort. Upfal. 12. Monarda with heads
of flowers terminating the folks , which have obtufle an-
gles. Leonurus Canadenfis, origani folio. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 187. Canada Lion's Tail, with an Origa-
num leaf.
2. Monarda ( Didyma ) floribus capitatis, fub-didyna-
mis, caule acutangulo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 32. Monarda
with headed flowers , whofe flamina are aimoft in two bo-
dies, and an acute angular ftalk. Monarda floribus ca-
pitatis verticillatifque, caule acutangulo, foliis lance-
olato-ferratis glabris. Butt. Cun. 226. Monarda with
flowers collected in heads and whorls , an acute- angular
ftalk, and flmooth. Jawed , fp ear -fie aped leaves , commonly
called Oflwego Tea.
3. Monarda ( PunCtata ) floribus verticillatis, corollis
pundatis. Flort. IJpfal. 12. Monarda with flowers
growing in whorls, whofe petals are fpotted. Clinopo-
diurn Virginianum, anguftifolium, floribus amplis
luteis, purpura macula notatis, cujus caulis fub quo-
vis verticillo decern vel duodecim foiiolis rubentibus
eft circumcindis. Banift. Raii Sup. 300. Narrow-
leaved Field Bafil of Virginia , with large yellow flowers
fpotted with purple , whofe flalks have ten or twelve red-
difh leaves under each whorl of flowers.
The fir ft fort grows naturally in Canada, and many
other parts of North America. It hatha perennial
root, compofed of many ftrong fibres, which fpread
far on every fide. The (talks rife near three feet high,
which are hairy, and have obtule angles; thefe fend
out two or four final! fide branches toward the top,
MON
garaifhed with oblong leaves, broad at their brie, but
terminate in acute points •, they are hairy, a little in-
dented on their edges, (landing on (hort hairy foot •
(talks, and are placed oppofite. - The (talk and
branches are terminated by heads of purple flowers,
which have a long involucrum, compofed of five
acute-pointed leaves. The flowers have each two
ftamina which are longer than the petal, with a ftyle
of the fame length, crowned by a bifid ftigma. The
flowers appear in July, and are fucceeded by feeds
which ripen in the autumn.
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America,
where the inhabitants frequently ufe the leaves for
tea, fo it is commonly called Qfwego Tea, by which
title it was brought to England. This hath a peren-
nial root and an annual (talk, which decays every au-
tumn. The (talks of this fort are finooth, having
* C?
four acute angles •, they rife about two feet high, and
are garnifhed with fmooth, oval, (pear-fhaped leaves,
which are indented on their edges, and .(land oppofite
on very (hort foot-ftalks ; thefe when bruifed, emit a
very grateful refrefhing odour ; the (talks fend out
toward their top two or four fmall fide branches,
which are garnifhed with fmall leaves of the fame
(hape with the other. The flowers are produced in
large heads or whorls at the top of the (talk, and
there is often a fmailer whorl of flowers, growing
round the ftalk at a joint below the head ; and out of
the head arifes a naked foot-ftalk, fuftaining a fmall
head or whorl of flowers : the flowers are of a bright
red colour ; they have two lips, the upper lip is
long, narrow, and entire, the under lip is cut into
three parts ; they have each two ftamina which are
longer than the petal, terminated by comprefied fum-
mits, and many of them have two fhorter ftamina,
without fummits. The plant flowers in July, but in a
rnoiit feafon, or when the plants are in a mold foil,
they will continue in flower till the middle or latter
end of September.
Both t’nele forts may be propagated by parting of
their roots ; the firft does not multiply lb faft as the
fecond, but as that produces plenty of feeds, fo it may
be eafily propagated that way. If the feeds are (own
in the autumn foon after they are ripe, the plants will
come up the following fpring •, but if they are not
fown till fpring, the plants feldom rife till the next
year. When the plants are come up and are fit to
remove, they flaould be tranfplanted into a (hady bor-
der about nine inches diftance, and when they have
taken new root, they will require no other care but to
keep them clean from weeds till the autumn, when
they (hould be tranfplanted into the borders where
they are to remain. The following fummer they
will flower and produce ripe feeds, but the roots
will continue feveral years, and may be parted eve-
ry other year to increafe them. This loves a foft
loamy foil, and a fituation not too much expofed to
the fun.
The fecond fort feldom ripens feeds in England, but
it increafes fait enough by its creeping roots, as alfo
by flips or cuttings, which, if planted in a fhady bor-
der in May, will take root in the fame manner as
Mint or Balm; but as the roots multiply fo faft, there
is feldom occafion to ufe any other method to propa-
gate them.
This fort loves a moift light foil, and in a fituation
where the plants have only the morning fun, they will
continue longer in flower than thofe which are expofed
to the full fun. This is a very ornamental plant in
gardens, and the fcent of the leaves is very refrefhing
and agreeable to molt people, and fome are very fond
of the tea made with the young leaves.
The third fort grows naturally in North America ;
this is a biennial plant, and probably in its native
country may be an annual, for the roots perifh after
the plants have perfe&ed their feeds. This hath
fquare (talks which rife about two feet high, branch-
ing out from the bottom to the top, and are garnifh-
ed with fpear-fhaped leaves, which come out in drif-
ters at each joint, where there are two larger leaves
placed
/
M O R
-placed oppofite, and feveral fmallef come out on each
fide the ftalk •, the larger leaves are about two inches
and a half long, and three quarters of an inch broad,
and are (lightly indented on their edges. Toward
the upper part of their ftalk the flowers come out in
large whorls, having to each whorl an involucrum,
compofed of ten or twelve fmall fpear-fnaped leaves,
of a purplifli red colour on their upper fide ^ the
flowers are pretty large, of the fame form with thofe
of the other forts, of a dirty yellow colour fpotted
with purple ; they have each two long ftamina fituated
under the upper lip, which are terminated by bind
com prefled fummits, and are fucceeded by four naked
feeds inclofed in the empalement. It flowers in July,
and if the fummer proves favourable, the feeds fome-
times ripen in the autumn.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which, if fown on
a border of light earth expofed to the eaft, the plants
will rife very freely •, when they are fit to remove,
they may be tranfplanted into a fhady border, in the
fame manner as hath been direfted for the firft fort •,
and i£ they fhould flioot up ftalks to flower, they
fhould bo cut down to ftrengthen the roots, that they
may put out lateral buds, for when they are permitted
to flower the firft year, the roots feldom live through
the winter, therefore they fhould be prevented : in the
autumn the plants may be removed, and planted in
the open borders of the pleaiure-garden, where they
will flower the following fummer and if the feafon
fhould prove dry, they fhould be duly watered, other-
wife they will not be near fo beautiful, nor will the
plants produce good feeds.
MO N B I N. See Spondias.
MONTI A. See Heliocarpus*
M O R JE A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 60.
The Characters are.
The Jheath of the flower has two valves •, the flower is
compofed of fix petals , the three upper are erect and bifid ,
the three under fpread open ■, it hath three ftoort ftamina ,
terminated by oblong fummits. The germen is fituated be-
low the flower , fupporting a Jingle ftyle , crowned by a tri-
fid erebi ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a three-
cornered capfule , having three furrows , with three cells ,
containing feveral round' feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s third clafs, intitled Triandria Monogynia,
the flower having three ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species arc,
1. Mor^ea ( Vegeta ) fpatha uniflora, foliis gladioiatis.
More a with one flower in each Jheath , and JwordJhaped
leaves. Morasa foliis canaliculatis. Lin. Sp. 59. Mo-
rea with channelled leaves.
2. Mor^ea {Juncea) fpatha biflora, foliis fubulatis. Mo-
rea with two flowers in each Jheath , and awl-Jhaped leaves.
Moraea foliis' fubulatis. Lin. Sp. 59. Morea with awl-
Jhaped leaves ;
Thefe plants are both natives of the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence I received their feeds, which
have fucceeded in the Chelfea garden, where the plants
have feveral times produced their flowers, which dif-
fering from all the other genera of plants in the fame
clafs, I have taken the liberty of titling it Morea, in
honour of Robert More, Efq-, of Shrewfbury, who
is well fkilled in the fcience of botany, and alfo in
other parts of natural hiftory.
The firft fort has fibrous roots like thofe of the Flag-
leaved Iris, from whence arifes many fmall fword-
fhaped leaves, five or fix inches long, and half an
inch broad in the middle, diminifhing toward both
ends, of a deep green colour, lying over each other
at their bafe, in the fame manner as the Iris j the
fiower-ftalk arifes between the leaves from the root,
about eight inches, high, having one fmall leaf at
each joint, and is terminated by one flower, which is
covered with a fpatha (or fheath) having two valves ;
the flower is of a dirty white, each petal having a
blufli of purple toward their upper part, and a pretty
broad fpot of yellow toward their tails ; within are
three flender ftamina terminated by oblong fummits,
and one ftyle crowned by a trifid ftigma. The flow-
ers appear in June, and the feeds ripen the end bf
July.
The fecond fort hath a fmall bulbous root, a little
comprefled on the Tides, with a fmooth dark-coloured
fkin, from which arife three or four awl-ftiaped leaves
of a pale green, fome of which are five inches long,
and others are feven or eight, and about half an inch
broadj terminating with three angles ; the foot -ftalks
of the flowers rife about fix inches high, and general-
ly bend at their lower joint ; thefe are garniflied with
a fmall leaf at each joint, whofe bafe aim oft flirrounds
the ftalk, which is terminated by two flowers, en-
compaffed with a withered fheath ; the flowers are of
an Orange colour ; the petals are pretty broad up-
ward, but are connected at their bafe. Thefe appear
in June, and the feeds ripen the end of July.
The plants are propagated either by feeds, or frorri
offsets of the fecond fort, and by parting or dividing
the roots of the firft ; the bell time for transplanting
of them, and feparating the offsets of the fecond fort,
and parting the roots of the firft, is in Augult, that
they may put out new fibres before winter and that
is alfo the right feafon for fowing of the feeds, for
when they are fown at this time of the year in fmall
pots, and plunged into a bed of old tanners bark, un-
der a common frame in winter, there is little danger
df thefe feeds mifearrying. The plants will alfo re-
quire this fort of flicker in winter, for as they are too
tender to thrive in the open air in England, and if
they are placed in a green-houfe, they are apt to dfaw
up weak, therefore when they are flickered under a
frame, fo as to enjoy the free open air in winter when
the weather is warm, and fecured from froft and
hard rains, they will flower and ripen their feeds bet-
ter than with any other management 2 in fummer they
fliould be fully expofed to the open air till Odlober^
when they fhould be removed into fheker.
MO RINA. Tourn. Cor. 48. tab. 480. Lin. Gen„
Plant. 39. Diototheca. Vaill. Mem. Acad. 1722.
The Characters are.
It hath a double empalement •, that under the fruit is tuba-,
lous , cylindrical , of one leaf , indented at the brim , anti
permanent •, that of the flower is tubulous , bifid, of one
leaf , and permanent. The jlcwe r hath one petal , with
a long tube enlarged upward , and a little incurved. The
top is divided into two Ups •, the upper lip is fmall and
bifid , the under lip is cut into three equal obtufe Jegments 3
the middle one being extended beyond the other. It hath
two briftly ftamina fituated near the ftyle , terminated by
he art -fib aped ere It fummits. The globular germen is fitu-
ated under the ftvzver, fupporting a ftender ftyle which is
longer than the ftamina , crowded by a t ar get -ftj aped ftig-.
ma \ the germen afterward becomes a Jingle feed , crowned
by the empalement of the flower.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft: feflidn of
Linnseus’s fecond clafs, which contains thofe plants
whofe flowers have two ftamina and one ftyle.
There is but one Species of this genus at prefent
known, which is,
Morina (Orientalis.) Hort. Cliff. 14. Morina Qfientalis,
carlinae folio. Tourn. Cor. Eaftern Morina , with a
Carline Thiftle leaf.
This plant was difeovered by Dr. Tournefoft, in his
travels in the Levant, who gave it this name in honour
of Dr. Morin, a phyfician at Paris.
It grows naturally near Erzeron in Perfia, and was in
the Englifh gardens before the fevere winter in 1740*
which killed alltheplantsthatwerehere, alfo thofe inthe
garden at Paris •, fo the only plant remaining was in the
garden of Monfieur du Hamel. Therootof this plant is
taper and thick, running deep into the ground, fend-
ing out feveral thick ftrong fibres as large as a finger j
the ftalk rifes near three feet high ; it is fmooth, of a
purplifli colour toward the bottom, but hairy arid
green at the top, garnifhed at each joint by three of
four prickly leaves like thofe of the Carline Thiftle j
they are four or five inches long, and an inch and a
half broad, of a lucid green on their upper fide, but _
of a pale green on their under, and a little hairy,
armed on their edges with fpines. The flowers come
9 D out
/
M O R
otic from the wings of the leaves on each fide the
ftalk ; thefe have very long tabes, which are llender
at the bottom, but are enlarged upward, and are a
little incurved •, the brim fpreads open with two large
lips, the upper lip is indented at the top and round-
ed, the lower lip is cut into three obtufe iegments - s
under the lip are fituated two briftly (lamina which
are crooked, and crowned with yellow iummits.
Thefe flowers appear in July, but I never had any
feeds fucceed them. Some of the flowers are white,
and others of a purplifh red on the fame plant.
This plant is propagated by feed, which fhould be
fown ibon after it is ripe in the autumn, otherwife the
plants will not come up the following fummer •, for I
have feveral times obferved, where the feeds have
been fown in the fpring, they have remained in the
ground fourteen or fifteen months before the plants
have appeared. Thefe feeds fliould be fown in the
places where the plants are to remain, becaufe they
lend forth tap-roots, which run very deep into the
ground •, and when thefe are broken or injured in
tranfplanting, the plants feldorn thrive after. They
may be fown in open beds or borders of frefh light
earth, being careful to mark the places, that the
ground may not be diflurbed ; for it frequently hap-
pens, that the feeds do not come up the firft year,
when they are fown in autumn •, but when they are
fown in the fpring, they never come up the fame
year. The ground where the feeds are fown muft be
kept clear from weeds, which is all that is neceffary
to be done, until the plants come up ^ where they
are too dole together, they fhould be thinned while
young, fo as to leave them near eighteen inches apart •,
after which time, they will require no other culture
but to keep them conftantly clear from weeds and
in the fpring, juft before the plants put out new
leaves, to dig the ground gently between them, and
lay a little frefh earth over the furface of the bed
to encourage them.
In autumn thefe plants decay to the ground, and
fend forth new leaves the following fpring, but it will
be three years from the time of the plants firft coming
up to their flowering, though after that time they will
flower every feafon ; and the roots will continue ma-
ny years, provided they are not diflurbed, or killed
by very fevere froft.
MORUS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 589. tab. 363. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 936. [of ^ocvfot;, black, becaufe its fruit
is ordinarily fo.] The Mulberry-tree ; in French,
Murier.
The Characters are,
It hath male flowers growing at feparate difiances from
the female on the fame tree . The male flowers are col-
lected in long taper ropes or katkins thefe have no petals,
but have four awl- fo aped ere £1 flamina , which are
longer than the empalement , terminated by Jingle fummits.
The female flowers are colie bled into roundijh heads ; thefe
have no petals , but a hear t-Jh aped germen , fupporiing
two long , roughs reflexed flyles , crowned by Jingle ftigmas.
The empalement of thefe afterward become large, fiefoy,
fiicciilent fruit , compofed of feveral protuberances , in each
of which is lodged one oval feed.
This genus is ranged in the fourth fedlion of Linnae-
us’s twenty-firft ciafs, which contains thofe plants
which have male and female flowers at feparate dif-
tances on the fame plant, and the male flowers have
four ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Mqrus {Nigra) foliis cordatis. Hort. Cliff. 441.
Mulberry with rough heart-Jhaped leaves. Morus fructu
nigro. C. R. P. 459. Mulberry with a black fruit , or
the common Mulberry.
2. 'Morus (_ Laciniatis ) foliis palmatis hirfutis. Mulberry
with hand-fsaped hairy leaves. Morus fruftu nigro
minor: foliis deganter ladniatis. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
5.89. Smaller black Mulberry with elegant cut leaves.
3. Mqrus {Rubra) foliis cordatis fubtus villofis, amends
cyiindricis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 986. Mulberry with he art -
fbaped leaves which are hairy on their under fide, and cy-
lindrical katkins. Morus Virginienfis arbor, loti arbo-
M O R
ris inftar ramofa, foliis ampliffimis. Fluk. Phyt. tab.
246. fob 4. Virginia Mulberry branching like the Nettle-
tree , having very large leaves.
4. Morus {Alba) foliis oblique cordatis ksvibus. Hort.
Cliff. 441. Mulberry with oblique, Smooth, heart-J, hoped
leaves. Morus fru&u alba. C. B. P. 459. Mulberry
with a white fruit.
5. Morus {Tinbtoria) foliis oblique cordatis acurninatis
hirfutis. Mulberry with oblique, heart-Jhaped, acute-
pointed, hairy leaves. Morus frudu viridi, ligno ful-
phureo tindorio. Sloan. Hift. Jam. 2. p. 3. Mulberry
with a green fruit, whofe wood dyes a fulphur colour, or
Fuflick wood.
6 . Morus ( Papyrifera ) foliis palmatis, frudibus hifpi-
dis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 986. Mulberry with hand-Jhaped
leaves and prickly fruit. Morus fativa, foliis urticse
mortuae, cortice papyrifera. Ktemp. Amoen.471. Cul-
tivated Mulberry with leaves like Dead Nettle, and of
whofe bark paper is made.
7. Morus {Tatarica) foliis ovato-oblongis utrinque
aequalibus, inasqualiter ferratis. Flor. Zeyl. 337. Mul-
berry with oval oblong leaves , which are equal on both
fides, but unequally Jawed. Tinda-parua. Hort. Mai.
1. p. 87. fob 49.
8. Morus {Zanthoxylum) foliis ovato-oblongis acumina-
tis obliquis, ranks aculeatis. Mulberry with oval, ob-
long, acute-pointed leaves, which are oblique to the foot-
flalk , and prickly branches. Zanthoxylum aculeatum,
carpini foliis, Americanum, cortice cinereo. Pluk.
Phyt. 239. fol. 3. Prickly Zanthoxylum of America,
with Hornbeam leaves and an AJh- coloured bark.
The firft fort is the common black Mulberry-tree,
which is cultivated for the delicacy of its fruit. This
tree grows naturally in Perfia, from whence it was
firft brought to the fouthern parts of Europe, but is
now become common in every part of Europe, where
the winters are not very fevere ; for in the northern
parts of Sweden, thefe trees will not live in the open
air ; and in feveral parts of Germany they are planted
againft walls, and treated in the fame way as Peach,
and other tender fruits are here.
Thefe trees are generally of both fexes, having male
flowers or katkins on the fame tree with the fruit ;
but it often happens, that fome of the trees which
are raifed from feeds, have generally male flowers,
and produce no fruit •, fo that thofe who plant thefe
trees for their fruit, fhould never make choice of
fuch as have been propagated by feeds, unlefs they
have feen them produce fruit in the nurfery. It is
alfo the fureft way to mark fuch trees as are fruitful
in the nurfery, at the time when their fruit is upon
them, becaufe thofe trees which are propagated by
layers, are fometimes of the male fort ; for I have
feveral times obferved, that fome of the large branches
of thefe trees have produced only katkins, when the
other parts of the trees have been very fruitful ; fo
that unlefs care is taken in the choice of the branches
for making the layers, there is the fame hazard as in
feedling trees : nor fhould the fhoots which come
out near the roots of old trees be ever laid down, for
thefe rarely produce fruit until they have been plant-
ed many years, although the trees from which thefe;
were produced might be very fruitful. I have ob-
ferved fome trees which produced only katkins for
many years after they were planted, and afterward
have become fruitful ; the fame I have obferved in
Walnut-trees, and my honoured friend the Chevalier
Rathgeb, has informed me, that he has obferved the
fame in the Lentifk and Turpentine-trees.
The old Mulberry-trees are not only more fruitful than
the young, but their fruit are much larger and bet-
ter flavoured *, fo that where there are any of thefe old
trees, it is the beft way to propagate from them, and
to make choice of thole branches which are moft
fruitful. The ufual method of propagating thefe
trees, is by laying down their branches, which will
take root in one year, and are then feparated from
the old trees j but as the moft fruitful branches are
often fo far from the ground as not be layed, unlefs
by raifing of boxes or b’afkets of earth upon fupports
M O R
for this purpofe, fo the better way is to propagate
them by cuttings, which, if rightly chofen and fkii-
fullv managed, will take root very well ; and in this
method there 'will be no difficulty in having them
from trees at a diftance, and from the nioft fruitful
branches. Thefe cuttings ffiould be the fhoots of
the former year, with one joint of the two years
wood to their bottom ; the cuttings ffiould not be
ffiortened, but planted their full length, leaving two
or three buds above ground. The bell feafon for
planting them is in March, after the danger of hard
froft is over ; they ffiould be planted in light rich
earth, preffing the ground pretty clofe about them ;
and if they are covered with glaffes, it will forward
their putting out roots ; but where there is not fuch
conveniency, the ground about them ffiould be
covered with mofs, to prevent its drying ; and
where this is carefully done, the cuttings will re-
quire but little water, and will fucceed much bet-
ter chan with having much wet. If the cuttings
fucceed well and make good ffioots, they may be
tranfplanted the following lpring into a nurfery,
where they ffiould be regularly trained to Items, by
fixing down flakes by each, to which the principal
ffioots ffiould be fattened ; and moft of the lateral
branches ffiould be clofely pruned off, leaving only
two or three of 'the weakeft to detain the fap, for
the augmentation of the Item ; for when they are
quite divefted of their fide ffioots, the fap is mounted
to the top, fo that the heads of the trees grow too faff
for the Items, and become too weighty for their fup-
port. In about four years growth in the nurfery, they
will be fit to tranfplant where they are to remain ; for
thefe trees are tranfplanted with greater fafety while
young, than when they are of a large fize.
If the cuttings are planted in a bed fully expofed to the
fun, it will be proper to arch the bed over with
hoops, that they may be ffiaded with mats in the
heat of the day during the fpring, till they have put
out roots ; after which, the more they are expofed
to the fun, the better they will fucceed, provided
the ground is covered with mofs or mulch to prevent
its drying, for the fun will harden the ffioots, and
thereby they will be in lefs danger of fuffering by the
early frofts in autumn ; for when' thefe are in a ffiady
fituation, they are apt to grow vigoroufly in fummer,
fo will be replete with moifture, and the early frofts
in October frequently kill their tops ; and if the fol-
lowing winter proves fevere, they are often killed to
their roots, and fometimes are entirely deftroyed. I
have two or three times made trial of planting the
cuttings of Mulberries on a hot-bed, and have found
them fucceed extremely well. This I was led to by
oblerving fome flicks of Mulberry-trees which were
cut for forks, and thruft into the hot-bed to fallen
down the Vines of Cucumbers ; which, although
they had been cut from the tree a confiderable time,
yet many of them put out roots and ffiot out branches;
fo that where any perfon is in hafte to propagate thefe
trees, if the cuttings are planted on a moderate hot-
bed, they will take root much fooner than in the com-
mon ground.
This tree dejights to grow in rich light earth, fuch as
is in moft of the old kitchen-gardens about London,
where there is alfo a great depth of earth ; for in fome
of thole gardens there are trees of a very great age,
which are very healthy and fruitful, and their fruit is
larger and better flavoured than thofe of younger
trees. I have never yet feen any of thefe trees which
were planted in a very ftiff foil, or on ffiallow ground,
either upon clay, chalk, or gravel, which have been
healthy or fruitful, but their Items and branches are
covered with mofs, fo that the little fruit which they
fometimes produce are fmall, ill tailed, and late be-
fore they ripen.
If thefe trees are planted in a fituation where they are
defended from the ftrong fouth and north- weft winds,
it will preferve their fruit from being blown off; but
this ffielter, whether it be trees or buildings, ffiould be
MGR
at fuch a diftance as not to keep off the fun ; for where
the fruit has not the benefit of his rays to diflipate
the morning dev/s early, they will turn mouldy and
rot upon the trees. There is never any occafion for
pruning thefe trees, more than to cut off any of the
branches which may grow acrofs others, fo as to rub
and wound their bark, by their motion occafioned by
the wind ; for their ffioots ffiould never be ffiortened,
becaufe the fruit is produced on the young wood.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Sicily, from
whence I received a parcel of the feeds, and raifed a
good number of the plants ; all thefe were totally
different in their leaves from the common Mulberry,
fo that I am certain of its being a diftindt fpecies. It
is alfo a tree of humbler growth, but the fruit is fmall
and has no flavour, fo is not worth propagating ;
fome of the trees produced fruit two or three years in
the Chelfea garden.
The white Mulberry is commonly cultivated for its
leaves to feed filk-worms in France, Italy, &c.
though thePerfians generally make ufe of the common
black Mulberry for that purpofe ; and I have been aft
fured by a gentleman of honour, who has made trial
of both forts of leaves, that the worms fed with thofe
of the black fort produce much better filk than thofe
fed with the white ; but he obferves that the leaves
of the black fort ffiould never be given to the worms
after they have eaten for fome time of the white, left
the worms ffiould burft, which is often the cafe when
they are thus treated.
The trees which are defigned to feed filk-worms,
ffiould never be fuffered to grow tall, but rather kept
in a fort of hedge ; and inftead of pulling off the
leaves fingly, they ffiould be fheared off together
with their young branches, which is much fooner
done, and not fo injurious to the tree.
This white fort may be propagated either from feeds
or layers, as the black Mulberry, and is equally hardy ;
but the moft expeditious method of railing thefe trees
in quantity, is from the feeds, which may be pro-
cured in plenty from the fouth of France or Italy : the
belt way to fow thefe feeds in England, is to make a
moderate hot-bed, which ffiould be arched over with
hoops, and covered with mats ; upon this bed the
feeds ffiould be fown in the end of March, and co-
vered over with light earth about a quarter of an
inch deep : in very dry weather the bed mult be fre-
quently watered, and in the heat of the day ffiaded
with mats, and alfo covered in the nights when they
are cold ; with this management the plants will come
up in five or fix weeks, and as they are tender when
they firft appear, fo they mult be guarded againft frofty
mornings, which often happen in May, and deftroy
fuch tender plants; during the fummer they mult be
kept clean from weeds, which is all the culture they
require: but there mull be care taken of them the firft
winter, efpecially to cover them in autumn, when the
firft frofts come, which will kill the tender plants to
the ground, if they are not protected ; the following
March thefe plants ffiould be tranfplanted into the
nurfery to get ftrength, where they may remain two
or three years, and then ffiould be removed where they
are to continue.
There are two or three varieties of this tree, which
differ in the ffi ape of their leaves, fize, and colour of
their fruit ; but as they are of no other ufe than for
their leaves, the ftrongeft ffiooting and the largeft
leaved ffiould be preferred.
The third fort, which is the large-leaved Virginian
Mulberry with black ffioots, is more uncommon thai*
either of the former ; there is a large tree of this
growing in the gardens of the Biffiop of London at
Fulham, which has been feveral years an inhabitant
of that garden, but has never produced any fruit that
I could learn, but hath fome years a great number of
katkins, much like thofe of the Hazel-nut, which oc-
cafioned Mr. Ray to give it the name of Corylus ;
but it may be one of the male trees which do not pro-
duce fruit, as it fometimes happens in the common
lores
4*5
forts of Mulberries ; the leaves of this are fomewhat
like thofe of the common Mulberry-tree, but are
rougher.
O #
This tree has not been propagated yet in this country,
for though it has been buckled and grafted upon both
the black and white Mulberries, yet I cannot hear
.that it hath lucceeded upon either, fo that I fufpeft
it is not of this genus ; and the tree being pretty tall,
cannot be laid down, which is the moft likely me-
thod to propagate it. This is very hardy, and will
endure the cold of our climate in the open air very
well, and is coveted as a curiofity by fuch as delight
in a variety of trees and fhrubs.
The fifth fort is the tree whofe wood is ufed by the
dyers, and is better known by the title of Fuftick,
which is given to the wood, than by its fruit, which
is of no eftimation. This grows naturally in moft of
the iflands in the Weft-Indies, but in much greater
plenty at Campeachy, where it abounds greatly. This
wood is one of the commodities exported from Ja-
maica, where it grows in greater plenty than in any
other of the Britifh iflands.
This tree in the countries where it grows naturally,
rifes to the height of fixty feet or upward ; it has a
light brown bark, which hath fome fhallow furrows ;
the wood is firm, folid, and of a bright yellow colour.
It fends out many branches on every fide, covered
with a white bark, and are garnifned with leaves
about four inches long, which are broad at thtair bafe,
indented at the foot-ftalk, where they are rounded,
but one fide is broader than the other, fo that they
are oblique to the foot-ftalk •, thefe diminifh gradu-
ally, and end in acute points ; they are rough like
thole of the common Mulberry, of a dark green, and
ftand upon fhort foot-ftalks. Toward the end of the
young branches come out fhort katkins of a pale her-
baceous colour, and in other parts of the fame
branches the fruit is produced, growing upon fhort
foot-ftalks ; they are as large as nutmegs, of a
roundifh form, full of protuberances like the com-
mon Mulberry, green within, and alio on the outfide,
of a lufcious l'weet tafte when ripe.
It is too tender to thrive in this country, unlefs pre-
ferved in a warm ftove. There are feveral of the
plants now growing in the Chelfea garden, which
were raifed from feeds fent from Jamaica, by Wil-
liam Williams, Efq; with many other curious forts,
which are natives of that ifland. The feeds of this
plant Come up freely on a hot-bed, and when the
plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each planted
in a feparate fmall pot filled with frefh light earth,
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, and
iliaded from the fun till they have taken new root ;
then they fhould be treated in the fame way as other
plants from thofe hot countries, always keeping them
in the tan-bed in the ftove, where they will make
good progrefs. Thefe plants retain their leaves great
part of the year in the ftove.
The fixth fort grows naturally in China and Japan •,
it alfo grows naturally in South Carolina, from
whence I have received the feeds ; the inhabitants
of Japan make paper of the bark •, they cultivate
the trees for that purpofe on the hills and moun-
tains, much after the fame manner as Ofiers are cul-
tivated here, cutting down the young fhoots in au-
tumn for their bark. There were feveral of thefe
trees raifed from feeds a few years paft, in the gardens
of his Grace the Duke of Northumberland, who was
fo good as to favour me with one of the plants, which
thrives very well in the open air without any flicker,
as many of the trees and plants of thofe countries will
do, if they grow on the mountains. This plant makes
very ftrong vigorous fhoots, but feems not to be of
tall growth, for it fends out many lateral branches
from the root upward. The leaves are large, fome
of them are entire, others are deeply cut into three,
and fome into five lobes, efpecially while the trees
are young, dividing in form of a hand ; they are of
a dark green, and rough to the touch, but of a pale
green, and fojrnewhat hairy on their under fide, falling
off on the fir ft approach of froft in autumn, & s do
thofe of the common Mulberry. T he ddcription w hich
i Kasrnpfer gives of the fruit is, that they are a little
larger than Peas, furrounded with long purple -hairs,
are compofed of acini, or protuberances, and when
ripe, change to a black purple colour, and are full cf
fweet juice.
This tree may be propagated by laying down the
branches, in the fame way as is pra&iled for the com-
mon Mulberry ; or it may be multiplied by planting
the cuttings, in the fame manner as before directed
for the common fort.
The feventh fort grows naturally in India, where it
becomes a large tree. It hath loft, thick, yeliowilh
bark, with a milky juice like the Pig, which -is
aftringent. The branches comeout oneveryfide, which
are garnifhed with oblong oval leaves, ftanding up-
on fhort foot-ftalks ; both hides of thefe leave's are
equal, but their edges are unequally hawed ; they
are rough, of a dark green on their upper fide, but
pale on their under, ftanding alternately on the
branches. The flowers come out in round heads at
the foot-ftalks of the leaves, on each fide the branches;
they are of an herbaceous white colour; the male
flowers have fourftamina; the female flowers are hue-
ceeded by roundifh fruit, which are firft green, after-
wards white, and when ripe turn to a dark red colour.
I received the feeds of this plant from Bombay, which
fucceeded in the Chelfea garden. The plants are too
tender to live out of a ftove in this country ; for as I
raifed a good number of the plants, fo when they had
obtained ftrength, I placed fome of them in different
fituations, where they were defended from the froft,
but not any of them furvived the winter, but thole
which were in the bark-ftove, where they are con-
ftantly kept, and treated in the fame manner as other
tender plants, giving them but little water in winter,
with which management the plants thrive, and retain
their leaves all the year.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, and alfo
in the Bahama Iflands, from both which places I have
received the feeds. The wood of this tree is cut, and
fold for the fame ufes as the fifth, from which this
tree has not been well diftinguiflietf by the botanifts :
this does not grow to fo great a fize as the fifth ; the
branches are {tenderer, the leaves are narrower, and
are rounded at their bafe, fawed on their edges, and
end in acute points. At the foot-ftalk of each
leaf comes out two fharp thorns, which, in the older
branches grow to the length of two inches. The fruit
is fhaped like that of the fifth fort, but is fm after.
M O S C FI A T E L L I N A. See Adoxa.
MOSS. See Muscus.
MOTHERWORT. See Cardiaca.
MOULD, or earth, the goodnefs of which may be
known by the fight, fmell, and touch.
Firft, by the fight : thofe Moulds that are of a bright
Cheftnut, or hazelly colour, are counted the beft ; of
this colour are the beft loams, and alfo the beft natu-
ral earth, and this will be the better yet, if it cuts
like butter, and does not flick obftinateiy, but is
fhort, tolerably light, breaking into fmall ciods, is
fweet, will be tempered without crufting or chapping,
in dry weather, or turning to mortar in wet.
The next to that, the d.ark gray and ruffet Moulds
are accounted the beft, the light and dark Afh-colour
are reckoned the word,' fuch as are uftially found on
common, or heathy ground ; the dear tawny is by no
means to be approved, but that of a yeliowifh red co-
lour is accounted the wo r ft of all ; this is commonly
found in wild and wafte parts of the country, and for
the moft part produce nothing but Furz and Fern,
according as their bottoms are more or Ids of a light
and fandy, or of a fpewy gravel, or clayey nature.
Secondly, by the fmell : all lands that are good
and wholefome, will, after rain, or breaking up by
the fpade, emit a good fmell.
Thirdly, by the touch : by this means we may dis-
cover whether it confifts offubftances entirely arena-
ceous, or clammy ; or, according as it is exprefied by
Mr.
MUM
Mr. Evelyn, whether it be tender, fatty, deterfive, or
flippery, or more harfh, gritty, porous, or friable.
That being always the beft that is between the two
extremes, and does not contain the two different qua-
lities of foft and hard mixed, of moift and dry, of
churlifh and mild, that is neither too unhtuous or too
lean, but fuch as will diffolve, of a juft confiftence,
between faiid and clay, and fuch as will not ftick to
the fpade or fingers upon every flalh of rain.
A loam, or brick Mould, is not to be difapproved,
as requiring little help or improvement but the fpade,
and is efteemed both by the gardener and florift.
MUCILAGE is a vifcous clammy fubftance about
feeds, &c.
MUCILAGINOUS fignifies, endowed with a
clammy vifcous matter.
ULBERRY. See Morus.
ULLEIN. See Verbascum.
ULTISILI QU O U S plants are fuch as have
after each Rower, many diftinct, long, Render, and,
oftentimes, crooked cafes, or filiquee, in which their
feed is contained, and, which, when they ripen, open
of themfelves, and let the feeds drop. Of this kind
is the Bear’s-foot, Columbines, common Houle-
leek, Navelwort, Orpine, &c.
MUMMY, a fort of grafting wax, made of one
pound of common black pitch, and a quarter of a
pound of common turpentine, put into an earthen
pot, and fet on the fire in the open air * in doing this
you ought to hold a cover in your hand, ready to co-
ver it, in order to quench it, by putting it thereon,
which is to be done feveral times, fetting it on the
fire again, that the nitrous and volatile parts may be
evaporated. The way to know when it is enough,
is by pouring a little of it on a pewter plate, and if
it be fo, it will coagulate prefently ; then this melted
pitch is to be poured into another pot, and a little
common wax is to be added to it, mixing them well
together, and then to be kept for ufe.
Dr. Agricola dire&s the ufing this Mummy as fol-
lows :
When you would drefs roots with this wax, you
muft melt it, and afterwards let it cool a little •, then
dip in the ends of the roots you would plant (for he
propofes it for the planting pieces of roots of trees,
&c.) one after the other, but not too deep, and af-
terwards to put them in water, and to plant them
in the earth, the fmall end downwards, fo that the
larger end may appear a little way out thereof, and
have the benefit of the air, and then to prefs the earth
very hard down about them, that they may not re-
ceive too much wet, becaufe that would rot them.
Mummy for exotic plants * the fame author directs
the making it as follows :
Take half a pound of gum copal, beat it very fine,
and fearce it *, take three pounds of Venice turpentine,
and melt it over a flow fire in a ftrong earthen pot *
when the turpentine is melted and liquidated, put the
fifted gum into it, keep it continually ftirring with a
little ftick, augmenting the fire gradually, and it will
all diffolve infenfibly •, afterwards let the turpentine
evaporate well, and it will thicken and when it is be-
come of a fufficient confiftence, you may make it up
into little rolls, like fealing-wax, and keep it for ufe.
This Mummy, he fays, is an excellent vulnerary for
plants, it being fubjeft to no corruption, as other
gummy things are •, it hinders any rottennefs between
the ftock and the root, by means of which the callus
is formed the fooner, and fpreads over all the parts,
and the ftock becomes entirely connected with the
root. It alfo gives ftrength and vigour to the root,
and likewife facilitates it.
Vegetable Mummy •, the fame author diredts the
making of this as follows :
Fill a large kettle, or earthen pot, about a third
part full of common black pitch, and add to it a
little fine refin, or fulphurated pitch, and. a little yel-
low wax ■, melt thefe together till they become li-
quid, then take them off the fire, and let them ftand
till they have done fmoking, and, when cool, you
M U N
may, with a brufh, plafter the incifions which are
made for the inoculation, grafting, &c.
Garden or Foreft Mummy * the fame author directs
the making it as follows :
Take three pounds of common turpentine, and four
pounds of common pitch •, melt the turpentine over
the fire, and, having beaten the pitch to a powder,
throw it in * when they are well mixed together, and
grown pretty thick, take it off, and keep it for ufe.
This compofition may be either made up into little
fticks, like thofe of fealing-wax, to be made ufe of
on little trees, or it may be kept in little pots, and
melted over a flow fire, when there is occafion to ufe
it, and, dipping a little brufti in it, you may plafter
the graft.
The Noble Mummy, or grafting wax ; to make this
the fame author direhts :
Take two pounds of pure pitch* fuch as is called at
Ratifbon virgin pitch, and add to it half a pound of
good turpentine *, put them together in an earthen
pot, and fet them over the fire, that the volatile part
of the turpentine may evaporate, otherwife it would
be very prejudicial to trees and roots. Prove it as you
did the former, to know when it is enough ; then
add to it half a pound of virgin wax, and half an
ounce of pounded Myrrh and Aloes * when thefe are
well mixed, make it up into little rolls or plafters,
or elfe it may be kept in gallipots.
The time he diredls when the operation of the roots
is to be performed, is in the month of September,
Oftober, and November * though it may fucceed well
at any time of the year, yet thole months are the
moft proper feafons for it. The only difference he
fays, is, what is planted in the fpring, will Ihoot out
in June or July, and what is planted in autumn
comes not forth till the month of April.
The aforefaid author mentions great performances by
ufing thefe Mummies * thofe who have a mind to be
fatisfied, may perufe his treatife.
MUNTINGIA. Plum. Gen. Nov. 41. tab, 6 . Lin.
Gen. Plant. 575.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is cut into jive figments
to the bottom. ’The flower hath five he art -Jh aped petals,
narrow at their bafe , which are inferted in the empale-
went , and fpread open like a Rofe. It has a great num-
ber of Jlamina , which are terminated by roundtfh fiimmits .
In the center is fituated a roundifh germen , having no ftyle ,
but is crowned by a ftigma divided into many parts. The
germen afterward turns to a foft fruit, with one cell,
crowned by the fiigma , like a navel , and filled with fmall
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have many ftamina and one ftig-
ma. According to Tournefort’s fyftem, it muft be
ranged in the eighth fe&ion of his twenty-firft clafs,
which contains the trees and Shrubs with a Rofe
flower, whofe empalement becomes a fruit, having
hard feeds.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Muntingia (Calabura .) Jacq. Hift. tab. 107. Mun-
tingia folio fericeo molli, fruftu majori. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 41. Muntingia with a foft filky leaf. \ and a larger
fruit.
The title of this genus was given to it by Father Plu-
nder, in honour of Dr Muntingius, who was profef-
for of botany at Groningen in Holland, who publish-
ed a folio book of botany, entitled, Phytographia
Curiofa, in which there are many figures of plants ex-
hibited, engraven on copper-plates ; he alfo publifhed
two books of plants in quarto, one of which is enti-
tled, Aloidarum, in which the figures of feveral forts
of Aloes are exhibited * the title of the other is, De
Herba Britannica Antiquorum.
This plant is figured and deferibed by Sir Hans
Sloane, in his Hiftory of Jamaica, by the title of
Loti arboris folio anguftiore, rubi flore, fru&u polyf-
permo umbilicato, 2. p. 80, This rifes to the height
of thirty feet or more in its native foil, fending out
9 E . many
many branches toward the top, which are covered
with a 'Smooth, dark, purple bark, .garnished with
leaves about three inches long, and three quarters
broad at their bafe, where they are rounded to a heart-
fhape at the Foot-dalk, but end in acute points, are
very woolly on their under fide, but fmooth above,
and of a lucid green , they are {lightly fawed on their
edges, and are placed alternately. The flowers come
out from the wings of the (talks, (landing upon long
foot-dalks, composed of five heart-fhaped petals,
.which, are white, and fpread open, refembiing thofe
Of the Bramble, having many (lamina about half
the length of the petals, terminated by globular fum-
rnits, and in the center is fituated a roundifti ger-
men, crowned by a. many-pointed ftigma. The ger-
men afterward turns to a pulpy umbilicated fruit, as
large as the fruit of the Cockfpur Hawthorn, and,
' when ripe, of a dark purple colour, inclofmg many
(mall, hard, angular feeds ; this fort has produced
flowers and fruit in England.
The feeds of this plant were Tent by Mr. Robert
Millar from Jamaica, which fucceeded in fome of
the Englifh gardens.
The plants are propagated by feeds, which (hould be
fown in pots filled with light rich earth, and plunged
into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark, and in warm
weather the glaffes (hould be raifed to admit frefh air.
Thefe feeds will often remain in the ground a whole
year before the plants v/ill appear ; in which cafe the
pots mud be kept conftantly clear from weeds, and
(hould remain in the hot-bed till after Michaelmas,
when they may be removed into the (love, and
plunged into the bark-bed, between other pots of
tall plants, where they may remain during the winter
feafon. Thefe pots (hould be now and then watered,
when the earth appears dry, and in the beginning of
March the pots fhould be removed out of the (love,
and placed into a fre(h bark-bed under frames, which
will bring up the plants foon after.
When the plants are come up about two inches
high, they (hould be carefully taken out of the pots,
and each planted into a feparate fmall pot filled with
light rich earth, and then plunged into the hot-bed
again, obferving to (hade them from the fun until
they have taken new root, after which time they
fliould be duly watered, and in warm weather they
mud have a large fliare of frefh air. In this hot-
bed the plants may remain until autumn, when the
nights begin to be cold ; at which time they fliould be
removed into the (love, and plunged into the bark-
bed. During the winter feafon thefe plants muft be
kept warm, efpecially while they are young, and fre-
quently refreshed with water ; but it mud not be
given to them in large quantities, led it rot the ten-
der fibres of their roots. It will be proper to continue
thefe plants in the dove all the year, but in warm wea-
ther they fhould have a large diare of frefli air ; but
as the plants grow in drength, they will be more
hardy, and may be expofed in dimmer for two or
three months, and in winter will live in a dry dove,
if kept in a moderate degree of heat.
MURUCUIA. See Passiflora.
M U S A. Plum. Nov. Gen. 24. tab. 34. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 1010. The Plantain-tree.
The Characters are.
It hath male and female flowers upon the fame foot-
ftalk , fome of which tire hermaphrodite thefe are produced
on afingle ftalk ( or fpadix-,) the male flowers are fituated on
the upper part of the fpike, and the female below •, thefe
are in bunches, each bunch having a ft eat h, or cover ,
which falls off. The flowers are of the , lip kind. The
p flats conftitute the upper lip , and the ne liar ium the un-
der % they have fix awl-ftaped ftamina , five of which are
fituated in the petal, and the fixth in the nettarium ; this
is double the length of the other, terminated by a linear
fummit -f the' others have none. The ger men is fituated
under the flower , which is long, having three obtufe
awles, fupporting an ere It (ylindrical ftyle, crowned by a
fmndift ftigma. The germen afterward turns to an oh-
M U S
long, three-cornered , flefty fruit , covered with a thick
rind, divided into three parts.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fird fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-third clafs, which includes thofe
plants with male and female dowers, which have
hermaphrodite flowers on the fame ftalk. Plunder
ranges it in Tournefort’s clafs, with the anomalous
flowers of feveral petals •, and Garyin places it among
the plants with a Lily flower.
The Species are,
1. Musa (. Paradfiaca ) fpadice nutante floribus mafcu-
lis perddentibus. Lin. Sp. 1477. Muft with a nod-
ding fpike, and nodding male flowers. Mufa . frudtu
cucumerino longiorio. Plum. Nov. Gen. 24. Mufa
with a longer Cucumber-ftaped fruit , commonly called
Plantain-tree. „
2. Musa ( Sapientum ) fpadice nutante floribus mafculis
deciduis. Lin. Sp. 1477* Mufa with a nodding fpike ,
and deciduous male flowers. Mufa fructu cucumerino,
breviore. Plum. Nov. Gen. 24. Mufa with a ftorter
Cucumber-ftaped fruit , commonly called Bonana.
The fird fort is cultivated in all the Hands of the
Wed-Indies, where the fruit generally ferves the ne-
groes for bread, and fome of the white people alfo
prefer it to mod other forts, efpecially to the Yams,
and Caffada bread.
This plant rifes with afoft herbaceous dalk fifteen or
twenty feet high, and upward •, the lower part of the
dalk is often as large as a man’s thigh, diminilhing
gradually to the top, where the leaves come out on
every fide, which are often more than fix feet long,
and near two feet broad, with a drong flefhy mid-
rib, and a great number of tranfverle veins running
from the midrib to the borders. The leaves are thin
and tender, fo that where they are expofed to the
open air, they are generally torn by the wind •, for
as they are large, the wind has great power againd
them : thefe leaves come out from the fide of the prin-
cipal dalk, inclofing it with their bafe ; they are rolled
up at their fird appearance, but when they are ad-
vanced above the dalk, they expand quite flat, and
turn backward ; as thefe leaves come up rolled in the
manner before mentioned, their advance upward is
fo quick, that their growth may be almofl difcerned
by the naked eye ; and if a line is drawn acrofs, le-
vel with the top of the leaf, in an hour’s time the
leaf will be near an inch above it. When the plant
is grown to its full height, the fpike of flowers will
appear from the center of the leaves, which is often
near four feet in length, and nods on one fide. The
flowers come out in bunches, thofe on the lower part
of the fpike being the larged: ; the others diminifli
in their fize upward ; each of thefe bunches is co-
vered with a fpathte or (heath, of a fine purple colour
within, which drops off when the flowers open. The
upper part of the fpike is made up of male or barren
flowers, which are not fucceeded by fruit, but thofe
of the fecond fort fall off with their covers. The
' fruit of this is eight or nine inches long, and above
an inch diameter, a little incurved, and has three
angles ; it is at firft green, but, when ripe, of a pale
yellow colour. The (kin is tough, and within is a
foft pulp of a lufcious fweet flavour. The (pikes of
fruit are often fo large as to weigh upwards of forty
pounds.
The fruit of the fird fort is generally cut before it is
ripe, and roaded in the embers, then it is eaten in-
dead of bread. The leaves are ufed for napkins and
table cloths, and are food for hogs.
The fecond fort, which is commonly called Bonana,
differs from the fird, in having its (talks marked with
dark purple dripes and fpots. The fruit is (dorter,
draiter, and rounder, and the male flowers drop off;
the pulp is fofter, and of a more lufcious tade, fo is
generally eaten by way of defert, and feldom ufed in
the fame way as the Plantain, therefore is not culti-
vated in fuch plenty.
Both thefe plants were carried to the Wed-Indies
from the Canary Idands, to which place it is believed
they
M U S
they were carried from Guinea, where they grow na-
turally : thefe plants are alio cultivated in Egypt, and
in moft other hot countries, where they grow to per-
fection in about ten months, from their firfc planting,
to the ripening of their fruit; when their ftalks
are cut down, feveral fuckers come up from the
root ; they v/ill alfo produce fruit in ten months
after, fo that by cutting down the ftalks at different
times, there is a conftant fucceffion of fruit all the
, year.
In Europe there are fame of thefe plants preferved in
the gardens of curious perfons, who have hot-houfes
capacious enough for their reception, in many of
which they have ripened their fruit very well ; but as
they grow very tall and their leaves are large, they
require more room in the ftove than moft people care
to allow them : they are propagated by fuckers,
which come from the roots of thofe plants which have
fruited ; and many times the younger plants, when
they are {tinted in growth, will put out fuckers ; thefe
fhould be carefully taken off, preferving fome fibres
to their roots, and planted in pots filled with light
rich earth, and plunged into the tan-bed in the ftove :
thefe may be taken off any time in fummer, and it is
beft to take them off when young, becaufe if their
roots are grown large, they do not put out new fibres
fo foon, and when the thick part of the root is cut in
taking off, the plants often rot.
During the fummer feafon thefe plants muff be plen-
tifully watered, for the furface of their leaves being
large, there is a great confumption of moifture, by
perfpiration in hot weather, but in the winter they
muft be watered more fparingly; though at that feafon
they muft be often refrefhed, but it muft not be given
them in fuch quantities.
The pots in which thefe plants are placed, fhould be
large in proportion to the fize of the plants, for their
roots generally extend pretty far, and the earth fhould
be rich and light. The degree of heat with which
thefe plants thrive beft, is much the fame with the
Anana, or Pine Apple, in which I have had many of
thefe plants produce their fruit in perfeftion, and they
were near twenty feet high.
The moft fure method to have thefe plants fruit in
England is, after they have grown for fome time in
pots, fo as to have made good roots, to fhake them
out of the pots with the ball of earth to their roots,
' and ’plant them into the tan-bed in the ftove, obierv-
ing to lay a little old tan near their roots for their
fibres to ftrike into, and in a few months the roots of
thefe plants will extend themfelves many feet each
way in the bark •, and thefe plants will thrive a great
deal falter than thofe which are confined in pots, or
tubs. When the bark-bed wants to be renewed with
frefh tan, there fhould be great care taken of the
roots of thefe plants, not to cut or break them, as al-
fo to leave a large quantity of the old tan about them,
becaufe if the new tan is laid too near them, it will
fcorch their roots, and injure them : thefe plants
muft be plentifully fupplied with water, otherwife
they will not thrive •, in winter they fhould be water-
ed twice a week, giving at leaft two quarts to each
plant, but in fummer they muft be watered every
other day, and double the quantity given to them
each time. If the plants pulli out their fiower-ftems
in the fpring, there will be hopes of their perfecting
their fruit ; but when they come out late in the year,
the plants will fometimes decay before the fruit is
ripe. The ftoves in which thele plants are placed
fhould be at leaft twenty feet in height, otherwife
there will not be room for their leaves to expand ;
for when the plants are in vigour, the leaves are of-
ten eight feet in length, and two feet broad : fo that
if the Items grow to be fourteen feet to the divi-
sion of the leaves, and the houfe is not twenty
feet high, the leaves will be cramped, which will
-retard the growth of the plants ; befides, when the
leaves are bent againft the glafs, there v/ill be dan-
ger of their breaking them, when they are growing
vigoroufly •, for I have had in one night the Items of
M U S
fuch bent leaves force through the glafs, and by the
next morning advanced two or three inches above*
the glafs.
I have feen fome bunches of fruit of the firft fort,
which were upwards of forty pounds weight, and per-
fectly ripe in England ; but this is notfo good a fruit,
as to tempt any -perfon to be at the expence of raffing
them in England. The fecond fort is preferred to the
firft, for the flavour of its fruit, in all thofe hot coun-
tries v/here thefe plants abound : the bunches of thefe
are not near fo large as thofe of the firft fort, nor are
the Angle fruit near fo long ; thefe change to a deeper
yellow colour as they ripen, but their tafter is fome-
what like that of meally Figs. Some perfons who have
refided in the Weft-Indies, having eaten fome of
thefe fruit which were produced in England, and
thought them little inferior to thofe which grew in
America ; and I imagine, that the inhabitants of
thofe countries would notefteem thefe fruits fo much,
had they variety of other forts •, but, for want of
better, they eat many kinds of fruit, which would
not be valued in Europe, could they be obtained in
perfe&ion.
MU S CARI. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 347. tab. 180.
Muft, or Grape Hyacinth, vulgo.
The Characters are,
Floe flower has no emp element . It hath one oval pitcher-
floaped petal , which is reflexed at the brim. It hath three
nedlarums on the top ofl the germen , and fix awl-Jhaped
flamina which are Jhorter than the petal , whofle fummits
join together , and in the center is fltuated a round! fo
three-cornered germen , Jupporting a Jingle ftyle , crowned
by an obtufe ftigma. Fhe germen afterward turns to a
roundijh three-cornered capfuls , having three cells , filled
with roundifo feeds .
Dr. Linnaeus has joined this genus to the Hyacinth,
which is placed in the firft fedtion of his fixth clafs,
which contains the plants whofe flowers have fix fta-
mina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Muscari {Bo try aide) corollis globofis uniformibus,
foliis canaliculato-cylindricis ftridiis. , Mufcari with uni-
form globular petals , and cylindrical gut ter-Jh aped leaves.
Mulcari arvenfe, juncifolium, caeruleum, minus.
Tourn. Inft. 348. Smaller blue Field Mufcary , with
Rufh leaves , commonly called Grape Hyacinth.
2. Muscari ( Comofus ) corollis angulato-cylindricis, fum-
mis fterilibus longius pedicellatis. Mufcari with angu-
lar cylindrical petals , which on the top of the fpike are
barren , and have longer foot-flalks. Mufcari arvenfe,
latifolium, purpuralcens. Tourn. Inft. 347. Bread-
leaved, purple, Field Mufcari , commonly called Fair-haired
Hyacinth
3. Muscari ( Racemofus ) corollis ovatis, fummis feffili-
bus foliis laxis. Mufcari with oval petals. Mufcari
obfoletiore flore. Cluf. Hift. 1. p. 178. Mufcari with
an cbfolete flower , commonly called Mufk Hyacinth.
4. Muscari ( Monfir of us ) corollis fubovatis. Mufcari
with almofl oval corolla. Hyacinthus panieula cceru-
lea. C. B. P. 42. Blue paniculated Hyadnth, called Fea-
thered Hyacinth,
5. Muscari ( Orchioide ) corollis fexpartitis, petalis tri-
bus exterioribus brevicribus. Mufcari with petals which
are cut into fix parts. Hyacinthus orchioides Africa-
nus major bifolius maculatus, flore fulphureo, obfo-
leto majore. Breyn. Prod. 3, 24. Greater African Hy-
acinth , refembling Orchis , with two fpetied leaves , and
a larger , obfolete , fulphur- coloured flower.
The firft fort grows naturally in the vineyards • and
arable fields in France, Italy, and Germany, and
where it is once planted in a garden, it is not eafily
rooted out, for the roots multiply greatly, and if
they are permitted to fcatter their feeds, the ground
will be filled with the roots. There are three varieties
of this, one with blue, another with white, and a third
with Afh-coloured flowers : the firft fort hath a final],
round, bulbous root, from which come out many
leaves about fix inches long, which are narrow, and
their edges are incurved, lo as to be fhaped like a
gutter : between thefe arife the flower-ftalk, which
• 42 *
ts
is naked, and toward the top garrafhed with a clofe j
fpike of blue flowers, fhaped like pitchers, fitting
very clofe to the ftalk ; thefe fmell like frefti ftarch,
or the Irenes of Plumbs which are frefti. They
flower in April, and the feeds ripen the latter enc
of June.
1'he fecond fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
gal, from whence I have received both roots anc
feeds j this hath a bulbous root as large as a middling
Onion, from which come out five or fix leaves a foot
long, and three quarters of an inch broad at their
bale, diminifhing gradually to a point. The flower-
ilalk riles about a foot high, the lower half naked,
but the upper is garnilhed with cylindrical, angular,
purple flowers, Handing upon foot-ftalks half an inch
long ; thefe grow horizontally, but the ftalk is ter-
minated by a tuft of flowers whofe petals are oval,
and have neither germen or ftyle, fo are barren. This
fort flowers the latter end of April, or the beginning
of May; there is a variety of this with white, and
another with blue flowers, but the purple is the moll:
common.
The third fort hath pretty large, oval, bulbous roots,
from which arife feveral leaves, which are about eight
or nine inches long, and half an inch broad ; they
are incurved a little on their fides, and end in obtufe
points ; thefe embrace each other at their bafe ; out
of the middle of thefe, the ftalk which fuftains the
flowers arifes ; they are naked below, but their upper
parts are garniflied with fmall flowers growing in a
fpike •, thefe have oval pitcher-lhaped petals, which
are reflexed at their brim, and are of an Alh-coloured
purple, or obfolete colour, feeming as if faded, but
have an agreeable mulky feent : thefe ftalks do not
rife more than fix inches high, fo the flowers make
no great appearance; but where they are in fome quan-
tity, they will perfume the air to a confiderable dis-
tance. This fort flowers in April, and the feeds ripen
in July.
Of this there are two varieties, one of which has the
fame coloured flowers with this here enumerated, on
the lower part of the fpike, but they are larger, and
have more of the purple Call, but the flowers on the
upper part of the fpike are yellow, and have a very
grateful odour. The Dutch gardeners title it Tib-
cadi Mufcari. As this is fuppofed to be only a femi-
nal variety of the third, I have not enumerated it as
diftind. There is another variety of this with very
large yellow flowers, that has been lately raifed from
feeds in Holland, which the florifts there left for a
guinea a root.
The fourth fort hath a large bulbous root, from
which come out feveral plain leaves a foot long, and
about half an inch broad at their bafe; they are
fmooth, and end in obtufe points. The flower-ftalks
rife near a foot and a half high ; they are naked at
the bottom for about feven or eight inches, above
which the panicles of flowers begin, and terminate
the ftalks. The flowers ftand upon foot-ftalks
which are more than an inch long, each fuftaining
three, four, or five flowers, whofe petals are cut in-
to flender filaments like hairs ; they are of a purplifh
blue colour, and have neither ftamina or germen,
fo do never produce feeds. It flowers in May, and,
after the flowers are .paft, the ftalks and leaves
decay to the root, and new ones arife the following
Ipting.
The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence I received the feeds, which fuc-
ceeded in the Chelfea garden, where the plants have
flowered for feveral years paft ; this hath a fmall,
white, bulbous root, about the flze of a Hazel nut,
from which comes out generally but two, (though
fometimes when the roots are ftrong) three leaves,
which are five or fix inches long, and one inch and a
half broad in the middle, ending in obtufe points ;
thefe are of a lucid green, and have many fpots, or
protuberances on their upper furface. The flower-
italk riles between them to the height of fix or feven
inches ; it is round, fmooth, and naked for three inches
M U S
high oi more, and is terminated by a fpike of flowers,
vouch are of a pale fulphur colour ; thefe have no
foot-ftalks ; they have one petal, which is of an irre-
gular figure, and cut at the top into fix parts. The
ftamina are almoft _ equal with the petal, and ftand
round the ftyle, which is of the fame length. The
flowers appear in March, but arefeldom fucceeded by
good feeds here. J
The four firft forts are very hardy, fo will thrive in
tne open air, and require no other culture than any
other hardy bulbous-rooted flower ; which is, to take
up their roots every fecond or third year to feparate
their bulbs, for as fome of the forts multiply pretty
faft, fo when they are become large bunches, they do
not flower fo ftrong as when they are Angle : the bell
time to take them out of the ground, is foon after
their ftalks and leaves are decayed ; then they fhould
be fpread on a mat, in a dry fhady room for a fort-
night to dry, after which they may be kept in boxes
like other bulbous roots, till Michaelmas, when they
may be planted again in the borders of the flower-
garden, and treated in the fame way as the common
hardy kinds of Hyacinths.
The firft fort fhould not be admitted into the flower-
garden, becaufe the roots will propagate fo faft, as to
become a troublefome weed there.
The fecond fort has but little beauty, fo a few of
thefe only fhould be allowed a place merely for the
fake of variety ; this is fo hardy, as to thrive in
any foil or lituation.
The third fort merits a place for the extreme fweet-
nefs of its flowers, but efpecially that variety of it
with yellow flowers, called Tibcady.
The fourth fort may alfo be allowed to have place in
the common borders of the pleafure-garden, where
they will add to the variety, and are by no means to
be defpifed.
They are all eafily propagated by offsets, which moll
of their roots fend out in pretty great plenty, lb that
there is little occafion for lowing of their feeds, unlefti
it be to gain fome new varieties.
The fifth fort is too tender to thrive in the open air in
England, fo the roots muff be planted in fmall pots,
filled with light rich earth ; and in the autumn they
fhould be placed under a hot bed-frame, where they
may be proteded from froft, but fhould have as
much free air as poffible in mild weather ; for when
thefe are placed in a green-houfe, their leaves are
drawn long and narrow, and the flower-ftalks are ge-
nerally weak, fo never flower fo well as when they have
plenty of free air. Thefe flowers will continue a
month where they are not drawn, but will decay in
half that time in a green-houfe.
Thefe roots fhould be tranfplanted in July, when
their ftalks and leaves are decayed, and fhould be
placed in the open air during the fummer feafon, but
fhould have very little water when their leaves are
decayed.
MUSCIPULA. See Silene.
MUSCOSE, MUSCOSUS, Moffy, orabound-
ing with Mofs.
MUSCOSITY, Moffinefs.
MUSCUS, Mofs.
Thefe, though formerly fuppofed to be only ex-
crefcences produced from the earth, trees, &c. yet
are no lefs perfed plants than thofe of greater mag-
nitude, having roots, branches, flowers, and feeds,
but yet cannot be propagated from the latter by any
art.
The botanifts diftinguifh thefe into feveral genera,
under each of which are feveral fpecies ; but as they
are plants of no ufe or beauty, it would be to little
purpofe to enumerate them in this place.
Thefe plants chiefly flourifii in cold countries, and
in the winter feafon, and are many times very inju-
rious to fruit-trees, which grow upon cold barren
foils, or where they are fo clofe planted as to exclude
the free accefs of air. The only remedy in fuch
cafes is to cut down part of the trees, and plough up
the ground between thofe left remaining : and in the
' Spring
fpring of the year, in moitt weather, you mould,
v/ith an iron instrument made a little hollow, the bet-
ter to furrounc the branches of the trees, fcrape off
the Mofs, carrying it off the place ; and by two or
three times thus cleanfmg them, together with care-
fully ftirring the ground, it may be entirely deftroyed
from the /trees ; but if you do not cut down part of
the trees, and ftir the ground well, the rubbing off
the Mofs will fignify little ; for the caufe not being
removed, the effeCt will not ceafe, but the Mofs will
in a fhort time be as troublefome as ever.
MUSHROOMS are, by many perfons, fuppofed
to be produced from the putrefaction of the dung,
earth, &c. in which they are found •, but notwith-
ftanding this notion is pretty generally received
amongft: the unthinking part of mankind, yet by the
curious naturalifts, they are efteemed perfeCt plants,
though their flowers and feeds have not as yet been
perfectly difcovered. But fince they may, and are
annually propagated by the gardeners near London,
and are (the efculent fort of them) greatly efteemed
by moft curious palates, I fh all briefly fet down the
method pradtifed by the gardeners who cultivate them
for fale.
But firft, it will not be improper to give a fhort de-
fcription of the true eatable kind, fince there are fe-
veral unwholfome forts, which have been by unfkilful
perfons gathered for the table.
The true Champignon, or Mufhroom, appears at firft
of a roundilh form, like a button ; the upper part of
which, as alfo the ftalk, is very white ; but being
opened, the under part is of a livid fleih colour, but
the flefliy part when broken is very white •, when
thefe are fuffered to remain undiiturbed, they will
grow to a large fize, and explicate theml'elves almoft
to a flatnefs, and the red part underneath will change
to a dark colour.
In order to cultivate them, if you have no beds in
your own, or in neighbouring gardens, which pro-
duce them, you fhould look abroad in rich paftures,
during the months of Auguft and September, until
you find them (that being the feafon when they are
naturally produced ;) then you fhould open the
Aground about the roots of the Mufhrooms, where
you will find the earth, very often, full of ftnall white
knobs, which are the offsets, or young Mufhrooms ;
thefe fhould be carefully gathered, preferving them in
lumps with the earth about them : but as this fpawn
cannot be found in the pafture, except at the feafon
when the Mufhrooms are naturally produced, you
may probably find fome in old dunghills, efpecially
where there has been much litter amongft it, and the
wet hath not penetrated it to rot it ; as like wife, by
fearching old hot-beds, it may be often found ; for
this fpawn has the appearance of a white mould, fhoot-
ing out in long firings, by which it may be eafily
known wherever it is met with : or this may be pro-
cured by mixing fome long dung from the liable,
which has not been thrown on a heap to ferment ;
which being mixed with ftrong earth, and put under
cover to prevent wet getting to it, the more the air
is excluded from it, the fooner the fpawn will appear ;
but this muft not be laid fo clofe together as to heat,
for that will deftroy the fpawn : in about two months
after the fpawn will appear, efpecially if the heap is
clofeiy covered with old thatch, or fuch litter as hath
lain long abroad, fo as not to ferment, then the beds
may be prepared to receive the fpawn : thele beds
fhould be made of dung, in which there is good ftore
of litter, but this fhould not be thrown on a heap to
ferment ; that dung which hath lain fpread abroad
for a month or longer, is beft. Thefe beds fhould be
made on dry ground, and the dung laid upon the
furface ; the width of thefe beds at bottom fhould be
about two feet and a half or three feet, the length in
proportion to the quantity of Mufhrooms deflred ;
then lay the dung about a foot thick, covering it
about four inches with ftrong earth. Upon this lay
more dung, about ten inches thick ; then another
layer of earth, flill drawling in the Tides of the bed, fo
as to rorm it like die ridge. of a houfe, which may Be*
done by three layers of dung and as many of earth;
When the bed is flnifhed k fhould - be covered with
litter or old thatch,
to keep out wet, as alfo to pre-
vent its drying ; in this fituation it may remain eight
or ten days, by which time the bed will be in a pro-
per temperature of warmth to receive the ipawn ; for
there fhould be only a moderate warmth in it, great
heat deflroying the ffav/n, as will alfo wet'; therefore
when the ipawn is found, it fhould always be kept-
dry until it is uled, for the drier it is, the better it
will take in ■ he bed ; for I had a parcel of. this fpawn,
which had Jain near the oven of a ftove upward of
four months, and was become fo dry, that I de*
fpaired of its fuccefs ; but I never have yet feen
any which produced fo foon, nor in fo great quantity
as this.
The bed being in a proper temperature for the fpawn,
the covering of litter fhould be taken off, and the
fides of the bed fmoothed ; then a covering of light
rich earth about an inch thick fhould be kid all over
the bed, but this fhould not be wet ; upon this the
fpawn fhould be thrilfl, laying the lumps four or five
inches afunder ; then gently cover this with the fame
light earth above half an inch thick, and put the
covering of litter over the bed, laying it fo thick as
to keep out wet, and prevent the bed from drying :
when thefe beds are made in the fpring or autumn,
as the weather is in thofe feafons temperate, fo the
fpawn will then take much fooner, and the Mufhrooms
will appear perhaps in a month after making •, but
thofe beds which are made in fummer, when the fea-
fon is hot, or in winter, when the weather is cold, are
much longer before they produce.
The great fkill in managing of thefe beds is* that of
keeping them in a proper temperature of rrioiflure,
never fuffering them to receive too much wet : during
the fummer feafon the beds may be uncovered, to re-
ceive gentle fhowers of rain at proper times ; and in
long dry feafons the beds fhould be now and then
gently .watered, but by no means fuffer much wet to
come to them ; during the winter feafon they muft be
kept as dry as poffible, and fo clofeiy covered as to
keep out cold. In frofty or very cold weather, if
fome warm fitter fhaken out of a dung heap is laid
on, it will promote the growth of the Mufhrooms ;
but this muft not be laid next the bed, but a covering
of dry litter between the bed and this warm litter 5
and as often as the litter is found to decay, it fhould
be renewed with frefh ; and as the cold increafes, the
covering fhould be laid fo much thicker. If thefe
tilings are obferved, there may be plenty of Mufti-
rooms produced all the year ; and thefe produced
in beds* are much' better for the table than any of
thofe which are gathered in the fields.
A bed thus managed, if the fpawn takes kindly, will
continue good for feveral months, and produce great
quantities of Mufhrooms ; from thefe beds when they
are deftroyed, you fhould take the fpawn for ' a frefh
fupply, which may be laic! up in a dry place until the
proper feafon of u'fing it, which fhould not be fooner
than five or fix weeks, that the fpawn may have time
to dry before it is put into the bed, otherwife it will
not fucceed well.
Sometimes it happens, that beds thus made do not
produce any Muffrooms till they have lain five or fix
months, fo that thefe beds fhould not be deftroyed,
though they fhould not at firft anfwer expectation ;
for I have frequently known thefe to have produced
great quantities of Mufhrooms afterward, and have
continued a long time in perfection.
MUSTARD. See Sinapi.
MYAGRUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H, 2 1 1. tab. 99,
Lin. Gen. Plant. 713. Gold of jPleafure.
The Characters are,
I The empalement of the flower is compofed of four oblongs
oval, coloured leaves , which fall off. The flower hath
four roundifh obtufe petals , placed in form of 'a crofs .
It hath fix Jlamina the length of the petals, four of which
are a little longer than the other , terminated bp Jingle fern-
M Y A
mils. In the tenter is Jituated an oval gey-men , Supporting
fender Jlyle , crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The gCrmen,
afterward becomes a turbinated , heart-fmped, port pod,\
having two valves with a rigid jlyle on the top , inclojing
roundip feeds. ...
This genus of plants is ranged in the fiidf feftion of ;
Linnaeus’s fifteenth elafs, which contains the plants
whole flowers have four long and two fhorter ftamina,
and the feeds are inclofed in Abort final! pods.
The Species ' are,
1. Myagrum ( Sativum ) filiculis ovatis, pedunculatis
polyfpermis. Hort. Cliff. 328. Myagrum with oval
pods having foot-jialks , inclofing fever al feeds. Alyffon fe~
getum foliis auricuiatis acutis. Tourn. Inft:. R. H.
Corn Madwort with eared acute-pointed leaves , commonly
called Gold of Pleafure.
2. Myagrum ( Alyjjum ) filiculis cordatis pedunculatis
polyfpermis, foliis denticulatis obtufis. Myagrum with
beart-JJoaped pods (landing upon foot-jialks , having
•many feeds and indented leaves. Alyffon fegetum fo-
. liis auricuiatis acutis frufttu majori. Tourn. Inft.
217. Corn Madwort , with acute-eared leaves and a
larger fruit.
3. Myagrum ( Rugofum ) filiculis globofis compreffis
punftato-rugofis. Hort. Cliff. 328. Myagnm with
globular, comprejj'ed , fmall pods , hiding rough punElures.
Rapfftrum arvenfe, folio auriculato acuto. Tourn.
Inft. 2 1 1 . Field Charlock with an acute-eared leaf.
4. Myagrum {jPerenne ) filiculis biarticul'atis difpermis,
foliis oxtroriuin finuatis denticulatis. Hort. Upfal.
182. Myagrum with port pods , having two joints and
■ two feeds, and outer leaves which are finuated and in-
dented. Rapiftrum monoiperrnurn. C. B. P. 95. One-
feeded Charlock.
5. Myagrum ( Perfoliatum ) filiculis obcordatis fubfef-
fiiibus, foliis amplexicaulibus. Plort. Upfal. 182.
Myagrum with fmall heart-pqped pods fitting clofe to the
fialk , and the leaves embracing it. Myagrum mono-
fpermum latifolium. C. B. P. 109. Broad-leaved Mya-
grum having one feed in a pod.
The fir ft fort groves naturally in Corn fields in the
fouth of France and Italy •, I have alfo found it grow-
ing in the Corn in Eafthamfted-park, the feat of
William Trumbull, Efq-, but it is not common in this
country, ft is an annual plant, with an upright ftalk
about a foot and a half high, fending out two or four
fide branches toward the top, which grow eredl ; they
are ftnooth, and have a fungous pith ; the lower
leaves are from three to four inches long, of a pale
or yellowifh green, and are eared at their bafe ; thofe
upon the ftalk s diminifla in their fize all the way up,
and are entire, and altnoft embrace the ftalks with
their bale. The flowers grow in loofe fpikes at the
end of the branches, {landing upon foot-ftalks an
inch long •, they are compofed of four fmall yellow-
ifli petals, placed in form of a crofs •, thefe are fuc-
ceeded by oval capftules, which are bordered, and
crowned at the top with the ftyle of the flower, hav-
ing two cells, which are filled with red feeds.
The iecond fort is alfo an annual plant, and differs
from the firft in having a taller ftalk •, the leaves are
much longer, narrower, and are regularly indented
on their edges, ending in obtufe points. The flowers
are larger, but of the fame form and colour ; the cap-
fules are much larger, and are ftiapcd like a heart.
Both thefe plants flower in J une and July, and their
feeds ripen in September.
The third fort grows naturally on the borders of ara-
ble fields, in the lbuth of France and Italy. This is
tai annual plant, whofe lower leaves are five or fix
inches long 5 they are hairy and iucculent j their bafe
its eared, 1 and, they end in acute points. The ftalks
rife afoot and a half high, they are brittle and hairy,
branching' exit toward the top like the two former, and
ate terminated, by ftiort loofe . fpikes of fmall pale
flowers, which are fucceeded by fmall, rough, round-
iffecapifeie-x, comprefted at the top. It flowers in
Jtiiyhai id the feeds.ripen in autumn.
The fourth .fort.. grows naturally amongft the Corn,
■ in France and Germany, This is alio an annual
M Y O
plant,; the lower leaves are large, jagged, and hairv *
the ftalks branch out. from the bottom, and .are q-ar-
nifned with leaves about four inches long and two
broad • they are hairy, and unequally jagged, The
ftalks are terminated by very bug loofe Hikes of yel-
low flowers, which are fucceeded byefhort pods with
two joints, each including one roundilh feed. It
flowers about the fame time with the former.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and Italy; this hath a Smooth branching ftalk upward
of two feet high ; the lower leaves are five or fix
inches long, ftnooth, fucculent, and a little indent-
ed ; the pipper leaves almoft embrace the ftalks with
their bale. The flowers are produced in long loofe
fpikes, which are yellow, and fit clofe to the' ftalk ;
thefe are fucceeded by heart- Ihaped compreffed pods*
divided into two cells by a longitudinal partition,
each containing one roundilh feed. It flowers at the
fame time with the former.
II the feeds of all thefe plants are permitted to fcatter
in the autumn, the plants will rife without any care,
and only require to be thinned and kept clean from
weeds. Thefe autumnal plants will always ripen their
feeds, whereas thofe which are fown in the fpring
fometimes fail.
M Y O S 0 1. I S. Dill. Gen. 3. Lin. Gen. 1S0. Moufe-
ear.
The Characters are.
The flower hath an oblong , ercbl, permanent empalement,
cut into five points ; the flower is falver-paped, having
a Jhort cylindrical tube, cut into five obtufe fegments at
the brim ; the chaps are do fie cl by five fimall J cates which
join, and are prominent. It hath five port ftamina in the
neck oft the tube, terminated by fmall jummits and four
germen fug porting a fender jlyle the length of the tube ,
crowned by an obtufe jligma ; the germina afterward be-
come four oval feeds inclofed in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feclion of
Linnsus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flower having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Myosotis ( Virginica ) feminibus aculeatis glochidi-
bus, foliis ovato-oblongis, ramis divaricatis. Lin. Sp.
189. Moufe-ear with prickly feeds, oblong oval leaves,
and divaricated branches. Cynogloffum Virginianum,
flore & fruftu minimo. Mor. Hill. 3. tab. 30. fob
9. Virginian Hound’s -tongue, with fmall flowers and feeds.
2. Myosotis [Lappula ) feminibus aculeis glochidibus,
foliis lanceolatis pilolis. Flor. Suec. 1 50. Moufe-ear
with prickly feeds, and hairy ftp ear-fio aped leaves. Cyno-
gloffum minus. C. B. P. 257. Smaller Hound’ s-tongue.
3. Myosotis ( Apula ) feminibus nudis, foliis hifpidis,
racemis foliolis. Lin. Sp. 189. Moufe-ear with naked
feeds , flinging leaves, and leafy branches. Echium In-
terim minimum. C. B. P. 254. The leaf yellow Vi-
per’s Buglofs.
There are one or two other fpecies of this genus
which grow naturally in England, lb are rarely admit-
ted into gardens, therefore are omitted here : and
thofe here enumerated are feldom cultivated except in
botanic gardens, being plants of little beauty or ufe.
Thofe perfons who are delirous of keeping them,
Ihould fow their feeds in the autumn, upon an open
bed or border of light earth, and in the fpring thin
the plants where they are too clofe, and keep them
clean from weeds, which is all the culture they re-
quire ; and if their feeds are permitted to fcatter, the
Diants will rife withour farther trouble.
M Y O S U RTJ S, Moufe-tail.
This plant is very near a-kin to the Ranunculus, in
which genus it is ranged by feme botanifts; the
flowers are extremely fmall, and are fucceeded by
long llender fpikes of feeds, refembling the tail of
a moufe, from whence it had the name. It grows
wild upon moift grounds in divers parts of Eng-
land, where it flowers the latter end of April ; and
the feeds ripen in a month after, when the plants de-
cay, being annual. It is rarely cultivated in gardens,
fo I lhall not trouble the reader with any further ac-
count of it.
MYRICA.
M Y R M Y R
M Y R I C A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 981. Gale. Tourn, Act.
Reg. Scien. 1706. The Candleberry Myrtle, Gale, or
Sweet Willow ; by fome Myrtus Brabantica, or
Dutch Myrtle ; in French, Piment Rcyal.
The Characters are,
Phe male flowers are upon different plants from the fe-
male 4 the male flowers are produced in a loofie, oblongs
oval hat kin , imbricated on every fide ; under each fcale is
filiated one moon-fhaped flower, having no petal , but hath
four or fix jhort Jlender ftamina, terminated by large twin
fummits , whofe lobes are bifid . The female flowers have
neither petal or ftamina , blit an oval germen fupporting
two Jlender flyles , crowned by Jingle fligmas. P he germen
afterward becomes a berry with one cell, inclofmg a Jingle ,
feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth feblion
of Linnaeus’s twenty-fecond clafs, which includes
the plants whofe male dowers' have four ftamina, and
are upon different plants from the fruit.
The Species are,
1. Myrica {Gale) foliis lanceolatis fubferratis, caule j
fruticofo. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1024. Myrica with fpear- j
Jh aped f awed leaves and a fhrubby ftalk. Gale frutex
odoratus feptentrionalium. J. B. 1. p. 2. 225. Nor-
thern, fhrubby , fweet Gale , fweet Willow , Butch Myrtle ,
o r Ga le ,
2. Myrica ( Cerifera ) foliis lanceolatis fubferratis, caule
arborefeente. Kalm. Myrica with fpear-Jhaped leaves , j
and a Jhrubby ftalk . Myrtus Brabantica fimilis Caro- j
iinienfis baccifera, frudtu racemofo feffili monopyre- I
no. Pluk Phyt. tab. 48. fol. 9. Carolina Myrtle like J
'that of the Butch , with berries growing in bunches , and
fitting clofe to the flalks , commonly called Candleberry
Myrtle.
3. Myrica ( Carolinienfis ) foliis. lanceolatis ferratis, cau- j
lefoffruticofa. Myrica with fpear -floated Jawed leaves , J
and a. fhrubby ftalk. Myrtus Brabanticae fimilis Caro-
linienfis humilior, foliis latioribus & magis ferratis. I
Yatefb. Car. vol. i. p. 13. Lower Carolina Myrtle , or J
Candleberry -tree refembling that oj Brabant , having
broader leaves which tire more flawed.
4. Myrica ( Ajplenifolia ) foliis oblongis alternarim fi-
nuatis. Hort. Cliff. 4 5 6. Myrica with oblong oval J
leaves, which are alternately Jmuated. Gale Mariana
Afplenii folio. Pet. Muf. 773. Maryland Gale with a
Spleenwort leaf. I
5. Myrica (fluerlfolia) foliis oblongis oppofite finuatis
glabris. Myrica with oblong Jmooth leaves , which are I
oppojitely firnuated. Laurus Africana minor, folio quer- I
cits. Hort. Amft. 2. p. 161. Smaller African Bay with
an Oak leaf. j
6. Myrica ( Hirfuta ) foliis oblongis oppofite finuatis j
hirfutis. Myrica with oblong hairy leaves, which are op-
pojitely fmuated.
7. Myrica ( Cardifolia ) foliis fubcordatis ferratis feffili-
bus. Hort. Cliff 456. Myrica with Jawed leaves which J
are almoft hear tjh aped, arid fit clofe to the ftalk. Gale
Capenfis, iiicis cocciferm folio. Pet. Muf. 774. Gale\
from the Cape , with a leaf like the Kermes Oak.
Tho fir It fort grows naturally upon bogs in many
V parts of England, particularly in the northern and
weftern counties, as alfo in Wmdfor-park, and near
Tunbridge-wells. This riles with many fhrubby
Italics near four feet high, which divide into feveral j
ilender branches, garnilhed with ftiff fpear-lhaped
leaves, about an inch and a half long, and half an
inch broad in the middle; they are of a light or yel- j
lowifh green, fmooth, and a little fawed at their j
points, and emit a fragrant odour when bruifed •, they I
ate piaccd alternately on their branches. The male j
flowers or katkins are produced Irons the fide of the J
branches, growing upon leparate plants from the fe-
male, which arefucceeded by duffers offmall berries,
each haying a fingle feed. It flowers in July, and
the feeds, ripen in autumn.
f he leaves of this fhrub has been by feme per ons
gathered and ufed for Tea, but it is generally fup-
pofed to be hurtful to the brain ; but from this ufe
of it, a learned phyfician a few years fince, wrote a
treatife to prove this to be the true Tea, in which
he has only (hewn his want of knowledge in thefe
things.
It grows naturally in bogs, fo cannot be made to
thrive on dry land, for which reafon it is feldom pre-
ferved in gardens.
The fecond fort grows naturally in North America,
where the inhabitants get a fort of green wax froni
the berries, which they make into candles. The me-
thod of collecting and preparing this, is deferibed by
Mr. Catefhy, in his Hiftory of Carolina.
This grows naturally in bogs and fwampy lands, where
it riles with many ftrong fhrubby ftalks eight or ten
feet high, fending out feveral branches, garnilhed
with ftiff ipear-lha,ped leaves near three inches long,
and one broad in the middle ; they are fmooth and
entire, having fcarce any foot-ftalks, of a yellowiffi
lucid green on their upper fide, but paler on their un-
der, (landing alternately, and pretty clofe to the
branches ; thefe have a very grateful odour when
bruifed. The katkins come out upon different plants
from the berries j thefe are about an inch long, ftand-
ing ereCt. The female flowers come out on the fide
of the branches in longifh bunches, which are flicceed-
ed by fmall roundifh berries, covered with a fort of
meal. This fhrub delights in a moift foft foil, in
which it thrives extremely well, and lives in the open
air without any protection.
The third fort grows naturally in Carolina •, this doth
not rife fo high as the former, the branches are not
lb ftrong, and they have a grayifh bark ; the ieaves
are fiiorter, broader, and are fawed on their edges,
but in other refpe&s is like the fecond fort; the ber-
ries of this are alfo collected for the fame purpofe.>
Thefe forts are propagated by feeds, which ftiould
be fown in the autumn, and then the plants will
come up the following fpring ; but if the feeds are .
kept out of the ground till the fpring, they feldom
grow till the year after. Thefe plants will require
water ip dry weather, and fhould be fereened from
frofts while young, but when they have obtained
ftrength, they will refill the cold of this country very
well.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Philadelphia,
from whence many of the plants have been brought
to England, and thofe which have been planted
on a moift foil have thriven very well ; fome of thefe
creep at their roots, and fend up fuckers plentifully,
in the fame manner as in their native foil.
This riles with Ilender fhrubby ftalks near three feet
high, which are hairy, and divide into feveral (lender
branches, which are garnilhed with leaves from three
to four inches long, and half an inch broad ; they are
alternately indented almoft to the midrib, and have a
great refemblance to thofe of Spleenwort ; they are of
a dark green, hairy on their under fide, and fit clofe
to the ftalks. The male flowers or katkins come out
on the fide of the branches between the leaves ;
thefe are oval, and Hand ereCt. I have not feen any
of thefe plants in fruit, fo I can give no defeription
of it.
This fort may be propagated by fuckers, which are
fent out from the roots when it is planted in a loofe
moift foil, and will endure the cold full as well as the
two former forts.
The fifth and fixth forts grow naturally at the Cape
of Good Hope ; thefe only differ from each other, in
one having very fmooth fhining leaves, and thofe of
the other hairy. I do not know if they are really dif-
ferent fpecies, but as I received them from Holland
as fuch, and the plants ftill retaining their difference,
fo I have enumerated them both.
Thele rife with fhrubby (lender ftalks about four
feet high, which divide into fmaller branches, which,
in one fort are fmooth, and in the other they are
hairy ; thefe are clofely garnilhed with leaves about an.
inch and a half long, and almoft an inch broad; fome
having two, others three, deep indentures on their
fides, which are oppofite ; in one fort they are fmooth
and fhining, and in the other they are hairy, and of a
darker green; they fit clofe to the branches, and
end
425
€fid In obtufe points which are indented : between the
leaves come out fome oval katkins, which drop off*
fo that all the plants which I have feen have been
male* therefore I can give no account of the fruit.
Thefe retain their leaves all the year, but are too ten-
der to live through the winter in the open air in Eng-
land, fo muft be placed in the green-houfe in winter.
As thefe do not produce feeds here, fo .they are pro-
pagated by layers, but they do not take root very
freely, fo that the plants are not very common in Eu-
rope at prefent •, for I do not find that the cuttings of
thefe plants will eafily take root, having made Seve-
ral trials of them in all the different methods ; nor
have the Dutch gardeners had better fuccefs, fo that
the plants are as fcarce there as in England.
When the layers are laid down, that part of the
ffioot which is laid fhould be tongued at a joint, as is
pradifed in laying of Carnations and the young
(hoots only fhould be chofen for this purpofe, for
the old branches will not put out roots. Thefe layers
are often two years before they will have taken root
enough to tranfplant, for they (houkl not be fepa-
rated from the old plants till they have made good
roots, becaufe they are very fubjed to mifcarry if they
are not well rooted.
When they are taken off from the old plants, they
fhould be each put into a feparate fmall pot, filled
with foft, rich, loamy earth ■, and if they are placed
under a common frame, fhading them from the fun
in the middle of the day, it will forward their taking
new root * then they may be placed in a fheltered fi-
iuation during the fummer, and in the autumn re-
moved into the green-houfe, and treated in the fame
way as other plants from the fame country. The belt
fealon for laying down the branches, I have obferved
to be in July, and by the fame time the following
year they have been fit to remove.
The feventh fort is a native of the Cape of Good
Hope * this hath a weak fhrubby ftalk which rifes
five or fix feet high, fending out many long {lender
branches, which are ' clofely garnifhed their whole
length with fmall heart-fhaped leaves, which fit clofe
to the branches, and are {’lightly indented and waved
on their edges. The flowers come out between the
leaves in roundiffi bunches ; thefe are male in all the
the plants I have yet feen * they have an uncertain
number of ftamina, and a^e all included in one com-
mon fcaly' involucrum or cover. Thefe flowers ap-
pear in July, but make, no great appearance * the
leaves of this fort continue all the year green.
This is propagated in the fame way as the two for-
mer forts, and is difficult to increafe, fo is not com-
mon in the European gardens. It requires the fame
treatment as the two former forts.
MYRRXTIS. See CmERQPHYLLUM, Scandix, Sison.
MYRTUS. Tourn. Inft. R, IT. 640. tab. 409. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 543. Myrtle •, in French, Mirte.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf, cut into five
acute points at the top , is permanent , and fits on the
germen. The flower has five large oval petals which
are infer ted in the empalement , and a great number of
fmall ftamina which are alfo inferted in the empalement ,
terminated by fmall fummits. The germen is fitmied
under the flower , fupporting a fender flyle , crowned by
an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward turns to an
oval berry with three cells , crowned by the empalement ,
each cell containing one or two kidney-fhaped feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s twelfth clafs, in which is contained thofe
plants whofe flowers have about twenty ftamina and
one ftyle.
The Species are,
1 . Myrtus ( Communis ) foliis ovatis, peduncuiis longi-
oribus. Myrtle with oval leaves, and longer foot-ftalks to
the flowers. Myrtus latifolia Rornana. C. B. P. 468.
Broad-leaved Roman Myrtle , or common broad-leaved
Myrtle.
2. Myrtus ( Belgica ) foliis lanceolatis acuminatis. Myr-
tle with fpear-Jhaped acute-pointed leaves. Myrtus la-
tifolia Bel gica. C. B. P. 469. Broad-leaved Dutch
Myrtle,
3. Myrtus ( Acuta ) lanceolato-ovatis acutis. Myrtle
with fpear-Jhaped , oval , acute-pointed leaves. Myrtus
fylveftris, foliis acutiffimis. C. B. P. 469. Wild Myr-
tle with very acute-pointed leaves.
4. Myrtus {Beetle a) foliis ovato-lanceolatis confertis.
Myrtle with oval fpear-Jhaped leaves growing in clufters „
Myrtus latifolia Bostica 2 vel foliis laurinus, con-
fertim nafeentibus. C. B. P. 469. Second broad-leaved
Spanijh Myrtle , with Bay leaves growing in clufters , com-
monly called Orange-leaved Myrtle.
5. Myrtus {Italics) foliis ovato-lanceolatis acutis, ra-
nks eredioribus. Myrtle with oval, acute-pointed, fpear-
Jhaped leaves , and erett branches. Myrtus communis
Italica. C. B. P. 468. Common Italian Myrtle, called up-
right Myrtle.
6. Myrtus {Tarentina) foliis ovatis, baccis rotundio-
ribus. Myrtle with oval leaves and rounder berries.
Myrtus minor vulgaris. C. B. P. 469. Common- fmaller
Myrtle , called the Box-leaved Myrtle.
7. Myrtus {Minima) foliis lineari-lanceolatis acumina-
tis. Myrtle with linear , fpear-Jhaped , acute-pointed leaves.
Myrtus foliis minimis & mucronatis. C. B, P. 469.
Myrtle with the fmalleft Jharp-pointed leaves , commonly
called Rofemary-leaved Myrtle.
8. Myrtus ( Zeylanica ) peduncuiis multifloris, foliis
ovatis fubpetiolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 472. Myrtle with
many flowers on each foot-ftalk , and oval leaves having
floort foot-ftalks. Myrtus Zeylanica odoratiffima, bac-
cis niveis monococcis. IT. L. 434. Sweet flmelling Myr-
tle of Ceylon , with J how white berries containing one feed.
The firft fort is the common broad-leaved Myrtle,
which Is one of the hardieft kinds we . have. The
leaves of this are an inch and a half long, and one inch
broad, of a lucid green, {landing upon (horn foot-
ftalks. The flowers are larger than thofe of the other
forts, and come out from the fide of the branches, on
pretty long foot-ftalks * thefe are fucceeded by oval
berries of a dark purple colour, inclofing three or four
hard kidney-fhaped ieeds. It flowers in July and Au-
guft, and the berries ripen in winter. This fort is by
fome called the flowering Myrtle, becaufe it generally
has a greater quantity of flowers, and thofe are larger
than of any other fort.
The fecond fort has leaves much lefs than thofe of the
former, and are more pointed, Handing clofer toge-
ther on the branches •, the midrib on the under fide
of the leaves is of a purple colour, they are of a
darker green, and fit clofer to the branches. The
flowers are fmaller, and have ftiorter foot-ftalks than
thofe of the firft fort ; this flowers a little later in the
fummer, and feldom ripens its berries here.
The double flowering Myrtle I take to be a variety of
this, for the leaves and growth of the plant, the flze
of the flowers, and the time of flowering, agree bet-
ter with this than any of the other forts.
The third fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and in Italy y the leaves of this are much fmaller
than thofe of the fecond, being lefs than an inch long,
and not more than half an inch broad, of an o val fpear-
Ihape, ending in acute points, of a dull green, and fet
pretty clofe on the branches. The flowers are fmaller
than either of the former, and come out from the
wings of the leaves toward the end of the branches ;
the berries are fmall and oval.
The fourth fort hath a ftronger ftalk and branches
than either of the former forts, and rifes 10 a greater
height •, the leaves are oval, fpear-ffiaped, and are
placed in clufters round the branches •, theie are of a
dark green. The flowers are of a middling flze, and
come out fparingly from between the leaves ; the
berrries are oval, and fmaller than thofe of the firft
fort, but feldom ripens in England. The gardeners
call this the Orange-leaved Myrtle, and by fome it is
{tiled the Bay-leaved Myrtle. This fort is not fo
hardy as the former.
The fifth fort is the common Italian Myrtle ; this
hath oval fpear-ffiaped leaves, ending in acute points ;
the branches of this grow more ered? than thofe of ei-
ther
M Y R : ?■
ther of the former forts, as do aifo the leaves, from
whence it is called by the gardeners upright Myrtle.
The flowers of this loft are not large, and the petals
are marked with purple at their points, while they re-
main clofed •, the berries are fmall, oval, and of a pur-
ple colour. There is a variety of this with white ber-
ries, in which it only differs? from this •, and I believe
the Nutmeg Myrtle is only a variety of this, for I have
raifed feveral of the plants from feed, many of which
were fo like the Italian Myrtle, as not to be diftin-
guilhedfrom it.
The fixth fort is commonly called the Box-leaved
Myrtle ; the leaves of this are oval, fmall, and fit
clofeon the branches-, they are of a lucid green, end-
ing in obtufe points ; the branches are weak, and fre-
quently hang downward, when they are permitted to
grow without fhortening, and have a grayifh bark.
The flowers are fmall, and come late in the fummer,
the berries are fmall and round.
The feventh fort is called the Rofemary-leaved My-
tie, and by fome it is called the Thyme-leaved Myrtle.
The branches of this grow pretty erect ; the leaves
are placed clofe on the branches ; they are fmall, nar-
row, and end in acute points ; they are of a lucid
green, and have a fragrant odour when bruifed. The
flowers of this are fmall, and come late in the feafon,
and are but feldom fucceeded by berries here.
There are fome other varieties of thefe Myrtles,
which are propagated in the gardens for fale ; but as
their difference has been occafioned by culture, fo it
would be multiplying their titles to little purpofe.
Thofe which are here enumerated I believe to be
really diftinft, for I have raifed molt of them from
feeds, and have not found them change from one to
another, though there has been other fmall variations
among the plants.
The eighth fort is a native of the Ifland of Ceylon :
this is much tenderer than either of the former forts,
fo cannot be kept through the winter in England,
without fome artificial heat. This hath a ftrong up-
right (talk, covered with a fmooth gray bark, di-
viding upward into many (lender ftiff branches, gar-
nished with oval leaves placed oppofite, which are
near two inches long, and an inch and a quarter broad,
ending in points ; they are of a lucid green, and have
very fliort foot-ftalks. The flowers come* out at the
ends of the branches, feveral of them being fuftained
upon one common foot-ftalk, which branches out,
and each flower Hands on a very (lender diftintft foot-
ftalk ; they are very like the flowers of Italian Myr-
tle, but always appear in December and January, and
are never fucceeded by berries here.
I (hall firft treat of the method of cultivating and pro-
pagating the common forts of Myrtle, as they all re-
quire nearly the fame management, and (hall after-
ward take notice of that of the lall mentioned, which
require a different treatment ; but as the varieties of
the common forts of Myrtle are cultivated in the gar-
dens for fale, I (hall juft mention the titles by which
they are known, that the curious may be informed
how many there are.
Two forts of Nutmeg Myrtles, one with a broader
leaf than the other.
The Bird’s Neft Myrtle, the ftriped Nutmeg Myr-
tle, the ftriped upright Myrtle, the ftriped Rofe-
mary-leaved Myrtle, the ftriped Box-leaved Myrtle,
and the ftriped broad-leaved Myrtle.
Thefe plants may be all propagated from cuttings, the
bed feafon for which is in the beginning of July, when
you (hould make choice of fome of the ftraiteft and
moft vigorous young (hoots, which (hould be about
fix or eight inches long, and the leaves on the lower
part mud be (tripped oft' about two or three inches
high, and the part twifted which is to be placed in
the ground ; then having filled a parcel of pots (in
proportion to the quantity of cuttings deflgned) with
light rich earth, you (hould plant the cuttings therein,
at about two inches diftance from each other, obferv-
ing to clofe the earth fad about them, and give them
fome water to fettle it to the cuttings •, then place the
M Y R
pots under a common hot-bed frame, plunging them
either into fome old dung, or tanners bark, which will
prevent the. earth from drying too faff ; but you muft
carefully (hade them with mats in the heat of the clay,
and give them air in proportion to the warmth of the
feafon, not forgetting to water them every two or three
days, as you (hail find the earth in the pots require it.
With this management, in about fix weeks, the cut-
tings will be rooted, and begin to (hoot, when you
muft inure them to the open air by degrees, into which
they (hould be removed towards the latter end of
Auguft, or the beginning of September, placing them
in a (ituation where they may be (heltered from cold
winds, in which place they may remain till the mid-
dle or latter end of October, when the pots fhould be
removed into the green-houfe, but (hould be placed
in the cooled part thereof, that they may have air
given to them whenever the weather is mild, for they
require only to be protected from fevere cold, except
the Orange-leaved, and the ftriped Nutmeg Myrtles,
which are fomewhat tenderer than the reft, and (hould
have a warmer filiation.
During the winter feafon, they muft be frequently,
but gently watered ; and, if any decayed leaves ap-
pear, they (hould be conftantly picked off, as alfo
the pots kept clear from weeds, which, if permitted
to grow, will foon overfpread the young plants, and
deltroy them.
If thefe pots are placed under a common hot-bed
frame in winter, where they may be fereened from
froft, and have the free air in mild weather, the
young plants- will fucceed better than in a green-
houfe, provided they do not receive too much wet,
and are not kept clofely covered, which will oc-
cafion their growing mouldy, and dropping their
leaves.
The fpring following thefe plants (hould be taken
out of the pots very carefully, preferving a ball of
earth to the roots of each of them, and every one
(hould be placed into a feparate fmall pot filled
With rich light earth, obferving to water them well
to fettle the earth to their roots, and place them un-
der a frame until they have taken root-, after which
they (hould be inured to the open air, and in May
they muft be placed abroad for the fummer, in a
flickered (ituation, where they may be defended from
ftrong winds.
During the fummer feafon they will require to be
plentifully watered, efpecially being in fuch fmall pots,
which in that feafon foon dry therefore you (hould
obferve to place them where they (hould receive the
morning fun, for when they are too much expofed to
the fun in the heat of the day, the moifture contain-
ed in the earth of thefe fmall pots will foon be ex-
haled, and the plants greatly retarded in their growth
thereby.
In Auguft following you (hould examine your pots,
to fee if the roots of the plants have not made way out
through the hole in the bottom of the pots, which
if you obferve, you muft then fliift them into pots a
flze larger, filling them up with the like rich earth,
and obferve to trim the roots which were matted to
the fide of the pots, as alfo to loofen the earth from
the outfide of the ball with your hands, fome of
which (hould be taken off, that the roots may the
eafier find paffage into the frefh earth ; then you
muft water them well, and place the pots in a fitu-
tion where they may be defended from ftrong winds ;
and at this time you may trim the plants, in order
to reduce them to a regular figure ; and if they are
inclinable to make crooked items, you (hould thruft
down a (lender (trait (tick clofe by them, to which
their (terns (hould be fattened, fo as to bring them
upright.
If care be taken to train them thus while they are
young, the (terns afterward, when they have acquired
ftrength, will continue (trait without any fupport,
and their branches may be pruned, fo as to form either
balls or pyramids, which for fuch plants as are pre-
ferved in the green-houfe, and require to be kept in
9 G fmall
MYR
fmall coitipafs, Is the 'beft method to have them ■
liandfome \ but then theie fheered plants will not pro-
duce any flowers, for which reafon that fort with
double flowers fhould not be clipped, becaufe the
chief beauty of that confifts in its flowers \ but it will
be neceffary to fuffer a plant or two of each kind to
grow rude, for the ufe of their branches in nofe-
gays, &c. for it will greatly deface thofe which have
been conftantly fheered to cut off their branches.
As thefe plants advance in ftature, they fhould an-
nually be removed into larger pots, acording to the
fize of their roots ; but you muft be careful not to put
them into pots too large, which will caufe them to
moot weak, and many times prove the deftru&ion of
them j therefore when they are taken out of the former
pors, the earth about their roots fhould be pared off,
and that within fide the ball muft be gently loofened,
that the roots may not be too clofely confined ; and
then place them into the fame pots again, provided
they are not too fmall, filling up the Tides and bottom
of them with frefh rich earth, and giving them
plenty of water to fettle the earth to their roots j
which fhould be frequently repeated, for they require
to be often watered both in winter and fummer, but
in hot weather they muft have it in plenty.
The beft feafon for fhifting thefe plants is either in
April or Auguft, for if it be done much fooner in the
fpring, the plants are then in a flow growing ftate, and
fo not capable to ftrike out frefh roots again very foon;
and if it be done later in autumn, the cold weather
coming on will prevent their taking root ; nor is it ad-
vifeable to do it in the great heat of fummer, becaufe
they will require to be very often watered, and alfo to
be placed in the fhade, otherwife they will be liable to
droop for a confiderable time •, and that being the fea-
fon when thefe plants fhould be placed amongft other
exotics, to adorn the feveral parts of the garden, thefe
plants, being then removed, fhould not be expofed
until they have taken root again, which, at that time
(if the feafon be hot and dry) will be three weeks or
a month.
In October, when the nights begin to be frofty,
you fhould remove the plants into the green-houfe *,
but if the weather proves favourable in autumn (as it
often happens) they may remain abroad until the be-
ginning of November ; for if they are carried into the
green-houfe too foon, and the autumn fhould prove
warm, they will make frefh fhoots at that feafon, which
will be weak, and often grow mouldy in winter, if the
weather fhould be fo fevere as to require the windows
to be kept clofely fhut, whereby they will be greatly
defaced •, for which reafon they fhould always be
kept as long abroad as the feafon will permit, and re-
moved out again in the fpring before they fhoot out j
and during the winter feafon that they are in the
green-houfe, they fhould have as much free air as pof-
fible when the weather is mild.
The three firft-mentioned forts I have feen planted
abroad in warm fituations, and upon a dry foil, where
they have endured the cold of our winters for feveral
years very well, with only being covered in very hard
frofts with two or three mats, and the furface of the
ground about their roots covered with a little mulch
to prevent the froft from entering the ground ; but in
Cornwall and Devonfhire, where the winters are more
favourable than in moft other parts of England, there
are large hedges of Myrtle which have been planted
feveral years, and are very thriving and vigorous,
fome of which are upward of fix feet high ; and I be-
lieves if the double flowering kind were planted
MYR
abioad, it would endure the cold as well as any of the
forts, it being a native of the fouthern parts
or Prance. This, and the Orange-leaved kind, are
the moft difficult to take root from cuttings ^ but if
they are planted toward the latter end of June, mak-
ing choice of only fuch fhoots as are tender, and the
pots are plunged into an old bed of tanners bark which
has loft moft of its heat, and the glaffes fhaded every
day, they will take root extremely well, as I have
more than once experienced. The Orange-leaved
fort, and thofe with variegated leaves, are fomewhat
tenderer than the ordinary forts, and fhould be houfed
a little fooner in autumn, and placed farther from the
windows of the green-houfe.
The eighth fort is at prefent rare in Europe, fo is in
very few gardens. This fort was by Dr. Linnaeus
fepa rated from the Myrtles in the former editions of
his works, and had the title of Myrfine applied to it ;
but in his Species of Plants, he has joined it to that
genus again, to which, according to his fyftem, it
properly belongs ; for the number of petals, ftamina,
and ftyle, do agree with thofe of the Myrtle, but it dif-
fers in fru&ifkation, this having but one feed in each,
fruit, and the Myrtle has four or five.
This plant is with difficulty propagated, which oc-
cafions its prefent fcarcity, for as it does not produce
ripe feeds in Europe, it can only be increafed by lay-
ers or cuttings. By the former method the layers
are commonly two years before they take root, and
the cuttings frequently fail, though the latter is pre-
ferred, when performed at a proper feafon and in a
right method ; the beft time to plant the cuttings is
in May : in the choice of them, it fhould be the
(hoots of the former year, with a fmall piece of the
two years wood at bottom ; thefe Ihould be planted
in fmall pots, filled with foft loamy earth, for fmall
pots are to be preferred to large ones for this pur-
pofe, and they fhould be plunged into a very mo-
derate hot-bed of tanners bark ; and if the pots are
each covered with fmall bell or hand-glafies, fuch as
have been ufed for blowing of Carnations to exclude
the air, it will be of great fervice to promote the cut-
tings putting out roots, though they are covered with
the glafles of the hot- bed above them ; the cuttings
fhould be fhaded from the fun in the heat of the day,
and gently refrefhed with water, as the earth in the
pots is found to dry, but they fhould by no means
have too much wet ; thofe cuttings which fucceed,
will have taken root by July, when they fhould be
gradually inured to bear the open air, into which
it will be proper to remove them about the middle
of that month, that they may be ftrengthened before
w infer, but it will not be proper to tranfplant the cut-
tings till fpring *, the pots muft be removed into a tem-
perate ftove in autumn, and during the winter the
cuttings muft be gently refrefhed with water. In the
fpring they fhould be carefully taken up, and each
planted in a fmall pot filled with light earth from a
kitchen-garden, and plunged into a moderate hot-
bed to forward their taking frefh root ; then they
fhould be gradually hardened, and in July placed in
the open air in a fheltered fituation, where they may
remain till the end of September, and then be re-
moved into the ftove.
This plant will not live through the winter in Eng-
land in a green-houfe, but if it is placed in a moderate
degree of warmth, it will flower well in winter •, and
in July, Auguft, and September, the plants fhould
be placed abroad in a fheltered fituation.
MYRT US BR ABANT I C A, See Myrica;
NAP-
N.
A P
APELLUS. See AcomTUMo
N APU S. See Brassica and Rapa.
N A P JE A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 748. Mal-
va. H. L.
The Characters are,
It hath male and hermaphrodite flowers in diflindl plants.
3 "he male flowers have pitcher-Jhaped empalements of one
leaf which are permanent , and cut at the top into five
fegments. The flowers have five oblong petals , which are
connected at their bafe , but fpread open , and are divided
at the top -, they have many hairy ftamina , which are
joined at the bottom into a fort of a cylindrical column , ter-
minated by roundifh comprejfed fummits. The herma-
phrodite flowers have the like empalement , petals , and
ftamina , as the male , and have a conical germen , fup-
porting a cylindrical ftyle , divided at the top into ten
parts , crowned by fingle ftigmas. The germen after-
ward turns to an oval fruit , inclofed in the empale-
ment , divided into ten cells , each containing one kidncy-
Jhaped feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fe&ion
of Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, which includes the
plants whofe flowers have many ftamina, which are
joined at their bafe to the ftyle, and together form a
column. As the plants of this genus have male and
hermaphrodite flowers on diftind plants, fo they differ
from all the tribe of malvaceous plants, to which
they properly belong, the flowers being monopeta-
• lous, the ftamina andftyles being joined at their bafe,
forming a column, which are the eflfential charaders
of that clafs.
The Species are,
1. Nap^ea ( Dioica ) pedunculis involucratis angulatis
foliis fcabris, floribus dioicis. Flor. Virg. 102. Napaa
with angular fooi-ftalks , rough leaves, and male and her-
maphrodite flowers on different plants. Abutilon folio
profunde difledo, pedunculis multifloris mas & foe-
mina. Ehret. Pid. 7 & 8. Abutilon with a deeply di-
vided leaf, and foot-ftalks having many flowers, which
are loth male and female.
2. Nap^ea ( Hermaphrodita ) pedunculis nudis ltevibus,
foliis glabris, floribus hermaphroditis. Nap sea with
naked foot-ftalks, ftnooth leaves and hermaphrodite flowers.
Althtea Ricini folio Virginiana. H. L. Virginia Marfh-
m allow with a Ricinus leaf.
The firft fort has perennial roots, which are compofed
of many thick flefhy fibres, which ftrike deep into
the ground, and are conneded at the top into a large
head, from which come out a great number of rough
hairy leaves, near a foot diameter each way, which
are deeply cut into fix or feven lobes, which are irre-
gularly indented on their edges, each lobe having a
ftrong midrib, which all meet in a center at the foot-
ftalk. The foot-ftalks are large and long, arifing
immediately from the root, and fpread out on every
fide. The fiower-ftalks rife feven or eight feet high,
and divide into fmaller branches, garnifhed at each
joint with one leaf, of the fame form as thofe below,
but diminifh in their fize toward the top, where they
feldom have more than three lobes, which are divided
to the foot-ftalk ■, toward the upper part of the ftalk
come out from the fide at each joint a long foot-
ftalk, which branches out toward the top, fuftaining
ieveral white flowers, -which are tubulous at bottom,
where the fegments of the petal are conneded, but
they fpread open above, and are divided into five ob-
N A R
tufe fegments ; in the center arifes the column, to
which the ftamina are joined at their bafe, but fpread
open above, and in the hermaphrodite flowers the
ftyle is conneded to the fame column. The herma-
phrodite flowers are fucceeded by comprefled orbicu-
lar fruit, inclofed in the empalement, and divided
into five cells, each containing a kidney-fhaped feed,
but the male plants are barren. It flowers in July and
the feeds ripen in autumn, foon after which the ftalk
decays, but the roots will live many years.
The fecond fort hath alfo a perennial root, which,
frequently creeps in the ground ; this fends up fmooth
ftalks, which rife about four feet high, garnifhed
with fmooth leaves, placed alternately, ftanding upon
pretty long (lender foot-ftalks ; they are deeply cue
into three lobes, which end in acute points, and are
irregularly fawed on their edges ; thofe on the lower
part of the ftalk are near four inches long, and almoit
as much in breadth, but they diminifh gradually to-
ward the top of the ftalk. At the bafe of the leaf
comes out the foot-ftalk of the flower, which is about
three inches long, dividing at the top into three fmall-
er, each fuftaining one white flower of the fame form
with thofe of the firft fort, but are fmaller, and the
column of ftamina is longer, their fummits ftanding
out beyond the petal.
Both thefe plants grow naturally in Virginia, and
ocher parts of North America ; from the bark of
thefe plants might be procured a fort of hemp, which
many of the malvaceous tribe afford j and in fome
of tfie forts which grow naturally in India, the fi-
bres of the bark are fo fine, as to fpin into very
fine threads, of which there might be woven very
fine cloth.
Thefe plants are eafily propagated by feeds, which if
fown on a bed of common earth in the fpring, th&
plants will rife very freely, and will require no other*
care but to keep them clear from weeds till autumn,
when they may be tranfplanted into the places where
they are to remain ; they delight in a rich moift foil,
in which they will grow very luxuriantly, fo they muft
be allowed room. The fecond fort may be propa-
gated by its creeping roots, which may be parted in
autumn ; but as thefe plants have no great beauty, fo
one or two of each fort in a garden, for the fake of
variety, will be enough.
NARCISSO LEUCOIUM. See Galanthus.
NARCISSUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 364. [takes its
name of i/apco?, or volpm, a torpidnefs, or deep deep,
becaufe the fmell of this flower is faid to caufe a hea-
vinefs of the head, and a ftupidity. Plutarch tells us,
this plant was facred to the infernal gods. The poets
tell us, that Narciflus was the fon of Cephifus, and
the nymph Lyriope *, a youth of fuch excellent beau-
ty, that once upon a time coming to a fountain to
drink, and feeing his beauteous image in the water,
he grew fo enamoured with it that he pined away with
defire, and was transformed into a flower of his
name.] The Daffodil.
The Characters are,
The flowers are included in an oblong comprejfed fpatha
{or Jheath) which tears open on the fide , and withers .
The flowers have a cylindrical fmnel-fhaped empalement
of one leaf, which is fpread open at the brim they have
fix oval petals on the outjide of the nedtarium , which are
infer fed above their bafe , and fix awl-fhaped fiamina fixed
to
N A R
to the tube of the nebiarium , terminated by oblong fum-
mits 5 they have a three-tornered , roundifh , obtufe ger-
men , fituated below the flower , fupporting a long fender
jlyle , crowned by a trifid ftigma. The germen afterward
turns to an obtufe , roundifh , three-cornered capfule ,
filled with globular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft febtion of
Linnaeus’s lixth clafs, which contains thofe plants
whofe flowers have fix ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Narcissus ( Pfeudonarciffus ) fpatha uniflora, nebtario
, campanulato ereblo, crifpo sequante petala ovata.
Inn. Sp. Plant. 414. Daffodil with one flower in each
fheath , whofe nebiarium is erect, bell-floaped , and equal
with the petals , which are oval. Narciffus fylveftris
pailidus, calyce luteo. C. B. P. 52. Pale wild Daffo-
dil with a yellow cup , or common Englifh Daffodil.
2. Narcissus \Poeticus) fpatha uniflora, nedario rotato
breviffimo, fcariofo crenulato. Hort. Upfal. 74. Daf-
fodil with one flower in a fheath, having a very floort
wheel-fbaped nebiarium indented on the edge. Narciflus
albus, circulo purpureo. C. B. P. 48. White Daffodil
with a purple 'circle in the middle.
3. Narcissus ( Incomparibilis ) fpatha uniflora, nedario
campanulato eredo, petalo dimidio breviore. Daffo-
dil with one flower in a fheath , having an erect bell-
Jhaped empalement half the length of the petal. Nar-
ciflus incomparibilis, flore pleno, partim flavo, par-
tim croceo. IT. R. Par. The Incomparable Daffodil
with a double flower , partly yellow , and partly Saffron-
coloured.
4. Narcissus ( Medio -luteus) fpatha biflora, nedarii
campanulato, breviffimo, floribus nutantibus. Daffo-
dil with two flowers in a fheath , a floort bell-fhaped nec-
tarium , and nodding fioivers. Narciflus medio luteus
vulgaris. Park. Common Daffodil with a yellow middle ,
called Prirnrofe Peerlefs.
5. Narcissus {Albus') fpatha uniflora, nedario campa-
nulato breviffimo, petalis reflexis. Daffodil with one
flower in a fheath , having a very floort bell-fhaped nebia-
rium , and reflexed petals. Narciflus albus, foliis re-
flexis, calyce brevi aureo. H. R. Par. Daffodil with
white flowers , having reflexed petals , and a fhort golden
cup.
6 . Narcissus ( Bulbocodium ) fpatha uniflora, nedario
turbinato petalis majore, genitalibus declinatis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 417- Rujh-leaved Daffodil with one flower in
each fh ath , a turbinated nebiarium larger than the petal ,
and declining ftamina. Pfeudonarciffus juncifolius
flavo flore. Cluf. Hift. 166. Commonly called Hoop-
petticoat Narciffus.
7. Narcissus ( Serotinus ) fpatha uniflora, nedario bre-
viffimo fex-partito. Lcefl. Lin. Sp. Plant. 290. Daf-
fodil with one flower in a fheath , having a very floort
nebiarium , which is cut into fix parts. Narciflus au-
tumnalis minor. Cluf. Hifp. 251. Smaller autumnal
Daffodil.
8. Narcissus ( Tazetta ) fpatha multiflora, nedario
campanulato, foliis planis. Hort. Upfal. 74. Daffo-
dil with many flowers in a fheath , having a bell-fhaped
nebiarium , and plain leaves. Narciffus luteus polyan-
thos Lufitanicus. C. B. P. 50. Yellow Portugal Daffo-
dil with many flowers , commonly called Polyanthus Nar-
ciffus.
9. Narcissus {Jonquilla) fpatha multiflora, nedario cam-
panulato brevi, foliis fubulatis. Hort. Upfal. 75. Daf-
fodil with many flowers in a fheath , a fhort bell-fhaped
nebiarium , and awl-fhaped leaves. Narciffus juncifolius
luteus minor. C. B. P. 51. Smaller yellow Ruflo-leaved
Daffodil , called Jonquil.
The forts here enumerated, are all the real fpecies
which I have met with in the Englilh gardens, though
there is a great variety of each fpecies, which differ
fo much from one another, as to render it very diffi-
cult to afeertain the fpecies to which they belong ; in
order to find out, as well as I could, from what fpe-
cies many of thofe varieties have been raifed, I en-
deavoured to degenerate as many of the double flower-
ing, and others of the beft kinds, fo far as I could,
by which I have obferved their feveral changes, and
N A R
ffiall here mention under each fpecies, the varieties I
have obferved.
The firft fort is the common Engliffi Daffodil, which
grows naturally by the borders of woods and fields in
many parts ot England •, t.nis hath a large bulbous
root, from which comes out five or fix fiat leaves,
about a foot long, and an inch broad> of a praffifh
colour, and a little hollowed in the middle like 'the
keel or a boat. 1 he ftalk rifes a foot and a half
high, having two ftiarp longitudinal angles •, at the
top comes out a Angle flower, inclofed in a thin fpa-
tna (or fheath), which is torn open on one fide, to
make way for the flower to come out, and then wi-
thers and remains on the top of the ftalk. The
flower is of one petal or leaf, being connected at the
bale, but is cut into fix parts almoft to the bottom ,
which expand , in the middle of tins is fituated a
bell-fhaped, .nebiarium, called by the gardeners a
cup, which is equal in length to the petal, and hands
erect. The flower nods on the fide of the ftalk. The
petal is of a pale brimftone colour, and the nebiarium
yellow. It flowers the beginning of April, and after
the flowers are paft, the germen turns to a roundifh
capfule, with three cells filled with roundifh black
feeds, which ripen in July. This fort propagates
very faft by offsets from the root.
The varieties of this are,
One with white petals, and a pale yellow cup.
One with yellow petals, and a golden cup.
The common double yellow Daffodil. £
Anotner double Daffodil, with three or four cups
within each other.
And, I believe, John Tradefcant’s Daffodil may be
referred to this fpecies.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France and in Italy j this hath a fmaller and rounder
bulbous root than the former. The leaves are long-
er, narrower, and flatter than thofe of that fort. The
ftalks do not rife higher than the leaves, which are
of a gray colour : at the top of the ftalk comes out
one flower from the fheath, which nods on one fide.
The petal of this is cut into fix fegments, which are
rounded at their points ; they are of a fnow white, and
fpread open flat. In the center is fituated a very fhort
nebiarium or cup, which is fringed on the border
with a bright purple circle. The flowers have an
agreeable odour. This flowers in May, but feldom
produces feeds, however it increafes faft enough by
offsets.
i he double white Narciffus is the only variety of
this which I have obferved, though there is mentioned
in fome books feveral other.
1 he third fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
gal, from whence I have received the roots. The
bulbs of this fort are very like thofe of the firft. The
leaves are longer, of a darker green, and the flower-
ftalks rife higher. The fegments of the petal are
rounder, and fpread open, flatter than thofe of the firft
fort. The nebiarium, or cup, in the middle, is about
half the length of the petal, and is edged with a gold-
coloured fringe. It flowers in April, but feldom pro-
duces feeds here. This fort {ports and varies more
than any of the other : the following variations I have
traced in the fame roots.
The roots ofthefe, the firft year, produced very dou-
ble flowers, of the fort which is commonly called the
Incomparable Daffodil. The fix outer fegments of
the petal were longer than either of the others, and
white ; the middle was very full of fhorter petals,
fome of which were white, others yellow, and col-
lected into a globular figure : fome of thefe roots, the
following year, produced flowers lefs double than be-
fore, with no white petals in them, but the larger pe-
tals were of a fulphur colour, and the others yellow i
from this they afterward degenerated to half double
flowers, and at laft to Angle flowers, with a cup half
the length of the petal, in which manner they have
continued to flower many years ; fo that we may con-
clude, that thofe varieties were firft obtained from
the feeds of this Angle flower.
The
♦
N A R
The fourth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and in Italy, and has been found growing in the
fields in fome parts of England, but it is likely to have i
been from fome' roots which have been thrown out of
gardens with rubbifh. The roots of this fort are not
fo large as thofe of the firft, and are rounder j the
leaves are Jong, of a gray colour, and fmoother than
thofe of the firft ; the flower-ftalks are of the fame
length with the leaves, and have commonly but one
flower in a fheath, but fometimes when the roots are
ftrong, they have two. The flower nods downward,
the fegments of the petal are a little waved on their
edges, ^ the nedtarium or cup is fhort, and bordered
with yellow •, it flowers in May. The lcent of thefe
flowers is not very agreeable, and as they are not very
beautiful, fo they are feldom cultivated in gardens,
fince the finer forts have been plenty. There is no
variety .of this fo far as I have been able to trace, for
I could never obferve any variation in the flowers.
The fifth fort has fome refemblance of the fourth, but
the flowers are whiter, the fegments of the petal are
refiexed, and the border of the nedtarium or cup is
of a gold yellow colour j this has fome affinity to the
fecond fort.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Portugal, from
whence I have received the roots. The bulbs of this
kind are fmall, the leaves are very narrow, having
fome refemblance to thofe of the Ruffi, but are a little
compreflfed, and have a longitudinal furrow on one
fide ; thefe are feldom more than eight or nine inches
long. The flower-ftalk is flender, taper, and about
fix inches long, fuftaining at the top one flower,
which is at firft inclofed in a fheath ; the petal is
fcarce half an inch long, and is cut into fix acute
, fegments the nedfarium or cup is more than two
inches long, very broad at the brim, lefiening gra-
dually to the bafe, being fome what formed like the
ladies hoop petticoats, from whence the flower is io
called. It flowers in April, but does not produce
feeds here. There are no varieties of this fort.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Spain ; this hath
a fmall bulbous root ; the leaves are but few in num-
ber, and are narrow •, the (talk is jointed, and riles
about nine inches high, fuftaining at the top one
flower, which at firft is inclofed in the fpatha, or
fheath ; the flower is cut into fix narrow fegments,
which are white ; the nedfarium, or cup, is yellow.
It flowers late in the autumn, and the roots are ten-
der, fo are often killed by hard frofts in England,
which renders it fcarce here.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Portugal, and in
the iflands of the Archipelago : of this there are a
greater variety than of all the other fpecies •, for as
the flowers are very ornamental, and come early in
the fp ring, fo the florifts in Holland, Flanders, and
France, have taken great pains in cultivating and
improving them •, fo that at prefent the catalogues
printed by the Dutch florifts, contain more than thirty
varieties, the principal of which are thefe hereafter
mentioned.
Thefe have yellow petals, with Orange, yellow, or
fulphur-coloured cups, or nedtariums.
The Great Algiers.
The Ladies Nofegay.
The Greater Bell.
The Golden Royal.
The Golden Scepter.
The Triumphant.
The Moft Beautiful.
The Golden Star.
The Mignon.
The Zeylander.
The Madoufe.
The Golden Sun.
The following have white petals, with yellow or ful-
phur-coloured cups or nedtariums.
The Archdutchefs. The Greater Bozelman.
The Triumphant Nofegay. The Czarina.
The New Dorothy. The Grand Monarque.
i he Pa fie Bozelman. The Czar of Mufcovy.
I he Superb. The Surpaffante.
There are fome with white petals and white cups,
but thefe are not fo much efteemed as the others,
N A R
though there, are two or three varieties with large
bunches of fmall white flowers,, which have a very
agreeable odour, fo are as valuable as any of the
other, and are later in flower than moft of the other
forts. There is alfo one with very double flowers,
whofe outer petals are white, and thofe in the mid-
dle are fome white, and others of an Grange-colour,
which have a very agreeable fcent, and is the ear •
lieft in flowering ; it is generally called the Cyprus
Narciffus, and feems to be a diftindt fpecies from the
others. This, like moft other double flowers, never
produces any feeds, fo is only propagated by offsets,
and is the moft beautiful of all the Narciffus, when
blown upon glafies of water in a room ; but when it
is planted in the ground, if the bed in which they are
planted is not covered with mats in frofty weather, to
prevent their flower- buds from being deftroyed, they
feldom flower •, for the leaves begin to ffioot early in
the autumn, and the flower-buds appear about Chrift-
mas, which are tender, fo that if hard froft happen
when they are coming out of the ground, it generally
kills them •, but if they are properly fcreened from
froft, they will flower in February, and in mild feafons
often in January.
The ninth fort is the Jonquil, a , flower fo well
known as to need no defcription ^ of this there is the
great and fmall Jonquil with Angle flowers, and the
common fort with double flowers, which is moft
efteemed.
I ffiall firft treat of the method for railing the fine
forts of Polyanthus Narciffus from feeds, which is the
way to obtain new varieties.
The not praftifing this has occafloned our fending
abroad annually for great quantities of flower-roots,
which have been kept up to a high price, on account
of the great demand for them in England whereas
if we were as induftrious to propagate them as our
neighbours, we might foon vie with them, if not out-
do them, in moft forts of flowers ; as may be feen, by
the vaft variety of Carnations, Auriculas, Ranuncu-
las, &c. which have been produced from feeds in
England, and exceed moft of thofe kinds in any part
of Europe.
You muft be very careful in faving your feeds, to
gather none but from fuch flowers as have good pro-
perties, and particularly from fuch only as have ma-
ny flowers upon a ftalk, that flower tall, and have
beautiful cups to their flowers ; from fuch you may
expedl to have good flowers produced ; but if you
fow ordinary feed, it is only putting yourfelf to
trouble and expence to no purpofe, fince from fuch
feeds there can be no hopes of procuring any valua-
ble flowers.
Having provided yourfelf with good feeds, you muft
procure either fome fhallow cafes or flat pans, made
on purpofe for the raffing of feedlings, which ffiould
have holes in their bottoms, to let the moifture pafs
off ; thefe muft be filled withfreffi, light, fandy earth
about the beginning of Auguft (that being the feafon
for flowing the feeds of moft bulbous-rooted flowers ;)
the earth in thefe muft be levelled very even ; then
fow the feeds thereon pretty thick, covering them over
with fine fifted light earth about half an inch thick,
and place the cafes or pans in a fituation where they
may have only the morning fun till about ten o’clock,
where they ffiould remain until the beginning of Oc-
tober, when they muft be removed into a warmer fi-
tuation, placing them upon bricks, that the air may
freely pafs under the cafes, which will preferve them
from being too moift.
They ffiould alfo be expofed to the full fun, but
fcreened from the north and eaft winds ; and if the
froft fhould be fevere, they muft be covered, other-
wife there will be danger of their being deftroyed •, in
this fituation they may remain until the beginning of
April, by which time the plants will be up, when
you muft carefully clear them from weeds ; and if
the ieafon ffiould prove dry, they muft be frequently
watered : the cafes ffiould alfo now be removed into
their former ffiady pofition, or ffiaded in the middle
9 H of
42,4
(
N A R
• of the day, for the Heat of the noon -day fun will be
' too great for the young plants. ■
The latter end ot June, when the leaves of the plants
are, decayed, you fhould take off the upper furface
of the earth in, the cafes 1 (which by that time will have
contracted a .moffinefs, and, if iufifered to remain,
will greatly injure the young roots) obferving not to
take it lo deep as to touch the roots ; then lift feme
frefh light earth over the furface, about half an inch
thick, which will greatly ftrengthen the roots ; the
fame fhould alfo be repeated in October, when the
cafes, are moved again into the fun.
During the fu miner feafon, if the weather Ihouid
prove very wet, and’ the earth in the cafe appear very
rnoiflv you muft remove them into the fun till the earth
be dry again ; for if the roots recei ve much wet during
the time they are inactive, it very often rots them ;
therefore you muft never give them any water after
their leaves are decayed, but only place them in the
fhade, as was before di reded.
Thus you fhould manage them the two firft feafon s,
till their leaves are decayed ; but the fecond fummer
after Towing, you fhould carefully take up the roots ;
which may be done, by lifting, the earth in the cafes
through a fine fieve, whereby the roots will be eafily
feparated from the earth ; then having prepared a bed
or two ef good frefh light earth, in proportion to the
quantity of your roots, you fhould plant them there-
in, at about three inches diftance every way, and
about three inches deep in the ground.
Thefe beds ihouid be raifed above the level of the
ground, in proportion to the rnoifture of the foil,
which if dry, three inches will bonenough •, but if it be
wet, they muft be raifed fix or eight inches high, and
laid a. little rounding, to fhoot off the wet.
C - ' __ t I
If thefe beds are made in July, which is the beft time
to tranfplant the roots, the weeds will foon appear very
thick *, therefore you fhould gently hoe the furface
of the ground to deftiroy them, being very careful not
to cut fo deep as to touch any of the roots ; and this
fhould be repeated as often as may be found necef-
fary, by the growth of thy weeds, obferving always
to do it in dry weather, that they may be effedually
deftroyed ; and toward the latter end of Oflober, after
having entirely cleared the beds from weeds, you
fhould fift a little rich light earth over them, about
an inch thick ; the goodnefs of which will be wafhed
down to the roots by the winter’s rain, which will
greatly encourage their fhooting in the fpring.
If the cold fhould be very fevere in winter, you
fhould cover the beds either with old tan or fea coal
afnes, or in want of thefe with Peafe-haulm, or fome
fuch light covering, to prevent the froft from pene-
trating the ground to the roots, which might greatly
injure them while they are fo young.
In the fpring, when the plants begin to appear above
ground, you muft gently ftir the furface of the ground,
clearing it from weeds, &c. in doing of which, you
Ihouid be very careful not to injure the plants ; and
if the feafon fhould prove dry, you fhould now and
then gently refrefli them with water, which will
ftrengthen the roots.
When their leaves are decayed, you fhould clear the
beds from weeds, and fift a little earth over them (as
was before direded) which muft alfo be repeated in
.October, in like manner ; but the roots fhould not re-
main longer in thefe beds than two years, by which
time they" wip have grown fo large as to require more
room *, therefore they fhould be taken up as foon as
their leaves are decayed, and planted into frefh beds,
which ihouid be dug deep, and a little very rotten dung
buried in, the bottom, for the fibres of the roots to
ftrike into. Then the roots fhould be planted at fix
inches diftance, and the fame depth in the ground.
In the autumn, before the froft comes on, if fome
rotten tan is laid over the beds, it will keep out the
froft, and greatly encourage the roots ; and if the
winter fhould prove fevere, it will be proper to lay a
greater thicknefs of tan over the beds, and alfo in the
alleys, to keep out froft, or to cover them over with
t N A R
Straw, or Peafe-haulm, otherwife they may be all de-
ftroyed by the cold. In the fpring thefe coverings
fhould be removed, as foon as the danger of hard
frofts is over, and the beds muft be kept clean from
weeds the following fummer: at Michaelmas they
fnould have fome frefh earth laid over the beds, and
covered again with tan, and fo every year continued
till the roots flower, which is generally in five years
from feed, when you ihouid mark all fuch as promife
well, which fhould be taken up as Foon as their leaves
decay, and planted at a greater diftance in new pre-
pared beds ; but thofe which do not flower, or thofe
you do not greatly efteem, fnould be permitted to re-
main in the lame bed ; therefore, in taking up thofe
roots which you marked, you muft be careful not to
difturb the roots of thofe left, and alfo to level the
earth again, and fift fome frefh earth over the beds
(as before) to encourage the roots ; for it often hap-
pens in the feedlings of thefe flowers, that at their
firft time of blowing, their flowers feldom appear
half fo beautiful as they do the fecond year •. for which
reafon none of them fhould be rejected until they
have flowered two or three times, that fo you may be
affured of their worth.
Thus having laid down diredions for the fowing and
managing thefe roots, until they are ftrong enough
to flower, I fhall proceed to give fome inftrudions
for planting and managing the roots afterwards, fo as
to caufe them to produce large fair flowers.
All the forts of Narciffus which produce many flowers
upon a ftalk, fhould have a fituation defended from
cold and ftrong winds, otherwife they will be fubjed
to be injured by the cold in winter, and their ftems
broken down when in flower); for notwithftanding their
ftalks are generally pretty ftrong, yet the number of
flowers upon each renders their heads weighty, espe-
cially after rain, which lodges in the flowers, and,
if fucceeded by ftrong winds, very often deftroys
their beauty, if they are expofed thereto ; fo that
a border under a hedge, which is open to the fourh-
eaft, is preferable to any other pofition for thefe
flowers.
The morning fun rifing upon them will dry off the
rnoifture which had lodged upon them the preceding
night, and.caufe them to expand fairer than when
they are planted in a Ihady fituation •, and if they are
too much expofed to the afternoon fun, they will be
hurried out of their beauty very foon ; and the
ftrong winds ufually coming from the weft and fouth-
weft points, they will be expofed to the fury of
them, which frequently is very injurious to them.
Having made choice of a proper fituation, you muft
then proceed to prepare the earth neceffary to plane
them in ; for if the natural foil of the place be very
ftrong or poor, it will be proper to make the border
of new earth, removing the former foil away about
three feet deep. The beft earth for thefe flowers is a
frefh, light, hazel loam, mixed with a little very rotten
neats dung : this fhould be well mixed together, and
often turned over, in order to fweeten it ; then having
removed away the old earth to the fore-mentioned
depth, you fhould put a layer of rotten dung or tan
in the bottom, about four or five inches thick, upon
which you muft lay fome of the prepared earth about
eighteen or twenty inches thick, making it exadly le-
vel ; then having marked out by line the exad dis-
tances at which the roots are to be planted (which
fhould not belefs than fix or eight inches fquare) you
muft place the roots accordingly, obferving to fet
them upright ; then you muft cover them over with
the before-mentioned earth about eight inches deep,
being very careful in doing it, not to difpiace the
roots ; when this is done, you muft make the furface
of the border even, and make up the fide ftrait, which
will appear handfome.
The beft time for planting thefe roots is in the end of
Auguft, or beginning of September; for if they are
kept too long out of the ground, it will caufe their
flowers to be weak. You fh child alfo obferve -the
nature of the foil where they are planted, and whe-
I
t
N A R
ther the fituation be wet or dry, according to which
you fhould adapt the frefn earth, and order the
oeds ; for if the foil be very ftrong and the fituation
moift, you fhould then make choice of a light earth,
and raife the beds fix or eight inches, or a foot, above
the level of the ground, otherwife the roots will be
in danger of perifhing by too much wet ^ but if the
fituation be dry and the foil naturally light, you fhould
then allow the earth to be a little ftronger, and the
beds fhould not be raifed above three or four inches
high ; for if they are made too high, the roots will
fuffer very much, if the fpring- fhould prove dry,
nor would the flowers be near fo fair. As alio in
very fevere winters, thofe beds which are railed much
above the level of the ground, will be more expoied
to the cold than thofe which are lower, unlefs the
alleys arc filled up with rotten tan or litter.
During the fummer, the only culture thefe flowers
require is, to keep them free from weeds ; and when
their leaves are entirely decayed, they fhould be
raked off, and the beds made clean : but by no
means cut off their leaves till they are quite decayed,
as is by fome praftifed, for that greatly weakens
the roots.
Towards the middle of October, if the weeds have
grown upon the beds, you fhould in a dry day gently
hoe the furface of the ground to deftroy them, ob-
ferving to rake it over fmooth again j and before the
frofts come on, the beds fhould be covered over two
inches thick with rotten tan, to keep out the froft ;
after which they will require no farther care till the
ipring, when their leaves will appear above ground ;
at which time you fhould gently ftir the furface of the
earth with a fmall trowel, being very careful not to
injure the leaves of the plants, and rake it fmooth
with your hands, clearing off all weeds, &c. which,
if fuffered to remain at that feafon, will foon grow fo
faft as to appear unfightly, and will exhauft the nou-
rifhment from the earth. With this management
thefe roots will flower very ftrong, fome of which will
appear in March, and the others in April •, which, if
fuffered to remain, will continue in beauty a full
month, and are, at that feafon, very great ornaments
to a flower-garden.
After the flowers are paft, and the leaves decayed,
you fhould ftir the furface of the ground, to prevent
the weeds from growing •, and if at the fame time
you lay a little very rotten dung over the furface of
the beds, the rain will wafti down the falts thereof,
which will greatly encourage the roots the fucceeding
year.
During the fummer feafon they will require no farther
care, but to keep them clear from weeds till October,
when the furface of the beds fhould be again ftirred,
raking off all weeds, &c. and laying fome good frefh
earth over the beds about an inch deep, which will
make good the lofs fuftained by weeding, &c. and in
the fpring you mu ft manage as was dire&ed for the
preceding year.
Thefe roots fhould not be tranfplanted oftener than
every third year, if they are expected to flower ftrong
and make a great increaie *, became thefirft year after
■removing, they never flower fo ftrong as they do the
fecond and third ; nor will the roots increaie fo faft,
when they are often tranfplanted ; but if you let them
remain longer than three years unremoved, the num-
ber of offsets which by that time will be produced,
will weaken the large bulbs, and caufe themtoproduce
very weak flowers *, therefore at the time of tranf-
planting them, all the fmall offsets fhould be taken
off, and planted in a nurfery -bed by themfelves, but
the large bulbs maybe planted again for flowering. If
you plant them in the fame bed where they grew be-
fore, you muff take out all the earth two feet deep,
and fill it up again with frefh, in the manner before
diredted, which will be equal to removing them into
another place : this is the conftant practice of the
gardeners in Holland, who have but little room to
change their roots •, therefore they every year remove
the earth of their beds, and put in frefn, fo that the j
fame place is con dandy occupied by the like flowers.
But thofe people take up their roots every year, for as
they cultivate them for (ale, the rounder their roots
are, the more valuable they will be : the way to have
them fo is, to take their offsets mom them annually ;
for when their roots are left two or three years unre-
moved, the offsets will have grown large, and thefo
prefling againft each other, will caufe their ftdes to be
flatted •, fo that where the roots are propagated for fate,
they fhould be annually taken up as foon as their
leaves decay j and the large bulbs may be kept out of
the ground til! the middle or end of October, but the
offsets fhould be planted the beginning of September
or looner, that they may get ftrength, fo as to become
blowing roots the following year : but' where they
are deflated for ornament, thev fhould not be removed
oftener than every third year, for then the roots will
be in large bunches, and a number of ftalks with
flowers coming from each bunch, they will make a
much better appearance than where a Angle (talk riles
from each root, which will be the cafe when the roots
are annually removed.
The common forts of Daffodil are generally planted
in large borders of the pleafure- garden, where, being
intermixed with other bulbous-rooted flowers, they
afl'ord an agreeable variety in their feafons of flower-
ing. Thefe roots are very hardy, and v/ill thrive in
alrnoft any foil or fituation, which renders them very
proper for rural gardens, where, being planted under
the (hade of trees, they will thrive for feveral years
without tranfplanting, and produce annually in the
fpring great quantities of flowers, which will make a
good appearance before the trees come out in leaf.
The Jonquils fhould be planted in beds or borders,
feparate from other roots, becaufe thefe require to be
tranfplanted at leaft every year, otherwife their roots
are apt to grow long and {lender, and feldom flower
well after j which is alio the cafe, if they are continued
many years in the fame foil ; wherefore the roots
fhould be often removed from one part of the garden
to another, or at leaft, the earth fhould be often re-
newed, which is the moft probable method to pre-
ferve their flowers in perfection.
The foil in which thefe flowers fucceed befl;, is an
hazel loam, neither too light nor over fluff ; it muft
be frefh, and free from roots of trees or noxious
weeds, but fhould not be dunged ; for it is very re-
markable, that where the ground is made rich, they
feldom continue good very long, but are fubject to
fhoot downwards, "and form long (lender roots.
Thefe flowers are greatly eftcerned by many people
for their ftrong fweet feent, though there be very few
ladies that can bear the fine 11 of them , fo powerful
is it, that many times it overcomes their fpirits, efpe-
cially if confined in a room j for which reafon, they
fhould never be planted too clofe to a habitation, left
they become often live nor fhould the flowers be
placed in fuch rooms where company is entertained.
NASTUR T I U M. See Lepidium.
N A S T U R T 1 U M INDICUM. See Tropueolum.
NATURAL is belonging to, or proceeding from
nature.
NATURE is a term varioufly-ufed •, and Mr. Boyle,
in a treadle of the vulgarly received notion of Na-
ture, gives us eight principal ones.
1. Nature is ufed for the fyftern of the world, the
machine of the univerfe, or the affemblage of all cre-
ated beings.
In this fenfe we fay, the author of Nature, meaning
God ; and fpeaking of the fun, call him the father of
Nature, becaufe he warms the earth, and makes it
fruitful •, and the eye of Nature, becaufe he illumi-
nates the univerfe j and of a phoenix, a unicorn,
a griffin, a fatyr, that there are no fuch things in
Nature.
2. Nature, in a more confined fenfe, comprehends
the feveral kinds of beings, created and uncreated,
corporeal and fpiritual : thus we fay, human Nature,
i. e. all men who poftefs the fame rational fouls j an-
j . gelical Nature, divine Nature,
3. Naturg s
NEC
3. Nature, in a ftill more reftrained fenfe, is ufed
for the e fence of a thing, or that attribute that makes
a thing what it is ; a?, it is the Nature of the foul to
think.
4. Nature is particularly ufed for the eftablifned or-
der and courfe of material things, the feries of the
fecond caufes, or the laws that God has impofed on
the motions impreffed by him. In this fenfe we fay,
the day and night, by Nature, fucceed one another •,
phyfic is the ftudy of Nature j r dpi ration is by Na-
ture neceflary to life.
5. Nature is alio ufed to fignify an aggregate of powers,
which belong to any body, efpeciaily a living one.
Thus we fay, Nature is fcrong, Nature is weak, Na-
ture is fpent, &c. p
6. Nature is alio more ftriclly ufed for the action of
providence, the principle of all things, or that fpi-
ritual being which is diffufed throughout the creation,
and moves and acts in ail bodies, and gives them cer-
tain properties, and procures certain effects. In this
fenfe. Nature fignifies the qualities or virtues that
God has given to his creatures, animai, vegetable, &c.
In ipeaking of the addon of Nature, no more is to be
underftood, but that bodies aft on one another in a
manner agreeable to the general laws of motion
which the Creator has eftablifhed.
NEBULOSE, or NEBULOUS, fignifies cloudy,
inifty, foggy, hazy.
NEC T A R I N E [properly fo called of nedtar, the
poetical drink of the Gods] Nedlarine.
This fruit fhould have been placed under the article
of Peaches, to which it properly belongs, differing
from them in nothing more than in having a fmooth
rind, and the flefh, being firmer. Thefe the French
diftinguifh by the name of Brugnon, as they do thofe
Peaches which adhere to the ftone, by the name of
Pavies, retaining the name of Pefche to only fuch as
part from the ftone •, but fince the writers in garden-
ing have diftinguifhed this fruit by the name of Nec-
tarine from the Peaches, fo I fhall follow their exam-
ple, left; by endeavouring to redlify their miftakes, I
fhould render myfelf lefs intelligible to the reader. I
fhall therefore mention the feveral varieties of this
fruit, which have come to my knowledge :
1. Fairchild’s early Nedlarine. This is one of the
earlieft ripe Nedtarines we have ; it is a fmall round
fruit, about the fize of the Nutmeg Peach, of a beau-
tiful red colour, and well flavoured •, it ripens the end
of July.
2. Elruge Nedlarine : the tree has fawed leaves ; the
flowers are fmall j it is a middle-fized fruit, of a dark
red or purple colour next the fun, but of a pale yel-
low or greenifh colour towards the wall ■, it parts from
the ftone, and has a foft melting juice ; this ripens in
the beginning of Auguft.
3. Newington Nedlarine : the tree has fawed leaves •,
the flowers are large and open ; it is a fair large fruit,
(when planted on a good foil) of a beautiful red co-
lour next the fun, but of a bright yellow towards the
wall •, it has an excellent rich juice ; the pulp adheres
cloudy to the ftone, where it is of a deep red colour :
this ripens the latter end of Auguft, and is the bell
flavoured of all the forts, or perhaps of any known
fruit in the world.
4. Scarlet Nedlarine is fomewhat lefs than the laft, of
a fine red or fcarlet colour next the fun, but lofes itfelf
in paler red towards the wall : this ripens in the end
of Auguft.
5. Brugnon or Italian Nedlarine, has fmooth leaves ;
the flowers are final! ; it is a fair large fruit, of a deep
red colour next the fun, but of a foft yellow towards
the wall the pulp is firm, of a rich flavour, and
clofely adheres to the ftone, where it is very red ; this
ripens in the'end of Auguft.
6. Roman Red Nedlarine has fmooth leaves, and
large flowers •, it is a large fair fruit, of a deep red or
purple colour towards the fun, but has a yeliowifh
call next the wall ; the flefh is firm, of an excellent
flavour, clofely adhering to the ftone, where it is very
red : this ripens in September,
N E P
7. Murry Nedlarine is a middle fized fruit, of a dirty
red colour on the fide , next the fun, but of a yeliowifh
green towards the wall, the pulp is tolerably well
flavoured : this ripens the beginning of September.
8. Golden Nedlarine is a fair handfome fruit, of a
foft red colour next the fun, but of a bright yellow
next the wall • the pulp is very yellow, of a rich fla-
vour, and clofely adheres to the ftone, where it is of
a faint red colour : this ripens the middle of Sep-
tember.
9. Temple’s Nedlarine is a middle-fized fruit, of a
ioft red colour next the fun, of a yeflowifh green to-
ward the wall : the pulp is melting, of a white co-
lour towards the ftone, from which it parts, and lias
a fine poignant flavour ; this ripens the end of Sep-
tember.
10. Peterborough, or late green Nedlarine, is a mid-
dle fized fruit, of a pale green colour on the outfide
next the fun, but of a whitifh green towards the wall j
the flefh is firm, and, in a good feafon, tolerably well
flavoured ; this ripens the middle of Odtober.
There are fome perfons who pretend to have more
varieties than I have here enumerated, but I much
doubt whether they are different, there being fo
near a refemblance between the fruits of this kind,
that it requires a very clofe attention to diftinguifh
them well, efpeciaily if the trees grow in different
foils and afpecls, which many times alters the fame
fruit fo much, as hardly to be diftinguifhed by per-
fons who are very converfant with them ; therefore,
in order to be thoroughly acquainted with their dif-
ferences, it is neceflary to confider the fhape and fize
of their leaves, the fize of their flowers, their man-
ner of (hooting, &c. which is many times very help-
ful in knowing of thefe fruits.
The culture of this fruit differing in nothing from
that of the Peach, I fhall forbear mentioning any
thing on that head in this place, to avoid repetition,
but only wifh thofe perfons who propagate this fruit,
will take their buds from bearing trees, and not from
young nurfery trees, as is too often pradtifed *, how-
ever, I fhall refer the reader to the article Persica,
where there is an ample account of their planting,
pruning, &c.
N E M O R A L fignifies belonging to a wood or
grove.
NEPETA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 629. Cataria. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 202. tab. 95. Catmint, or Nep - 3 in French,
Ilerbes aux Chats .
The Characters are,
’The empalement of the flower is tubulous and cylindrical ,
indented into five acute parts at the top. The flower is
of the lip kind , with one petal, having an incurved cy-
lindrical tube , gaping at the top. The upper lip is erebf ,
roundiflj , and indented at the point. The under lip is
large , concave , entire , and fawed on the edge. It hath
four awl-Jhaped flamina fltuated under the upper lip,
two of which are fhorter than the other , terminated by
incumbent fummits. In the bottom of the tube is fltuated
the quadrifid germen , ftpporting a fender flyle , crowned
by a bifid acute fligma. The germen afterward turns to
fchr oval feeds , fitting in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have two long and two fhorter
flamina, and are fucceeded by naked feed's fitting in
the empalement.
The Species are,
1. Nepeta ( Cataria ) floribus fpicatis, verticillis fub-
pedicellatis, foliis petiolatis cordatis dentato-ferratis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 796. Catmint with fpiked flowers ,
whofe whorls have very fhort foot-ftalks , and heart-fioaped
leaves growing on foot-ftalks , which are indented like
the teeth of a f aw. Cataria major vulgaris. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 202. Common greater Catmint.
2. Nepeta [Minor) floribus fpicatis, fpicis interruptis,
verticillis pedicellatis, foliis fubcordatis ferratis peti-
olatis. Catmint with fpikes of flowers , with interrupted
whorls ftanding on foot-ftalks , and fawed leaves , with
foot-ftalks almoft heart-fhaped. Cataria minor vul-
garis.
XT
N E P
garis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 202. Smaller common Cat-
mint.
3. Nepeta (. Angujlifolia ) floribus fpicatis, verticillis fub-
feffilibus, foiiis cordato-oblongxs icrratis feflilibus.
Catmint with fpiked flowers , whofle whorls grow ahnofl
clofe to the flalks , and oblong , flawed , heart-Jhaped leaves ,
fitting clofle. Cataria anguftifolia major. Tourn. I nit.
R. H. 202. Greater narrow-leaved Catmint.
4. Nepeta ( Paniculata ) floribus paniculatis, foiiis ob-
Ion go cordatis acutis ferratis ieffilibus. Catmint with j
paraded flowers , iztzc/ oblong, heart-Jhaped, acute, flawed
leaves, fitting clofle to the Jialks. Cataria quae nepeta
minor, folio meiiflae Turcicae. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 174.
Smaller Catmint with a Turkey Balm leaf.
5. Nepeta ( Italic a ) floribus Ieffilibus verticillato-fpica-
tis, bra&eis Ianceolatis longitudine calycis, foiiis pe-
tiolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 798. Catmint whofle flowers
grow in whirled Jpikes , fitting clofle to the ftalk, having
Jpear-Jhaped hr act ere the length of the empalement, with
leaves growing upon the foot-ftalks. Cataria minor
Alpina. Tourn. Inft. R. IT. 202. Smaller Alpine
Catmint.
6 . Nepeta ( Violacea ) verticillis pedunculatis corymbo-
fis, foiiis petiolatis cordato-oblongis dentatis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 797. Catmint with roundijh whorls fianding
upon foot-ftalks, and oblong , heart-Jhaped , indented leaves.
Cataria Hifpanica, betonics folio anguftiore flore cae-
ruleo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 202. Spaniflo Catmint with
a narrow Betony leaf, and a blue flower.
7. Nepeta {Tuber of a) fpicis feflilibus, bradteis ovatis
coloratis, foiiis fummis Ieffilibus. Hort. Cliff. 311.
Catmint with fpiked flowers fitting clofle to the flalks, oval
coloured brablea, and the upper leaves fitting clofle to the
flalks. Cataria Hifpanica, fupina, betonics folio,
tuberofa radice. Tourn. Inft. R. PL 202. Spar.ijh Cat-
mint with a declining ftalk, a Betony leaf , and a tube-
rous root.
8. Nepeta ( Hirfluta ) floribus feflilibus verticillato-fpi-
catis, verticillis tomento obvolutis. Hort. Cliff. 31 1.
Catmint with flowers growing in whorled Jpikes fitting
clofle to the ftalk, and the whorls covered with down.
Horminum fpicatum lavendulae flore & odore. Bocc.
Plant. Sic. 48. tab. 25. Spiked Clary with a Lavender
flmell and flower.
9. Nepeta {Virginica ) foiiis Ianceolatis, capitulis ter-
minalibus, ftaminibus flore longioribus. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 571. Catmint with Jpear-Jhaped leaves , flalks ter-
minated by flowers growing in heads, and ftamina longer
than the flower. Clinopodium amaraci folio, floribus
aibis. Pluk. Aim. ixo. Field Bafil with a Marjoram
leaf, and a white flower.
10. Nepeta ( Orient alis ) floribus fpicatis, verticillis craf-
fioribus, foiiis cordatis obtuse dentatis petiolatis. Cat-
mint with fpiked flowers, whofle whorls are very thick ,
and heart-Jhaped leaves which are obtufely indented , and
fland upon foot-ftalks. Cataria Orientals, teucrii folio,
lavendulre odore, verticillis florum craffiflimis. Tourn.
Cor. Inft. 13. Eaftern Catmint with a Tree Germander
leaf fuelling like Lavender, and very thick whorls to the
flowers.
11. Nepeta ( Procumbens ) floribus verticillatis, bradteis
ovatis hirfutis, foiiis cordato-ovatis crenatis, caule
procumbente. Catmint with whorled floivers, having
oval hairy braltcw, oval heart-Jhaped leaves , which are
crenated, and a trailing ftalk.
The firft fort is the common Nep, or Catmint, which
grows naturally on the fide of banks and hedges in
many parts of England ; this has a perennial root,
from which arife many branching ftalks, which are
four-cornered, about two feet high, garnifhed at each
joint by two heart-fhaped leaves Handing oppoflte,
upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; they are fawed on their
edges, and are hoary on their under fide. The flow-
ers grow in fpikes at the top of the ftalks, and below
the fpikes are two or three whorls of flowers, which
have very Jhort foot-ftalks. The flowers are white,
and have two lips •, the upper lip Hands eredt, and
the lower is a little reflexed, and indented at the
point ; thefe are each fucceeded by four oval black
feeds, which ripen in the empalement.
The whole plant has a ftrong feent between Mint and
Penny Royal ; it is called Catmint,, becaufe the cats
are very fond of it, - efpecially when it is withered, for
then they will roll theirifelves on it, and tear it to
pieces, chewing it in their mouths with great plea-
fure. Mr. Ray mentions his having tranfplanted
iorne of the plants of this fort from the fields, into
his garden, which were loon' deft royed by the cats,
but the plants which came up from feeds in his gar-
den e leaped, which verifies the old proverb, viz. “ If
“ you let it the cats will eat it, if you low it the cats
“ will not know it. 55 I have frequently made trial of.
this, and have always found it true j for I have tranf-
planted one of the plants from another part of the
garden, within two feet of fome plants which came
up from feeds, the latter has remained unhurt, when
the former has been rprn to pieces . and deftroyed by
the cats j but I have always obferved, v/here there is
a large quantity of the herb growing together, they
will not meddle with it. This flowers in June and
July, and the feeds ripen in autumn. It is ufed In
medicine.
The lecond fort grows naturally in Italy, and the
fouth of France ; the ftalks of this are flendere , their
joints farther afunder, the leaves are narrower, and
the whole plant whiter. than the firft. The fpikes of
flowers are divided into whorls ; the lower of thefe
are two inches apart, others are an inch, and the up-
per half an inch, and thefe differences are perma-
nent, for I have always found the feeds produce the
fame kind.
The ftalks of the third fort do not branch fo much as
either of the former they are flenderer, and their
joints farther afunder ; the leaves are fmall, narrow,
and almoft heart-ftiaped, fawed on their edges, hoary,
and ftand upon ftiort foot-ftalks. The fpikes of flowers
are more broken, or interrupted than thole of the fe-
cond, and the whorls ftand upon foot-ftalks. It grows
naturally in Italy.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Sicily •, this riles
with a ftrong four-cornered ftalk near three feet
high ; the lower joints are four or five inches afunder.
The leaves are long, narrow, and heart-fhaped, deeply
fawed on their edges, and fet pretty clofe to the ftalk.
The flowers grow in panicles along the ftalks, and are
of a pale purplifti colour. It flowers about the fame
time with the other forts.
The fifth fort grows naturally upon the Alps •, the
ftalks of this feldotn rife more than a foot and. a half
high, fending out very few branches. The whorls of
flowers which form the fpike, are diftant from each
other, and fet clofe to the ftalk. The leaves are fhort,
oval, heart-ftiaped, and ftand upon foot-ftalks ; the
plant is hoary, and ftrong icented.
The fixth fort grows naturally in Spain ; the ftalks of
this rife about two feet high, and have a few (lender
branches coming out from the fides. The leaves are
heart-fhaped, and indented on their edges. The
flowers grow in roundifn whorls, upon foot-ftalks,
and are blue ; there is alfo a variety of this with white
flowers.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Portugal ; this
has a thick knobbed root, from which comes out one
or two ftalks, which often decline to the ground;
they are about two feet and a half long, and fend out
two fide branches oppoflte. The leaves are oblong,
crenated on their edges, and fit clofe to the ftalks,
and are of a deep green. The upper part of the ftalk,
for more than a foot in length, is garnifhed with
whorls of flowers, the lower being two inches afunder,
but are nearer all the way upward ; thefe fit very clofe
to the ftalks, and are guarded by oval, fmall, coloured
leaves, or bratfteas. The flowers are blue, and fhap-
ed like thofe of the other fpeeies ; there is one of this
fort with .an erect ftalk, which is the only difference
between them.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Sicily. The ftalks
of this grow about two feet high ; the branches come
out toward the bottom ; they are heart-fhaped, ob-
tufe, and but little indented!, Handing upon pretty
9 ^ long-
\
41 $
N E ft
long foot-talks. The talks are terminated! by long
ipik.es of whorled flowers, which are feparated, and
fit clofe to them ; thefe are wrapped in a hoary down.
The flowers are white, and appear in July.
The ninth fort grows naturally in North Amfened \
this hath a perennial root, from which arife feveral
four-cornered talks two feet high, which are par-
nilhed with hairy leaves, fomewhat like thofe of Mar-
joram, but are larger. The flowers grow in whorls
round the italics, and alfo at the extremity of the talk,
in a large roundilh whorl or head ; they are of a pale
fiefh colour, and their ftamina is longer than the petal.
It flowers in July.
The tenth fort grows naturally in the Levant, from
whence the feeds were fent to Paris, by Dr. Tourne-
fort. The talks of this are ftrong, and rife near
three feet high. The leaves are heart-ffaaped, and
have blunt indentures on their edges, handing upon
Abort foot-talks. The towers grow in whorled
(pikes at the top of the talks ; the whorls are ve-
ry thick, and fet elofe together, terminating in an
obtufe point. The flowers are of a pale fiefh co-
lour % the whole plant is hoary, and has a trong
feent.
The eleventh fort grows naturally among the rocks in
Candia, where it is ufed as Water Germander by the
inhabitants ; this hath four-cornered talks a foot long,
which trail upon the ground, fending out fome ten-
der branches from the fide. The leaves are very like
thofe of the round-leaved Mentatrum, fitting elofe
to the talk. The towers grow in thick roundifh
whorls, which fit elofe to the talk, and are furround-
ed by oval hairy leaves, or bradtea. The flowers are
white, and jut peep out of their empalements. The
roots of this fort feldom continue longer than two
years, but as the feeds ripen w r ell, fo if they are per-
mitted to fcatter, the plants will come up the follow-
ing fpring.
All the forts are very hardy, fo are not injured by
frot : they are eafily propagated by feeds, for if they
are permitted to fall, the plants will rife without trou-
ble ; or if the feeds are fown, either in the fpring or
autumn, the plants will come up, and require no
other culture but to thin them where they are too
elofe, and keep them dean from weeds. If thefe
plants are fown upon a poor dry foil, they will not
grow too rank, but will continue much longer,
and appear handfomer than in rich ground, where
they grow too luxuriant, and have not fo ftrong a
feent.
NERIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 262. Nerion. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 604. tab. 374. The Oleander, or Rofe
Bay, in French, Laurier Rofe.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is permanent , and cut into
five acute fegments. The flower has one funnel-fhaped
petal ’The tube is cylindrical ; the border is large , and
cut into five broad obtufe fegments , which are oblique. It
hath a nectar him terminating the tube , which are torn
into hairy fegments. It hath five fhort awl-Jhaped fla-
mina within the tube , with arrow-pointed fummits joining
together , terminated by a long thread. It hath an oblong
germen , which is bifid , with fcarce any ftyle , crowned by
jtngle ftigmas. The germen afterward turns to two long ,
taper, acute-pointed pods , filled with oblong feeds , lying
over each other like the feales of fifh , and crowned with
down.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which contains thofe plants
whole flowers have five ftamina and one ftyle.
The 'S pecies are,
1. Neri um ( Oleander ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis ternis.
Hort. Cliff. 7 6 . Oleander , or Rofe Bay , with linear
bear-floaped leaves , which are placed by threes round the
'jialk. .Nerion' floribus rubefeentibus. C. B. P.464.
Oleander with red flowers.
2. Nerium ( Indicurn ) foliis linearibus rigidis. Oleander ,
or Rofe Bay , with linear rigid leaves. Nerium Indi-
icum, anguftifoiium, floribus odoratis fimplicibus*
N E R
ii, L. _ Na/row leaved Indian Rofe Bdy% with jimh
fwcet-fcented flowers.
3- Nerium ( Latifolium ) foliis lancedlatis longioribus
flaccidis, Rofe Bay with longer, fpear-Jhdped , flaccid
leaves. _ Nerium Indicurn latifolium, floribus odora-
tis plenis. H, L. Broad-leaved Indian Rofe Bay with
double fweet flowers , commonly called the double Ole-
ander.
The firft fort grows naturally in Greece, and in feve-
rish countries near the Mediterranean fea, generally by
the Tides of rivers and brooks : there are two varieties
of this, one with white, the other with red flowers,
but feem to have no other difference, fo may properly
be placed together as one fpeeies, though that with
> white flowers is rarely found growing wild in any
place but the ifland of Crete.
Thefe rife with feveral ftalks to the height of eio-fit or
ten reet. The branches come out by threes rourid
the principal ftalks, and have a Irnooth bark, which
in the red flowering is of a purpliih colour, but the
white fort hath a light green bark. The leaves for the
moft part ftand by threes round the ftalks, upon very
fhort foot-ftalks, and point upward *, they are about
three or four inches long, and three quarters of an
inch broad in the middle, of a dark green, very fluff,
and end in acute points. The flowers come out at
the end of the branches, in large loofe bunches, which
are in one of a bright purple, or crimfon colour, and
in the other they are of a dirty white ; they have fhort
tubes, and fpread open at the top, where they are
deeply cut into five obtufe fegments, which are twill-
ed at bottom, fo are oblique to the tube. At the
mouth of the tube, the tom capillary nedtarium is fi-
tuated, and within the tube are the five ftamina, with
the germen at bottom, which afterward turns to a
brown, taper, double pod, about four inches long,
which opens longitudinally on one fide, and is filled
with oblong feeds, crowned with long hairy down,
lying over each other like the feales of fifh. This
plant flowers in July and Auguft, and in warm fea-
fons they are fucceeded by pods, but the feeds feldom
ripen well here.
When the fummers are warm and dry, thefe plants
make a fine appearance, for then they open and flowed
in great plenty; but, in cold moift feafons, the
flowers often decay without expanding, and the fort
with white flowers is more tender than the red ; fo
that unlefs the weather is warm and dry at the
time the flowers appear, they rot, and make no-
figure, unlefs they are placed under glafles to fereen
them.
The fecond fort grows naturally in India ; this rifes
with fhrubby ftalks fix or feven feet high, which are
covered with a brown bark, and garniihed with ftiff'
leaves from three to four inches long, and not more
than a quarter of an inch broad ; they are of a light
green, and their edges are reflexed ; thefe are placed
fometimes oppofite, at others they are alternate, and
fometimes by threes round the branches. The flowers
are produced in loofe bunches at the end of the
branches ; they are of a pale red, and have an agree-
able mufky feent. It flowers at the fame time with
the former, but thefe flowers feldom open here in the
open air, fo that unlefs the plants are placed in an airy
glafs-cafe, where they are defended from wet and
cold, they feldom flower well.
The third fort grows naturally in both Indies; this
plant was firft introduced to the Britifh I hands in
America, from the Spanilh Main, and is called by
the inhabitants of thofe iilands South Sea Rofe ; the
beauty and Iweetnefs of its flowers engaged the inha-
bitants of the iflands to cultivate the"plants, fo that
in many places they were planted to form hedges ;
but the cattle browzing upon them, when there was
fcarcity of food, were many of them killed, which
has occasioned their being deftroyed in places expofed
to cattle; fo that now they are only p refer ved in gar-
dens, where they make a fine appearance great part
of the year,, for in thofe warm countries they are fd~
. • dom
NER -
dom deftitute of dowers. This has been' by feme per-
form, who have only a fuperficial knowledge of plants,
thought only a variety of the common fort, but thofe
v/ho have cultivated both, know better ; for the firft
will live through the winter in the open air, in a
warm fituation, but this is too tender to thrive in
England, unlefs prelerved in a warm green-houfe ;
nor will the plants flower without the afliftance of a
glafs-cafe in fummer. The third fort was not known
here till the beginning of laft century, being a
ftranger in Europe, but the former has been in the
Englifh gardens near two centuries : nor has the feeds
of the firft ever produced plants of the third fort,
though this has been positively aflferted by perfons of
no fkill.
The leaves of this fort are fix inches long, and one
inch broad in the middle, of a much thinner texture
than thofe of the firft, and their ends are generally
reflexed ; they are of a light green, and irregularly
placed on the branches ; fometimes they are by pairs,
at others alternate, and fometimes by threes round
the branches. The flowers are produced in very large
bunches at the end of the branches, Handing upon
long foot-ftalks ; they have three or four feries of pe-
tals within each other, fo are more or lefs double.
The flowers are much larger than thofe of the com-
mon fort, and fmell like the flowers of Hawthorn.
The plain flowers are of a foft red, or Peach colour ;
but in moft they are beautifully variegated with a
deeper red, and make a fine appearance. Their
ufualtimeof flowering is in July and Auguft, but
if they are placed in a warm ftove, they will conti-
nue in flower till Michaelmas. As the flowers of this
are double, they are not fucceeded by feeds ; and at
prefent we are unacquainted with the Angle flowering
of this kind, for the fecond is undoubtedly a diftinck
fpecies.
All the fpecies of the Rofe Bay are fuppofed to have
a poifohous quality ; the young branches, when cut
or broken, have a milky fap or juice, and the larger
branches, when burnt, emit a very difagreeable odour,
fo there is great reafon to believe the plants have
fome noxious quality ; but this genus of plants has
been confounded by many of the writers on botany
with the Chamcerhcdodendros of Tournefort, and
many of the noxious qualities with which the latter
abounds, have been applied to the Nerium, but par-
ticularly that of the honey, about Trebifond, which
is reckoned very unwhoifome* which has been fup-
pofed to be occafioned by the bees fucking it from
the flowers of the Nerium $ whereas it is from the
flowers of the Chamterhododendros, as Tournefort
has fully informed us ; but the affinity of their names
in the Greek language has occafioned thefe two plants
to be often confounded,
Thefe plants are generally propagated by layers in
this country, for although they will fometimes take
root from cuttings, yet that being an uncertain me-
thod, the other is generally purfued ; and as the
plants are very apt to produce fuckers, or fhoots from
their roots, thofe are belt adapted for laying, for the
old branches will not put out roots •, when thefe are
laid down, they fhould be flit at a joint, in the fame
manner as is pra&ifed in laying of Carnations, which
will greatly facilitate their taking root : if thefe
branches are laid down in autumn, and are properly,
fupplied with water, they will have taken root by that
time twelvemonth, when they fhould be carefully
raifed up with a trowel ; and if they have taken good
root, they fhould be cut off from the old plant, and
each planted in a feparate fmall pot, filled with foft
loamy earth ; thofe of the common fort will require
no other care, but to be placed in a fhady fituation,
and gently watered as the feafon may require, till
they have taken new root ; but the two other fpecies
fhould be plunged into a very moderate hot-bed, to
forward their taking root, dbferving to fhade them
from the fun in the heat of the day ; after the com-
mon fort has taken new root, the plants may be
placed in a flickered fituation with other hardy exo-
tics, where they may remain till the end of Octo-
ber, when they fhould either be removed into the
'green-houfe, or placed under a hot- bed frame,
where they may be protected from froft in winter,-
but enjoy the free air at all times when the weather
is mild.
This fort is fo hardy as to live abroad in mild winters,
if planted in a warm fituation ; but as they are liable
to be deftroyed in fevere froft, the belt way is to keep
the plants in pots, or if they are very large in tubs,
that they be flickered in winter, and in the furnmer
removed abroad, placing them in a warm fheltered
fituation. In the winter they may be placed with
Myrtles, and other of the hardier kinds of exotic
plants, in a place where they may have as much free
air as poffible in mild Weather, but fcreened from
fevere froft ; for if thefe are kept too warm in winter*
they will not flower ftrong, and when the air is ex-
cluded from them, the ends of their fhoots will be-
come mouldy * fo that the hardier they are treated,
provided they are not expofed to hard frofts, the bet-
ter they will thrive.
The other two forts require a different treatment,
otherwife they will not make any appearance * there-
fore the young plants when they have taken new root,
fhould be gradually inured to bear the open air, into
which they fhould be removed in July, where they
may remain till October, provided the weather con-
tinues mild; but during this time, they fhould be
placed in a fheltered fituation ; and upon the firft
approach of froft, they fhould be removed into fhel-
ter, for if their leaves are injured by froft, they will
change to a pale yellow, and will not recover their
ufual colour till the following autumn. Thefe forts
may be preferved in a good green-houfe through the
winter, and the plants will be ftronger than thole
which are more tenderly treated ; but in May, when
the flower-buds begin to appear, the plants fhould be
placed in an open glafs-cafe, where they may be de-
fended Trom the inclemency of the weather ; but
when it is warm weather, the air fhould at all times
be admitted to them in plenty. With this manage-
ment the flowers will expand, and continue long in
beauty ; and during that time, there are few plants
which are equal to them, either to the eye or nofe*
for their fcent is very like that of the flowers of the
White Thorn ; and the bunches of flowers will be ve-
ry large, if the plants are ftrong*
NERVES are long tough firings, which run either
acrofs, or lengthways, in the leaves of plants.
NICOTIAN A. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 117. tab. 41.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 220. [This plant takes its name
from James Nicotius, counfellor to Francis II. King
of France, who in the year 1560, being ambaffador
to the court of Portugal, bought the feeds of this
plant of a Dutchman, who brought them from Ame-
rica, and lent them to Queen Catharine de Medic is
in France ; where, being fown, they produced feeds :
the Indian inhabitants call it Tabac, becaufe it grew
in an ifland called Tabaco, or Tobago. The lefler
fort is by fome called Hyofcyamus, becaufe it agrees
in fome of its characters with this plant ; it is alio
called Priapeia.] Tobacco; in French, Nicotians on
1 Tabac .
The Characters are,
*Fhe empalement of the flower is permanent, of one leaf . *
cut into five acute fegments. The flower has one funnel-
floaped petal, with a long tub flpread open at the brim ,
and ending in five acute points. It hath five awl- fo aped
ftamina which ’are the length of the tubs, a little inclined ,
and terminated by oblong funimits ; and an oval ger-
men fiupporting a fender flyle, crowned by an indented
fiigfna. The germcn afterward turns to an oval capfuls ,
with a furrow on each fide, having two cells which open
at the top, and are filled with rough feeds faftened to the
partition.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feckion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafis, which contains thofe plants,,
whole flowers have five flam n a and pine flyle.
The
The Species are,
1. Nicotiana ( Latijjima ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis rugo-
lis, fe m iam plexica uli bu s. Tobacco with oval , fpear-
f japed. , rough leaves , which half embrace the ftalks.
Hyofcyamus Peruvianus. Ger. 357. Tobacco , or Hen-
bane of Peru.
2. Nicotiana ftTabacum) foliis lanceolato-ovatis decur-
rentibus, floribus acutis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 258. To-
bacco with oval , fpear-jhaped , running leaves , fitting clofe
to the ftalks. Nicotiana major ktifolia. C. B. P. 169.
Greater broad-leaved Tobacco.
3. Nicotiana ( Anguftifolia ) foliis lanceolatis acutis, fef-
filibus, calycibus acutis, tubo floris longjffimo. Plat.
18 5. Tobacco with acute fpear-jhaped leaves fitting clofe
to the ftalks , Jharp -pointed empalements , ^ very long
tube to the fewer-. Nicotiana major anguftifolia. C.
B. P. 1 70. Greater narrow-leaved T ohacco.
.4* Nicotiana ( Fruticofa ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis acu-
minatis iemiamplexicaulibus, caule.fruticofo. Tobacco
with linear , fpear-jhaped , acute-pointed leaves , half em-
bracing the ftalks , # Jhrubby ftalk. Nicotiana major
anguftiflimo folio perennis. Juft. Narrow eft -leaved ,
greater , perennial T obacco.
5. Nicotiana {Alba) foliis ovatis acuminatis femiam-
plexicaulibus, capfulis ovatis obtufis. T 'obacco with
oval acute-pointed leaves half embracing the ftalk, and
oval obtufe feed-veffels. Nicotiana major latifolia, flo-
ribus albis, vafculo brevi. Martyn. Dec. 5. Greater
broad-leaved Tobacco with white flowers, and a fhort
feed-veffel.
6. Nicotiana (. Ruftica ) foliis petiolatis ovatis inte-
gerrimis, floribus obtufis. Lin. Sp. 25S. Tobacco with
oval entire leaves, and obtufte flowers. Nicotiana minor.
C. B. P. 170. Smaller Tobacco, commonly called Englijh
T obacco.
7. Nicotiana ( Rugofta ) foliis ovatis rugofis petiolatis.
T obacco with oval rough leaves, having foot-ftalks.
Nicotiana minor, foliis rugofioribus amplioribus.
Vaill. Smaller Tobacco with larger and rougher leaves.
8. Nicotiana (P aniculata) foliis petiolatis cordatis in-
tegerrimis, floribus paniculatis obtufis clavatis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 259. Tobacco with heart-fhaped leaves, pani-
culate d flowers, and club-Jhaped tubes. Nicotiana mi-
nor, folio cordiformi tubo floris prtelongis. Feuill.
O'bf. 1. p.717. tab. 10. Smaller Tobacco with a heart-
fhaped leaf, and a very long tube to the flower.
9. Nicotiana {Glutinofa) foliis petiolatis cordatis inte-
gerrimis, racemofis floribus fecundis ringentibus, ca-
lycibus inaequalibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 259. Tobacco
with heart-fhaped leaves, having foot-ftalks, branching
ringent petals, and unequal empalements.
10. Nicotiana (. Humilis ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis obtufis
rugofis, calycibus breviffimis. Plat. 185. Tobacco with
oval, fpear-jhaped, obtufe, rough leaves, and a very
fhort empdlement . Nicotiana humilis, primulas veris
folio. Houft. MSS. Dwarf Tobacco with a Primrofe
leaf.
The firftfort was formerly the moft common Tobac-
co which was fown in England, and which has been
generally taken for the common broad-leaved Tobac-
co of Cafpar Bauhin, and others, but is greatly dif-
ferent from it. The leaves of this fort are more than
a foot and a half long, and a foot broad, their fur-
faces very rough and glutinous : when thefe plants
are in a rich moift foil, they will grow more than ten
feet high •, the bafe of the leaves half embrace the
ftalks •, the upper part of the ftalk divides into fm aft-
er branches, which are terminated by loofe bunches
of flowers Handing erect ^ they have pretty long tubes,
and are of a pale purpliffi colour. It flowers in July
and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in the autumn.
This is the fort of Tabacco which is commonly
brought to the markets in pots to adorn the (hops
and balconies of London, and by fome is called Qroo-
noko Tobacco.
The fecond fort is the broad-leaved Tobacco of Caf-
per Bauhin ; the ftalks of this feldom rife more than
five or fix feet high, and divide into more branches
than the firft. The leaves are about ten inches long,
and three and a half broad, frnooth, and end in acute
points, fitting clofe to the ftalks r„ the flowers of this
are rather larger, and of a. brighter purple colour
than thofe of the firft. It flowers and perfects feeds
at the fame time ; this is by fome called fweet-feented
Tobacco. j -t *
The third fort riles with an upright .branching ftalk
four or five feet high •, the lower leaves are°a foot
long, and three or four inches broad •, thofe on the
ftalks are much narrower, leffening to the top, and
end in very acute _ points, fitting clofe to the ftalks 5
they a-re very glutinous. The flowers grow in loofe
bunches at the top of the ftalks, they have long tubes,
and are of a bright purple or red colour. Thefe ap-
pear at the fame time with the former forts, and their
leeds ripen in the autumn.
The fourth fort rifes with very branching ftalks about
five feet high •, the leaves on the lower part of the
ftalks are a foot and a half long, broad at the bafe,
where they half embrace the ftalks, and are about
three inches broad in the middle, terminating in long
acute points •, the ftalks divide into many fm after
branches, which are terminated by loofe bunches of
flowers, of a bright putple colour, and are fucceeded
by acute-pointed feed-veffels. This flowers about
the fame time with the former, but if the plants ait;
placed in a warm green-houfe, they will live through,
the winter. The feeds of this fort were lent me ior
Brazil Tobacco.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the woods in the
i Hand of Tobago, from whence the feeds were fent
me by the late Mr. Robert Millar. This rifes about
five feet high ; the ftalk does not branch fo much as
thofe of the former •, the leaves are large and oval,
about fifteen inches long and two broad in the middle,
but diminifh gradually in their fize to the top of the
ftalk, and with their bafe half embrace it. The
flowers grow in clofer bunches than thofe of the for-
mer, and are white ; thefe are fucceeded by fhort,
oval, obtufe feed-veffels. It flowers and perfects feeds
about the fame time with the former.
The fixth fort is commonly called Englifft Tobacco,
from its having been the firft which was introduced
here, and being much more hardy than the other
forts. The feeds ripen very freely, and fcattering in
the autumn, the plants have come up without care,
wherever any of the plants have been buffered to run
to feed, fo that it has been a weed in many places ;
but it came originally from America, by the title of
Petum. Dodonaeus, Tabernemontanus, and others,
have titled it Hyofcyamus luteus, from the affinity
there is between this plant and the Henbane ; but the
flowers of this are tubulous, and not ringent, as are
thofe of the Henbane ; nor do the feed-veffels of this
open with a lid on the top, as that of Henbane. The
ftalks of this feldom rife more than three feet hio-h :
O 7
the leaves are placed alternately on the ftalks, Hand-
ing upon fhort foot-ftalks •, they are oval and frnooth.
The flowers grow in fmall loofe bunches on the
top of the ftalks •, they have fhort tubes, which
lpread open at the top, and are' cut into five obtule
fegments, of an herbaceous yellow colour, appearing
in July, and are fucceeded by roundiffi capfules, filled
with fmall feeds, which ripen in the autumn.
The feventh fort rifes with a ffrong ftalk near four
feet high •, the leaves of this are fhaped like thofe of
the former, but are greatly furrowed, on their furface
and near twice the fize, of a darker green, and have
longer foot-ftalks. The flowers are larger than thofe
of the former, and of the fame fhape. This is un-
doubtedly a diftindt plant from the former, for I have
fown the feeds more than thirty years, and have nev^r
found any of the plants vary.
The eighth fort was found growing naturally in the
valley of Lima, by Pere Feuiile, in the year 1710 ;
and of late years the feeds of it were fent from Peru,
by the younger de Juffieu, to Paris. The ftalk of
this fort rifes more than three feet high, dividing up-
ward into many fmaller panicled branches, which are
round and a little hairy j the leaves are heart-fhaped,
about four inches long, and three broad, Handing
upon
I
N I G
upon pi'etty long foot-ftalks. The flowers are pro-
duced in loofe panicles at the end of the branches ;
thefe have tubes about an inch long, fhaped like a
club •, the brim is (lightly cut into nine obtufe feg-
ments, which are reflexed •, they are of a yellowifh
green colour, and are fucceeded by roundfth capfules,
filled with very final! feeds. It flowers about the
fame time with the other forts.
The feeds of the ninth fort were fent from Peru with
thofe of the former, by the younger de Juffieu ; the
ftalk of this is round, and rifes near four feet high,
fending out two or three branches from the lower
part ; the leaves are large, heart-fhaped, and a little
waved ; they are very clammy, handing upon long
foot-ftalks. The flowers grow in loofe fpikes at the
top of the ftalk, having fhort open tubes, which are
curved almoft like the Tip flowers j they are of a dull
purple colour ; the empalement is unequally cut, one
of the fegments being twice the fize of the other.
The tenth fort was dtlcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun at La Vera Cruz, who fent the feeds to England.
This hath a pretty thick taper root, which ftrikes
deep in the ground at the top comes out fix or le-
ven oval fpear-fhaped leaves, which fpread on the fur-
face of the ground ; they are about the fize of thofe
of the common Primrofe, but are of a deeper green ;
the ftalk rifes about a foot high, branching into three
or four divifipns, at each of thefe is placed one fmall
leaf ; the branches are terminated by a loofe fpike of
flowers, which are fmall, tubulous, and of a yellow-
ifh green colour, having very fhort empalements,
which are cut at the brim into five acute fegments.
The leed-veffel is fmall, oval, and divided into two
cells, which are full of fmall feeds.
All the forts except the fixth, feventh, and eighth, re-
quire the fame culture, and are too tender to grow
from feeds fown in the full ground, to any degree of
perfection in this country, fo require to be raifed in a
hot-bed, after the following manner :
The feeds muft be fown upon a moderate hot-bed in
March, and when the plants are come up fit to re-
move, they fhould be tranfplanted into a new hot-
bed of a moderate warmth, about four inches afun-
der each way, obferving to water and fhade them
until they have taken root •, after which you muft let
them have air in proportion to the warmth . of the
feafon, otherwifc they will draw up very weak, and
be thereby lefs capable of enduring the open air: you
muft alfo obferve to water them frequently, but
while they are very young, it fhould not be given to
them in too great quantities ; though when they are
pretty ftrong, they will require to have it often, and
in plenty.
In this bed the plants fhould remain until the middle
of May, by which time (if they have fucceeded well)
they will touch each other, therefore they fhould be
inured to bear the open air gradually ; after which
they muft be taken up carefully, preferving a large
ball of earth to each root, and planted into a rich light
foil, in rows four feet afunder, and the plants three
feet diftance in the rows, obferving to water them
until they have taken root ; after which they will re-
quire no farther, care (but only to keep them clean
from weeds) until the plants begin to fhew their fiowfcr-
ftems ; at which time you fhould cut off the tops of
them, that their leaves may be the better nouriflied,
whereby they will be rendered larger, and of a thicker
fubftance. In Auguft they will be full grown, when
they fhould be cut for ufe ; for if they are permitted
to ftand longer, their under leaves will begin to de-
cay. This is to be underftood for fuch plants as are
propagated for ufe, but thofe plants which are defign-
ed for ornament, fhould be planted in the borders of
the pleafu re-garden, and permitted to grow their full
height, where they will continue flowering from July,
till the froft puts a flop to them.
The three fmaller forts of Tobacco are preferved in
botanic gardens for variety, but are feldom propagat-
ed for ufe. The firft fort is found growing upon
dunghills in divers parts of England. ' The fixth and
N i G
feventh are very hardy, and may be propagated hf
flowing their feeds in March, upon a bed of light earth,
where they will come up, and may be tranfplanted
into any part of the garden, where they will thrive
without farther care.
The laft fort being fomewhat tenderer than the other,
fhould be fown early in the fpring on a hot-bed •, and
when the plants come up, they fhould be tranfplanted
on another moderate hot-bed, where they muft be
duly watered, and fhould have a large fhare of free
air in warm weather ■, and when the plants have ob-
tained a good fhare of ftrength, they fhould be tranf-
planted into feparate pots, and plunged into a mo-
derate hot-bed to bring them forward. About the
middle of June feme of the plants may be fliaken
out of the pots, and planted into beds of rich earth ;
but it will be proper to keep one or two plants in pots,,
which may be placed in the ftove (in cafe the feafon
fhould prove bad,) that they may ripen their feeds,
fo that the fpecies may be preferved.
NIGELLA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 258. tab. 134.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 606. [fo called, as though Nigrella,
from the colour of its feed, becaufe the feeds of this
plant are, for the mod part, black. It is alfo called
Melianthum, of fx «?, black, and a flower,
q. d. black flower, although the flower is not black :
it is alfo called Melafpermum, of jw,ea«?, black, and
fririppot, feed.] Fennel-flower, or Devil in a buftr.
The Characters are,
The flower has no empalement , hut a leafy perianthimn.
It hath five oval , obtufe , plain petals , which fpread open ,
and are contracted at their bafe , and eight very fort npc*
tariums fituated in a circle , each having two lips ; the
exterior being larger , the inferior bifid , plain, and con-
vex \ the interior is Jhorter , narrower , from an oval ter-
minating in a line. It hath a great number of awl -fhaped
flamina , which are Jhorter than the petals , terminated by
obtufe , comprejfed , ere Cl fummits ■, and in fome five , in.
others ten , oblong , convex , ereCi germen , ending in awl-
fijaped fiyles , which are long , revolved , and permanent,
having fligmas faftened longitudinally to them. The ger-
men afterward become fo many oblong comprejfed capfules ,
divided by a furrow , but connected within , filled with
rough angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth feftion of
Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have many flamina and five ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Nigella ( Afvenfis ) piftillis quinis, petalis iritegris,
caplulis turbinatis. Lin. Sp. Plant, 534. Fennel-flower
having five point als, entire petals, and turbinated feed -
vejfels. Nigella arvenfls cornuta. C. B. P. Field horned
Fennel- flower.
2. Nigella (. Damafcena ) floribus involucro foliofocinc-
tis. Eiort. Cliff. 215. Fennel-flower whofe flowers are
eneompajfed with a leafy involucrum. Nigella angufti-
folia, flore majore fimplici caeruleo. C. B. P. 145.
Narrow-leaved Fennel-flower , having a larger i Jingle, blue
flower.
3. Nigella ( Sativa ) piftillis quinis, caplulis muricatis
fubrotundis, foliis fubpilofls. Hort. Upfal. 154. Fen-
nel -flotver with .five point als which are prickly, and leaves
fomewhat hairy. Nigella flore minore fimplici candi-
do. C. B. P. 145. Fennelflower with a fmaller , Jingle,
white flower.
4. Nigella ( Cretica ) piftillis quinis, corolla-longiori-
bus, petalis integris. Fennel-flower with five pointals
longer than the petals , which are entire. Nigella Cre-
tica latifolia odorata. Park. Theat. 1376. Broad-leaved
fweet-fmelling Fennel-flower of Crete.
5. Nigella ( Latifolia ) piftillis denis corolla brevioribus.
Fennelflower with ten pointals which are Jhorter than
the petals. Nigella alba fimplici flore. Alp. Exot. 261.
Fennel-flower with a Jingle white flower.
6 . Nigella ( Hifpanka ) piftillis denis corollam seq-u an-
tibus. Hort. Upfal. 154. Fennel-flower with ten pointals
equalling the petal. Nigella latifolia flore majore fim-
plici caeruleo. C. B. P. 145. Broad-leaved Fennel-
flower with a large. Jingle, blue flower .
9 K
7. Nigella
\'
N I G
y. Nic- ella ( Orient alls ) piftillis denis corolla longiori- 1
bus, Hort. Ckff. 2.15. Fennel-flower w>ith ten pointals
which are longer than the petals. Nigella Orientals,
fiore fiavefcente, femine alato piano. Tourn. Cor. 19.
Fennelflower of the Eafi , with a yellowijh flower , and
a plain winged feed .
The firft fort grows naturally among the Corn, in j
France, Italy, and Germany, fo is feldom propagated .
in gardens •, this rifes with flender (talks near a foot
high, which fometimes branch out at the bottom, and
at others they are fingle, gamiflipj with a few very fine
cut leaves, fomewhat like thofe of Dill ; each ftalk is
terminated by one ftar-pointed flower of five petals,
which are of a pale blue-colour, and have no leafy in-
volucrum under them •, thefe are lucceeded by cap-
fttles, having five {hort horns, which incline different
ways at the top, and are filled with rough black feeds ;
there is a variety of this with white flowers, and ano-
ther with double flowers.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain and Italy,
among the Corn ; this rifes with an upright branching'
ftalk a foot and a half high, garnifhed with leaves
much longer and finer than thofe of. the firft. The
flowers are large, of a pale blue, and have a long
leafy involucrum under each : thefe are lucceeded by
larger fwelling feed- veffels, with horns at the top-, of
this there is one with fingle white flowers, and another
with double flowers, which is fawn in gardens for
ornament.
The third fort grows naturally in Crete ; this rifes
about the fame height as the former. The leaves are
not fo finely cut as thofe of the fecond, and are a little
hairy. At the top of each ftalk is one flower, com-
pofed of five white petals, which are flightly cut at
their end into three points •, thefe are fucceeded by
oblong fwelling feed-veffels, with five horns at the
top, filled with fmall pale-coloured feeds.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Crete ; this rifes
with branching italics about a foot high, garnifhed
with fhorter and broader leaves than either of the
other fpecies. At the top of each branch is one
flower, having no involucrum •, they are compofed
of five oval petals, and have five pointals longer
than the petals ; the feed-veffel is not much fwollen,
and has five flender horns at the top ; the feeds are
of a light yellowifh brown colour.
The fifth fort is alfo a native of Crete ; this rifes
with a branching ftalk a foot high, garnifhed with
leaves like thofe of Larkfpur. The flowers have five
large oval petals, which are entire, and ten pointals
which are fhorter than the petals, and a great num-
ber of green ftamina with blue chives ; the feed-
veflfels are like thofe of the laft fort.
The fixth fort rifes a foot and a half high •, the lower
leaves are finely cut, but thofe on the ftalks are cut
into broader fegments. The flowers are larger than
thofe of the other fpecies, and are of a fine blue co-
lour : the pointals of this are of equal length with the
petals ; the feed-veflel has five horns, and is of a
firmer texture than any of the other. This grows na-
turally in the fouth of France and Spain ; there is a
variety of this with double flowers.
The ieventh fort grows naturally in the Corn-fields
about Aftppo v this rifes with a branching ftalk a
foot and a half high, garnifhed with pretty long leaves,
which are finely divided. The flowers are produced
at the end of the branches j they are compoled of five
yellowifh leaves or petals ; at the bafe of thefe are
placed eight nedariums, between which arife a great
number of ftamina, with an unequal number ofger-
men, fome having but five, others have eight or nine ;
they 'are oblong and compreffed •, thefe afterward be-
come fo many oblong compreffed feed-veffels, joined
together on their inner fide, terminating with horns,
and open longitudinally, containing many thin com-
preffed feeds, having borders round them.
The varieties of thefe with double flowers, are chiefly
propagated in gardens for ornament ; but thofe with
fingle flowers are rarely admitted into any but botanic
N I T
gardens, where they are preferred ' for the fake of
variety.
Ali^ thefe plants may be propagated by lowing their
feeds upon a bed of light earth, where .they are to re-
main (for they feldom fucceed well if transplanted ;)
therefore, in order to have them intermixed amongffc
other annual flowers in the borders of the fiower-gar-
oen, the iceos fliould be fown m patches at proper
diftances ; and when the plants come up, you muft
pull up thofe which grow too clofe, leaving but three
01 lour Oi them in each patch, obferving alfo to keep
them clear from weeds, which is all the culture they
require. In July they will produce their flowers, and
their feeds will ripen in Auguft, when they fliould be
gathered and dried; then rub out each fort fepa-
rately, and preferve them in a dry place.
The feafon for fowing thefe feeds is in March ; but
if you fow fome of them in Auguft, foon after ’they
are ripe, upon a dry foil and in a warm fituation, they
will abide through the winter, and flower ftrono- the
Succeeding year; fo by fowing the feeds at different
times, they may be continued in beauty moft part of
the fummer.
They are all annual plants, which perifli foon after
they have perfected their feeds ; which, if permitted
to (carter upon the borders, will come up without- any
farther care.
NIGELLASTRU M. See Agrostemma
NIGHTSHAD E. See Solanum.
NI G H T S FI A D E, the Deadly, See Belladonna.
NIL. See Anil.
MISSOLIA. See Lathyrus.
NITRE is a kind of fait, impregnated with abun-
dance of fpirits out of the air, which renders it vo-
latile.
MonfieurLeClerc gives us the following account of it:
In Egypt they make a great quantity of it, but it i«
not fo good, for it is dufky, and full of knots and
ftones.
It is made almoft in the manner that fait is made,
but only that they ufe fea-water in their fan-works,
and the water of Nile about their Nitre.
When the Nile retires, their Nitre -pits, (land {baking
for forty days together ; but as the Nitre is grown
firm, they are in hafte to carry it off, left it fliould
melt again in the pits. They pile it up in heaps, and
it keeps very well.
The Memphian Nitre grows ftrong, and there are fe-
veral pits of ftone thereabouts ; out of thefe they
make veffels, and fome they melt down with fulphur
among their coals.
This fame Nitre they ufe alfo about fuch things as
they would have to laft a long time.
The proof of the goodnefs of Nitre is, that it be very
light, very friable, and very near of a purple colour.
There is but very little difference between the natural
and artificial Nitre ; but that the one refines itfelf, and
the other is refined by art, as fait ; and, indeed, all
Nitre is a kind of fait, and hardly differs from fait,
properly fo called, farther than in thefe refpefts.
That well refined Nitre is more acid and light than
fait, and eafily takes fire.
The reafon of which difference, he fays, feems to
be ;
1. That the angles at both ends of the oblong parti-
cles of Nitre are fhorter than the angles of the laline
particles.
2. That the particles of Nitre are finer and fuller of
pores ; which, when the particles of fire get in, they
foon put the nitrous particles into a hurry, till they
break to pieces, and turn to flame.
3. Nitre exceeds fait in lightnefs, becaufe the faline
particles contain more homogeneous .matter in the
fame compafs, than the nitrous do.
Dr. Lifter tells us, he viewed the particles of Nitre
through a microfcope, and found them to have fix
angles, parallelogram ftdes, and pointed like a pyra-
mid at one end.
Some
t
Some authors are of opinion, that the nitrous felts
feem to be affigned by nature chiefly for the growth
of plants.
Others differ from them in opinion, and fay, that
-when Nitre is contiguous to plants, it rather deftroys
than nourilhes them but yet they allow, that Nitre
and other lalts do certainly loofen the earth, and fepa-
rate the concreted parrs of it, and by that means, fit
and difpofe them to be afiumed by water, and carried
up into the feed or plant, for its formation and aug-
ment.
It is obfervable, how all halts are wrought upon by
moifture, how eafily they liquidate and run with it j
and when thefe are drawn off, and have deferred the
lumps wherewith they were incorporated, thofe muff
moulder immediately, and fall afunder of courfe.
The hardeft ftone, if it has any fait mixed with the
farid of which it confifts, upon being expofed to a hu-
mid air, in a fhort time diffolves and crumbles all to
pieces ; and much more will clodded earth and clay,
which is not of near fo compabt and folid a conftitu-
tion as ftone is.
If the earth be never fo good and fit for the produc-
tion of vegetables, little will come of it, unlefs the
parts of it be feparated and loofe •, and for this reafon,
is the ground digged, ploughed, and harrowed, and
. the clods broken •, and it is this way that Nitre, fea-
falt, and other falts, promote vegetation.
certain gentleman has given a relation, That he
dwelling in" the country near a petre-houfe, where
fuch faltpetre as is brought from abroad, is boiled and
refined, to make gunpowder, this being fo near as to
communicate the fteam of the Nitre to the greateft
part of the orchard and garden •, and, though fome
were of opinion that it injured his trees and plants,
yet he found, that it had a contrary influence upon
his orchard, &c. in that it never failed to bring him
a plentiful crop of fruit every year, although thofe
about him had but very little, or fcarce any ; notwith-
ftanding his orchard, &c. was not lefs expofed to
blighting winds by its natural fituation, than the other
orchards in the fame town. From whence he judged,
that the nitrous vapour which mixes with the air that
furrounds his orchard, prevents blights, and is noxious
to the caterpillars.
The Lord Bacon, in his Natural Hiftory, commends
the ufe of Nitre, for the prefervation of health in hu-
man bodies ; and many fkilful hufbandmen have
given it no lefs a character for the prefervation of
vegetables, if its quantity be rightly proportioned.
That the atmofphere does abound with faline parti-
cles, is moft certain •, for being filled continually with
effluvia from earth and fea, it muft needs have from
both a great quantity of faline corpufcles •, and the fait
will be of different kinds, according to the variety
of thofe falts from whence they are derived.
NOL ANA. Royen. Lin. Gen. Plant. 193.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is ofl one leaf \ turbinated at
the bafe , divided into five acute heart-jhaped fiegments ,
and is permanent. ’The flower is bell-floaped , plaited ,
flpread open , and is twice as large as the empalement ; it
hath five awl-Jhaped eredt ftamna , which are terminated
by arrow-pointed fummits , and five roundiflo germen fur-
rounding a cylindrical eredt ftyle , crowned by a headed
fligma. The fuccuknt interior bafe of the receptacle be-
comes flour cells , in which the feeds are inclo fled.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes the plants hav-
ing five ftamina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus at prefent
viz.
Nolan a ( Proflrata .) Lin. Sp. 202. Dec. 1. tab. 2.
Trailing Nolana. Atropa foliis geminatis, calvcibus
polycarpis, caule humifufa. Gouan. Monfp. 82. 'Deadly
Nigh tfloade with two leaves at each joint, flower-cups with
fever al feeds , and a trailing ftalk.
This plant grows naturally in Egypt, from whence I
received the feeds, which were lent by Mr. Forfchal,
one of the perfons who were feht By the late "fogey |f
Denmark, to make difeoveries in the Eaft.
It is an annual plant, with trailing ftalks which lie prof-
trateon the ground, and divide info feveral branches,
which are garniihed; with oval, fpear-fhaped, fmootll
leaves, having fhort foot-ftalks ; thefe come out An-
gle at fome joints, by pairs at others, and frequently
three or four at the upper joints : the flowers are pro-
duced fingly from the forks of the brandies, upon
pretty long foot-fta&s ; they are fliaped like thofe
of the Winter Cherry, having fhort tubes, which
fpread open above, and are of a fine blue colour ;
thefe are fucceeded by four naked feeds, fitting in the
empalement of the flower. This plant flowers in Ju-
ly, and the feeds ripen in the beginning of September.
The feeds of this plant muft be fown on a hot-bed in
March, and when the plants come up and are fit to
remove, they fliould be each tranfplanted into a final!
pot filled with light earth, and plunged into a frefli
hot-bed to bring the plants forv/ard, otherwffe they
will not ripen their feeds in this country j but when
their flowers open in July, they fiiould have a large
fhare of air admitted to them when the weather
is warm, to prevent' their flowers falling away without
producing feeds : with this management the plants
will continue flowering till the early froft deftroys
them, and their flowers wall produce ripe feeds the
beginning of September.
NOLI ME TANGERE. See Impatiens.
NONSUCH, or FLOWER of BRISTOL
See Lychnis.
NORTHERN ASPECT is the leaft favoura-
ble of any in England, as having very little benefit
from the fun, even in the height of ftimmer, there-
fore can be of little ufe, whatever may have been ad-
vanced to the contrary ; for although many forts of
fruit-trees will thrive and produce fruit in fuch pofi-
tions, yet fuch fruit can be of little worth, fince they
are deprived of the kindly warmth of the fun to cor-
ded their crude juices, and render them well tailed
and wholfome • therefore it is to little purpofe to
plant fruit-trees againft fuch walls, except it be thofe
which are intended for baking, &c. where the fire
will ripen, and render thofe juices wholfome, which,
for want of fun, could not beperformed while growing.
You may alfo plant Morello Cherries for preserving 3 }
and white and red Currants, to come late, after thofe
which are expofed to the fun are gone ; and if the
foil be warm and dry, fome forts of fumtner Pears
will do tolerably well on fuch an expofure, and will
continue longer in eating, than if they were more ex j
pofed to the iun. But you fhould by no means plant
Winter Pears in fuch an afped, as hath been pradifed
by many ignorant perfons, fince we find, that the beft
iouth walls, in fome bad years, are barely warm
enough to ripen thole fruits.
Duke Cherries planted againft walls expofed to the
North, will ripen much later in the feaion, and, if the
foil is warm, they will be well flavoured, fo that here-
by this fruit may be continued a month later than is
uiual.
NUCIFEROUS TREES, are fuch which pro-
duce nuts.
N UMMULARIA, See Lysimachxa.
N U R S E R Y, or Nurfery-garden, is a piece of land
let apart for the raffing and propagating all forts of
trees and plants to fupply the garden, and other plan-
tations. Of this fort there are a great number iri the
different parts of this kingdom, but particularly in the
neighbourhood of London, which are occupied by
the gardeners, whofe bufinefs it is to raife trees, "plants,
and flowers for fale ; and in many of thefe there is at
prefent a much greater variety of trees and plants cul-
tivated, than can be found in any other part of Europe.
In France, their Nurferies, (which are but few, when
compared with thofe in England) are chiefly confined
to the propagation of fruit-trees, from whence they
have the appellation of Pepinier. For there is fcarce
any of thole gardens, where a perfon can be fupplied
either
N IJ R
either with evergreens, flowering-lhrubs, ot foreft-
trees : and in Holland their Nurferies are principally
for flowers ; fome few of them, indeed, propagate
tender exotic plants. But thole Nurferies in the
neighbourhood of London do, feveral of them, in-
clude all thefe, and from hence rnoft of the curious
perfons abroad are fupplied with furniture for their
gardens. But I do not propofe in this place, to treat
of thefe extenfive Nurferies, or to give a defcription
of them, therefore fliall confine myfelf to treat of
fuch Nurferies only as are abfolutely neceffary for all
lovers of planting, to have upon the fpot where they
defign to make their plantation. For if thefe are large,
the expence of carrying a great number of trees, if the
dift-ance is great, will be no fmall article, befide the ha-
zard of their growing ; which, when the plants have
been trained up in good land, and removed to an in-
different one, is very great. Therefore it is of the
Utmoft confequence to every planter, to begin by
making a Nurfery. But in this article I mult beg
leave to obferve, that a Nurfery fliould not be fixed
to any particular fpot : I mean by this, that it would
be wrong to continue the raifing of trees any num-
ber of years upon the fame fpot of ground, becaufe
hereby the ground will be fo much exhaufted by the
trees, as to render it unfit for the fame purpofe.
Therefore all good Nurfery gardeners fhift and change
their land from time to time, for when they have
drawn off the trees from a a fpot of ground, they
either plant kitchen herbs, or other things, upon the
ground for a year or two, by which time, as aifo by
dunging and trenching the land, it is recovered, and
made fit to receive other trees. But this they are
obliged to from neceflity, being confined to the
lame land •, which is not the cafe with thole gen-
tlemen, who have large extent of ground in the
country. Therefore all fuch perfons I would ad-
vife to make Nurferies upon the ground which is in-
tended for planting, where a fufficient number of the
trees may be left ftanding, after the others have been
drawn out to plant in other places ; which, for all
large growing trees, but particularly fuch as are cul-
tivated for timber, will be found by much the moll
advantageous method ; for all thofe trees which come
up from the feed, or which are tranfplanted very
young into the places where they a're defigned to re-
main, will make a much greater progrefs, and become
larger trees, than any of thofe which are tranfplanted
at a greater age. Therefore the Nurferies Ihould be
thinned early, by removing all thofe trees which are
intended for other plantations while they are young,
becaufe hereby the expence and trouble of (taking, wa-
tering, &c. will be faved, and the trees will fucceed
much better. But in expofed fituations, where there
are Nurferies made, it will be neceffary to permit the
trees, to ftand much longer ; that, by growing clofe
together, they may fhelter each other, and draw them-
fclves up •, and thefe fhould be thinned gradually, as
the frees advance ; for, by taking away too many at
firft, the cold will check the growth of the remaining
trees. But then thofe trees which are taken out from
thefe Nurferies, after a certain age, fliould not be de-
pended on for planting ; and it will be prudence ra-
ther to confign them for fuel, than by attempting to
remove them large, whereby, in endeavouring to get
them up with good roots, the roots of the ftanding
trees will be often much injured.
What has been here propofed, muff be underftood
for all large plantations in parks, woods, &c. but
thofe Nurferies which are only intended for the raifing
of evergreens, flowering Ihrubs, or plants which are
defigned to emfadlifh gardens, may be confined to one
foot, becaufe a fmall eompafs of ground will be fuf-
ficient for this purpofe. Two or three acres of land
employed this way, will be fufficient for the moll ex-
tenfive defigns, and one acre will be full enough for
thofe of moderate extent. And fuch a fpot of ground
may be always employed for lowing the feeds of fo-
reign trees and plants, as alfo for raifing many forts
-gf bie^iial and perennial flowers, to tranfplant into
N U A
the borders of the pleafure-garden, and for raifing
many kinds of bulbous-rooted flowers from feedst
whereby a variety of new forts may be obtained annu-
ally, which will recompenl'e for the trouble and ex-
pence, and will moreover be an agreeable diverfion to
ail thoie perfons who delight in the amufements of
gardening.
Such a Nurfery as this Ihould be conveniently fitu-
ated for water ; for where that js wanting, there muff
be an expence attending the carriage of water in dry-
weather. It fliould alfo be as near the houfe as it can
with conveniency be admitted, in order to render it eafy
to vifit at all times of the year, becaufe it is abfolutely
neceffary that it fliould be under the infpebtion of the
mailer, for unlefs he delights in it, there will be little
hopes of fuccefs. The foil of this Nurfery fliould alfo
be good, and not too heavy and ftiff, for fuch land
will be very improper for lowing moil forts of feeds ;
becaule as this will detain the moifture in the fpring
and winter, the feeds of moll tender things, efpecially
of flowers, will rot in the ground, if fown early ;
therefore where perfons are confined to fuch land*
there fliould be a good quantity of fand, allies, and
other light manures buried, in order to feparate the
parts, and pulverize the ground •, and if it is thrown
up in ridges, to receive the froft in winter, it will be
of great ufe to it, as will alfo the frequent forking,
or ftirring of the ground, both before and after it is
planted.
The many advantages which attend the having fuch
a Nurfery, are fo obvious to every perfon who has
turned his thoughts in the leaft to this fubjecft, that it
is needlefs for me to mention them here ; and there-
fore I fliall only beg leave to repeat here what I have
fo frequently recommended, which is, the carefully
keeping the ground always clean from weeds ; for if
thefe are permitted to grow, they will rob the youno-
trees of their nourifliment. Another principal buffi
nefs is, to dig the ground between the young plants
at leaft once every year, to loofen it for the roots to
ftrike out ; but if the ground is ftiff, it will be better if
it is repeated twice a year, viz. in Oblober andMarch,
which will greatly promote the growth of the plants,
and prepare their roots for tranfplanting.
But as there may be fome perfons who may have the
curiofity to raife their own fruit-trees, which is what
I would recommend to every one who is a lover of
good fruit, becaufe the uncertainty in procuring the
intended kinds of each fruit is very great, when taken
from common Nurfery-gardens, fo that moft gentle-
men who have planted many, have conftantly com-
plained of this difappointment ; but befide this, there
is another inconvenience, which, for want of fldll, is
fcarce taken notice of, which is, the taking the buds
or grafts from young trees in the Nurferies which
have not borne fruit; this having been frequently re-
peated, renders the trees fo railed as luxuriant as
Willows, making Ihoots to the top of the walls in
two or three years, and are rarely after fruitful with
the moft fkilful management : I lhall therefore treat
of the proper method to make a Nurfery of thefe
trees.
In the doing of which you muft obferve the follow-
ing rules :
i. That the foil in which you make the Nurfery be
not better than that where the trees are to be planted
out for good ; the not obferving this is the reafon
that trees are often at a ftand, or make but little pro-
grefs for three or four years after they come from the
Nurfery, as it commonly happens to fuch trees as are
railed near London, and carried into the northern parts
of England, where, being planted in a poor foil and a
much colder fituation, the trees feldom fucceed well ;
therefore it is by far the better method [when you have
obtained the forts you would propagate) to raife a Nur-
fery of the feveral forts of flocks proper for the vari-
ous kinds of fruit, upon which you may bud or
graft them ; and thofe trees which are thus raifed up-
on the foil, and in the fame degree of warmth, where
they are to be planted, will fucceed much better than
thofe
N U R
MUR
thofe brought from a" greater diftance and from a
richer foil.
2. This ground ought to be frefh, and not fuch as
has been already worn out by trees, or other large
growing plants, for in fuch foil your frocks will not
make any progrefs.
3. It ought not to be too wet, nor over dry, but ra-
ther of a middling nature ; though of the two ex-
tremes, dry is to be preferred, becaufe in fuch foils
(though the trees do not make fo great a progrefs as
in moift, yet) they are generally founder, and more
difpofed to fruitfuinefs.
4. You mult alfo obferve to inclofe it, that cattle and
vermin may not come in, for thefe will make fad ha-
vock with young trees, efpecially in winter, when
the ground is covered with fnow, that they have lit-
tle other food which they can come at. Some of the
molt mifchievous of thefe animals are hares and rab-
bets, which are great deftroyers of young trees at
that feafon, by eating off all their bark ; therefore
you muff carefully guard your Nurfery againft thefe
enemies.
The ground being inclofed, Ihould be carefully
trenched about eighteen inches, or two feet deep, pro-
vided it will allow it ; this ihould be done in Aueult
or September, that it may be ready to receive young
flocks at the feafon for planting, which is commonly in
the middleorend of October. In trenching the ground,
you muff be very careful to cleanfe it from the roots
of all noxious weeds, fuch as Couch-grafs, Docks, &c.
•which, if left in the ground, will get in among the
roots of the trees, fo as not to be gotten out after-
wards, and will fpread and over-run the ground, to
the great prejudice of your young flocks.
After having dug the ground, and the feafon being
come for planting, you muft level down the trenches
as equal as poffible, and then lay out the ground into
quarters, proportionable to the fize thereof, and thofe
quarters may be laid out in beds, for the fowing of
feeds or the ftones of fruit.
The bell fort of flocks for Peaches, Nectarines, &c.
are fuch as are raifed from the flones of the Muf-
cle and white Pear Plumb, but you fhould never plant
fuckers of thefe (which is what fome people pradife)
for thefe feldom make fo good flocks, nor are ever
well-rooted plants ; befides, they are very fubjed to
produce great quantities of fuckers from their roots,
which are very troublefome in the borders, or walks
of a garden, and greatly injure the tree ; fo that you
fhould annually, or at leaft every other year, fow a
few flones of each, that you may never be at a lofs
for flocks.
Tor Pears, you fhould have fuch flocks as have been
raifed from the kernels of the fruit where perry hath
been made, or elfe prefer ve the feeds of fome forts of
fummer Pears, which generally fhoot flrong and vi-
gorous, as the Cuiffe Madame, Windfor, &c. but when
this is intended, the fruit fhould be buffered to hang
upon the trees till they drop, and afterward permitted
to rot •, then take out the kernels and put them in
fand, being careful to keep them from vermin, as
alfo to place them where they may not be too damp,
which will caufe them to grow mouldy. Thefe you
fhould fow for flocks early in the fpring, upon a bed
of good light frefh earth, where they will* come up
in about fix weeks, and, if kept clear from weeds,
will be flrong enough to tranfplant the October fol-
lowing. But for many forts of fummer and autumn
Pears, Quince flocks are preferable to free (i. e. Pear)
flocks •, thefe are generally ufed for all the forts of
foft-melting Pears, but they are not fo good for the
breaking Pears, being apt to render "thofe fruits
which are grafted upon them flony ; thefe are very
often propagated from fuckers, which are generally
produced in plenty from the roots of old trees : but
thofe are not near fo good as fuch as are propagated
from cuttings or layers, which have always much
better roots, and are not fo fubjed; to produce fuck-
ers as the other, which is a very defirable quality,
fince thefe fuckers do not only rob the trees of part of
their nouriiimenf, but ape very troublefome in a
garden.
Apples are grafted or budded upon frocks raifed
f from feeds which come from the cyder-prefs, or upon
Crab (locks, the latter of which are efteetned for their
durablenefs, efpecially for large ftandard trees ; thefe
fhould be raifed from feeds, as the Pear flock, and
muff be treated in the fame manner, for thofe pro-
cured from fuckers, &c. are not near fo good ; but for
fmall gardens, the Paradife flock hath been for fome
years pad greatly efteemed, it being of very humble
growth, caufeth the fruit-trees grafted or budded
thereon to bear very foon, and they may be kept in
imall compafs ; but thefe are only proper for verv
fmall gardens, or by way of curiofity, fince the '
trees thus raifed are but of fhort duration, and fel-
dom arife to any fize to produce fruit in quantities,
unlefs the graft or bud be buried in planting, fo that
they put forth roots, and then they will be equal to
trees grafted upon free (locks, fince they receive but
fmall advantage from the flock.
For Cherries, you fhould make ufe of flocks raifed
from the ftones of the common Black, or the wild
Honey Cherry, both of which are flrong free growers,
and produce the cleaned docks.
For Plumbs, you may ufe the ftones of moft free-
growing forts, which will alfo do very well for Apri-
cots, thefe being not fo difficult to take as Peaches or
Nectarines ; but (as I laid before) thefe fhould not
be raifed from fuckers for the reafon there affigned,
but rather from ftones.
There are fome perfons who recommend the Almond
flock for feveral forts of tender Peaches, upon which
they will take much better than upon Plumb
flocks ; but thefe being tender in their roots, and
apt to fhoot early in the fpring, and being of fhort du-
ration, are by many people rejected ; but fuch ten-
der forts of Peaches which will not take upon Plumb
flocks, fhould be budded upon Apricots, upon which
they will take very well ; and all forts of Peaches
which are planted upon dry foils, will continue much
longer, and not be fo fubjed to blight, if they are up-
on Apricots ; for it is obferved, that upon fuch foils
where Peaches feldom do well, Apricots will thrive
exceedingly, which may be owing to the ftrength and
compadnefs of the vefiels in the Apricots, which ren-
c<n it more capable of alnmilating, or drawing its
nourifhment from the Plumb flock, which in dry foils
feldom afford it in great plenty to the bud ; and the
Peach-tree being of a loofe fpongy nature, is not fo
capable to draw its nourifhment therefrom, which
occafions that weaknefs which is commonly obferved
in thofe trees, when planted on a dry foil; therefore
it is the common pradice of the Nurfery-gardeners,
to bud the Plumb frocks either with Apricots, or
fome free growing Peach; and after thefe have
grown a year, they bud the tender forts of Peaches
upon thefe (hoots, by which method many forts fuc-
ceed well, which in the common way will not thrive,
or icarce keep alive ; and thefe the gardeners term
double worked Peaches.
There are fome people who of late have budded and
grafted Cherries upon flocks of the Cornifh, and others
on the Morello Cherry, which, they fay, will render
the trees more fruitful, and lefs luxuriant in growth, fo
that they may be kept in lefs compafs ; thefe flocks
having the fame efted upon Cherries, as the Paradife
flock hath on Apples.
Having provided yourfelf with young flocks of all
thefe different forts, which fhould be raifed in the fe-
minary the preceding year, you fhould proceed to
tran (planting them in Odober (as was before direded)
into the Nurfery. The diftance which they fhould
be planted, if defigned ror ftandards, fhould be three
yeet and a half or four feet, row from row, and a
toot and a half diflant in the rows ; but if for dwarfs,
rhvee feet row from row, and one foot in the rows,
will be a fufficient diftance.
In taking theie flocks out of the feed-beds, you muft
raife the ground with a fpade, in order to preferve
9 L ■ rhe
l . ; >, :r -
* '
the ro6ts as entire as poflible ; then with your knife
you fhould prune off ail the very i mall fibres 5 and
ir there are any which have a tendency to root down-
right, fuch roo^s fhould be fhortened ; then having
thus prepared the plants, you fhould draw a line
acrofs the ground intended to be planted, and with
your fpade open a trench thereby exactly ftrait, into
•which you fhould place them at the diftance before-
mentioned, fetting them exactly upright •, and then
put the earth in clofe to them, filling up the trench,
and with your foot prefs the earth gently to the
roots of them, obierving not to difplace them fo as
to make the rows crooked, which will render them
unfightly •, thefe plants fhould by no me^ns be head-
ed, or pruned at top, which will weaken them, and
caufe them to produce lateral branches, and thereby
fpoil them.
If the winter fhould prove very cold, it will be of
great fervice to your young flocks, to lay fome mulch
upon the furface of the ground near their roots, which
will prevent the froft from penetrating the ground, fo
as to hurt the tender fibres which were produced af-
ter planting *, but you fhould be careful not to let it
lie too thick near the Items of the plants, nor remain
too Ipng, left the moifture fhould be prevented from
penetrating to the roots of the plants, which it often
does, where there is not due care taken to remove it
away as foon as the froft is over.
In the lumrner feafon you muft always obferve. to
hoe and deftroy the weeds, which, if permitted to re-
main in the Nurfery, will greatly weaken and retard
the growth of your flocks ; and, the fucceeding years,
you fhould obferve to dig up the ground every fpring
between the rows, which will loofen it fo, as that the
fibres may eafily ftrike out on each fide, and the
weeds will thereby be deftroyed •, you fhould alfo ob-
ferve, where any of the flocks have fhot out lateral
branches, to prune them off, that they may be en-
couraged to grow upright and fmooth.
The fecond year after planting, fuch of the flocks as
are defigned for dwarf trees will be fit to bud, but
thofe which are defigned for flan dards, fhould befuf-
f'ered to grow fix or feven feet high before they are
budded or grafted. The manner of budding and
grafting being fully deferibed under their refpe&ive
heads, I fhall not repeat them in this place, nor need
I fay any thing more of treating thefe trees after bud-
ding, that being alfo treated of under the feveral ar-
ticles of fruits •, I fhall only add, that thole flocks
which were budded in the fummer, and have failed,
may be grafted the following fpring, but Peaches and
Neftarines never take well from grafts, thefe fhould
therefore be always budded.
The ground you intend for the Flower-nurfery fhould
be well fituated to the fun, but defended from ftrong
winds, by plantations of trees or buildings, and the
foil fhould be light and dry ; which muft always be
obferved, efpecially for bulbous -rooted flowers, which
are defigned to be planted therein, the particulars
of which are exhibited under the feveral articles of
flowers. ■
In this Nurfery fhould be planted the offsets of all
your bulbous-rooted flowers, where they are to re-
main until they become blowing roots, when they
fhould be removed into the pleafure-garden, and
planted either in beds or borders, according to the
goodnefs of the flowers, or the management which
they require.
You may alfo in this ground raife the feveral forts of
bulbous-rooted flowers from feed, by which means
new varieties may be obtained ; but moft people are
difeouraged from fetting about this work, from the
length of time before the feedlings will come to
flower : however, after a perfon hath once begun, and
conftantly continued fowing every year, after the par-
cel firft fown has flowered, the regular fucceffion of
them coming annually to flower, will not render this
method fo tedious as it at firft appeared.
The feedling Auriculas, Polyanthufes, Ranunculufes,
Anemonies, Carnations, &c. fhould be railed in this
Nurfery, where they fhould be preferred until they
have flowered, when you fhould . mark all fuch as are
worthy of being tranfplanted into the flower-garden,
which fhould be done in their proper feafons for it
is not fo well to have all thefe feedling fiowTT
poled to public view m the flower-garden, becaufe
it always happens, that there are great numbers of
ordinary flowers produced amongft them, which will
make but an indifferent appearance in the pleafure-
garden.
NUX A V EL LAN A. See Corylus.
NUa JUGLANS. See Juglans.
NUX VESICARIA. See Staphylodendron
NYCTANTHES. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1 6. Jafmi-
num, Raii IVfeth. Plant. Arabian Jafmine...
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is cylindrical , permanent, and
of one leaf , cut into eight or ten acute figments. The flower
is oj the faher-Jhape, of one leaf with a cylindrical tube
longer than the empalement , cut into eight or ten fegments at
the top , which flpread open . It hath two flmall awl-Jhaped
flamina , fituated at the bottom of the tube , terminated by
erebl fummits , and one rmndiflo deprejfed germen , fupport-
ing a Jingle jlyle the length of the tube , crowned by a bifid
erebl ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a roundijh
berry with two cells , each containing a large roundijh feed .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fection of
Linnasus’s fecond clafs, which includes thefe plants
whofe flowers have two flamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
t. Myctantmes (Sambac) caule volubiii, foliis fubova-
tis acutis. Iftort. Upial. a. Nybianthes with a winding
ftalk and acute leaves. Jafminum Arabicum. Cluf. Cur.
3. The Arabian Jafnine.
2. Myctanthes (Hirfuta) petiolis pedunculifque villo-
us. Lin. Sp. Plant. 6 . Nybianthes with the foot-ftalks of
the leaves and flowers hairy. Jafminum Indicum bac-
ciferum, flore albo majore, noftu olente. Com. Hort.
Mai. Indian berry-bearing Jafmine , with a larger white
flower , fuelling by night.
The firft fort grows naturally in India, from whence it
has been formerly brought to the iilands in America,
where the plants are cultivated for ornament p this
rifes with a winding ftalk to the height of fifteen or
twenty feet, fending out many fmall branches, gar-
nifhed with oval fmooth leaves near three inches long,
and almoft two broad, of a light green, Handing op-
fite on fhort foot-ftalks, ending in acute points. The
flowers are produced at the end of the branches, and
alfo upon the fide fhoots, upon fhort foot-ftalks ; each
generally fuftain three flowers, the two lower being op-
pofite, and the middle ones longer: thefe have cylindri-
cal empalements, which are fhort, and are cut almoft
to the bottom into eight narrow fegments. The tube of
the flower is narrow, about half an inch long, and is
cut at the top into eight obtufe fegments, which ex-
pand quite flat ; they are of a pure white, and have
a moft agreeable odour, fomewhat like the Orange-
flower, but fweeter ; thefe flowers, when fully blown,
drop out of their cups upon, being fhaken, and fre-
quently fall in the night, fo that when the plants are
in full flower, the place under them is often covered
with flowers in the morning, which fo.on change to a
purplifh colour. The plants continue flowering great
part of the year, when they are kept in apireper tem-
perature of warmth.
There is a variety of this fort with very large double
flowers, having a moft agreeable odour, which grows
naturally at Malabar, where the. women firing the
flowers to hang round their necks, and by way of
ornament. This fort was, fome years paft, growing
in the gardens at Hampton-Court, but was after-
ward loft, with many other rare plants, by the igno-
rance of the gardener ; and, for feveral years paft,
was only known to grow in the gardens of the Duke
of T ufcany in Europe, who kept a conftant guard
over the plants, fo that neither cuttings or layers
might be taken from them, fo as to be propagated 5
but I have lately received a plant of this ion, which
was brought from the Malabar coaft, with feveral other
rare
/
rare plants, by Captain Quick •, and this is at pre-
fent in fo fiourifffing a ftate of health, that I hope
foon to increale the number of plants, which will be
a great acquifition to the Englifn gardens.
Linnaeus has fuppofed that fort of Jafmine, to which
the title of Gardenia has been given, to be the fame
with this ; but as my plant has flowered here, fo it
appears plainly to be an accidental variety of this Nyc-
tanthes, the flowers changing to a purple colour be-
fore they drop off 7 , whereas the plant titled Gardenia
changes to a buff colour-, beflde, this Nyctanthes is
a twining plant, whereas the other is of upright
growth : he is likewiie as much miftaken in fup-
poflng it to be the lame with Rumpfius s plant, for it
differs in many refpects from that, as alfo from Fur-
man’s figure ; therefore if he had looked upon the
figure, and attended to the defcription given of this
pfant in the Pifa Garden, he could not have fuppofed
thefe two to be the fame plant.
The fecond fort grows naturally in India, where it
.riles to the height of a tree, dividing into many
branches, garnilhed with large, oval, fmooth leaves,
of a lucid green, with hairy foot-ftalks ; thefe come
out on every fide the branches without order. The
flowers are produced on the fide of the branches
from the wings of the leaves, upon long hairy foot-
ftalks, each fuftaining feven or eight flowers, which
are of a pure white, and very fragrant, but have longer
tubes than thofe of the former fort. The flowers of
this plant open in the evening, and drop off in the
morning, which has occafioned fome to give it the
title of Arbor Triftis, or the Sorrowful-tree, from its
calling the flowers in the morning ; this is very rare
in Europe at prefent.
The plants of the firft fort are frequently brought from
Italy by the Italian gardeners, who bring Orange-
trees here for fale but thofe plants are always grafted
upon flocks of the common Jafmine, which do not
keep pace in their growth with the graft, fo become
very unflghtly, when the plants are grown to any fize;
befides, the frocks are very fubjebt to fhoot from the
bottom, and if thefe fhoots are not conftantly rubbed
off, they will draw the nourifhment from the graft
and ftarve it : therefore the bell method to obtain
the plants, is to propagate them by layers or cuttings
the former is the fureft method, for unlefs the cuttings
are very carefully managed, they will not take root ;
and as the ftalks of this fort are pliable, they may
be eaflly brought down, and laid in pots filled with a
foft loamy foil, which fhould be plunged into a hot-
bed of tan : if the branches are laid down in the
fpring and carefully watered, they will put out roots
by autumn, when they may be cut from the old
plants, and each transplanted into a feparate fmall
pot, and then plunged into the tan-bed, where they
fhould be fhaded from the fun till they have taken
new root.
If thefe plants are propagated by cuttings, they fhould
be planted from May to Auguft, into pots filled with
the before-mentioned earth, and plunged -into a mo-
derate hot-bed of tanners bark. The pots fhould be
pretty large, and there may be ten or twelve cuttings
planted in each ; if thefe pots are clofely covered with
bell or hand-glaffes to exclude the air, it will greatly
promote their taking root they muft alfo be fhaded
from the fun in the heat of the day, and gently re-
freflied with water when the earth is dry with this
management the cuttings will have taken root by Au-
guft, when they may be tranfplanted into feparate
pots, and treated in the fame way as the layers.
Thefe plants may be preferved in a moderate degree
of warmth, but if they are plunged into the tan-bed
of the bark-ftove, they will thrive much better, and
produce a greater quantity of flowers ^ and as the
leaves continue all the year, the plants will make a
fine appearance in the ftove at all feafons, and produce
flowers great part of the year.
The fecond fort requires the fame treatment, but is
much more difficult to propagate, fo is very rarely
found in the European gardens ; there were two or
three of thefe plants brought from Florence a few
years fince, but they were put into the hands of tin-
Ikilful perfons, fo were loft.
NYMPHAiA; Tourn. Inft. R. H. 260. tab. 137,
138. Lin. Gen. Plant. 579. [is fo called, bec'aufe it
grows in water, which the poets feign to be the refi-
dence of the nymphs.] The Water Lily, in French,
Nenufar.
The Characters are,
The empalenient of the flower is compofid of four or five
coloured leaves , and is permanent. The flower hath many
petals which are [mailer, than the empalenient, fitting on
the fide of the germen , for the mofl part in a fingle fi-
nes. It hath a great number of [sort, plain , incurved
flamina , with oblong fummits, like threads , growing to their
borders It hath a large oval germen , but no flyle , with
an orbicular , plain, target-foaped fiigma , fitting clofi ,
whofe border is crenated and is permanent. The germen
afterward becomes a hard , oval , flefhy fruit , with a rude
narrow neck , crowned at the top , and divided into ten or
fifteen cells full of pulp, with many roundifh feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion
of Linnsus’s thirteenth clafs, which contains thofe
plants whofe flowers have many male parts and but
one female.
The Species are,
1 . Nymph^a ( Lutea ) foliis cordatis integerrimis, calyce
petalis majore pentaphyllo. Flor. Lap. 218. Water-
Lily with entire heart-jhaped leaves , whofe empalenient
conffls of five leaves larger than the petals. Nymphsa
lutea major. C. B. P. 193. Greater yellow Water Lily.
2. Nympiihsa {Alba) foliis cordatis integerrimis, calyce
quadrifido. Lin. Sp. Plant. 510. Water Lily with
heart ficped entire leaves, and a four-pointed empalenient.
Nymphaea alba major. C. B. P. 193. Greater white
Water Lily.
There are fome other fpecies of this genus which,
are natives of warm countries, but as they cannot
without great difficulty be cultivated here, fo I flu all
not enumerate them for unlefs there is a contrivance
for ftanding water in the ftove, in which the plants
may be planted, they will not grow-, and fuch a place
would be injurious to mofl; other plants in the ftove,
by occafloning damps ; fo that unlefs a ftove was con-
trived on purpofe for fome of thefe aquatic plants, it
would be imprudent to attempt their cultivation;
The two forts here mentioned, grow naturally in
, ftanding waters in many parts of England ; they have
large roots, which are fattened in the ground, from
which arile the ftalks to the furface of the water,
where the leaves expand and float ; they are large,
roundifh, and heart-fhaped. The flowers arife be-
tween the leaves, and fwim upon the furface of the
water. The white fort has a faint fweet fcent ; thefe
appear in July, and are fucceeded by large roundifh
feed-veffels, filled with fhining black feeds, which
ripen toward the end of Auguft, when they fink to
the bottom of the water.
The belt method to propagate thefe plants is, to pro-
cure fome of their feed-veffels juft as they are ripe
and ready to open ; thefe fhould be thrown into ca-
nals, or large ditches of ftandingwater, where the feeds
will fink to the bottom, and the following fpring the
plants will appear floating upon the furface of the wa-
ter, and in June and July will produce their beauti-
ful large flowers. When they are once fixed to the
place, they will multiply exceedingly, fo as to cover
the whole furface of the water in a few years.
In fome fmall gardens I have feen the plants cultivated
in large troughs of water, where they have flourifhed
very well, and have annually produced great quanti-
ties of flowers ; bqt as the expence of thefe troughs
is pretty great (their infides requiring to be lined
with lead, to preferve them) there are but few peo-
ple who care to be at that charge.
O A iv.
o.
O C Y
A K. See Quercus.
OBELISCOTHECA. See Rud-
BECKIA.
O C H R U S. See Pisum.
OCULUS CHRIST I. See Hormxnum Syl-
VESTRE.
OCYMUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 203. tab .96. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 651. Bafil; in French, Bafilic.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is Jhort , permanent , of one
leaf , divided into two lips ; upper lip is plain , bifid,
and heart-fhaped ; the under is cut into four acute fegments.
The flower is of the lip kind , of one petal inverted. It
has a Jhort fpreading tube ; the rifling lip is broad , and
cut into four obtufe equal parts ; the reflexed lip is long ,
narrow , flawed. It hath four ftamina in the lower
lip , which are deflex ed, two of which are a little longer
than the other , terminated by half-moon-fhaped fummits.
The germen is divided into four parts , fupporting a fen-
der ftyle, fltuated with the ftamina , crowned by a bifid
ftigma. The germen afterward become four naked feeds
inclofed in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedlion of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, which contains thofe
plants whofe flowers have two long and two fhorter
ftamina, and their feeds have no covering.
The Species are,
1. Ocymum ( Bafllicum ) foliis ovatis glabris, calycibus
ciliatis. Hort. Cliff. 3 1 5. Bafllwilh oval fmooth leaves ,
and hairy empalement s. Ocymum caryophyllatum
maius. C. B. P.226. Greater Clove- Icented, or common
Bafil.,
2. Ocymum ( Minimum ) foliis ovatis integerrimis. Hort.
Upfal. 169. Bafil with oval entire leaves. Ocymum
minimum. C. B. P. 226. The leaf Bafil , commonly
called Bufh Bafil.
3. Ocymum ( Medium ) hirfutum, foliis ovato-lanceolatis
acuminatis dentatis. Hairy Bafil with oval fpear-fhaped
leaves which are indented, and end in acute points. Ocy-
mum medium vulgatius & nigrum. J. B. 3. p. 2.
247. Common middle black Bafil.
4. Ocymum ( Americanum ) foliis ovato-oblongis ferratis,
bradeis cordatis reflexis concavis fpicis filiformibus.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 833. Bafil with oval, oblong, flawed
leaves , and heart-fhaped, concave, reflexed braElea.
5. Ocymum ( Campechianum ) foliis lanceolatis fubtus in-
canis, petiolis longifiimis villofis floribus peduncula-
tis. Bafil with fpear-fhaped leaves, which are hoary on
their under fide, and very long hairy foot-ftalks to the
flowers. Ocymum Campechianum odoratiflirnum.
Houft. MSS. The fweeteft-fcented Bafil of Campeachy.
6 . Ocymum ( Frutefcens ) racemis fecundis laterahbus,
caule credo, Lin. Sp. Plant. 832. Bafil with fruitful
fpikes of flowers on the fide of the ftalk, which are erebt.
Ocymum Zeylanicum, peresnne, odoratiflirnum lati-
folium. Burm. Zeyl. 174. tab. 80. fol 1. Sweet-fcented
perennial Bafil of Ceylon , with broad leaves .
The three firft’ forts grow naturally in India and Per-
fia •, of thefe there are a great variety, which differ in
the fize, fhape, and colour of their leaves, as alio in
their odour •, but as thefe differences are accidental,
' fo I have not enumerated them, being convinced from
repeated experiments, that the feeds of one plant will
produce many varieties.
The firft fort riles with a branching ftalk a foot and a
half high j the leaves are large, oval, and fmooth •,
'' • * . J; -’
O C Y
the ftalk is hairy, and four-cornered ; the leaves are
placed by pairs oppofite, and the branches alfo come
out in the fame manner ; the ftalk is terminated by a
whorled fpike of flowers, which is five or fix inches
long, and tne branches are alfo terminated by fhort
fpikes of flowers of the fame fort ; the whole plant
has a ftrong fcent of Cloves.
Of this there are the following varieties :
1. The fringed-leaved Bafil with purple leaves.
2. The green fringed-leaved Bafil.
3. The green Bafil with ftudded leaves.
4. The large-leaved Bafil.
The fecond fort is a low bufhy plant, which feldom
rifes more than fix inches high, fpreading out into
branches from the bottom, forming an orbicular
head ; the leaves are fmall, oval, and fmooth, hand-
ing oppofite on fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers are
produced in whorls toward the top of the branches ;
they are fmaller than thofe of the former fort, and are
feldom fucceeded by ripe feeds in England.
Of this there are fome varieties, as
1, The fmalleft Bafil with black purple leaves.
2. The fmalleft Bafil with variable leaves.
The third fort is the common Bafil which is ufed in
medicine, and alfo in the kitchen, particularly by the
French cooks, who make great ufe of it in their foups
and fauces. This rifes about ten inches high, fend-
ing out branches by pairs oppofite, from the bottom;
the ftalks and branches are four-cornered ; the leaves
are oval, fpear-fhaped, ending in acute points, and
are indented on their edges ; the whole plant is hairy,
and has a ftrong fcent of Cloves, too powerful for
moft perfons, but to fome it is very agreeable : the
whole plant is an ingredient in the compound Briony-
water.
There are fome varieties of this fpecies, viz.
1. Common Bafil with very dark green leaves, and
a Violet-coloured flower.
2. Curled-leaved Bafil with fhort fpikes of flowers.
3. Narrow- leaved Bafil fmelling like Fennel.
4. Middle Bafil with a fcent of Citron.
5. Bafil with ftudded leaves.
6. Bafil with leaves of three colours.
The fourth fort grows naturally in India; this rifes
with a branching italic a foot and a half high, which
is taper, and of a purplifh colour ; the leaves are
fhort and hairy ; they are of an oval oblong figure*
ending in obtufe points, and are fawed on their edges,
(landing upon pretty long foot-ftalks. The ftalks
are terminated by three fpikes of flowers, that in the
middle being longer than the other two ; the fpikes
are narrow, and the flower have fhort foot-ftalks ;
under each whorl of flowers are two fmall leaves (or
bradtea) placed oppofite, which are heart-fhaped, con-
cave, and reflexed. The flowers are fmall, and in
fome plants are of a purplifh colour, but in general
they are white ; their empalements are fmooth, and
cut into five parts at the top ; the ftyle of the flower
is longer than the petal, and the w r hole plant has a
ftrong, fweet, aromatic odour.
The fifth fort rifes with an upright ftalk near two feet
high, fending out fometimes two, and at others four
branches towards the top, oppofite, garnifhed with
fpear-fhaped leaves about three inches long, and one
broad in the middle, lefiening at both ends to a point ;
their foot-ftalks are two inches long, and are hairy.
The-
O C Y
The flowers grow in whorled fpikes at the top of the
ftalks, the flowers ftanding upon foot- {talks, each fuf-
taining three flowers ; thefe are about the fize of thofe
of the common Bafll, and are white •, the whole plant
has a ftrong aromatic odour. It grows naturally at
Campeachy.
The fixth fort grows naturally in the ifland of Cey-
lon ; this rifes with a fquare talk two feet high,
which is hairy, and divides into three branches at
the top ; the lower leaves are roundilh, ending in
points ; they are hairy, and crenated on their edges,
ftanding upon {lender foot-ftalks •, the leaves on the
ftalks are narrower and {hotter, and have foot-ftalks
an inch long •, the ftalks are terminated by three fpikes
of flowers in whorls, that in the middle being the
longeft. The flowers are reflexed and hang down-
ward, they are white, and larger than thofe of the
common fort. This plant has lefs odour than the
other forts.
Thefe plants being moft of them annual, are propa-
gated from feeds, ■which fhould be fown irl March,
upon a moderate hot-bed ; and when the plants are
come up, they fhould be tranfplanted into another
moderate hot-bed, obferving to water and {hade them
Until they have taken root ; after which they fhould
have plenty of air in mild weather, otherwife they
will draw up very weak •, you muft alfo water them
frequently, for they love moifture. In May they
ftiould be taken up with a ball of earth to their roots,
and tranfplanted either into pots or borders, obferv-
ing to {hade them Until they have taken root ; after
which they will require no farther care but to clear
them from weeds, and refrdh them with water in
dry weather. Though thefe plants are only propa-
gated from feeds, yet if you have any particular fort
which may arife from feeds, which you are defirous
to increafe, you may take off cuttings any time in
May, and plant them on a moderate hot-bed, ob-
ferving to water and fhade them for about ten days •,
in which time they will take root, and in three weeks
time be fit to remove, either into pots or borders,
with the feedling plants. In September thefe plants
will perfect their feeds, when thofe forts which ap-
pear the moftdiftind, fliould have their feeds preferved
feparate, for lowing the following fpring.
The feeds of thefe plants are uftially brought from the
fouth of France or Italy every fpring, becaufe Tome of
them feldom ripen their feeds in this country in the
open air. But whoever is curious to preferve the feeds
of any of the varieties, fhould place them in an airy
glafs-cafe or ftove in the autumn, when the weather
begins to be cold or wet ; and by fupplying them
with water, and letting them have free air every day
in mild weather, they will perfed their feeds very
well in this country.
The fifth fort is more tender than any of the other •,
this was difcovered growing wild at Campeachy, by
the late Dr. William Houftoun, who fent the feeds
to England. This fhould be fowfi on a hot-bed early
in the fpring, and when the plants are come up,
they fhould be tranfplanted on another very tempe-
rate hot-bed to bring them forward ; and when they
have obtained ftrength, they fhould be each tranf-
planted into a feparate pot, and placed either in the
ftove, or on a moderate hot-bed, where they may
have a large fhare of air in warm weather; but by
being flickered from the cold and wet, the plants will
perfed their feeds very well in England.
The fixth fort grows to be fhrubby, and if placed
in a moderate warmth in winter, may be preferved
two years ; but this will ripen its feeds the firft year,
if the plants are brought forward in the fpring ; but
if this fliould fail, the plants may be placed in the
ftove, where they may be kept through the winter,
and the following feafon they will perfed their feeds.
In the fummer the plants fhould be placed in the open
air in a flickered fituation, and in warm weather they
fliould have plenty of water.
There have been many fiditious ftories handed down
through feveral generations, of fcorpions being bred
'• OE N A
s' t *
in the brain of perfons who frequently ftnelied tins
plant ; and others have afferted, that fcorpions com-
monly breed under the plants, but thefe ftories are
without foundation : but it is certain, that the odour
of thefe plants is too ftrong for moft perlons, efpeci-
ally in a room, or if near them ; for which reafon they
ftiould not be placed too near the habitation, becaufe
if they are in any quantity, the odour will extend at
times to moft of the apartments when the windows
are open.
(ENA NT HE. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 312. tab. 166.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 314. [OlvetvQri, of ofo, a Vine, and
"Ai/Sfgr’, a flower. The ancients called any plant
(Enanthe that flowered at the fame time with the
Vine, orwhofe flowers had the fame odour.] Water
Dropwort.
The Characters are,
It is a plant with an umbelliferous flower ; the principal
umbel has but few rays , but the particular Umbels have
many jhort ones. The principal involucrum is compofed
of many Jingle leaves , which are Jhorter than the umbel ;
the flmaller umbels have many fmall leaves •, the rays of
the principal Umbel are difform. Thofe flowers in the
dijk are hermaphrodite , and are compofed of five heart-
Jhaped inflex ed petals , Which are alinoft equal % thofe
of the rays are male , and have five large unequal
petals which are bifid-,' they have five Jingle Jtamina
terminated by routtdijh fummits. The germen is Jituated
under the flower , fupporting two awl- ft aped permanent
fiyles , crowned by obtufe ftigmas. The germen afterward
becomes an oval fruit , divided into two parts , containing
two almoft oval feeds , convex on one fide and plain on the
other.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fediori.
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which contains thofe plants
whofe flowers have five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. (Enanthe ( Crocata ) foliis omnibus multifidis obtufis
fubaequalibus. Hort. Cliff. 99. Water Dropwort ,
whofe leaves all end ih many obtufe points, and are almoft
equal. (Enanthe fucco virofo, cicUtae facie lobehh
J. B. 3. p. 2. 193. Hemlock Dropwort.
2. (Enanthe ( Fiftulofa ) ftolonifera, foliis caulinis pin-
natis filiformibus fiftulofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 254. Water
Dropwort , with Jlender , ftftular , winged leaves growing
on the ftalks. (Enanthe aquatica. C. B. P. 162. Wa-
ter Dropzvort.
3. (Enanthe (. Pimpinelloides ) foliolis radicalibus cunea-
tis fiflis, caulinis integris linearibus longiflimis cana-
liculatis. Hort. Cliff. 99. Water Dropwort whofe lower
leaves are oval and cut , but thofe on the ftalks entire ,
narrow , and channelled. (Enanthe apii folio. C. B. P.
162. Water Dropwort with a SmaUageleaf.
4. (Enanthe ( Prolifer a ) umbellularum pedunculis
marginalibus longioribus ramofis mafculis. Horn
Upfal. 63. Water Dropwort whofe foot-ftalks on the
borders of the umbels are longer , branching , and bear
male flowers. (Enanthe prolifera Apula. C. B. P„
163. Childing Water Dropzvort of Apulia.
5. (Enanthe [Globulofa) frudibus globofis. Hort. Cliff.
99. Water Dropwort with globular fruit. (Enanthe
Lufitanica, femine crafliore globofo. Tourn. Inft.
313. Portugal Water Dropwort , with a thicker globu-
lar feed.
The firft of thofe here mentioned, is very common
by the fides of the Thames on each fide London, as
alfo by the fides of large ditches and rivers in divers
parts of England : this plant commonly grows four
or five feet high with ftrong jointed ftalks, which;
being broken, emit a yellowifh foetid juice ; the leaves
are fomewhat like thofe of the common Hemlock,
but are of a lighter green colour : the roots divide
into four or five large taper ones, which, when fepa-
rated, have feme refemblance to Parfneps ; for which
fome ignorant perfons have boiled them, whereby
themfelves and family have been poiloned.
This plant is one of the moft poifonous we know ;
the juice which is at firft like milk, turns afterward
to a Saffron colour : if a perfon fliould fwallow ever
I fo little of this juice, it will fdcontrad every part it
9 M touches^
OE N O
touches, that there will immediately follow a terrible
inflammation and gangrene : and what is worfe,
there has not yet been found an antidote again. ft it;
for which reafon, we ought to be very careful to
know this plant, in order to avoid it, for fear we
fhouid take it for any other like it, which would cer-»
tainly prove fatal,
The poifonous quality of this plant, had led fame
perfons to believe it to be the Cicuta of the ancients ;
but according to Wepfer, the Sium alterum olufatri
facie of Lobel, is what the ancients called Cicuta, as
may be feen at large in Wepfer’s bookDe Cicuta.
The fecond fort is very common in moift foils, and
by the Tides of rivers in divers parts of England : this
is not fuppofed to be near lo ftrong as the firft, but
is of a poifonous quality.
All the forts of thefe plants naturally grow in moift
places, fo that whoever hath a mind to cultivate
them, fnould fow their feeds foon after they are ripe
in autumn, upon a moift foil, where they v/ill come
up, and thrive exceedingly the following fummer,
and require no farther care but to clear them from
weeds. ,
CENOTHERA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 424. Onagra.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 302. tab. 156. Tree Primrofe.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is of one leaf having a long
cylindrical tube , cut into four acute fegments at the brim ,
which turn backward. The flower has four heart-Jhaped
petals , which are lengthways inferted in the divijions of
the empalement. It hath eight awl-fhaped incurved jia-
mina , which are inferted in the tube of the empalement ,
and are terminated by oblong proflrate fummits. The cy-
lindrical germen is Jituated under the tube of the empale-
ment , fupporting a fender flyle , crowned by a thick qua-
drifid , obtufe , reflexed ftigma. The germen afterward
becomes a four-cornered cylindrical cap file having four
cells , which are filled with fmall angular feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s eighth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have eight ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. CEnothera ( Biennis ) foliis ovato-lanceolatis planis,
caule muricato fubvillofo Vir. Cliff 7 . 33. Tree Prim-
rofe , with plain , oval , fpear-fhaped leaves , and a rough
hairy ftalk. Onagra latifolia. Tourn. Inft. 302. Broad-
leaved Tree Primrofe.
2. CEnothera (. Anguflifolia ) foliis lanceolatis dentatis,
caule hifpido. Tree Primrofe with fpear-fhaped indented
leaves , and a prickly ftalk. Onagra anguflifolia, caule
rubro, fiore minore. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 302. Nar-
row-leaved T re e Primrofe , with a red ftalk and a fmaller
flower.
3. CEnothera ( Glabra ) foliis lanceolatis planis, caule
glabro. Tree Primrofe with plain fpear-fhaped leaves ,
and a finooth ftalk.
4. CEnothera (. Molliffima ) foliis lanceolatis undulatis.
Vir. Cliff. 33. Tree Primrofe with waved fpear-fhaped
leaves. Onagra Bonarienfis villofa, flore mutabili.
Hort. Elth. 297. Hairy Tree Primrofe of Buenos Ayres ,
with a changeable flower.
5. CEnothera ( Pumila ) foliis radicalibus ovatis, cauli-
nis lanceolatis obtufis, capfulis ovatis fulcatis. Tab.
188. Tree Primrofe with oval leaves at the root , thofe
on the ftalks fpear-fhaped , blunt-pointed , and oval fur-
rowed fee d-veff els.
The other fpecies which have been formerly placed in
this genus, are now under Jussl*ea and Ludwigia,
to which the. reader is deflred to turn.
The three firft forts grow naturally in Virginia, and
in other parts of North America, from whence their
feeds were brought to Europe in the beginning of the
fixteenth century •, but they are now become fo com-
mon in many parts of Europe, as to be taken for na-
tives. The firft hath a long, thick, taper root, which
runs deep into the ground, from which arife many
obtufe leaves which fpread flat on the ground ; be-
tween thefe the ftalks come out, which rife between
three and four feet high, and is of a pale green
colour, a little hairy, and about the thicknefs of a
OE N O
finger, full of pitn ; this is garnifhed with long nar-
row leaves fet clofe to the ftalk, without order.° The
flowers are produced all along the ftalk from the wings
of the leaves, the germen fitting clofe to the ftalk,
from the top of which arifes the tube of the flower,
which is narrow, more than two inches loner- at the
top is the empalement, which is cut into four acute
fegments, which are reflexed downward. The petal
of the flower is cut into four large obtufe fegments,
which in die evening are expanded quite flat, but are
fhut in the day ; thefe are of a bright yellow colour.
From the flower opening in the evening, many per-
fons call it the Night Primrofe. The plants begin to
flower about Midfummer, and as the ftalks advance-
in height, fo other flowers are produced, whereby
there is a fuCceflion of flowers on the fame plant till
autumn.
The fecond fort hath red ftalks, which are fet with
rough protuberances : it does not rife fo high as the
firft, the leaves are narrower, and the flowers are
fmaller.
The third fort differs from the firft, in having fhort-
er ftalks, narrower leaves, and fmaller flowers ; and
from the fecond, in having ftnooth ftalks, which are
of a pale green colour. Thefe differences are perma-
nent, fo they are undoubtedly different fpecies.
The fourth fort grows naturally at Buenos Ayres ;
this hath a fhrubby ftalk more than two feet hio-h '
hairy, garnifhed with narrow fpear-fhaped leaves endmg
in acute points •, thefe fit clofe to the ftalks, being a
little waved on their edges. The flowers come out
from the wings of the leaves along the ftalks, like
the other forts ; they are firft of a pale yellow, but as
they decay change to an Orange colour ; they are
fmaller than thofe of either of the former forts, and
expand only in the evening ; the feed-veflels are (len-
der, taper, and hairy. I his flowers at the fame time
with the former.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Canada, from whence
the feeds were brought to Paris a few years paft.
This is a perennial plant ; the root is fibrous ; the
lower leaves are oval and fmall, fitting clofe to the
ground ; the ftalk is (lender, near a foot high, and is
garnifhed with fmall fpear-fhapdd leaves, of a light
green, ending in blunt points, fitting clofe to the
ftalks. The flowers come out from the wings of the
leaves like the other fpecies ; thefe are fmall, of a
bright yellow colour, and appear at the fame time as
the former, and are fucceeded by fhort, oval, fur-
rowed leed-veffels, filled with fmall feeds.
The three firft forts are very hardy plants, and if once
brought into a garden, and the feeds permitted to
fcatter, there will be a fupply of plants without any
care. They are biennial, and perifh after they have
perfected their feeds. The feeds of thefe plants
fhouid be fown in the autumn, for thofe which are
fown in the fpring feldom rife the fame year : when
the plants come up, they fhouid be thinned and
kept clean from weeds, which is all the care they
require till the autumn, when they fhouid be tranf-
planted to the places where they are defigned to
flower ; but as the roots of thefe plants ftrike deep in
the ground, fo there fhouid be care taken not to
cut or break them in removing. The plants will
thrive in almoft any foil or fituation, and will flower
in London in fmall gardens, better than moft other
plants.
The fourth fort is now become pretty common in
the Englifh gardens, for if the feeds of this are per-
mitted to fcatter, the plants will come up the .follow-
ing fpring, and require no other care but to keep
them clean from weeds, and thin them where they
grow foo clofe. If thefe plants are kept in pots, and
placed in a green-houfe in the autumn, they will live
through the winter •, but as they produce flowers and
feeds in the open air, the plants are feldom preferved
longer.
The fifth fort is perennial, and may be propagated
either by parting of the roots, or by feeds : if it is by
the former, the beft time for doing it is in the fpring ;
but
OLE
but if they are propagated by feeds, thefe fhould be
fown m the autumn ; and the fureft way is to low
the feeds in pots, and place them under a hot-bed
frame in winter : in the fpring the plants will appear,
and when they are fit to remove, a few of them may
be planted in fmall pots, to be flickered under a
common frame in the winter ; and the others may
' be planted in a flickered border, where they will en-
dure the cold of our ordinary winters very well, and
the following fummer they will produce flowers and
feeds in plenty; fo there will be little occafion for part-
ing of their roots, becaufe the leedling plants will
be much ftronger and flower better, than thole propa-
gated by offsets. -
OLDENLANDIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 42 , tab.
36. Lin. Gen. Plant. 143.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is permanent , fitting upon
the germen , and is cut into five parts. The flower has
four oval petals which fpread open , and are double the
length of the empalement , and four ftamina terminated by
fmall fummits. It hath a roundifh germen fituated under
the flower , fupporting a fingle jiyle , crowned by an indent-
ed ftigma. The germen afterward turns to a globular
capfule with two cells , filled with fmall feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firff fedtion of
Linnaeus’s fourth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have four ftamina and one ftyle.
We have but one Species of this genus in the
Enghfli gardens, which is,
Oldenlandia (Cory mb of a) pedunculis multifloris, foliis
lineari-lanceolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 119. Qldenlandia
with many flowers on a foot flair, and linear fpear-
floaped leaves. Oldenlandia humilis hyfiopifolia. Plum.
Nov. Gen. Dwarf Oldenlandia having a Hyffop leaf.
This plant was difeovered in America by Father Plu-
mier, who gave this name to it in honour of Henry
Bernard Oldenland, a German, who was difciple of
Dr. Herman at Leyden, and was a very curious bo-
tanift.
The feeds of this plant were fent into England by
Mr. Robert Millar, who gathered them in Jamaica.
It is a low annual plant, which feldom rifes above
three or four inches high, and divides into many
branches which fpread near the ground. Thefe
branches are furnifhed with long narrow leaves, which
are placed oppofite. From the wings of the leaves
arifes the flower-ftalk, which grows about an inch, or
a little more in length, and divides into three or four
fmaller foot-ftalks •, on the top of each of thefe, ftands
one fmall white flower.
The feeds of this plant fhould be fown early in the
fpring on a hot-bed, and when the plants are come
up, they fhould be tranfplanted on another hot-bed,
or into fmall pots, and plunged into a moderate hot-
bed of tanners bark, obferving to water and fhade
them until they have taken root ; after which time
they muft have a large Ihare of free air in warm wea-
ther, and fhould be frequently refrefhed with water.
With this management the plants will flower in June,
and their feeds will ripen in July, fo that the feeds
muft be gathered from -time to time as they ripen ;
for as the branches grow larger, fo there will be frefh
flowers produced until autumn, when the plants
will perifh ; but if the feeds are permitted to fcatter
in the pots, the plants will foon after appear, which
will live through the winter, provided they are placed
in the ftove, and will flower early the following
fpring.
OLE A. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 598. tab. 370. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 20. [of’Exa/«,] the Olive; in French,
Olivier.
The Characters are,
It has a fmall tubulous empalement of one leaf \ cut into
four fegments at the top. The flower confifts of one petal
which is tubulous , cut at the brim into four fegments
which fpread open. It has two Jhort ftamina terminated
by erect fummits , and a roundiflo germen fupporting a Jhort
ftyle, crowned by a thick bifid ftigma. The germen after-
O L E
ward turns to an oval fnooth fruit (or berry') with one
cell , inclofing an oblong oval nut.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnseus’s fecond clafs, which contains thofe plants
whofe flowers have two ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Olea ( Gallica ) foliis lineari-lanceolatis fubtus incanis.
Olive with linear fp ear -fib aped leaves , which are hoary on
their under fide. Olea f ruff 11 oblongo minor!. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 599. Olive with a fmaller oblong fruit ,
commonly called Provence Olive.
2. Olea ( Hifpanica ) foliis lanceolatis, fru&u ovato.
Olive with fpear-Jhaped leaves , and an egg-fhaped fruit .
Olea frudu maximo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 599. Olive
with the largeft fruit , called the Spanifh Olive.
3. Olea (, Sylveftris ) foliis lanceolatis obtufis rigidis,
fubtus incanis. Olive with fpear-Jhaped , obtufe , rigid
leaves , which are hoary on their under fide. Olea fyl-
veftris, folio duro, fubtus incano. C. B. P. 472.
The wild Olive with a hard leaf, and hoary on its. un-
der fide.
4. Olea ( Africana ) foliis lanceolatis lucidis, ramis tere-
tibus. Olive with fpear-Jhaped Jhining leaves , and taper
branches. Olea Afra, folio longo, lato, ftipra atro-
viridi fplendente, infra pallide viridi. Boer. Ind. alt.
2. 218. African Olive , with along , broad , Jhining leaf,
of a greenifh black above , and pale on its under fide.
5. Olea ( Bumf alia) foliis ovatis rigidis fefftlibus. Olive
with oval Jtiff leaves, fitting clofe to the branches. Olea
Afra, folio buxi craffo atroviridi, lucido, cortice albo
fcabro. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. 218. African Olive, with a
thick , dark , Jhining Box leaf and a rough white bark ,
commonly called Box-leaved Olive.
The firft fort is what the inhabitants of the fouth of
France chiefly cultivate, becaufe from this fpecies the
beft oil is made, which is a great branch of trade in
Provence and Languedoc; and it is the fruit of this
fort which is moft efttemed when pickled : of this
there are fo.me varieties ; the firft is called Olive Pi-
choline ; there is another with dark green fruit, one
with white fruit, and another with fmaller and rounder
fruit ; but as thefe are fuppofed to be only accidental
varieties which have rifen from the fame feeds, I
have not enumerated them.
The Olive feldom rifes to be a large tree, and is
rarely feen with a fingle ftern, but frequently two or
three items rife from the fame root ; thefe grow from
twenty to thirty feet high, putting out branches
from the Tides almoft their whole length, which are
covered with a gray bark, and garnifhed with ftiff
leaves about two inches and a half long, and half an
inch broad in the middle, gradually diminifhing to
both ends ; they are of a lively green on their upper
fide, and hoary on their under, ftanding oppofite.
The flowers are produced in fmall bunches from the
wings of the leaves ; they are fmall, white, and have
fhort tubes, fpreading open at the top ; thefe are
fucceeded by oval fruit, which, in warm countries,
ripen in the autumn.
The fecond fort is chiefly cultivated in Spain, where
the trees grow to a much larger fize than the former
fort ; the leaves are much larger, and not fo white on
their under fide ; and the fruit is near twice the fize
of thofe of the Provence Olive, but are of a ftrong
rank flavour, and the oil made from thefe, is too
ftrong for moft Englilh palates.
The third fort is the wild Olive, which grows natu-
rally in woods, in the fouth of France, Spain, and
Italy, fo is never cultivated ; the leaves of this fort
are much fhorter and ftiffer than thofe of the other ;
the branches are frequently armed with thorns, and
the fruit is fmall and of no value.
The fourth and fifth forts grow naturally at the Cape
of Good Hope ; the fourth rifes to the height of the
firft, to which it bears fome refemblance, but the
bark is rougher ; the leaves are not fo long, and are
of a lucid green on their upper fide ; but as this does
not produce fruit in Europe, I can give no account
of it.
Tips
OLE
Xhe fifth fort is of humbler growth, feldom riling
more than four or five feet high, fending out branches
from the root upward, forming a bulhy ihrub j the
branches are taper, and covered with a gray bark ;
the leaves are oval, very ftiff, and fmaller than thole
of the other (pedes. This has not produced any fruit
in England.
All thefe forts are preferved in the gardens of the
curious, but they are rather too tender to thrive in the
open air, in the neighbourhood of London, where
they are fometimes. planted again#: walls, and with a
little; protection in very fevere froft, they are main-
tained pretty well j but in Devonfhire there are feme
of thefe trees, which have grown in the open air ma-
ny years, and are feldom injured by the fro#, but
the fummers are not warm enough to bring the fruit
to maturity. There were feverai of thefe trees planted
again# a warm wall at Cambden-houfe near Kenfing-
ton, which fucceeded very well, till their .tops were
advanced above the wall ; after which they were ge-
nerally killed in winter, fo far down as to the top of
the wall. Thefe in 1719 produced a good number
of fruit, which grew fo large as to be fit for pickling ;
but fince that time, their fruit has feldom grown to
any fize.
The Olive was, by the ancients, confidered as a ma-
ritime tree, and they fuppofed it would not thrive at
any difiance from the fea •, but by experience, we find
they will fucceed very well in any country, where the
air is of a proper temperature of heat, though the
trees are found to bear the fpray of the fea better than
moft other forts.
In Languedoc and Provence, where the Olive-tree is
greatly "cultivated, they propagate it by truncheons
fplit from the roots of the trees i for as thefe trees
are frequently hurt by hard frofts in winter, fo when
their tops are killed, they fend up feverai (talks
from the root ; and when thefe are grown pretty
ftrong, they feparate them with an ax from the root,
in the doing of which they are careful to preferve a
few roots to the truncheons ; thefe are cut off in the
fpring, after the danger of froft is over, and plant-
ed about two feet deep in the ground, covering the
furface with litter or mulch, to prevent the fun and
wind from penetrating and drying of the ground ;
when the plants have taken new root, they are care-
ful to ftir the ground and deftroy the weeds.
This tree will grow in almoft any foil, but when it is
planted in rich moift ground, they grow larger and
make a finer appearance, than in poor land •, but the
fruit is of lefs efteem, becaufe the oil made from it is
not fo good as that which is produced in a leaner foil.
The chalky ground is efteemed the bed for thefe trees,
and the oil which is made from the trees growing in
that fort of land is much finer, and will keep longer
than the other.,
In the countries where the inhabitants are curious in
the making of their oil, they are frequently obliged to
get truncheons of the ordinary forts of Olives to
plant ; but after they have taken good root, they
graft them with the fort of Olive which they prefer,
to the others. In Languedoc they chiefly propagate
the Cormeasu, the Ampoulan, and Moureau, which
are three varieties of the firft fpecies : but in Spain
the fecond fort is generally cultivated, where they
have more regard to the fize of the fruit, and the
quantity of oil they will produce, than to their quality.
If the culture of thefe trees was well underftood by
the inhabitants of Carolina, and properly purfued, it
might become a valuable branch of trade to them j
for there is no reafon to doubt of their fucceeding, the
fummers there being hot enough to ripen the fruit to
its utmoft perfection.
In this country the plants are only preferved byway
of curiofity, and are placed in winter in the green-
houfe for variety, fo I, (hall next give an account of
the method by which they are here propagated, with
their manner of treatment.
Thefe plants may be propagated by laying down
OLE
their tender branches (in the manner praCtiled for
other trees,) which (hould remain .undiffurbed two
years •, in which time they will have put out roots,
and may then be taken off from the old plants, and
tranfplanted either into pots filled with frefh light
earth, or into the open ground in a warm iituarion.
The beft ieafon for tran (planting is the beginning
of April, when you fhould, if poffible, take the op^
portunity of a moift feafon ; and thefe which are
planted in pots, fhould be placed in a fhady part
* of the green-houfe until they have taken root • but
thofe planted in the ground (hould have mulch laid •
about their roots, to prevent the earth from drying
too faft, and now and then refrefhed with water ; but
you muft by no means let them have too much moif-
ture, which will rot the tender fibres of their roots,
and deftroy the trees. When the plants have taken
frefh root, thofe in the pots may be expofed to the
open air, with other hardy exotics, with which they
(hould be houfed in winter, and treated as Myrtles,
and other lels tender trees and fhrubs • but thofe in
the open air will require no farther care until the
winter following, when you (hould mulch the ground
about their roots, to prevent the froft from pene-
trating deep into it j and if the froft fhould prove,
very fevere, you fhould cover them with mats', which
will defend them from being injured thereby j but
you muft be cautious not to let the mats continue
over them after the froft is paft, left by keeping
them too clofe, their leaves and tender branches
(hould turn mouldy for want of free air j which will
be of as bad confequence to the trees, as if they had
been expofed to the froft, and many times worfe ;
for it feldom happens, if they have taken much of
this mould, or have been long covered, fo that it
has entered the bark, that they are ever recoverable
again ; whereas it often happens, that the froft only
deftroys the tender (hoots •, but the body and larger
branches remaining unhurt, put out again the fuc-
ceeding fpring.
Thefe trees are generally brought over from Italy
every fpring, by the perfons who import Orange-
trees, Jafmines, &c. from whom they may be pro-
cured pretty reafonable ; which is a better method
than to raiie them from layers in this country, that
being too tedious •, and thofe which are thus brought
over, have many times very large (terns, to which
fize young plants in this country would not arrive
in ten or twelve years. When you firft procure thefe
items, you (hould (after having feaked their roots
twenty-four hours in water, and cleaned theqi from
the filth they have contracted in their paflage) plant
them in pots filled with frefii light iandy earth, and
plunge them into a moderate hot- bed, obferving to
fereen them from the violence of the fun in the
heat of the day, and aifo to refrefh them with water,
as you (hall find the earth in the pots dry. In this
fituation they will begin to (hoot in fix weeks or two
months after, when you (hould let them have air in
proportion to the warmth of the feafon j and after
they have made pretty good fnoots, you (hould in-
ure them to the open 'air by degrees, into which
they (hould be removed, placing them in a fitua- .
tion where they may be defended from ftrong
winds j in this piace they (hould remain till October
following, when they muft be removed into the
green-houfe, as was before directed. Having thus
managed thefe plants until they have acquired ftrong
roots, and made tolerable good heads, you may.
draw them out of the pots, preserving; the earth to
their roots, and plant them in the open air in a
warm fituation, where you muft manage them as was
before directed for the young ones •, and thefe will
in two or three years produce flowers, and in very
warm feafons feme fruit, provided they do well.
The Lucca and Box-leaved Olives are the hardieft,
for which reafon they fhould be preferred to plant in
the open air, but the firft fort will grow to be the
largeft trees.
OMPHA-
O N O
OMP HAL ODES. See Cyncglossum.
ON AGRA. See CEnothera.
ONIONS. See Cepa.
ONOBR YCHIS. See Hsdysari/m.
ONONIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 772. Anonis. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 408. tab. 229. Reft-harrow, Cammock,
Pettywin ; in French, Arrete-beuf.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is cut into five narrow feg-
ments , which end in acute points, the upper being a little
reified and arched , the lower bending under the keel. The
flower is of the butterfly kind. The fiandard is heart-
Jhaped , deprejfed on the fid.es, and larger than the wings.
The wings are oval and floort ; the keel is pointed, and
longer than the wings. It hath ten f cantina joined together ,
terminated by Jingle fiimmits, and an oblong hairy germen,
fiupporting a Jingle ftyle , crowned by an obtufie ftigma.
The germen afiterward becomes a turgid pod with one cell,
inclofing kidney-Jhaped fieeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion
of Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, which includes thole
plants whofe flowers have ten (lamina joined in two
bodies.
The Species are,
1. Ononis ( Spinofa ) floribus fubfeflilibus, folitariis la-
teralibus, caule fpinoio. Hort. Cliff. 389. Reft-har-
row with. Jingle flowers flitting clofe to the files of the
branches, and a prickly fialk. Anonis fpinofa flare pur-
pureo. C. B. P. 389. Prickly Reft-harrow with a pur-
ple flower , fometimes called Cammock, or Petty -win , and
in flame countries, French Furze.
2. Ononis (Mitis) floribus fubfeflilibus folitariis latera-
libus, ramis inermibus. Hort. Cliff. 359. Reft-harrow
with Jingle flowers fitting clofe to the ftalks , and
branches without fipines. Anonis fpinis carens pur-
purea. C. B. P. 389. Purpce Reft-harrow having no
' fipines.
3. Ononis ( Repens ) caulibus diffufis, ramis eredtis, fo-
lds fuperioribus folitariis flipulis ovatis. Lin. Sp.
1006. Reft-harrow with dijfiufed ftalks, which are erect,
the upper leaves Jingle , and oval ftipul<e. Anonis mari-
tima procumbens, foliis hirfutis pubefeentibus. Pluk.
Aim. 33. Trailing maritime Reft-harrow with hairy
leaves.
4. Ononis ( Trident at a ) foliis ternatis carnofis fublinea-
ribus tridentatis, fruticofa pedunculis bifloris. Lin. Sp
Plant. 718. Shrubby Reft-harrow, with trifoliate flefloy
leaves which are narrow , and have three indentures.
Anonis Hifpanica, frutefeens, folio tridentato carno-
fo. Tourn. Inft. 408. Shrubby Spanijh Reft-harrow with
a fleftoy leaf, having three indentures .
5. Ononis ( Fruticofa ) fruticofa floribus paniculatis, pe-
dunculis fubtrifioris, flipulis vaginalibus, foliis ter-
natis lanceolatis ferratis. Hort. Cliff. 358. Reft-har-
row with paniculated flowers growing three upon afoot-
ftalk, Jheath-like ft.pula, and trifoliate leaves. Anonis
purpurea verna prtecox frutefeens, flore rubro amplo.
Mor. Hift. 2. p. 170. Early ftpring, purple, fihrubby Reft-
harrow, with a large red flower.
6 . Ononis (Natrix ) pedunculis unifloris ariftatis foliis
terminatis ovatis, ftipulis integerrimis., Hort. Cliff.
358. Reft-harrow with one flower on a foot -fialk ter-
minated by a thread, and oval trifoliate leaves. Anonis
vifeofa fpinis carens lutea major. C. B. P. 389. Glu-
tinous Reft-harrow without fipines , having a large yellow
flower.
7. Ononis ( Vifeofa ) pedunculis unifloris ariftatis, foliis
fimplicibus infimis ternatis. Lin. Sp. 1009. Reft-har-
row with one flower on each foot-ftalk terminated by a
thread , whofe lower leaves are trifoliate. Anonis annua
eredtior, latifolia gl.utinofa Lufitanica. Tourn. Inft.
409. Annual broad-leaved, glutinous , ere A Reft-harrow
of Portugal.
8. Ononis (. MinutiJJima ) floribus fubfeflilibus iateralibus,
foliis ternatis glabris, ftipulis fetaceis, calycibus arif-
tis corolla longioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1007. Reft-
harrow with flowers fitting clofe to the files of the ftalks,
trifoliate leaves, briftly ftipula, and the beard of the ca-
lyx longer than the corolla. Anonis Acre luteo parve.
H. Rv fSjfr. Reft-harrow with a /mail yellow flower.
9. Ononis ( Criftata ) pedunculis unifloris prselongis,
ramis inermibus, foliis ternatis glabris, vagimis acute
den tads. Reft-harrow with one flower growing on a long
foot-ftalk , branches without fipines , fmootb trifoliate
leaves , and Jheaths which are Jharply indented . Anonis
glabra inermis, pedunculis unifloris praelongis vagin is
criftatis. AlHon. Smooth Reft-harrow without fipines ,
having one flower on a long foot-ftalk , with a crefted
fiheath.
10. Ononis ( Ornithopodoides ) pedunculis bifloris arifta-
tis, leguminibus linearibus cernuis. Prod. Leyd„
376. Reft harrow with two flowers on a foot-ftalk ter-
minated by a thread , and narrow nodding pods. Ano-
nis filiquis ornithopodii. Boerh. Ind. ait, 2. 34. Reft-
harrow with pods like thofie of the BirTs-foot.
11. Ononis ( Rotundifclia ) fruticofa pedunculis trifloris,
calycibus tnphyllo-braciatis foliis ternatis fubrotunr-
dis. Hort. Cliff. 358. Reft-harrow with foot-ftalks
proceeding from the Jids of the branches , fuftaining three
flowers, and trifoliate rcundijh leaves. Cicer lylveftre
latifolium triphyilurri. C. B. P. 347. Broad three -
leaved wild Chich.
12. Ononis (. Mitijjjima ) floribus feffiiibtis fpicatis, brac-
teis ftipularibus, ovatis ventrieofis fcanofis imbrica-
tis. Lin. Sp. 1007. Reft-harrow with fipiked flowers fit-
ting elefie, and oval ftipula to the flowers. Anonis alo-
pecuroldes, mitis annua purpurafeens. Hort. Elth.
28. tab. 24. Smooth, annual , purplijh , Fox-tail Reft -
harrow.
13. Ononis ( Alcpecurc'ides ) fpicis foliofis fimplicibus
ovatis obtufis ftipulis dilatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1008.
Reft-harrow with leafy fpikes , and Jingle cbtufe leaves .
Anonis flcula alopecuroi’des. Tourn. Inft. 408. Fox?
tail Reft-harrow of Sicily.
14. Ononis' (Aitit) foliis ternatis ovatis, petiolis longiffi-
mis, leguminibus hirfutis. Reft-harrow with oval tri-
foliate leaves growing on very long foot-ftalks , and hairy
' pods. Anonis Americana, folio latiori fubrotundo.
Tourn. Inft. R. Id. 409. American Reji-harrow with ot
broader roundijh leaf.
1 5. Ononis {Decumbent) foliis ternatis lineari-lanceola-
tis, caule decurnbente, floribus fpica. is alari, bus, le-
guminibus glabris. Reft-harrow 1 , with trifoliate, narrow ,
fpear-Jhaped leaves, a trailing ftalk, flowers growing in
fpikes from the wings of the ftalk , and ftmooth pods. Ano-
nis Americana, anguftifolia, humidor & minus hir-
futa. Houft. MSS. Lower narrow-leaved American
Reft-harrow , which is lefts hairy.
The firft fort is a common weed in moil parts of Eng-
land, fo is rarely admitted into gardens. It has a
ftrong creeping root, which fpreads far in the ground,
and is with great difficulty eradicated ; the ftalks rife
a foot and a half high, they are (lender, purple, and
hairy, fending out fmall branches on their fide, which
are armed with ffiarp prickles. The flowers come
out fingly from the fide of the branches ; they are of
the butterfly kind, and of a purple colour, which are
fucceeded by fmall pods,, containing one or two kid-
ney-fhaped feeds. It flowers great part of dimmer,
and the feeds ripen in the adtumn. The root of this
is one of the five opening roots ; the cortical part of
it is efteemed a good medicine for ftoppage of urine,
and to open the obftrudtions of the liver and fpleen ;
there is a variety of this with white flowers.
The feconcl fort grows naturally in many parts of
England, and has been by fome ftippofed to be only
a variety of the firft; but I have cultivated both by
feeds, and have always found the plants retain their
difference; the ftalks of this fort are hairy, and more
diffufed than thofe of the firft; the leaves are broad-
er, and fit clofer on the branches ; the ftalks do not
grow fo upright, and have no fpines ; the flowers
and pods are like thofe of the firft. There is alfo a
variety of this with white flowers.
The third fort grows naturally on the borders of the
fea in feveral parts of England ; this hath a creeping
root, from which arife many hairy ftalks which are
near two feet long, fpreading on every fide upon the
ground, garnifhed with trifoliate hairy lea es, thofe
on the lower part of the ftalks being pretty large and
9 N oval,
4 34 ,
O N O
oval, but the upper are .{mailer and narrower. The
.. .flowers are like .thofe of the firft in ill ape, coming;
, out fingly from the fide of the {talks, but are of a
brighter purple colour y the pods are fhort, con-
taining two or three feeds in each. 1 1 flowers in July,
and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
gal ; this rifes with fhrubby (talks, a foot and a half
. high, dividing into (lender branches very ' full of
joints, garnimed with narrow, trifoliate, thick, fiefhy
leaves, (landing upon fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers
are produced at the end of the branches in loofe pa-
nicles, fome of the foot-ftalks fuftaining two, and
others but one (lower •, they are of a fine purple
colour, and appear in June ; the feeds ripen in
September.
The fifth fort grows naturally on the Alps : this is a
very beautiful low (hrub ; it rifes with (lender fhrubby
(talks about twofeet high, dividing into many branches,
which are garnifhed with narrow trifoliate leaves
fawed on their edges, fitting clofe to the branches.
The flowers come out in panicles at the end of the
branches upon long foot-ftalks, which for the moft
part fuftain three large purple flowers ; the ftipula is
a kind of (heath, embracing the foot-ftalk of the
flower. It flowers the end of May and the beginning
of June, and the flowers are fucceeded by turgid pods
about an inch long, which are hairy, inclofing three
. or four kidney-fhaped feeds, which ripen in Auguil.
The fixth fort grows naturally in the fouth of France
and in Spain •, this hath a perennial root and an annual
(talk, which rifes near two feet high, fending out fhort
branches from the fide on the lower part of the plants,
garnifhed with trifoliate oblong leaves, which are
hairy and clammy. The flowers grow in loofe fpikes
at the end of the (talks •, they are large, and of a bright
yellow colour, (landing upon pretty long foot-ftalks,
which are extended beyond the leaves, the flowers
hanging downward from the middle of the foot-ftalk.
The flowers appear the latter end of June, which are
fucceeded by turgid pods an inch long, containing
three or four brown kidney-fhaped feeds, which ri-
pen in September.
The feventh fort grows naturally in' Portugal, from
whence the feeds were fent to me. This is an annual
. plant, with a ftrong, herbaceous, hairy (talk, rifing
a foot and a half high, fending out branches the whole
length, clofely garnifhed with trifoliate leaves ; the
middle lobe being large and oval, the two fide lobes
long and harrow, rounded at their points and indented
on their edges *, they are very clammy. The foot-
ftalks of the flowers come out from the wings of
the flalks fingly, each fuftaining one pale yeljow flower,
. (landing erect in the middle of the foot-ftalk, which
is extended beyond the flower. This plant flowers in
July, and the feeds ripen in autumn.
The eighth fort grows naturally in the fouth of
France and Italy ; this is an annual plant ; the flalks
rife about nine inches high, lending out one or two
fide branches toward the bottom ; the leaves are fmall,
trifoliate, and oval, ftanding upon pretty long foot-
ftalks, and are indented on their edges. The flowers
come out fingly at the wings of the ftalk ; they are
fmall, yellow, and fit very clofe to the ftalk, having
a ftiarp briftly ftipula under the empalement; the pods
are very fhort and turgid, containing two or three kid-
ney-fhaped feeds, it flowers in July, and the feeds
ripen in the autumn.
The ninth fort grows naturally on the Alps ; this
hath a perennial root, from which corne out feveral
flender trailing flalks about fix inches long, garnifhed
with fmall, trifoliate, oval leaves, indented on their
edges, ftanding upon pretty fhort foot-ftalks. The
, flowers come out fingly toward the top of the ftalk,
upon pretty long flender foot-ftalks, a rifing from the
wings of the leaves, each fuftaining one yellow
flower 5 the (heath embracing the bafe of the foot-
ftalk, is fharply indented. This flowers in June, and
the feeds ripen flu the autumn.
The tenth fort grows . naturally in Sicily, and is an
O N O
annual plant •, the flalks rife about nine inches high,
fending out one or two -branches toward the bottom,
garnifhed wi tfi fmall trifoliate leaves, which ftand on
fhort - foot-ftalks. The flowers come out from the
fide Of the branches upon fhort foot-ftalks, each fuf-
taining two fmall yellow flowers, which are fucceeded
by jointed compreffe^ pods like thole of Bird’s-foot,
having four or five kidney-fhaped feeds in each.
This fort flowers in July, and the feeds ripen in the
autumn.
Th® eleventh fort grows naturally on the Alps and
Helvetian mountains ; this rifes with a Angle jointed
ftalk a foot and a half high, garnifhed with ov'al, in-
dented, trifoliate leaves, ftanding on pretty lonu foot-
ftalks. The foot-ftalks of the flowers come out from
the wings of the leaves ; they are long, flender, each
fuftains three pale yellow flowers, which are fuc-
ceeded by fhort turgid pods, containing two or three
feeds in each. It flowers in June, and the feeds
ripen in September.
The twelfth fort came up in earth which was brought
from Barbadoes, but it does not feem to be a native
of that country, for it rifes eafily from feeds in the
open air here, and perfects its feeds in the autumn,
nor will it thrive in greater warmth. This hath an
upright ftalk a foot and a half high, fending out
fmall fide branches, which are garnifhed with round-
ifh trifoliate leaves fawed on their edges, flandin sr up-
on fhort foot-ftalks. The flowers grow in fhortleafy
fpikes at the end of the branches •, they are fmall, and
of a pale purple colour, appearing in July, and are
fucceeded by fhort turgid pods, containing two or
three kidney-fhaped feeds, which ripen in the autumn.
The thirteenth fort grows naturally in Portugal, Spain,
and Italy. This is an annual plant, rifing with upright
branching flalks a foot high, garnifhed with Angle
leaves fitting clofe to the flalks ; the larger leaves are
oval, about one inch long and three quarters of an
inch broad ; the upper leaves are narrow, ending in
obtufe points, and are (lightly indented at their ends.
The flowers grow in leafy fpikes at the end of the
flalks fet clofe together, having hairy empalements j
they are pretty large, of a purple colour, and appear
in July : thefe are fucceeded by taper pods about
an inch long, inclofing four or five kidney-fhaped
feeds. This plant has feveral titles, in the different
books of botany.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally in the American
iflands •, this is an annual plant, rifing with a branch-
ing ftalk two feet high, garnifhed with trifoliate
leaves, whofe lobes are oval, ftanding upon very
long foot-ftalks, which are hairy. The flowers grow
in loofe fpikes at the end of the branches ; they are
large, and of a purplifh yellow colour, and are fuc-
ceeded by very turgid hairy pods, each containing five
or fix large kidney-fhaped feeds. This fort flowers in
July and Auguft, and the feeds ripen in the autumn.
From this plant Indigo was formerly made, which,' I
luppofe, was of lels value than that which is made
of Anil, fo has not been for many years paft cultivated
in any of the iflands.
The fifteenth fort was difeovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun, growing naturally at La Vera Cruz in New
Spain, from whence he fent the feeds to England.
This is a perennial plant, from whole roots come out
feveral pretty ftrong branches, which fpread and in-
cline toward the ground ; thefe are garnifhed with
narrow trifoliate leaves, very little hairy. The flowers
come out in loofe panicles at the end of the branches ;
they are yellow, and are fucceeded by fmooth turgid
pods about half an inch long, each containing two or
three kidney-fhaped feeds. This flowers in July, and'
the feeds fometimes ripen here in the autumn.
The three firft forts are never cultivated in gardens,
being very troublefome weeds whenever they get
into the fields ; for the roots fpread and multiply
greatly in the ground, and are fo tough and ftrong,
that the plough will fcarcely cut through them, fo
are with great difficulty eradicated when they have
once gotten poffeffion.
The
O N O
The fourth and fifth forts are low fhrubby plants,
which are propagated by feeds. The fourth is too
tender to thrive in the open air in England, unlefs it
is planted in a warm fituation, and ih very fevere
froft covered to proted it. If the feeds of both thefe
forts are fown upon a bed of light earth in April, the
plants will come up in May, when they muft be kept
clean from weeds ; and if they are too clofe, feme
of them fnould be carefully drawn up in mailt wea-
ther, and tranfplanted at four or five inches diftance :
thofe of the fourth fort upon a warm fhekered border,
but the fifth may be planted in a mady border, where
they will thrive very well , after thefe have taken root,
the plants will thrive very well, but muft be kept
clean from weeds till the following autumn, when
they may be tranfplanted to the places where they
are to remain *, thofe plants which were left growing
in the bed where they were fown, muft alfo be treat-
ed in the fame w r ay. Thefe plants will not thrive in
pots, therefore fhould always be planted in the full
ground, where the fifth fort will fiourifti greatly, and
frequently fend up many plants from their roots,
but the other is more impatient of cold. Thefe plants
will flower the fecond year, and make a fine appear-
ance during the continuance of their flowers, and the
fifth fort will produce feeds in plenty.
The fixth fort is propagated by feeds, which fnould
be fown thin in drills upon- a bed of light earth ; and
when the plants come up, they muft be kept clean
from weeds till the autumn, when they fnould be
carefully taken up, and tranfplanted into the borders
of the plealiire-garden, where they are to remain *,
the fecond year they will flower and produce ripe
feeds, but the roots will continue feveral years, and
are very hardy.
The feventh, eighth, and eleventh forts are hardy
annual plants ; thefe are propagated by feeds, which
fhould be fown in the places where the plants are to
remain, and will require no other care but to thin
them where they are too clofe, and keep them clean
from weeds.
The ninth fort is a hardy perennial plant, but as it
makes but little appearance, fo it is rarely preferved,
unlefs in botanic gardens for the fake of variety it
rifes yearly from feed, and will thrive in any foil or
fituation.
The fourteenth fort is an annual plant •, the feeds of
this muft be fown upon a moderate hot-bed in the
fpring, and, when the plants are fit to remove, they
fhould be tranfplanted to another moderate hot-bed to
bring the plants forward, treating them in the fame
way as the African and French Mary gold. In June
they fhould be taken up with balls of earth to their
roots, and tranfplanted into the open borders, where,
if they are fhaded till they have taken root, they
will thrive and flower the following month, and per-
fect their feeds in autumn.
The eighteenth fort is a tender plant. The feeds of
this fhould be fown upon a good hot-bed in the fpring,
and when the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be
each planted in a fmall pot filled with light loamy
earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark,
obferving to (hade them from the fun till they have
taken new root, after which they muft be treated in
-the fame way as other tender plants from the fame
countries. In autumn they fhould be removed into
the bark-ftove •, the fummer following they will pro-
duce flowers, but they do not often perfed feeds in
England. -
ONOPORDUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 834. Vaill.
Ad. Par. 1718. Carduus. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 440.
tab. 253. Woolly TMftle ; in French, Chardon.
The Characters are.
The common empale; nent is roundijh , bellied - , and imbri-
cated , compofed of numerous feales terminated by fpines.
The flower is compofed of many hermaphrodite florets ,
which are funnel-Jhaped , equal, and uniform , having
narrow tubes j welling at the brim , cut into five points - s
they have five port hairy ftamina , terminated by cylindri-
cal fummits , and an oval ger men crowned with down ,
O N 0
fupporting a fender ftyk terminated by a crowned ftigma .
The ger men becomes afingle feed crowned with down, fit-
ting in the empalement.
1’his genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion
of Linnasiisk nineteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants with compound flowers, whofe florets are all
hermaphrodite and fruitful.
The Species are,
1. Onqpordum ( Acanthium ) calycibus fquarrofis, foliis
ovato-oblongis finuatis. Lin. Sp.- Plant. 827. Woolly
Thifik with rough empalement s , and oblong , oval, finuated
leaves. Carduus tomentofus, acanthi folio, vulgaris,
Tourn. Inft. R. H, 441. Common Woolly Thiftle with a
Bearfbreech leaf.
2. Qnopordum ( Illy ri cum ) calycibus- fquarrofis, fpinis
foliis lanceolatis pinnatifidis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1158.
Woolly Thiftle with rough empalement s , and narrow
leaves ending in many points. Carduus tomentofus,
acanthi folio anguftiori. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 441.
Woolly Thiftle with a narrower Bearfbreech leaf.
3. Qnopordum ( Arabicum ) calycibus imbricatis. Hort.
Upfal. 249. Woolly Thiftle with imbricated empalement s.
Carduus tomentofus, acanthi folio aldffimus, Lufita-
nicus. .Tourn. Inft. 441. Talleft woolly Thiftle of Por-
tugal, with a Bearfbreech leaf.
4. Qnopordum {Orient ale ) calycibus fquarrofis, foliis
oblongis pinnato-finuatis decurrentibus, capite magno,
W lolly Thiftle with rough empalement s, oblong , finuated ,
wing-pointed leaves running along the ftalk, and a large
head. Carduus tomentofus, acanthi folio Aleppicus,
magno flore. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 441. Woolly Thiftle
of Aleppo zvith a Bearfbreech leaf , and a large fiozver.
5. Onopok'dum ( Acaulon ) futfacaufe. Lin. Sp. 1 159.
W oolly Thiftle with a head fitting clofe to the ground.
Onopordon acaulon ferme flore albicarite. D. Juffieu.
Vaill. Mem. 1718. Woolly Thiftle without a ftalk, and
having a whitifh flower.
There are fome other fpecies of this genus, which
are preferved in botanic gardens, and alfo feveral va-
rieties differing in the colours of their flowers ; but
as thefe plants are rarely admitted into other gar-
dens, fo it would be to little purpofe to enumerate
them here.
The firft fort grows naturally on uncultivated places
in moft parts of England. It is a biennial plant •, the
firft year it puts out many large downy leaves, which
are finuated on their edges, and are prickly *, thefe
fpread on the ground, and continue the following
winter, and in the fpring arifes the ftalk in the mid-
dle of the leaves, which, upon dunghills, or good
ground, grows five or fix feet high, dividing up-
ward into many branches, which have leafy borders
running along them, indented, and each indenture
is terminated by a fpine. The ftalks are termi- v
nated by fcaly heads of purple flowers, which
appear in June, and to thefe fucceed oblong angular
feeds crowned with a hairy down, which affift their
fpreading about to a great diftance by the wind, fo
that where the plants are permitted to ripen their
feeds, they often become troublefome weeds.
The fecond fort grows natually in Spain, Portugal,
and the Levant this rifes with a taller ftalk than the
former, the leaves are much longer and narrower, and
the indentures on their fides are regular, ending in
fharp fpines. The heads of flowers are larger, and
the lpines of the empalement are longer than thofe of
the firft fort.
The third fort grows to the height of nine or ten
feet ; the ftalks divide into many branches 5 the leaves
are longer than any of the other fpecies 5 the heads
of flowers are large and of a purple colour y the em-
palement hath the feales lying over each other like
the feales of fifh. This grows naturally in Spain and
Portugal.
The fourth fort grows naturally about Aleppo j this
rifes with an upright branching ftalk feven or eight
feet high , the leaves are long and are regularly finu-
ated on their borders, like wing-pointed leaves •, the
heads of the flowers are very large, and the empale-
ment is very rough and prickly.
The
t
431
OPH
The fifth fort hath feveral oblong, oval, woolly leaves,
which fpread on the ground •, between thefe comes
out the head of flowers fitting clofe to the ground •,
thefe heads are fmaller than any of the other, and
the flowers are white. Some of thefe plants have
been formerly cultivated for the table, but it was be-
fore the Englifh gardens were well fupplied with other
efculent plants, for at prefent they are rarely eaten
here. They require no culture, for if the feeds are
permitted to fall, the plants will come up faft
enough.
ON O S M A. Lin. Gen. 1 87.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a ■permanent empalement of one leaf , which
is creB, • and cut into five fegments - y the corolla is bell-
Jhaped , of one petal , having a Jhort tube , with a f well-
ing top y the brim cut into five parts , and naked pervious
chaps , it hath five Jhort awl-jhaped ftamina , terminated
by arrow-fioaped fummits , which are the length of the
corolla , and a germen of four parts , fupporting a fender
ftyle , crowned by an obtufie fiigma \ the germen afterward
becomes four feeds fitting in the empalement.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, intitled Pentandria Monogynia,
the flowers having five ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Onosma ( Sirnplicijfma ) foliis conferdflimis lanceola-
to-lineanbus pilofis. Lin. Sp. 196. Onofma with hairy,
linear , fpear-Jhaped leaves growing in clufers. Echium
Creticum. Alp. Exot. 130. Cretan Viper’s Buglofs.
2. Onosma (Orient alis) foliis lanceolatis hifpidis, frudi-
bus pendulis. Lin. Sp. 196. Onofma withhifpid fpear-
Jhaped leaves , and hanging fruit. Cerinthe Orientalis.
Amoen. Acad. 4. p. 267. Eaflern Honeywort.
3. Onosma ( Echioides ) foliis lanceolatis hifpidis, frudi-
bus eredis. Lin. Sp. 196. Onofma with hifpid fpear-
Jhaped leaves and ereB fruit. Anchufa lutea minor.
C. B. P. 255. Smaller yellow Buglofs.
The firft and fecond forts are generally biennial plants,
which perifh foon after they have perfeded feeds ;
though fometi tries when they happen to grow out of
the joints of walls, or the Allures of rocks, they will
abide three or four years •, for in fuch fituations the
plants are ftinted in their growth, fo are lels replete
with moifture, and more compad, whereby they are
in lefs danger of fufFering from froft in winter. There-
fore, if all the three forts can be cultivated on a wall
or in rubbifh, where their feeds may fcatter, they
may be maintained much better than in good ground.
In order to have the plants grow in fuch fituations,
it will be proper to low their feeds foon after they
are ripe, either on the joints of old walls, or in rub-
bifh, laying the italics of the plants over the places
where their feeds are fown, which will fhade them
from the fun, and thereby greatly forward the vege-
tation of the feeds •, and when the plants are well efta-
blifhed in their fituation, if they are permitted to
fcatter their feeds, they will maintain themfelves very
well afterwards.
As thefe plants are feldom cultivated unlefs in botanic
gardens, fo it will be unneceffary to enlarge farther
about them •, they flower early in the fpring, and
their feeds ripen in June.
OPHIOGLOSSUM, Adder’s-tongue.
This plant grows naturally in moift meadows, and is
not eafily brought to thrive long in gardens, fo is
rarely attempted.
OPHRYS. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 437. tab. 250. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 902. Twyblade.
The Characters are.
It has a fingle ftalk with a vague fpatha (or Jheath.)
The flower hath no empalement •, it confifis of five oblong
petals which afeend , and join fo as to form a helmet ,
and the under one is bifida The ne Barium is dependent ,
and keel- fh aped behind \ it hath two Jhort flamina fitting
on the pointed, with ereB fummits faft ened to the interior
border of the ne Barium , and an oblong contorted germen
fituated under the flower , with a ftyle adhering to the
inner border of the neBarium , crowned by an obfolete ftig-
vna. The germen afterward turns to an oval , three- cor-
OPH
neredj ohtufe capfule , with one cell opening with three
valves , and filled with fmall feeds like dufi.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fe&ibn
of Linnaeus’s twentieth clafs, which contains the
plants whofe flowers have two ftamina, which are
joined to the ftyle ; he has joined to this genus feve-
ral fpecies of Orchis.
The Species are,
1. Ophryjs (Nidas avis) bulbis fibrofo-fafciculatis Caule
vaginato, nedarii labio bifido. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1339.
Twyblade with a fibrous root bundled , and a bifid lip
to the neBarium. Ophrys bifolia. C. B. P. 87. Com-
mon Twyblade , or Tw ay blade.
2. Ophrys ( Cordato ) bulbo fibrofo, caule bifolio, fo-
liis cordatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 946. Twyblade with a
fibrous root , and two heart-fhaped leaves on the fialk.
Ophrys minima. C. B. P. 87. Smalleft T wyblade.
3. Ophrrys (Spiralis) bulbis aggregatis oblongis, caule
fubfoliofo, fioribus fecundis, nedarii labio indivifo.
Ad. Upfal. 1740. Twyblade with oblong clufered bulbs,
a leafy fialk , fruitful flowers , and an undivided- lip to the
neBarium. Orchis fpiralis alba oborata. J. B. 2. 769.
White , fiweet-fcent&d , fpiral Orchis , called Triple Ladies
Traces.
4. Ophrys (Monorchis) bulbo globofo, caule nude, nec-
tarii labio trifido. Ad. Upfal. 1740. Twyblade with a
globular bulb , a naked fialk , and a trifid lip to the nec-
tarium. Orchis odorata mofchata, five monorchis.
C. B. P. 84. Yellow , fiweet , or Mufk Orchis.
5. Ophrys (Ant hr op oph or a) bulbis fubrotundis, fcapo
foliofo, nedarii labio lineari tripartite, medio elon-
gato bifido. Lin. Sp. Plant. 948. Twyblade with
roundifh bulbs , a leafy fialk , and a narrow three-pointed
lip to the neBarium , the middle fegment of which is ftr etch-
ed out and bifid. Orchis flore nudi hominis effigiem
repraefentans foemina. C. B. P. 82. Alan Orchis.
6 . Ophrys ( InfeBifera ) bulbis fubrotundis, fcapo foli-
ofo, nedarii labio fubquinquelobo. Lin. Sp. Plant.
948. Twyblade with roundifh bulbs , a leafy fialk y and
the lip of the neBarium divided almoft into five lobes ,
Orchis mulcam referens major. C. B. P. 83. Greater
Fly Orchis.
7. Ophrys (. Adrachnites ) bulbis fubrotundis, caule fo-
liofo, nedarii labio trifido. Twyblade with roundifh
bulbs , a leafy fialk , and a trifid lip to the neBarium.
Orchis fucum referens major, foliolis fuperioribus
candidis, aut purpuralcentibus. C. B. P. 83. The com-
mon Humble Bee Orchis.
8. Ophrys (Sphegodes) bulbis fubrotundis, caule fub-
foliofo, nedarii labio trifido hirfuto. Twyblade with
roundifh bulbs , a leafy fialk , and a hairy trifid lip to the
neBarium. Orchis five tefticulusfphegodes hirfuto flore.
J. B. 2. 727. Humble Bee Satyr ion with green wings.
The firft fort grows naturally in woods, and fometimes
in moift paftures in feveral parts of England. The
root is compofed of many ftrong fibres, from which
arile two oval veined leaves three inches long, and two
broad, joined at their bafe ; between thefe arifes a
naked ftalk about eight inches high, terminated by a
loofe fpike of herbaceous flowers, refembling gnats,
compofed of five petals, with a long bifid lip to the
nedarium, with a creft or ftandard above, and two
wings on the fide. The flowers fit upon an angular
germen, which afterward fwells to a capfule, opening
when ripe in fix parts, and filled with fmall dufty
feeds. This plant refufes culture, but may be trans-
planted from the places where it grows naturally, into
a fhady part of the garden, where, if the roots are not
difturbed, they will continue feveral years, and flower
in May, but they do not increafe in gardens. The beft
time to remove the roots is in July or Auguft, when
the leaves are decaying, for it will be difficult to find
the roots after the leaves are gone.
The fecond fort is found in fome of the northern
counties in England, but is feldom feen growing in
the fouth. This hath a fmall bulb with many ftrong
fibres to the root, and fends out two fmall, ribbed,
heart-fhaped leaves at bottom. The ftalk riles about
four inches high, and is terminated by a fpike of fmall
herbaceous flowers ffiaped like thefe of the firft fort.
The
OPtl
The third fort grows upon chalky hills in federal parts j
of England ; this hath an oblong, cluttered, bulbous
root, from which arifes a fmgle ftaik fix inches high,
having two oblong leaves at bottom, and rarely any
above ; the flowers are fmall, of a white colour,
growing in a loofe fpike on tiie top of the ftaik •, they
have a muiky fcent. This flowers in Auguft. j
This fort grows naturally in tnoift paftures in the nor-
them parts of England ; I have alio found it in great
plenty on Enfield Chace* not far from the town.
The fourth and fifth forts grow upon the chalk-hills
near Northfleet in Kent, and alio upon Cauiham-hills
near Reading; they have roundiih bulbous roots, from
which come out a few oblong leaves •, the ftalks rife a
foot and a half high, garni&ed with a few narrower
leaves ; the flowers grow in a loofe fpike on the top
of the ftaik ; they are in one of a rufty iron colour,
and the other hath herbaceous flowers. The lip of
the ne&arium is divided into three parts, the middle
fegment being ftretched out much longer than the
other, and is divided into two ; the upper part of the
flower being hooded, the whole bears fome refem-
blance to a naked man. They flower in June.
The eighth fort grows naturally in dry paftures in
feveral parts of England, and is commonly called the
Humble Bee Orchis •, of this there are two or three va-
rieties found wild in England, and feveral more in
Spain and Portugal. This hath a roundiih bulbous
root ; the leaves are like thole of the narrow-leaved
Plantain. The ftaik rifes fix or feven inches high,
having two or three Iheath-lhaped leaves embracing
it, which are ered: ; at the top of the ftaik come
out two or three flowers without fpurs, havingpurplilh
crefts and wings. The necftarium is large, lhaped like
the body of a humble bee, of a dark footy colour,
with two or three lines running acrofs it of a darker
or lighter colour, which appear brighter or duller ac-
cording to the pofition of the flower to the fun. It
flowers early in June. There are fome varieties of
this fort, which differ in the colour and flze of their
flowers. ,
All thefe forts may be preferved in gardens, though
not propagated there. The belt time to remove the
roots from the places where they naturally grow, is
juft before the ftalks fall, for at that time the roots
may be eafily dilcovered, and then they are begin-
ning to reft, fo that the bulb will be fully formed for
flowering the following year, and will not fhrink ;
but when they are removed at a time of the year
when they are in addon, the bulb defigned for flower-
ing the following year, not being fully ripened, will
fhrink, and frequently perifh; or if they furvive their
removal, do not recover their former ftrength in lefs
time than two years.
When thefe are removed into a garden, the foil mould
be adapted to the forts. Such of them as grow na-
turally in moift paftures, fnould be planted in fhady
moift borders ; thofe which are inhabitants of woods
may be planted' under trees in wilderneffes, but fuch
as grow upon chalk- hills ftiould have a bed of chalk
prepared for them in an open fituation, and when the
plants are fixed in their feveral places, they fhould
not be difturbed after ; for if they are kept clean
from weeds, the lefs the ground is difturbed, the
better the plants will thrive, and the longer they will
continue.
OPUNTIA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 239. tab. 122.
Tuna. Hort. Elth. 295. Caftus. Lin. Gen. Plant.
539. [This plant is called Opuntia, becaufe Theo-
phraftus writes, that it grows about Opuntium.] The
Indian Fig, or prickly Pear ; in French, Raquette.
The Characters are.
The fiozver is compofed of feveral petals, which are ob-
tufe , concave , and placed in a circular order , fitting upon
the ger men. It has a great number of awl -Jh aped Jiamina ,
which are infer ted in the ger men, are foorter than the
petals, and terminated by oblong . ere It fummits. The
gerrnen , which isftuated under the flower, fupports a cy-
lindrical ftyle the length of the Jiamina , crowned by a
multifld fligma. The germen afterward turns to ajlejhy
imbilicaied fruit with one cell, inclofmg many roundijh
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fecliori
of TourheforPs fixth clals, which iacludes the herbs
with a Rofe flower, whofe pointai or empalement
becomes a fruit with one capfule. Dr. Linnseus places
It in the firft fee ti on of his twelfth dafs, in which he
ranges thofe plants whofe flowers have more than
nineteen ftamina, which are inferred either into the
empalement, or petals of tile flower.
The Species are,
r. Opuntia {Vulgaris) uticulis ovatis compreffis, fpinis
fetaceis. Indian Fig with oval compreffed joints, and
briflly fpines . Opuntia vulgb herbariorum. J. ,B. 1.
1 54. The common Opuntia , or Indian Fig.
2. Opuntia {Ficus Indica) articulis ovato-oblongis, fpi-
nis fetaceis. Indian Fig with oblong oval joints , and
briflly fpines. Opuntia folio oblongo media. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 239. Middle Indian Fig with oblong leaves.
3. Opuntia {Tuna) articulis ovato-oblongis, fpinis fub-
ulatis. Indian Fig with oblong oval joints, and awh
Jhaped fpines. Opuntia major, validiffimis fpinis mu-
nita, Tourn. Inft. R. FI. 239. Greater Indian Fig
with very firong fpines.
4. Opuntia ( Elatior ) articulis ovato-oblongis, fpinis
longiffimis nigricantibus. Indian Fig with oblong oval
joints, and very long black fpines. Tuna elatior fpinis
validis nigricantibus. Hort. Elth. tab. 194. Taller In-
dian Fig with firong black fpines.
5. Opuntia ( Maxima ) articulis ovato-oblongis craffiffi-
mis, fpinis intequalibus. Indian Fig with oblong, oval \
thick joints , and unequal jpines. Opuntia maxima,
folio fpinofo, latiffimo Sc longiffimo. Tourn. Inft.
240. Greatefi Indian Fig , with the longefi and broadef
prickly branches.
6. Opuntia ( Gochinelifera ) articulis ovato-oblongis fub-
inermibus. Indian Fig with oblong oval joints , ah
mofl without pines. Opuntia maxima, folio oblon-
go- rotundo majore, fpinulis mollibus & innocentibus
obfito, flore ftriis rubris variegato. Sloan. Cat. Jam.
194. Greatefi Indian Fig, with a larger, oblong , round
leaf, armed with foft, innocent, fmall fpines, and a flower
variegated with red firipes, commonly called the Cochi-
neal Fig.
7. Opuntia ( Curajfavica ) articulis cylindrico-ventrico-
fis, compreffis, fpinis fetaceis. Indian Fig with com-
prised, cylindrical , bellied joints , and briflly fpines. Fi-
cus Indica, feu Opuntia Curaflavica minima. Hort,-
Amft. 1. 107. Indian Fig, or the leaf Opuntia of Curafi
Joa, frequently titled Pinpillozv.
8. Opuntia ( Spinofjfma ) articulis longiffimis tenuibus
compreffis, fpinis longiffimis confertiffimis, gracili-
bus albicantibus armatis. Flouft. MSS. Stalky Indian
Fig , with large , ' narrow, compreffed leaves, armed with
the longefi, narrowefl, white fpines, growing in cluflers ;
this is by the gardeners called, Robinfon Crufods Coat.
9. Opuntia {Phyllanthus) prolifer enfiformi-compreflus
ferrato-repandus. Indian Fig with compreffed fword-
Jhaped joints , whofe indentures turn backward. Cereus
fcolopendri folio brachiato. ITort. Elth. 73. tab. 64.
Torch Thiflle with a branching Spleenwort leaf.
Thefe plants are all of them natives of America,
though the firft fort is found growing wild on the
fidesof the roads about Naples, in Sicily, and Spain,
but it is probable that the plants may have been
brought from America thither at firft. This fore
has been long in the Englifh gardens ; the joints or
branches of this are oval, or roundifh, compreffed on
their two Tides flat, and have fmall leaves coming out
in knots on their furface, as alfo on their upper
edges, which fall off in a (hort time ; and at the fame
knots there are three or four fhort briflly fpines,
which do not appear unlefs they are clofely viewed ;
but on being handled, they enter the flefh, and fepa-
rate from the plant, lb are troublefome, and often
very difficult to get out of the fiefh. The branches
of this fort fpread near the ground, and frequently
trail upon it, putting out new roots, fo are extended
to a confiderable diftance, and never rife in height 5
thefe are flelby and herbaceous while they are young,
9 O but
GPU
but as they grow old become drier, of a tough con-
texture, and have ligneous fibres. The flowers come
out on the upper edges of the branches, generally,
though hornet imes they are produced on their hides ;
thefe fit upon the embryo of their fruit, and are
compofed of feveral roundifti concave petals, which
fpread open ; they are of a pale yellow colour, and
within arife a great number of ftamina, fattened to
the embryo of the fruit, which are terminated by ob-
long fummits ; and in the center is fituated the ftyle,
crowned by a many-pojnted ftigma ; after the flowers
are paft, the embryo fwells to an oblong fruit, whofe
(kin, or cover, is fet with frnall fpines in duffers,
and the infidels fiefhy, of a purple, or red colour, in
which are lodged many black feeds. This plant flow-
ers here in July and Auguft, but unlefs the leafon is
very warm, the fruit will not ripen in England.
1 received fome branches of this fort from Mr. Peter
ColSinfon, F. R. S. who allured me they were fent
him from Newfoundland, where the plants grow
naturally, which is much farther to the north than it
was before known to grow 5 and how it endures the
cold of that country is inconceivable, for though the
plants will live abroad in England, in a warm fitua-
tion and a dry foil, yet, in fevere winters, they are
generally deftroyed, if they are not protected from
the froth
The fecond fort hath oblong, oval, comprefled
branches, which grow more erebt than thofe of the
iirft, armed with long briftly fpines, which come out
in clutters from a point on each of the comprefled
hides, Spreading open like the rays of a ftar. The
flowers grow upon the embryo of the fruit, which
come out from the upper edges of the leaves like the
firft, but are larger, and of a brighter yellow colour.
The fruit is alfo larger, and of a deeper purple co-
lour, the outer Ikin is alfo armed with longer fpines ;
this is the molt common fort in Jamaica, and upon
the fruit of this the wild fort of cochineal feeds, which
is called Sylvefter. I had fome of the plants fent me
with the live infebls upon them from Jamaica, by the
late Dr. Houftoun, who was writing a hiftory of thefe
infebts, at the time when he was taken ill and died ;
thefe infebts kept alive upon the plants here for three
or four months, but afterward perfthed. If the fruit
of this plant is eaten, it will dye the urine of a bloody
colour.
The third fort hath ftronger branches than the fecond,
which are armed with larger thorns, of an awl-
fliape ; they are whitfth, and come out in clutters like
thofe of the other fort. The flowers are large, of a
bright yellow colour, and the fruit is Ihaped like that
of the lecond fort.
The fourth fort grows taller than either of the for-
mer ; the branches are larger, thicker, and of a deep-
er green, and are armed with ftrong black fpines,
which come out in clufters like thofe of the other
forts, but the clufters are farther afunder. The flow-
ers are produced from the upper edges of the branches;
they are fmaller than thofe of the other forts, and are
of a purplifh colour, as are alfo the ftamina ; the
fruit is of the fame form as thofe of the firft, but do
do not ripen here.
The fifth fort is the largeft of all the forts yet known.
The joints of thefe are more than a foot long, and
eight inches broad ; they are very thick, of a deep
green colour, and armed with a few fhort briftly
fpines ; the older branches of this often become al-
moft taper, and are very ftrong. The flowers of this
fort I have never yet feen •, for although I have had
many of the plants more than ten feet high, none of
them has produced any flowers.
The fixth fort has been always fuppofed to be the
plant, upon which the cochineal infebts feed ; this
hath oblong, ftnooth, green branches, which grow
erect, and rife to the height of eight or ten feet, hav-
ing fcarce any fpines on them and thofe few which
are, can fcarce be difeerned at a diftance, and are fo
foft as not to be troublefome when handled. The
flowers of this fort are ftnail, and of a purple colour,
GPU
Handing upon the embryo of the fruit, in the fame
manner as thofe of the other fort, but do not expand
open like them. The flowers of this appear late in
the autumn, and the fruit drop off in winter, without
coming to any perfebtion here ; this fort is cultivated
in the fields of New Spain, for the increafe of the in-
feds, but it grows naturally in Jamaica, where it is
probable the true cochineal might be difeovered, if-
perfons of fkili were to fearch after the infebts.
The feventh fort is.faid to grow naturally at Curaf-
fao ; this hath cylindrical fwelling joints, which are
clofely armed with {lender white fpines. The branches
fpread out on every fide, and where they have no
fupport, fall to the ground, very often feparating at
the joints from the plants, and as they lie upon the
ground, put out roots, fo form new plants ; this
fort very rarely produces flowers in England. In the
W eft-indies it is called Pinpillow, from the appear-
ance which the branches have to a pin-cufhion (tuck
full of pins.
The eighth fort was fent me from Jamaica by the
late Dr. Houftoun, who found it growing naturally
there in great plenty, but could never obferve either
fruit or flower upon any of the plants, nor have any
of them produced either in England. The branches
of this fort have much longer joints than any of the
other ; they are narrower, and more comprefled.
The fpines of this are very long, (lender, and of a
yellowifh brown colour, coming out in clufters all
over the furface of the branches, crofllng each other,
fo as to render it dangerous to handle; for upon being
touched, the fpines adhere to the hand and quit the
branches, and penetrate into the fiefn, fo become very
troublefome.
.The ninth fort grows naturally in the Brafils ; this
hath very thin branches, which are indented regularly
on their edges, like Spleenwort ; they are of a light
green, and (liaped like a broad fword ; thefe are
fmooth, having no fpines. The flowers come out
from the fide, and at the end of the branches, fit-
ting on the embryos in the fame way as the other
forts ; they are of a pale yellow colour. The fruit
is (haped like thofe of the firft fort, but rarely ripen
in England.
All thefe forts (except the firft) are too tender to
thrive in the open air in England ; nor can many of
them be preferved through the winter here, unlefs
they have artificial heat ; for when they are placed in
a green-houfe, they turn to a pale yellow colour, their
branches (brink, and frequently rot on the firft ap-
proach of warm weather in the fpring.
Thefe plants may be all propagated by cutting off
their branches at the joints, during any of the fum-
mer months, which (hould be laid in a warm dry
place for a fortnight, that the wounded part may be
healed over, otherwife they will rot with the moifture
which they imbibe at that part, as is the cafe with
moft other fucculent plants. The foil in which thefe
plants muft be planted, fhould be compofed after the
following manner, viz. one third of light frefh earth
from a pafture, a third part fea fand, and the other
part (hould be one half rotten tan, and the other half
lime rubbifh; thefe (hould be well mixed, and laid
in a heap three or four months before it is ufed, ob-
ferving to turn it over at lead once a month, that the
feveral parts may be well united ; then you (hould
pafs it through a rough fereen, in order to feparate
the largeft (tones and clods, but by no means fift it
too fine, which is a very common fault ; then you
(hould referve fome of the fmaller (tones and rubbflh
to lay at the bottom of the pots, in order to keep an
open paffage for the moifture to drain off • which is
what muft be obferved for all fucculent plants, for if
the moifture be detained in the pots, it will rot- their
roots and deftroy the plants.
When you plant any of the branches of thefe plants
(except the firft fort) you fnould plunge the pots into
a moderate hot-bed, which will greatly facilitate their
taking root ; you (hould alfo refrefti them now and
then with a little water, but be very careful not to let
!
ORC
them have too much, or be too often watered, efpe-
cially before they are rooted. When the plants be-
gin to fhoot, you mall give them a large fhare of air,
by raifingthe glaffes, otherwife their (hoots will draw
up fo weak, as not to be able to fupport themfelves
and after they have taken ftrong root, you fhould
inure them to the air by degrees, and then remove
them into the ftove where they fliould remain, placing
them near the glaffes, which fhould always be open-
ed in warm weather •, fo that they may have the ad-
vantage of a free air, and yet be protected from wet
and cold.
During the fummer feafon thefe plants will require
to be often refrefhed with water, but it muft not be
given to them in large quantities left it rot them,
and in winter this fhould be proportioned to the
warmth of the {love; for if the air be kept very warm
they will require to be often refrefhed, otherwife their
branches will fhrink ; but if the houfe be kept in a
moderate degree of warmth, they fhould have but lit-
tle, for moifture at that feafon will rot them very foon.
The heat in which thefe plants thrive beft, is the
temperate point, as marked on botanical thermome-
ters, for if they are kept too warm in winter, it caufes
their fhoots to be very tender, weak, and unfightly.
Thofe forts which are inclinable to grow upright,
fhould have their branches fupported with flakes,
otherwife their weight is fo great, that it will break
them down.
Thefe plants are by moft people expofed to the open
air in the fummer feafon, but they thrive much bet-
ter if they are continued in the ftoves, provided the
glaffes be kept open, fo that they may have free air ;
for when they are fet abroad, the great rains which
generally fall in fummer, together with the unfettled
temperature of the air in our climate, greatly dimi-
nifh their beauty, by retarding their growth ; and
fometimes in wet fummers they are fo replete with
moifture, as to rot in the fucceeding winter ; nor
will thofe plants which are fet abroad (I mean the
tender forts) produce their flowers and fruit in fuch
plenty, as thofe which are conftantly preferved in the
houfe.
ORANGE. See Aurantium.
ORCHARD. In planting of an Orchard, great
care fhould be had to the nature of the foil ; and fuch
forts of fruits only fhould be chofen, as are beft
adapted to the ground defigned for planting, other-
wife there can be little hopes of their fucceeding •,
and it is for want of rightly obferving this method,
that we fee in many countries Orchards planted, which
never arrive to any tolerable„degree of perfection, the
trees ftarving ; and their bodies are either covered
with Mofs, or the bark cracks and divides, both
which are evident flgns of the weaknefs of the trees ;
whereas, if inftead of Apples the Orchard had been
planted with Pears, Cherries, or any other fort of
fruit better adapted to the foil, the trees might have
grown very well, and produced great quantities of
fruit.
As to the pofition of the Orchard, (if you are at full
liberty to chufe) a rifing ground, open to the fouth-
eaft, is to be preferred ; but I would by no means
advife planting upon the fide of a hill, where the de-
clivity is very great ; for in fuch places the great rains
commonly wafh down the better part of the ground,
whereby the trees would be deprived of proper nou-
rilhment ; but where the rife is gentle, it is of great
advantage to the trees, by admitting the fun and air
between them, better than it can upon an entire level ;
which is an exceeding benefit to the fruit, by diflipat-
ing fogs and drying up the damps, which, when de-
tained amongft the trees, mix with the air and render
it rancid : if it be defended from the weft,' 1 north, and
eaft winds, it will alfo render the fituation ftill more
advantageous, for it is chiefly from thofe quarters
that fruit-trees receive the greateft injury ; therefore,
if the place be not naturally defended from thefe by
riling hills (which is always to be preferred,) then you
ORC
fliould plant large growing timber-trees at feme diff
tance from the Orchard, to anfwer this purpofe.
You fhould alfo have a gleat regard to the diftance
of planting the trees, which is what few people have
rightly confidered ; for if you plant them too clofe,
they will be liable to blights; the air being hereby
pent in amongft them, will alfo caufe the fruit to be
ill tailed, having a great quantity of damp vapours
from the perfpiration of the trees, and the exhala-
tions from the earth mixed with it, which will be im-
bibed by the fruit, and render their juices crude and
unwholfome.
Wherefore I cannot but recommend the method which
has been lately pradliled by iome particular gentlemen
with very good fuccefs, and that is, to plant the trees
fourfeore feet afunder, but not in regular rows. The
ground between the trees they plough and fow with
Wheat and other crops, in the fame manner as if it
were clear from trees ; and they obferve their crops
to be full as good as thofe quite expofed, except juft
under each tree, until they are grown large, and af-
ford a great fhade ; and by thus ploughing and tilling
the ground, the trees are rendered more vigorous and
healthy, fcarcely ever having any Mofs, or other
marks of poverty, and will abide much longer and
produce better fruit.
If the ground in which you intend to plant an Or-
chard has been pafture for fome years, then you fliould
plough in the green fward thefpring before you plant
the trees ; and if you will permit it to lie a fummer
fallow, it will greatly mend it, provided you ftir it
two or three times, to rot the fward of Grafs, .and
prevent weeds growing thereon.
At Michaelmas you fliould plough it pretty deep, in
order to make it loofe for the roots of the trees,
which fliould be planted thereon in Qdtober, provided
the foil is dry ; but if it be moift, the beginning of
March will be a better feafon. The diftance, if de-
figned for a clofe Orchard, muft not be lefs than forty
feet, but the trees planted twice that diftance will
fucceed better.
When you have finiflied planting the trees,- you
fliould provide fome flakes to fupport them, other-
wife the wind will blow them out of the ground;
which will do them much injury, efpecially after they
have been planted fome time ; for the ground in the
autumn being warm, and for the moft part moift,
the trees will very foon pufh out a great number of
young fibres ; which, if broken off by their being
difplaced^ will greatly retard the growth of the trees.
In the fpring following, if the feafon fhould prove
dry, you fhould cut a quantity of green fward, which
muft be laid upon the furface of the ground about
their roots, turning the Grafs downward, which will
prevent the lun and wind from drying the ground,
whereby a great expence of watering will be^faved ;
and after the firft year they will be out of danger*
provided they have taken well.
Whenever you plough the ground betwixt thefe
trees, you muft be careful not to go too deep amongft
their roots, left you fhould cut them off, which would
greatly damage the trees ; but if you do it cautioufly,
the flirring the furface of the ground will be of great
benefit to them ; though you fhould obferve, never
to fow too near the trees, nor fuffer any great rooting
weeds to grow about them, which would exhauft the
goodnefs of the foil, and flarve them.
If after the turf which was laid round the trees be
rotted, you dig it in gently about the roots, it will
greatly encourage them.
There are fome perfons who plant many forts of fruit
together in the fame Orchard, mixing the trees alter-
nately ; but this is a method which fliould always be
avoided, for hereby there will be a great difference
in the growth of the trees, which will not only ren-
der them unfightly, but alfo the fruit upon the lower
trees ill tailed, by the tall ones overfhadowing them •
fo that if you are determined to plant feveral forts
of fruit on the fame fpot,. you fhould obferve to
place '
455
ORC
place the largeft growing trees backward, and fo
proceed to thofe of lefs growth, continuing the fame
method quite through the whole plantation ; whereby
it will appear at a [diftance in a regular Hope, and the
fun and air will more equally pals throughout the
whole Orchard, that every tree may have an equal
benefit therefrom ; but this can only be pradifed up-
on good ground, in which molt forts of fruit-trees
will thrive.
The foil of your Orchard fhould alfo be mended once
in two or three years with dung, or other manure,
which will alfo be abfolutely neceffary for the crops
fown between ; fo that where perfons are not inclinable
to help their Orchards, where the expence of manure
is pretty great, yet, as there is a crop expeded from
the ground befides the fruit, they will the more rea-
dily be at the charge upon that account.
In making choice of trees for an Orchard, you fhould
always obferve to procure them from a foil nearly
a-kin to that where they are to be planted, or rather
poorer •, for if you have them from a very rich foil,
and that wherein you plant them is but indifferent,
they will not thrive well, efpecially for four or five
years after planting ; fo that it is a very wrong pradice
to make the nurfery where young trees are raifed
very rich, when the trees are defigned for a middling
or poor foil. The trees fhould be alfo young and
thriving, for whatever fome perfons may advife to
the contrary, yet it has always been obferved, that
though large trees may grow and produce fruit after
being removed, they never make fo good trees, nor
are fo long lived, as thofe which are planted while
young.
Thefe' trees, after they are planted out, will require
no other pruning, but only to cut out dead branches,
or fuch as crofs each other, which render their heads
confufed and unfightly : the pruning them too often,
or fhortening their branches, is very injurious ; efpe-
cially to Cherries and ftone-fruit, which will gum
prodigioufiy, and decay in fuch places where they are
cut ; and the Apples and Pears which are not of lo
nice a nature, will produce a greater quantity of la-
teral branches, which will fill the heads of the trees
with weak fhoots, whenever their branches are thus
fhortened *, and many times the fruit is hereby cut off,
which, on many forts of fruit-trees, is firft produced
at the extremity of their fhoots.
It may, perhaps, feem firange to fome perfons, that
I fhould recommend the allowing fo much diftance to
the trees in an Orchard, becaufe a fmall piece of
ground will admit of very few trees when planted in
this method ■, but if they will pleafe to obferve, that
when the trees are grown up, they will produce a
great deal more fruit, than twice the number when
planted clofe, and will be vaftly better tailed *, the
trees when placed at a la-rge diftance, being never fo
much in danger of blighting as in clofe plantations,
as hath been obferved in Herefordfhire, the great
county for Orchards, where they find, that when Or-
chards are fo planted or fituated, that the air is pent
up among!! the trees, the vapours which arife from
the damp of the ground, and the perfpiratiori of the
trees, colled: the heat of the fun, and refled it in
ftreams fo as to caufe what they call a fire-blaft, which
is the moil hurtful to their fruits ; and this is moft
frequent where the Orchards are open to the fouth fun.
But as Orchards fhould never be planted, unlefs
where large quantities of fruit are defired, fo it will
be the fame thing to allow twice or three times the
quantity of ground ; fince there may be a crop of
grain of any fort upon the fame place (as was before
laid,) fo that there is no lofs of ground ; and for a fa-
mily only it is hardly worth while to plant an Orchard,
fince a kitchen-garden well planted with efpaliers,
will afford more fruit than can be eaten while good,
specially if the kitchen-garden be proportioned to
the largenefs of the family ; and if cyder be required,
there may be a large avenue of Apple-trees extended
crofs a neighbouring field, which will render it plea-
fantj and produce a great quantity of fruit ; or there
ORC
may be fome angle rows of trees planted to furround
fields, &c. wlsich will fully anfwer the fame purpofe,
and be lefs liable to thefire-blafts before-mentioned/
ORCHIS. Tourn. Inft.R. H. 431. tab. 248, 249.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 000. [of opyys, a tefticle, becaufe
the root of this plant refembles the tefticles of a man;
or of ypeyu, to have an appetite after, on account of
its being a provocative to venery : it is alfo called
Mvioffopxif, of xv wf, a dog, and op%i ?) a tefticle.] Sa-
tyrion, or Fool-ftones.
The Characters are.
It hath a Jingle Jlalk with a vague fheath ; it has no
empalement . I he flower hath five petals , three Without
and two within , which rifle and. join in aflandard. The
neblarium is of one leaf. \ fixed to the fide of the recepta-
cle, between the diviflion of the petals. The upper lip
is floor t and er eat, the under large , broad*, and flpfleading ;
the tube is pendulous , horn-Jhaped, and prominent behind.
It hath two Jhort fender ftamina fitting upon the point-
al, with oval ere It flummits fixed lo the upper lip of the
neblarium. It hath an oblong contorted ger men under the
flower , with a floor t ftyle faftened to the upper lip of the
neblarium, crowned by an obtufe comprejfled ftigma. The
germen afterward turns to an oblong capflule with one
cell, having three keel-flhaped valves, opening on the three,
fides, but joined at top and bottom, filled with final l J'eeds
like duft.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus’s twentieth clafs, which contains thofe
plants whofe flowers have two ftamina, which are
conneded with, or fixed to the ftyle.
I he Species are,
1. Orchis (Morio) bulbis indivifis, nedarii labio qua-
drifido crenulato, cornu obtufo. Ad. Upfal. 1740.
Orchis with undivided bulbs, the lip of the neblarium cut
into four points which are fightly indented , and an obtufe
horn. Orchis morio feemina. C. B. P. 82. Common
female Orchis.
2. Orchis (. Mafcula ) bulbis indivifis, nedarii labio
quadrilobo crenulato, cornu obtufo, petalis dorfali-
bus reflexis. Flor. Suec. 795. Orchis with undivided
bulbs, the lip of the ne Bar him having four lobes and an ob-
tufe horn, and the backs of the petals reflexed. Orchis
motio mas, foliis maculatis. C. B. P. 81. The male
Orchis with fpotted leaves.
3. Orchis ( Bifolia ) bulbis indivifis, nedarii labio lan-
ceolate integerrimo, cornu longiffimo, petalis paten-
tibus. Ad. Upfal. 1740. Orchis with undivided bulbs,
the lip of the neblarium entire and fpear-Jhaped, a very
long horn , and petals flpreading very wide. Orchis alba
bifolia minor, calcari oblongo. C. B. P. 83. Smaller ,
white two-leaved Orchis, with an oblong flpur , or Butter-
fly Orchis.
4. Orchis ( Militaris ) bulbis indivifis, nedarii labio
quinquefido pundis fcabro, cornu obtufo, petalis
confluentibus. Ad. Upfal. 1740. Orchis with undi-
vided bulbs , a five-pointed lip to the nekarium, having
rough J pots , an obtufe horn , and petals running together.
Orchis latifolia, hiante cucuilo major. Tourn. InfL
R. H. 432. The Man Orchis.
5. Orchis ( Pyramidalis ) bulbis indivifis, nedarii labio
trifido sequali integerrimo, cornu longo, petalis fub-
lanceolatis. Ad. Upfal. 1 740. Orchis with undivided
bulbs , an equal trifid lip to the neblarium, with a long
horn , and fpear-Jhaped petals. Orchis militaris, mon-
tana, fpica rubente, conglomerate. Tourn. Inft. R.
H. 432. Mountain military Orchis, with a reddiflo con-
glomerated flpike.
6 . Orchis ( Latifolia ) bulbis fubpalrmtis redis, nedarii
cornu conico, labio trilobo, lateralibus reflexo, brae-
teis flore longioribus. Ad. Upfal. 1740. Orchis with
fir ait, palmated, bulbous roots, a conical horn to the
nebiariurn, the lip cut into three lobes, which are reflexed
on the fides , and brabiea longer than the flowers. Or-
chis palrnata pratenfis, latifolia, longis calcaribus.
C. B. P. 85. Broad-leaved, Meadow , handed Orchis ,
having a long flpur.
7. Orchis ( Maculata ) bulbis palmatis patentibus, neda-
rii cornu germinibus breviore, labio piano petalis
dorfalibus patulis. Ad. Upfal. 1740. Orchis with
handed.
\
O R C
handed fpreading bulbs, the horn of the neBarium fhorter J
than the germen , a plain lip , and the hinder part of the
petals fpreading. Orchis palmata pratenfis, maculata.
C. B. P. 85. Meadow handed Orchis , with [potted
leaves.
8. Orchis ( Cornopica ) bulbis palmatis, neftarii cornu,
fetaceo germinibus longiore, labio trifido, petalis du-
obus patentiffirois. Aft. Upfal. 1740. Orchis with
palmated bulbs , a brijlly horn to the neBarium , which is
longer than the germen , and a trifid lip. Orchis palma-
ta minor, calcaribus oblongis. C. B. P. 85. Smaller
palmated Orchis , with an oblong fpur to the flower.
9. Orchis (. Abortiva ) bulbis fafciculatis filiformibus,
neftarii labio ovato integerrimo. A£t. Upfal. 1740.
Orchis with thread-like bulbs growing in bunches , and the
lip of the neBarium oval and entire. Limidorum Auf-
triacum. Cluf. Pan. 241. Purple Bird’s-nejl.
The firft fort grows naturally in paftures in moft
parts of England. This hath a double bulbous root,
with fome fibres coming out from the top ; it has
four or fix oblong leaves lying on the ground, which
are reflexed. The ftalk rifes nine or ten inches high,
having four' or fix leaves which embrace it •, this is
terminated by a fhort loofe fpike of flowers, having
a four-pointed indented lip to the nedtarium, and an
obtufe horn. The flowers are of a pale purple co-
lour, marked with deeper purple fpots ; it flowers in
May.
The fecond fort grows naturally in woods and fhady
places in many parts of England ; this hath a double
bulbous root, which is about the fize and fhape of
middling Olives ; it hath fix or feven long broad
leaves, fhaped like thofe of Lilies, which have feve-
ral black fpots on their upper fide ; the ftalk is round,
and a foot high, having one or two fmaller leaves
embracing it. The flowers are difpofed in a long
Ipike on the top of the ftalk ; they are of a purple
colour, marked with deep purple fpots, and have an
agreeable fcent. It flowers the latter end of April.
The third fort grows naturally under the bullies by
the fide of paftures, in many parts of England. This
hath a root compofed of two oblong Pear-fhaped
bulbs, from which come out three or four Lily-
ftiaped leaves, of a pale green, with a few faint fpots;
the ftalk rifes near a foot high, it is (lender, furrowed,
and has a very few fmall leaves which embrace it -,
this is terminated by a loofe fpike of white flowers,
fmelling fweet, which referable a butterfly with ex-
panded wings. This flowers in June.
The fourth fort is found growing naturally on Caw-
fnam-hills, and in other places where the foil is chalk.
The roots of this fort are compofed of two bulbs,
from which come out four or five oblong leaves ; the
ftalk is about nine inches high, luftaining a loofe fpike
of fweet-fmelling flowers, each hanging on a pretty
long foot-ftaik ; they have a Ihort obtufe horn, a
creft and wings, of an Afh-colour without, reddilh
within, and ftriped with deeper lines ; the lip is ob-
long, divided into five parts, having rough fpots. This
flowers in June.
The fifth fort grows naturally on chalk-hills in feveral
parts of England ; the root of this is compofed of two
oblong bulbs, from which arife three or four narrow
oblong leaves ; the ftalk rifes a foot high, having
three or four narrow eredt leaves which embrace it.
The flowers are produced in a thick roundifh fpike
at the top •, they are of a reddilh colour, having long
fpurs, and the wings are acute-pointed. It flowers
in June.
The fixth fort grows naturally in moift meadows in
many parts of England ; the root of this is com-
pofed of two flelhy bulbs, which are divided into four
or five fingers, fo as to referable an open hand •, the
ftalk rifes from nine inches to a foot high, garnilhed
with leaves the whole length, which are three or four
inches long and one broad, embracing the ftalk with
their bafe ; thefe are not lpotted, and end in acute
points. The flowers are difpofed in a fpike on the
top of the ftalk, with fmall narrow leaves (called
bradtea) between them, which are longer than the
O R G
flowers. The fpur is half an inch long, extended
backward 7 the lip of the nedtarium is broad, divided
into three lobes, two fide ones being re flexed ; the
flowers and bradtea are of a purphfh colour, having
deep purple fpots. It flowers in May. There are two
varieties of this, differing in the colour of their flow-
ers, and one with a narrower leaf.
The feventh fort grows naturally in moift meadows
in feveral parts of England ; the root of this is com-
pofed of two broad flelhy bulbs, both of which are
divided into four fingers, which Ip read afunder. The
ftalk rifes a foot and a half high, and is very ftrong,
inclining to a purple colour ; it is garnilhed with
leaves the whole length ; thofe on the lower part of
the ftalk are fix inches long, and an inch arid a half
broad, embracing it with their bafe. The flowers
are colledted in a clofe fpike at the top of the ftalk,
they are of a pale purple colour ; the fpur is abdut a
third part of an inch long ; the beard of the nedtarium
is plain, and divided into three parts, which is mark-
ed with deep purple fpots ; under each foot-ftalk is
placed a narrow leaf (or bradtea) of a purpliih co-
lour. The leaves and (talks of the plant have many
dark fpots. It flowers in June. There are two or
three varieties of this, which differ fin the colour of
their flowers.
The eighth fort grows naturally in moift meadows iri
feveral parts of England y this hath a double-handed
root, that which fuftains the ftalk being wafting and
decaying, but the other is full, fucculent, and plump ;
the finger-like bulbs which compote the root are long,
and fpread afunder; the lower leaves are fix or (even
inches long, they are narrow, of a pale green, and
have no fpots. The ftalk rifes a foot high, it is gar-
nilhed with a few narrow ihort leaves, which em-
brace it like {heaths •, it is terminated by a beautiful
fpike of red flowers fix inches long ; the flowers are
not marked with any fpots ; they have long, {lender,
briftly fpurs like birds claws, being crooked •, the lip’
of the nedtarium is indented on the edge. It flowers
in June.
The ninth fort grows naturally in fhady woods in fe-
veral parts of England, but particularly in Suffex and
Hamplhire, in both which counties I have feveral
times found it. The root of this plant is compofed
of many thick, oblique, long fibres, which are flelhy ;
the ftalk rifes near two feet high, wrapped round with
leaves like (heaths ; they are of a purple colour. The
flowers are difpofed in a loofe thyrfe at the top of the
ftalk, and are of a purple colour, having an oval
entire lip to the nedtarium, the creft terminating in a
horn. It flowers in June.
All thefe forts of Orchis grow wild in feveral parts of
England, but, for the extreme oddnefs and beauty
of their flowers, deferve *1 place in every good gar-
den •, and the reafon for their not being cultivated iri
gardens, proceeds from their difficulty to be tranf-
planted ; though this, I believe, may be eafily over-
come, where a perfon has an opportunity of marking
their roots in their time of flowering, and letting
them remain until their leaves are decayed, when they
may be tranfplanted with fafety •, for it is the fame
with moft forts of bulbous or flelhy-rooted plants,
which, if tranfplanted before their leaves decay, left
dom live, notwithstanding you preferve a large ball
of earth about them •, for the extreme parts of their
fibres extend to a great depth in the ground, from
whence they receive their nourilhment ; which, if
broken or damaged by taking up their roots, feldom
thrive after ; for though they may fornetimes remain
alive a year or two, yet they grow weaker until they
quite decay ; which is alfo the cafe with Tulips, Fri-
tillarias, and other bulbous roots, when removed,'
after they have, made (hoots ; fo that whoever would
cultivate them, fhould fearch them out in their feafon
of flowering, and mark them ; and when their leaves
are decayed, or j uft as they are going off, the roots
fhould be taken up, and planted in a foil or fituation
as nearly refembling that wherein they naturally grow,
as poffible, otherwife they will not thrive, fo that
9 P , they.
4 do
O R I
they cannot be placed all in the fame bed ; for feme
are only found upon chalky hills, others in moift mea-
dows, and fo me in fhady woods, or under trees ; but
if their foil and fituation be adapted to their various
forts, they will thrive and continue feveral years,
and, during their feafon of flowering, will afford as
great varieties as any flowers which are at prefen t
- cultivated.
The other forts not here enumerated, may be found
under the following articles, Ophrys, Satyrium,
Serapias.
OREOSELINUM. See Athamanta.
ORIGANU M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 645. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 198. tab. 94. [of 'oflyxvov, of og&>, a moun-
tain, and yixwy.a.ii to rejoice, q. d. a plant that de-
lights to grow upon mountains.] Origany or Pot
Marjoram ; in French, Origan .
The Characters are,
The flower is of the lip kind , having a cylindrical com-
prejfed tube \ the upper lip is plain , erect, ohtufe , and in-
dented ; the under lip is trifid , the fegments being nearly
equal. Thefe are difpofed in /pikes compofed of oval co-
loured leaves , placed over each other like the feales of fijh.
The flowers have four fender J lamina , two being as long
as the petal , the ether two are longer , terminated by fim-
ple fummits •, they have a four-cornered germen, fupport-
ing a fender fly le inclining to the upper lip , crowned by a
bifid JUgma. The germen afterward turns to four feeds
Put up in the empaUment of the flower.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fourteenth clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have two long and two fhorter ftamina,
and are fucceeded by naked feeds. To this genus he
has added the Majorana of Tournefort, and the Dic-
tarnnus of Boerhaave. The firft has its flowers dif-
pofed in four-cornered fcaly heads, the other has
the flowers difpofed in loofe lcaly heads, coming out
from between the leaves.
The Species are,
1. Origanum (Vulgar e) fpicis fubrotundis paniculatis
conglomeratis, bradeis calyce longioribus ovatis. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 590. Pot Marjoram with roundip panicu-
lated / pikes gathered in cluflers , and oval hr able a; which
are longer than the empalement. Origanum vulgare
fpontaneum. I. B. 2. 2 36. Common Wild Origany.
2. Origanum ( Heracleoticum ) fpicis longis pedunculis
aggregatis, bradeis longitudine calycum. Lin. Gen.
Plant. 589. Origany with long / pikes growing in bunches ,
and bradlea as long as the empalement. Origanum he-
racleoticum, culina Gallinacea Plinii. C B. P. 223.
Winter Sweet Marjoram.
3. Origanum ( Latifolium ) fpicis oblongis paniculatis
conglomeratic, foliis ovatis glabris. Origany with ob-
long fpikes of flowers growing in clufiered panicles , and
oval frnooth leaves. Origanum humilius latifolium
o-Iabrum. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 199. Low, broad-leaved,
in? ^ y
frnooth Origany.
4/ Origanum ( Humile ) caule repente, fpicis oblongis
conglomeratis, bradeis florum longioribus. Origany
with a creeping flalk , and oblong fpikes of flowers growing
, in cluflers, with brattea longer than the flower. Origa-
num fylveftre, humile. C. B. P. 223. Prod. 109.
Low wild Origany.
r. Origanum ( Orient ale ) caule credo ramofo, foliis
ovatis rugofis, fpicis fubrotundis conglomeratis, brac-
teis calycum brevioribus. Origany with an erect branch-
ing flalk, oval rough leaves , roundip fpikes of flowers
growing in cluflers, with hr able a fhorter than the em-
palement. Origanum Orientale prunellas folio glauco,
liore purpureo. Boerh. Ind. alt. 1. 179. Eaftern Ori-
gany with a gray Self-heal leaf and a purple flower .
6. Origanum ( Creticum ) fpicis aggregatis longis prif-
maticis redis, bradeis membranaceis, calyce duplo
longioribus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 589. Origany with long,
upright, prifmatical fpikes growing in cluflers , and mem-
braneous braMere twice the length of the empalement.
Origanum Creticum. C. B. P. 223. Origany of Crete.
7, Origanum ( Majorana ) foliis ovalibus obtufis, fpicis
fubrotundis compadis pubefeentibus. Hort. Cliff. 304.
O R I
Origany with oval ohtufe leaves , and roundip , ccmpabd ,
hairy Jpikes. Majorana vulgaris. C. B. P. 224. Com-
mon, or Sweet Marjoram.
8. Origanum ( JEgyptiacum ) foliis carnofis tomentofis,
fpicis nudis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 822. Origany with fiefly
woolly leaves. Majorana rotund ifolia, Icutellata, ex-
otica. H. R. Par. Round-leaved foreign Marjoram with
a fpoon-paped leaf.
9. Origanum ( Smyrbmm ) foliis ovatis acute ferratis,
fpicis congeftis umbeliarim faftigiaris. Plort. Cliff*
304,. Origany with oval leaves acutely jawed , and fpikes
of flowers difpofed in umbellated bunches. Origanum
Smyrnaeum. Wheel. Raii flift. 450- Origany of Smyrna.
10. Origanum ( Didtamnus ) foliis omnibus tomentofis,
fpicis nutantibus. Origany with all the leaves woolly ,
and nodding fpikes of flowers. Didamnus Creticiis.
C. B. P. 222. The Dittany of Crete.
11. Origanum (Sipyleum) foliis omnibus glabris, fpicis
nutantibus. Hort. Cliff. 304. Origany with all the leaves
frnooth, and nodding fpikes of flowers. Didamnus men-
tis Sipyli origani foliis. Flor. Bat. 2. 72. Dittany of
Mount Sipylus with an Origany leaf.
12. Origanum ( Hybridinum ) foliis inferioribus tomen-
tofis, fpicis nutantibus. Hort. Cliff 304. Origany with
the under leaves hoary , and nodding fpikes of flowers .
Origanum Didamni Cretici facie, ° folio craffo, nunc
villofo, nunc glabro. Tourn. Cor. 13. Origany with
the appearance of Dittany of Crete , and thick leaves fome-
times hairy , at others frnooth.
13. Origanum ( Onites ) fpicis oblongis aggregatis hir-
futis, foliis cordatis tomentofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 590.
Origany with oblong hairy fpikes growing in bunches , and
heart-paped woolly leaves. Origanum lignofum Syra-
cufanum perenne, umbella ampliffima brevi, lato &
nervofo folio. Bocc. Muf, 2. p. 43. tab. 38. Ligneous
perennial Origany of Syracup, with a floor t ample umbel,
and a broad-veined leaf.
The firft fort gre as naturally in thickets, and among
bullies in feveral parts of England ; the root is peren-
nial, compofed of many fmall ligneous fibres. The
ftalks are fquare, and rife near two feet high j they
are ligneous, and garnifhed with oval leaves placed
by pairs, and from the wings of/ thefe come out
three or four fmaller leaves on each fide, which re-
femble thofe of Marjoram, fitting clofe to the Italic ;
they have an aromatic feent : the flowers are produced
in roundilh fpikes growing in panicles at the top of
the ftalks, many of the fpikes being gathered toge-
ther ; the flowers are of a flefli colour, and peep out of
their fcaly covering. Their upper lip is cut into two.
Handing ered, and the lower lip or beard is divided
into three parts, and hangs downward the ftamina ftand,
out a little beyond the petals, and are of a purplilh
colour. It flowers in June and July, and the feeds
ripen in the autumn. This fort is fometimes culti-
vated in gardens, and is by fo.me called Pot Marjoram j
it is generally ufed in foups.
It will rife plentifully from fcattered feeds, or it may
be propagated by parting the roots •, the beft time for
doing this is in autumn, and the roots may be planted
in any foil not over moift, and will thrive in any fitu-
ation, fo requires no other care but to keep them clear
from weeds. There is a variety of this with white
flowers and light green ftalks, and another with vari-
egated leaves.
The fecond fort is now commonly known by the title
of Winter Sweet Marjoram, though it was formerly
ftiled Pot Marjoram. This hath a perennial root,
from which arife many branching four-cornered ftalks
a foot and a half high, which are hairy, and inclining
to a purplilh colour, garnilhed with oval, obtufe, hairy
leaves, refembling greatly thofe of Sweet Maijoram,
Handing by pairs on ftiort foot-ftalks j the flowers
are difpofed in fpikes about two inches long, feve-
ral arifing together from the divifions of the ftalk.
The flowers are fmall, white, and peep out of their
fcaly covers , thefe appear in July, and the feeds ri-
pen in autumn. It grows naturally in Greece and the
warm parts of Europe, but is hardy enough to thrive in
O R I
the open air in England, and is chiefly cultivated for
nofegays, as it comes fooner to flower than Sweet
Marjoram, fo it is ufed for the fame purpofes, till the
other comes to maturity. There is a variety of this
with variegated leaves. This is generally propagated
by parting the roots in autumn, and fhould have a
dry foil, where it will thrive, requiring no other cul-
ture than the firft fort.
The third fort grows naturally in France and Italy
this hath a perennial root, from which arife feveral
(lender bending Falks near a foot high, garniFied
with oval fmooth leaves Handing on pretty long foot-
Faiks. The flowers are produced in oblong fpikes,
which grow in cluFered panicles ; they are fmall, of a
purplifli colour, peeping out of their fcaly coverings.
It flowers in June, and may be propagated by part-
ing the roots in the fame way as the former.
The fourth fort grows plentifully about Orleans ; this
hath a perennial root, from which arife feveral four-
cornered Falks about fix inches high, which frequently
bend to the ground, and put out roots ; they are gar-
niFied with oblong hairy leaves fitting clofe to the
Falk. The flowers grow in oblong cluFered fpikes
at the top of the Falks, having long coloured brac-
tese between each ; the Bowers are fome whitifh,
others purple in the fame fpikes ; they are fmall, and
peep out of their fcaly covers. This flowers in
June, and may be propagated in the fame way as the
former.
The fifth fort grows naturally in the Levant ; it is a
perennial plant. The Falks rife two feet high, and
branch out their whole length ; they are purple, and
garniFied with oval rough leaves, fame what like
thofe of Self-heal, but fmaller. The flowers grow
in roundiFi cluFered fpikes, having Fiort brafteae ;
they are purple, and appear in June, but are not
fucceeded by feeds here. It is propagated by parting
of the heads in the fame way as the former, and muH
have a dry foil.
The fixth fort is the Origany of Crete, which is di-
rected to be ufed in medicine, but there has been
great confufion among botaniHs in diHinguiFFng the
fpecies. This rifes with four-cornered Falks a foot
and half high, garniFied with oval hoary leaves of a
Frong aromatic fcent. The flowers grow in long,
ereft, bunched fpikes at the top of the Falks, having
membraneous braftes between, which are twice the
length of the empalement ; the Bowers are fmall and
white, like thofe of the common Origany. It Bowers
in July, but feldom perfects feeds in England. It is
propagated by parting the roots as the former, but
muH have a dry foil and a warm Ftuation, otherwife
it will not live through the winter here.
The feventh fort is the common Sweet Marjoram,
which is fo well known as to need no defcription. With
us in England it is eHeemed an annual plant, though
the roots often live through the winter in mild fea-
fons, or if they are (hekered in a green-houfe ; but in
warm countries, I believe, it is only biennial.
This is propagated by feeds, which are generally im-
ported from the fouth of France or Italy, for they fel-
dom ripen in England. Thefe are fown on a warm
border toward the end of March, and when the plants
are come about an inch high, they fhould be tranf-
planted into beds of rich earth, at fix inches diFance
every way, obferving to water them duly till they
have taken new root ; after which, they will require
no other care but to keep them clean from weeds.
The plants will fpread and cover the ground ; in July
they will begin to flower, at which time it is cut for
ufe, and is then called Knotted Marjoram, from the
flowers being collected into roundifh clofe heads like
knots.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Africa ; this is a
perennial plant with a low flirubby Falk, feldom riflno-
more than a foot and half high, dividing into branches,
which are garniFied with roundiFi, thick, woolly
leaves, and hollowed like a ladle ; they are like thofe
of the common Marjoram, but are of a thicker fub-
ftance and woolly, and have much the fame fcent.
The flowers are .produced in roundifh fpikes, clofely
joined together at the top of the Falks, and, at the
end of the fmall fide branches they ere of a pale
flefli colour, peeping out of their fcaly coverings.
Th is lore flowers in July and AuguF, but does not
ripen feeds in England.
It is propagated by flips or cuttings, which if planted
in a border of good earth during any of the fummer
months, and (haded from the fun and duly watered,
will take root freely •, and afterward the plants may
be taken up, and planted in fmall pots filled with
light kitchen-garden earth, and placed in the (hade
till they have taken new root, when they may be re-
moved into an open fituation, where they may re-
main till the end of October, when they muft be
placed under (belter, for they will not thrive through
the winter in the open air here ; but. if they are put
under a hot-bed frame, where they may be protected
from hard froF, and have as much free air as poffible
in mild weather, they will thrive better than if they
are more tenderly treated.
The tenth fort is the Dittany of Crete, which is ufed
in medicine; this grows naturally upon Mount Ida,
in Candia ; it is a perennial plant. The Falks are
hairy, and rile about nine inches high, of a purplifli
colour, and fend out fmall branches from their Tides
by pairs ; they are garnii'hed with round, thick, woolly
leaves, which are very white the whole plant has a
piercing aromatic fcent, and biting talle : the flowers
are collected in loofe leafy heads of a purple colour,
which nod downward ; they are fmall, and of a
purple colour ; the Famina Bands out beyond the
petal, two of them being much longer than the
other. It flowers in June and July, and in warm
feafons the feeds fometimes ripen in autumn.
This is propagated eafily by planting cuttings or
flips during any of the fummer months. Thefe
fliould be planted either in potior a (hady border, co-
vering them clofe with a bell or hand-glafe to exclude
the air, and now and then refre filing them with wa-
ter, but they muF not have too much wet. When
thefe have taken root, they (hould be carefully taken
up, and each planted into a feparate fmall pot filled
with light earth, and placed in the (hade till they
have taken new root, when they fliould be removed
into an open fituation, where they may continue till
autumn, and then placed under a hot-bed frame to
fereen them from the froF, but they fliould enjoy the
free air at all times in mild weather. The following
fpring fome of the plants may be (haken out of the
pots, and planted in a warm border near a good af-
peCted wall, and in a dry foil, where the plants will live
through the common winters without any other fhel-
ter ; but as they are liable to be killed by fevere froF,
it will be proper to keep a few plants in pots, to be
fheltered in winter to preferve the kind.
The eleventh fort grows naturally on Mount Sipylus
near Magnefia, where it was difeovered by Sir George
Wheeler, who lent the feeds to the Oxford Garden,
where the plants were raifed •, this hath a perennial
root, but an annual Falk. The root is compofed of
many (lender ligneous fibres ; the leaves are oval,
fmooth, and of a grayifh colour ; the Falks are flen-
. der, of a purplifli colour, four-cornered, and fmooth •.
they rife near two feet high, fending out Fender
branches oppofite, which are terminated by (lender
oblong fpikes of purplifli flowers, which peep out
of their fcaly covers ; the flowers are fmall, but
(haded like thofe of the tenth fort ; their Famina are
extended out of the petal to a confiderable length.
The leaves, on the lower part of the Falk, are almoft
as large as the common Origany, but thofe on the.
upper part of the Falk and branches are very fmall, and
fit clofe to the Falk. It flowers in June and July, and in
warm feafons the feeds ripen here in autumn. It is
propagated by cuttings or flips,’ in the fame way as-
the Cretan Dittany, and the plants require the fame
treatment.
The twelfth fort is undoubtedly a variety, which has
been produced from the intermixing of the farina
©f
44 !
q& the Cretan Dittany with that of Mount Sipylus
j:or the plants now in the Chelfea Garden were acci-
dentally produced from the feeds of one fpecies, where
doth forts flood near each other in the garden of John
Browning, Efq; of Lincoln’s-Inn •, the feeds were
dropped from the plant into the border between the ]
two forts, ,fo that it is uncertain from which fpecies ;
but as the ftalks and heads of luch flowers bear a
greater refemblance to the Dittany of Mount Sipylus,
we may luppofe it arofe from the feeds of that, which
had beeir impregnated by the farina of the Cretan
Dittany, which grew near it-, for the ‘under leaves of
thjs are round, of a thick texture and woolly, fo nearly
refembling thofe of the Cretan Dittany, as not to be
diftinguifhed from it ^ but the ftalks rife full as high
as thofe of the Dittany of Sipylus, but branch out
more their whole length ; they are of a purple colour
and hairy. 1 he lower leaves on the ftalks are much
larger than thofe of Mount Sipylus, and are hairy, ap-
proaching to thofe of the Cretan Dittany, but are not
fo thick or woolly j the upper leaves are fmooth, and
approach to thofe of the other fort, but are larger, as
are alfo the Ipikes of flowers, and the fcaly leaves
which cover the flowers are larger and of a deeper
purple colour.
I have alfo dried famples of another variety, which
arofe from feeds in the Leyden Garden * the feeds were
lent from Paris, by the title which Tournefort gave to
that which he found in the Levant, which I have
joined to the variety before-mentioned. The leaves
of this are as large as thofe of the Dittany of Crete,
but are not fo thick or woolly ; the ftalks rife more
like thofe of the Dittany of Mount Sipylus, but branch
out wider at the top ; the flowers grow in clofer cluf-
ters, and do not nod downward ; they are fmall, and
fhaped like thofe of the former fort, flowering at the
lame time.
By the title which Dr. Linnaeus has given to the
Cretan Dittany, it may be fuppofed he has not feen
the true fort, for his title better fuits the variety to
which I have applied it ; for all the leaves of the true
Dittany are very thick and woolly, even thofe which
are fituated immediately below the flowers, whereas
the lower leaves only are fo in this title.
The thirteenth fort grows at Syracufe ; this hath pe-
rennial ligneous ftalks which rife a foot and a half
high, dividing into many fmall branches, which are
garniftied with fmall heart-fhaped leaves a little larger
than thofe of Marjoram, which are woolly. The
flowers grow in oblong tufted fpikes which are hairy j
they are fmall, white, and peep out of their fcaly co-
vers they appear in July, but feldom perfedt feeds
in England. This is propagated by cuttings or flips,
in the fame way as the tenth fort, and the plants re-
quire the fame treatment.
The firft and fixth forts are ufed in medicine, but the
lirft being a native of this country, is frequently fub-
ftituted for the other, which is pretty rare in Eng-
land, and is now feldom imported here. When the
firft fort is ufed, thofe plants which grow upon dry
barren ground are to be preferred, as they are much
ftronger and have greater virtue than thofe which grow
on good land, or are cultivated in gardens.
The Dittany of Crete is alfo ufed in medicine, but
the dried herb is generally imported into England,
which, by being clofely packed, and the voyage be-
ing long, it lofes much of its virtue fo that if the
plants of Englifh growth were ufed, they would be
found much better.
O R N ITHOGALU M. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 378.
tab. 203. Lin. Gen. Plant. 377. ['OgvAlyctXov, of opw?,
a bird, and ydx, x, milk, i. e. a plant whofe flowers
are as white as the white plumes of feathered ani-
mals.] Star of Bethlehem.
The Characters are,
The flower has no empalement. It is compofed of fix
petals , whofe under parts are erebl, but fpread open above ,
and are permanent. It hath fix erebi ft amina about half
the length of the petals, crowned by Jingle fummits , with an
angular germen , fupporting an awlfhaped ftyk which is
permanent , terminated by an obtufe ftigma . The germen
afterward turns to a roundifh angular cap file With three
cells , filled with roundifh feeds .
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion
of Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, in which are contained thofe
plants whofe flowers have fix ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Ornithogalum ( Tyrenaicum ) racemo longiffimo,
filamentis lanceolatis, pedunculis floriferis patentibus
ssqualibus, frudliferis fcapo approximate. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 440. Star-flower with a very long fpike of flowers,
fpear-Jhaped filaments, and foot -ftalks to the flowers equal,
fpre acting, and thofe of the fruit approaching to the ftalk.
Ornithogalum anguftifolium majus, fioribus ex alho
virefcentibus. C. B. P. 70. Greater narrow-leaved Star-
flower, with whitijh green flozvers.
2. Ornithogalum (Pyr ami dale) racemo conico, flori-
bus numerofis adfeendentibus. Prod. Leyd. 32. Star-
flower with a conical fpike , having numerous flowers rifling
a, hove each other. Ornithogalum anguftifolium, fpica-
tum, maximum. C. B. P. 70. Largeft fpiked Star-
flower with a narrow leaf.
3. Ornithogalum (. Latifolium ) racemo longiffimo, fo-
lks lanceolato-enfiformibus. Lin. Sp. Plant? 307. Star-
flower with the longeft fpike , and fpear-fhaped leaves.
Ornithogalum latifolium & maximum. C. B. P. 70..
Great eft broad-leaved Star-flower , called the Star-flower
of Alexandria.
4. Ornithogalum ( Nutans ) fioribus fecundis pendulis,
nedtario ftamineo campaniformi. Lin. Sp. Plant. 308.
Star-flower with fruitful hanging flozvers, and a beil-flhaped
neblariurn. Ornithogalum Neapolitanum. Cluf. App.
2. p. 9. Star-flower of Naples.
5. Ornithogalum (. Luteum ) fcapo angulato diphyllo,
pedunculis umbellatis flmplicibus. Flor. Suec. 270.
Star-flower with an angular flalk having two leaves, and
flngle umbellated foot -ftalks. Ornithogalum luteum. C.
B. P. 71. Yellow Star-flower.
6 . Ornithogalum ( Minimum ) fcapo angulato diphyllo,
pedunculis umbellatis ramofis. Flor. Suec. 271. Star-
flower with an angular flalk bearing two leaves, and
branching foot-Jlalks having umbels. Ornithogalum lu-
teum minus. C. B. P. 71. Smaller yellow Star-flower.
7. Ornithogalum ( 'Umbellatim ) fioribus corymbofis,
pedunculis fcapo altioribus, filamentis emarginatis.
Hort. Cliff. 124. St ar-flower zvith flowers growing in a
corymbus, whofe foot ftalks are taller than the flalk, and
indented filaments. Ornithogalum umbellatum medium
anguftifolium. C. B. P. 70. Middle umbellated Star-
flower having narrow leaves.
8. Ornithogalum ( Arabicum ) fioribus corymbofis, pe-
dunculis fcapo humilioribus, filamentis emarginatis.
Prod. Leyd. 32. Star-flozver with flowers growing in a
corymbus , foot-ftalks lower than the flalk , and indented
filaments. Ornithogalum Arabicum. Cluf. Hift. 11.
p. 186. Star-flower of Arabia.
9. Ornithogalum (Capenfe) foliis cordatis ovatis. Prod.
Leyd. 31. Star-flower with oval heart-fhaped leaves.
Ornithogalum Africanum plantaginis rofeae folio, ra-
dice tuberosa. Hort. Ainft. 2. p. 175. African Star-
flozver, with a Rofle Plantain leaf and a tuberous root.
10. Ornithogalum ( Tuberofum ) racemo breviffimo,
foliis teretibus fiftulofis. Star-flower with a very flhori
fpike , and taper fiftular leaves. Ornithogalum Africa-
num, luteum odoratum, foliis cepaceis, radice tu-
berosa. FI. L. African Star-flower having yellow fweet
flowers, leaves refembling thofe of the Onion , and a tu-
berous root.
The firft fort grows naturally near Briftol, and alfo
near Chichefter in Suffex, and fome other parts of
England. This hath a pretty large bulbous root, from
which come out feveral long keel-fhaped leaves, which
fpread on the ground between thefe come out a
Angle naked ftalk about two feet long, fuftaining a
long loofe fpike of flowers of a yellowifh green co-
lour, Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks, -which
fpread wide from the principal ftalk •, the petals of
the flowers are narrow, making but little appearance.
The flowers have an agreeable feent •, they appear in
May, and when the feed-veffiels are formed, the foot-
ftalks
ORN
italics which fuftain them become eresft, and approach
near the italic. The feeds ripen in Augoft.
The fecond fort grows naturally upon the hills in Por-
tugal and Spain, but has been long cultivated in the
Englifh gardens by the title of the Star of Bethlehem.
Thus hath a very large, oval, bulbous root, from
which arife feveral long keel-ftiaped leaves of a dark
green colour, in the middle of which come out a
naked (talk which rifes near three feet high, termi-
nated by a long conical fpike of white flowers, (land-
ing upon pretty long foot-ftalks, rifing one above ano-
ther in an upright fpike. Thefe appear in June, and are
fucceeded by roundifli feed-veflels, having three cells
filled with roundifli feeds, which ripen in Auguft.
The third fort grows naturally in Arabia ; this hath a
very large bulbous root, from which come out feve-
ral broad fword-fhaped leaves, which fpread on the
ground •, the Italic is thick and ftrong, rifing between
two and three feet high, bearing a long fpike of large
white flowers, handing upon long foot-ftalks. _ They
are compofed of fix petals which fpread open in form
of a ftar, and appear in June, but do not ripen their
feeds in England.
The fourth fort grows in great abundance naturally in
the kingdom of Naples, and is now become almoft as
common in England, for the roots propagate fo faft
by offsets and feeds, as to become troublefome weeds
in gardens ; and in many places where the roots have
been thrown out of gardens, they have grown upon
dunghills and in wafte places as plentifully as
weeds. This hath a pretty large, compreffed, bul-
bous root, from which come out many long, narrow,
keel-fhaped leaves, of a dark green colour. The
ftalks are very thick and fucculent, rifing about a
foot high, fuftaining ten or twelve flowers in a loofe
fpike, each hanging on a foot-ftalk an inch long •,
they are compofed of fix petals, which are white
within, but of a grayilh green on their outflde, hav-
ing no fcent ; within the petals is fituated the bell-
fhaped neftarium, compofed of fix leaves, out of
which arife the fix ftamina, terminated by yellow fum-
mits. The flowers appear in April, and are fucceeded
by large, roundifli, three-cornered capfules, which
are filled with roundifli feeds ; as the capfules grow
large, they are fo heavy as to weigh the ftalk to the
ground.
The fixth fort hath fmall bulbous roots not larger
than Peas, from which arife one or two narrow keel-
Ihaped leaves about five inches long, of a grayilh co-
lour ; the ftalk is angular, and rifes about four inches
high, having two narrow keel-fhaped leaves juft be-
low the flowers, which are difpofed in an umbel upon
branching foot-ftalks ; thefe are yellow within, but of
a purplifh green on their outfide. They appear in
May, and are fucceeded by fmall triangular capfules,
filled with reddifh uneven feeds. It grows on the bor-
ders of cultivated fields in France and Germany.
The feventh fort grows naturally in moft parts of Eu-
rope, and is fuppofed to do fo in England, though it
is feldom found here, unlefs in orchards or grounds
where the roots may have been planted, or thrown out
of gardens with rubbifti. This hath a bulb as large
as a fmall Onion, to which adhere many fmall off-
fets : the leaves are long, narrow, and keel-fhaped,
fpreading on the ground, and have a longitudinal
white line through the hollow. The ftalk rifes about
fix inches high, fuftaining an umbel of flowers which
are white within, but have broad green ftripes on the
outfide of the petals •, thefe ftand upon long foot-
ftalks, which rife above the principal ftalk. It flowers
in April and May, and is fucceeded by roundifli
three-cornered capfules filled with angular feeds, which
ripen in J uly.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Arabia •, this hath
a large bulbous root, from which arife many long
keel-fhaped leaves, which embrace each other with
their bafe ; they are of a deep green, and ftand eredt.
The flowers of this kind I have never yet feen, though
I have tried many ways to procure them : the roots
multiply exceedingly, and are never injured by froft,
although the leaves are put out before winter. x THeli
roots are frequently brought over from Italy for iale,
but I have not heard of any having flowered ; and
Clufiusfays, he never law but one root flower, and
that came from Conffantinople.
The ninth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope; this hath an irregular tuberous root, varying
greatly in form and fize, covered with a dark brown
fkin, from which arife feveral oval heart- fliaped
leaves, upon pretty long foot-ftalks ; they have fe-
veral longitudinal veins like Ribwort Plantain. The
fiower-ftalks are flender, naked; and rife about a
foot high, fuftaining feveral fmall, greenifb, white
flowers, formed in a loofe fpike, (landing upon long
flender foot-ftalks. They come out in November,
making but little appearance, and are not fucceeded
by feeds in England.
The tenth fort grows naturally on the dry rocks at the
Cape of Good Hope ; this' hath a large, dep refled,
bulbous root, as big as a man’s fift, covered with an
uneven brown fkin, putting out feveral taper hollow
leaves nine or ten inches long, between which comes
forth a naked ftalk near a foot high, terminated by a
loofe fpike of yellow flowers, of an agreeable fweet
fcent. It flowers in May, but does produce feeds in.
England.
The three forts firft mentioned, are cultivated for or-
nament in the Englifh gardens. Thefe are propa-
gated by offsets, which their roots commonly pro-
duce in great plenty. The belt time to trail iplant
their roots is in July or Auguft, when their leaves are
decayed ; for if they are removed late in autumn, -
their fibres will be fhot out, when they will be very
apt to fuffer if difturhed. They fliould have a light
fandy foil, but it muft not be over dunged. They
may be intermixed with other bulbous-rooted flowers
in the borders of the pleafure-garden, where they will
afford an agreeable variety. Their roots need not be
tranfplanted oftener than every other year, for if they
are taken up every year, they will not increafe fo
faft ; but when they are buffered to remain too long
unremoved, they will have fo many offsets about
them as to weaken their blowing roots. Thefe may
alfo be propagated from feeds, which fliould be fown
and managed as moft other bulbous-rooted flowers,
and will produce their flowers three or four years af-
ter fowing.
The fourth fort is fcarce worthy of a place in gardens;
but as it will thrive in any fituation or under trees, fo
a few plants may be admitted in obfcure places fot
the fake of variety.
The fifth fort has not much beauty, therefore a few
roots of it will be enough for variety, as alfo of the
fixth and feventh forts ; the two laft will thrive in
lhade, but the fifth fliould have an open fituation.
The eighth fort multiplies fo faft by offsets from the
roots as to become troublefome weeds in a garden,
for every fmall root will grow, and in two years pro-
duce twenty or thirty more ; fo that unlefs the large
roots are taken up every year and divefted of their
offsets, the borders will be over-run with them.
The ninth fort is too tender 'to thrive in the open,
air in England, fo the roots of this Ihould be planted
in pots filled with light earth, and in the autumn
placed under a hot-bed frame, where they may be
fcreened from froft, and in mild weather enjoy the
free air. The leaves of this appear in the autumn,
and continue growing all the winter, fo muft not be
expofed to froft ; nor fliould they be drawn up weak,
for then the flowers will be few on a ftalk, and not
large. If the pots do now and then receive a gentle
ftiower of rain in winter it will be fufficient, for they
ihould not have much wet during that ieafon. To-
ward the beginning of July rhe leaves and ftalks de-
cay, and then the roots may be taken up, laying
them in a dry cool place till the end of Auguft, when
they muft be planted again.
The other fpecies which were included in this genus,
are now removed to Scilla.
9 Qk ORN|
•=A -4
/
ORN
■ORN 1 THOPUS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 790. Ornitho-
podium. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 400. tab. 224. Bird’s-
foot 5 in French, Pie-d’oifeau.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is permanent , of one leaf
tubulous , and indented in five equal fegments at the brim.
The flower is of the butterfly kind , the ftandard is he art -
ftoaped and entire the wings are oval , ere hi, and almoft
as large as the ftandard ; the keel is fmad and com-
preffed. It hath ten ft amina, nine of which are joined,
and one ftands feparate, terminated by Jingle fummits. The
germen is narrow , fupporting a briftly afcending ftyle,
terminated by a punhlured ftigma. The germen afterward
becomes a taper incurved pod, having many joints con-
nected together, but when ripe feparate, each containing
one oblong feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
Linnaeus’s feventeenth clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have ten ftamina joined in two bodies.
The Species are,
1. Ornithopus (. Perpujjllus ) foliis pinnatis, leguminibus
comprefiis fubarcuatis. Hort. Upfal. 234. Bird's-foot
with winged leaves , and comprejfed pods a little arched.
Ornithopodium majus. C.B.'P. 350. Greater Bird’s-foot.
2. Ornithopus ( Nodofa ) foliis pinnatis, leguminibus
confertis pedunculatis. Bird’s-foot with winged leaves ,
and pods growing in clufters upon foot-ftalks. Ornitho-
podium radice tuberculis nodosa. C. B. P. 350. Bird’s-
foot with knobbed tubercular roots .
3. Ornithopus {Comprejfus) foliis pinnatis, pinnis legu-
minibus compreflis rugofus. Hort. Cliff. 364. Bird’s-
foot with linear winged leaves, and comprejfed pods grow-
ing in pairs. Ornithopodium Scorpoides, filiqua com-
prefsa. Tourn. Inft. 400. Bird’s-foot with the appear-
ance of Caterpillar, and flat pods.
4. Ornithopus ( Scorpioides ) foliis ternatis fubfefiilibus
impari maximo. Hort. Cliff. 364. Bird’s-foot with tri-
foliate leaves fitting clofe to the ftalk, and the middle lobe
very large. Ornithopodium Portulacte folio. Tourn.
Inft. 400. Bird’s-foot with a Purflane leaf.
The firftfort grows naturally in the fouth of France,
in Spain and Italy. It is an annual plant, having many
trailing ftalks a foot and a half long, from which come
out a few fide branches, garniftied with long winged
leaves, compofed of about eighteen pair of fmall oval
lobes, terminated by an odd one ; thefe lobes ftand
fometimes oppofite, and at others they are alternate
and hairy. The flowers are produced in fmall clufters
at the top of foot-ftalks, which arife from the wings
of the ftalks, and are near three inches long, having
a fmall winged leaf, part of which is below, and the
other part above the flowers, fo that they feem to
come from the midrib of the leaf ; the flowers are of
a deep gold colour, and fhaped like a butterfly.
Thefe appear in July, and are fucceeded by flat nar-
row pods about three inches long, which turn inward
at the top like a bird’s claw. They are jointed, and
a little' hairy, containing a Angle feed in each joint,
which ripens in autumn, when the joints feparate and
fall afunder.
The fecond fort grows naturally on dry commons
and heaths in moft parts of England. The root of
this fort is compofed of two or three ftrong fibres, to
which hang feveral fmall tubercles or knobs like
grains. There are many (lender ftalks come out
from the root, and lpread on the ground, from
four to eight inches long, garniftied with fmall,
winged, hairy leaves, compofed of fix or feven pair
of narrow lobes, terminated by an odd one. The
flowers ftand upon long (lender foot-ftalks, which
come out at every joint of the ftalk ^ they are fmall,
of a yellow colour, and are fucceeded by clufters of
fhort pods, which are a little incurved at the top.
It flowers and feeds about the fame time as the former.
The third fort grows plentifully about Meflina and
Naples. The root of this fort runs deep into the
ground, fending out a few fmall fibres on the fide' 1
the ftalks are about fix inches long, and do not lie flat
on the ground like the other \ the leaves are hairy,
compofed of ten or twelve pair of narrow lobes placed
O R O
along the midrib, terminated by an odd one. The
flowers grow in fmall bunches on the top of the
branches j they are yellow, and are generally fuc-
ceeded by two flat pods not much more than an inch
long, turned inward like a bird’s claw. This flowers
and feeds about the fame time with the former.
The fourth fort grows naturally among the Corn in
Spain and Italy ; this hath many fmooth branching
ftalks, which rife near two feet high, garniftied toward
their top with trifoliate oval leaves fitting clofe, hav-
ing two fmall appendages. The lower leaves are often
Angle, and of a grayilh colour, the middle lobe being
twice the fize of the two fide ones. The (lowers
ftand upon (lender foot-ftalks, are yellow, and fuc-
ceeded by taper pods, which are two inches long,
(haped like a bird’s claw. This flowers and feeds about
the fame time with the former.
Thefe plants are propagated by fowing their feeds in
the fpring upon a bed of light frefh earth, where they
are to remain (for they feldom do well when they are
tranfplanted -,) when the plants come up, they muft
be carefully cleared from weeds •, and where they are
too clofe, fame of the plants (hould be pulled out, fa
as to leave the remaining ones about ten inches afun-
der. In June thefe plants will flower, and the feeds
will ripen in Auguft. There is no great beauty in
them, but for the variety of their jointed pods, they
are preferved by fome curious perfons in their plea-
fure-gardens j where, if their feeds are fown in patches
in the borders, each fort diftin&ly by itfelf, and the.
plants thinned, leaving only two at each patch, they
will require no farther care, and will add to the vari-
ety, efpecially where the Snail and Caterpillar plants
are preferved, which are very proper to intermix with
them. They are all annual plants, which perilh foon
after the feeds are ripe.
OROBANCHE, or Broom Rape.
There are fix or feven fpecies of this genus at prefent
known, two of which grow naturally on dry grounds
in feveral parts of England ; but as all the forts do
not agree with culture, fo they are not admitted into
gardens. They are ranged in the fecond fe&ion of
Linnseus’s fourteenth clafs, intitled Didynamia An-
giofpermia, the flowers having two long and two
(horter ftamina, and their feeds being included in a
capfule.
O ROB US. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 393. tab. 214. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 780. [opoG@n, of Iflmru, to eat, (3«f, an
ox, q. d. an herb with which oxen are fed, becaufe
the ancients ufed to fatten their oxen with a like herb.]
Bitter Vetch ; in French, Orobe.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is tubulous, of one leaf , with
an obtufe bafe •, the brim is oblique and indented in five
parts, the three lower acute, the two upper fhorter and ob-
tufe. The flower is of the butterfly kind the ftandard is
heart-fhaped -, the two wings are almoft as long as the
ftandard, and join together •, the keel is bifid, acute-pointed ,
and rifling upwards \ the borders are comprejfed, and the
body fwollen. It hath ten ftamina , nine are joined, and
one feparate •, thefe are rifling, and terminated by roundijh
jummits. It hath a cylindrical comprejfed germen, jup-
porting a crooked rifling ftyle, crowned by a narrow downy
ftigma, faftened by the inner edge in the middle to the
point of the ftyle. The germen afterward becomes a long
taper pod ending in an acute point , having one cell, contain-
ing feveral roundijh fleeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third fe&ion of
Linnams’s feventeenth clafs, which contains thofe
plants whofe flowers have ten ftamina joined in two
bodies.
The Species are,
1. Orobus (i Verms' ) foliis pinnatis ovatis, ftipulis femi-
fagittatis integerrimis, caule (implici. Lin. Sp. Plant.
728. Bitter Vetch with oval winged leaves, entire ftipul a
half arrow-pointed , and a jingle ftalk. Orobus fyl vari-
ous purpureus vernus. C. B. P. 351. Purple, vernal ,
wood Bitter Vetch.
2. Orobus {T uberofus) foliis pinnatis lanceolatis, ftipulis
femifagittatis, caule fimplici. Lin, Sp. Plant. 728.
Bitter
O RO
o R 6
Bitter Vetch with fpear-fhaped winged leaves , entire
half arrow-pointed Jlipuks , and a fingle ftalk. Orobus
fylvaticus foiiis obiongis glabris. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
393. JVood Bitter Vetch with oblong fmooth leaves.
3. Orobus ( Sylvaticus ) caulibus decumbentibus hirfutis
ramofis. Cent. pi. 67. Flor. Angl. 275. Bitter Vetch
with hairy , branching , decumbent Jlalks. Orobus fylvati-
cus noftras. RaiiSyn. 324. Wood Bitter Vetch.
4. Orobus {Niger) caule ramofo, foiiis fexjugis ovato-
oblongis. Hort. Cliff. 366. Bitter Vetch with a branch-
ing Jlalk, and leaves compofed of fix pair of oblong oval
lobes. Orobus fylvaticus foiiis vicis. C. B. P. 352.
Wood Bitter Vetch with a Vetch leaf.
£. Orobus ( Pyrenaicus ) caule ramofo, foiiis bijugis lan-
ceolatis nervofis, ftipulis fubfpinofis. Lin. Sp. 1029.
Bitter Vetch with a branching Jlalk , and leaves compofed
of two pair of nervous fpear-fhaped lobes. Orobus Pyre-
naicus, foiiis nervofis. Tourn. Inft. 393. Bitter Vetch
of the Pyrenees with nervous leaves.
6 . Orobus {Latbyroides) foiiis conjugatis fubfdfilibus,
ftipulis dentatis. Hort. Upfal. 220. Bitter Vetch with
leaves placed by couples clofe to the Jlalks , and indented
ftipula. Lathyroides ere&a, folio ovato acuminato,
casruleis vicias floribus & filiquis, Sibirica. Amman.
Ruth. 1 5 1 . Siberian , upright, Bajlard Lathyrus , with an
oval acute-pointed leaf, blue flowers, and pods like thofe
of the Vetch.
7. Orobus ( Luteus ) foiiis pinnatis ovato-oblongis, fti-
pulis rotundato-lunatis dentatis, caule fimplici. Lin.
Sp. Plant. 728. Bitter Vetch with oval, oblong, winged
leaves, roundifh , moon-fhaped, indented ftipula, and a
fingle Jlalk. Orobus Sibericus perenne. Gmel. Peren-
nial Siberian Bitter Vetch.
8. Orobus ( Venetis ) foiiis pinnatis ovatis acutis, qua-
tuor-jugatis, caule fimplici. Tab. 193. fol. 2. Bitter
Vetch with oval, acute-pointed, winged leaves, having
four pair of lobes and a fingle Jtalk. Orobus Venetus.
Cluf. Hift. 232. Venetian Bitter Vetch.
c). Orobus {Americanus) foiiis pinnatis lineari-lanceola-
tis inferne tomentofis, caule ramofiffimo frutefcente.
Bitter Vetch with linear, fpear-fhaped, winged leaves ,
which are woolly on their under fide, and a very branch-
ing fhrubby Jlalk. Orobus Americanus ere&us, fo-
liorum pinnis anguftoribus & fubtus incanis, liliquis
glabris. Houft. MSS. Upright American Bitter Vetch,
with very narrow lobes to the leaves, hoary on their under
Jide, and having fmooth pods.
10. Orobus {Argenteus) foiiis pinnatis oblongo-ovatis
inferne fericeis, caule eredo tomentofo, floribus fpi-
catis terminalibus. Bitter Vetch with oblong , oval,
winged leaves , which are filky on their under fide, and
have an upright woolly Jlalk , terminated by a fpike of
flowers. Orobus Americanus, latifolius, argenteus,
flore purpureo. Houft. MSS. Broad-leaved , filvery,
American Bitter Vetch, with a purple flower.
11. Orobus (. Procumbent ) foiiis pinnatis, foliolis exteri-
oribus majoribus tomentofis, caule procumbente.
Bitter Vetch with winged leaves, whofe outer lobes are
woolly , and a trailing Jlalk. Orobus Americanus pro-
cumbens & hirfutus, flore purpureo. Houft. MSS.
Trailing, hairy, American Bitter Vetch , with a purple
flower.
12. Orobus ( Coccineus ) foiiis pinnatis, foiiis linearibus
villofis, caule procumbente floribus alaribus & ter-
minalibus. Bitter Vetch with winged leaves, having
hairy linear lobes, a trailing jlalk , and flowers growing
on the fides and at the ends of the branches. Orobus
Americanus procumbens minimus, flore coccineo.
Houft. MSS. The leaft trailing American Bitter Vetch,
having a fcarlet flower.
The firft fort grows naturally in the forefts of Ger-
many and Switzerland. The root of this is perenni-
al, compofed of many ftrong fibres the ftalks rife a
foot high, and are garniflied with winged leaves,
compofed of two pair of oval acute-pointed lobes,
and at the bafe of the foot-ftalk is fituated a ftioula^
(or fmall leaf,) ftiaped like the point of an arrow cut
through the middle. This embraces the ftalk. The
lobes of the leaves are about an inch and an half
long, and near an inch broad, ending in acute points.
The flowers ftand upon foot-ftalks, which ante froifi
the wings of the ftalk ; they are about three inches
long, fuftaining fix or (even flowers ranged in a fpike,
which are of the butterfly kind. Thefe are at firft.
of a purple colour, but afterward change blue ; they
appear early in the fpring, and are fucceededTy [len-
der taper pods an inch and a half long, having one
cell, in which are lodged four or five oblong bitter
feeds, which ripen in June. There is a variety of this
with pale flowers, which is preferved in fome gardens.
The fecond fort grows naturally in woods and ihady
places in moft parts of England. This hath a peren-
nial creeping root, from which arife angular ftalks
nine or ten inches long, garniflied at each joint by
one winged leaf, compofed of four pair of fmooth
fpear-fhaped lobes, and, at the bafe of each, is fitu-
ated a ftipula like that of the firft fort ; and from the
wings of the ftalks arife the foot-ftalks of the flow-
ers, which are about four inches long, each fuftain-
ing two or three purplilh red flowers, which turn to
a deep purple before they fade. They appear in
April, and are fucceeded by long taper pods, con-
taining fix or feven roundifh feeds, which ripen the
beginning of June. Thefe are called Wood or
Heath Peas.
The third fort grows naturally in Cumberland and
Wales. The root is perennial and ligneous, from
which arife feveral hairy ftalks a foot and a half high,
garniflied at each joint with one winged leaf, compof-
ed of ten or eleven pair of narrow lobes ranged clofe
together along the midrib 5 at the bafe of which is
fituated an acute ftipula embracing the ftalk. The
flowers are difpofed in a clofe fpike, [landing upon
foot-ftalks three inches long, which arife from the
wings of the leaves ; they are of a purple colour, and
are fucceeded by fhort fiat pods, containing two of
three feeds. It flowers the beginning of June, and
the feeds ripen in July.
The fourth fort grows naturally on the mountains in
Germany and Switzerland. This hath a ftrong, lig-
neous, perennial root, from which arife many branch-
ing ftalks two feet high, garniflied at each joint by
one winged leaf, compofed of five or fix fmall, ob-
long, oval lobes ranged along the midrib. The
flowers ftand upon very long foot-ftalks, which arife
from the wings of the ftalk ; thefe luftain at their
top four, five, or fix purple flowers, which appear
in May, and are fucceeded by comprefled pods an
inch and a half long, containing four or five oblong
feeds, which ripen the beginning of July. The
ftalks decay in autumn, and new ones arife in the
fpring.
The fifth fort grows naturally on the Pyrenean mourn
tains ; this hath a perennial root, from which arife
feveral Imooth branching ftalks a foot and a half
high, garniflied with winged leaves compofed of four
pair of fpear-ftiaped lobes, which have three longi-
tudinal veins ; at the bafe of the leaves is fituated a
ftipula embracing the ftalk, in the fame manner as
the firft. The flowers ftand upon long foot-ftalks,
ariflng from the wings of the leaves ; toward the up-
per part of the ftalk they are ranged in a loofe
fpike, are of a purple colour, appearing in May, and
are fucceeded by comprefled pods about two inches
long, containing three or four feeds, which ripen int
July,
The fixth fort grows naturally in Siberia ; this hath a
perennial root, from which arife three or four branch-
ing ftalks about a foot high. The leaves ftand by
pairs oppofite along the ftalks, to which they fit
clofe, having an indented ftipula at their bafe ; the
leaves are fmooth, ftiff, and of a lucid green. The
flowers grow in clofe fpikes upon fhort foot-ftalks,
which rife from the wings of the leaves at the
top of the ftalks, where are generally three or four
of riiefe fpikes [landing together. The flowers are of
a fine blue colour, fo make a pretty appearance.
Thefe appear in June, and are fucceeded by [hort
flattilh pods, containing two of three feeds in each,,
which ripen in Auguft/ *
445
O R O
The feventh fort grows naturally in Siberia ; this hath
a perennial root, from which arife feveral herbaceous
ftalks a foot and a half high, garnifhed with winged
leaves, compofed of four or five pair of oval oblong
lobes, having at their bafe a roundifh moon-fhaped
ftipula embracing the ftalk. The flowers come out
from the wings of the leaves upon fhort foot-ftalks ;
they are large and of a purple colour, appearing in
April, and are fucceeded by fwelling pods near two
inches long, containing four or five feeds, which rip-
en in June.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Italy •, this hath a
perennial root, from which arife feveral ftalks about
a foot high, garnilhed with winged leaves, compofed
of four pair of oval lobes, ending in acute points ;
they are fmooth and of a pale green colour, placed
pretty far diftant on the midrib. The flowers come
out upon (lender foot-ftalks, which arife from the
wings of the leaves, four or five Handing at the top ;
they are of a purple colour, and appear in March.
Thefe are fucceeded by fwelling pods an inch and a
half long, each containing three or four roundifh
feeds, which ripen in May.
The ninth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent the feeds in 1731.
This rifes with a very branching ftalk about three
feet high, which is ligneous ; the branches are gar-
nifhed with winged leaves, compofed of five or fix
pair of narrow fpear-fhaped lobes, which are woolly
on their under fide. The flowers grow in loofefpikes
at the end of the branches, are of a pale purple co-
lour, and are fucceeded by fmooth comprefled pods
an inch and a half long, each containing five or fix
roundifh feeds.
The tenth fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun at La Vera Cruz, from whence he fent the feeds
to England. This riles with a fhrubby ftalk five or
fix feet high, dividing into many (lender branches,
which are covered with a brown woolly bark, and
garnilhed with foft, fatteny, winged leaves ; thofe on
the young branches are compofed of four pair of
oval obtufe lobes, of a brownifh green colour, hairy
on their upper fide, but of a filvery filky hue on
their under. The leaves on the upper branches are
compofed of feven or eight pair of oblong oval
lobes, of the fame colour and confiftence as the lower.
The flowers are produced in long eretft fpikes at the
end of the branches •, they are of a deep purple colour,
and are fucceeded by long, woolly, comprefled pods,
each conraining four or five feeds.
The eleventh fort was difcovered by Dr. Houftoun at
La Vera Cruz, who fent it to England in 1730. This
is a low plant, whofe ftalks bend to the ground, and
are feldom more than fix or eight inches long, from
which come out a few fhort fide branches ; they are
garnilhed with winged leaves, compofed of four or
five pair of final], oblong, oval, woolly lobes, termi-
nated by an odd one, the upper lobes being much
larger than the lower. The flowers come out in fmall
bunches, {landing upon fhort foot-ftalks, which arife
from the wings of the ftalk ; they are fmall, and of
a bright purple colour ; thefe are fucceeded by com-
prefied pods near two inches long, each having fix or
feven roundifh comprefled feeds.
The twelfth fort was difcovered at the fame time,
growing naturally in the fame country as the former,
by the fame gentleman. This hath a pretty thick
ligneous root, which fends out many {lender ftalks a
foot and a half long, trailing upon the ground, gar-
nifhed with winged leaves, compofed of three or four
pair of narrow hoary lobes, about half an inch long.
The flowers come out from the fide and at the end of
the ftalks, three or four Handing upon a fhort foot-
ftalk ; they are fmall and of a fcarlet colour, and are
fucceeded by fhort taper pods, each containing three/
or four fmall roundifh feeds.
The eightforts which are firft mentioned, have pe-
rennial roots but annual ftalks, which decay every
autumn ; feveral of thefe may be propagated by part-
ing their roots ; the belt time for doing this is in the
O R Y
autumn, that the plants may be well eftablifhed be-
fore the fpring ; for as feveral of them begin to put
out their ftalks very early in the fpring, fo if they are
then difturbed, it v/ill either prevent their flowerings
or caufe their flowers to be very weak. Moft of
thefe plants delight in a fhady flotation, and love a
loamy foil.
They are. alfo propagated by feeds, but thefe flioldd
he Town in the autumn, for if they are kept out of
the ground till fpring, many of the forts will never
grow, and thofe which do, feldom vegetate the fame
year ; and the fourth fort 1 could never raife from
feeds, fown in the fpring, though I have made the
trial in different flotations many times ; but the feeds
which have fcattered in the fummer, have come up
well the following fpring, as have alfo thofe which,
were fown in September. When the plants come up
they rnuft be kept clean from weeds, and where
they are too clofe together they fhould be thinned,
fo as they may have room to grow till the autumn,
when they fhould be tranfplanted into the places
where tjiey are defigned to remain. If the roots are
ftrong, they will flower very well the following fpring,
but thofe which are weak will not flower till the fe-
cond year; therefore fuch may be planted in a fhady
border at four or five inches* diftance, where they
may grow one year to get ftrength, and then may be
removed to the places where they are to remain. The
farther care of them is only to dig the ground between
them in winter, and in fummer to keep them clean
from weeds.
The four laft mentioned forts being natives of warm
countries are tender, 1b muft be preserved in ftoves,
otherwife they will not live in England. Thefe are
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown early in
the fpring, in fmall pots filled with light rich earth,
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanners bark, obferv-
ing frequently to moiften the earth, otherwife the
feeds will not grow. When the plants come up, they
fhould be carefully taken out of the pots, and each
tranfplanted into leparate fmall pots filled with rick
earth, and then plunged again into the tan-bed, ob-
ferving to fhade them until they have taken root;
after which time they fhould have frefh air admitted
to them every day in warm weather, and muft be
frequently watered. With this management the plants
will make a great progrefs. When any of the plants
are grown too tall to remain in the hot-bed, they
fhould be .taken out, and plunged into the bark-bed
in the ftove, where they may have room to grow*
efpecially the ninth and tenth forts ; but the other
two being of humbler growth, may be kept in the
hot-bed until Michaelmas, when the nights begin to
be cold ; at which time they fhould be removed into
the ftove, and plunged into the bark-bed, where they
muft be treated as other tender exotic plants ; by
which method they may be preferved through the
winter, and the following fummer they will produce
flowers. Thefe plants are perennial, fo that if they
fhould not perfeft their feeds, the plants may be
maintained for feveral years.
ORTEGIA HISPANICA.
This is called byClufius, Juncaria Salmantica; it is
a low trailing plant, with Rufh-like ftalks, produ-
cing at the joints a few fmall almoft invifible flowers,
therefore the plant is feldom cultivated except in bo-
tanic gardens for variety.
ORYZA. Tourn.Inft. R. H. 513. tab. '296. Rice;
in French, Ris.
The Characters are,
The chaff is fmall , acute-pointed , having two valves
nearly equal , inclofing a Jingle flower. The' petal has two
valves , which are hollow , comprefled , and boat-fijaped. ' y
ending in a beard or awn. It has a tzvo-leaved nedtarium ,
and fix hairy Jlamina the length of the petal, terminated
by funimits whofe bafe are bifid , and a turbinated germen ,
fupporting two reflexed hairy ftyles, crowned by feathered
fligmas. The germen afterward becomes one large , ob-
long, comprefled feed , having two channels on each fide,
fitting on the petal of the fioiver.
O' S T
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fe&iori
of Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, which contains thofe plants
whofe flowers have fix ftamina and two ftyles.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Qryza ( Sativa .) Matth. 403. Rice. ^
This grain is greatly cultivated in mod of the eaftern
countries, where it is the chief fupport of the inhabi-
tants •, and great quantities of it are brought into
England and other European countries every year,
where it is in great efteem for puddings, &c. it being
; too tender to be produced in thefe northern countries,
without the afiiftance of artificial heat ; but from fome
feeds which were formerly fent to South Carolina,
there have been great quantities produced ; and it is
found to fucceed as well there as in its native country,
which is a very great improvement to our American
fettlements.
This plant grows upon moift foils, where the ground
can be flowed over with water after it is come up * fo
that whoever v/ould cultivate it in England for cu-
riofity, fhould fow the feeds upon a hot-bed * and
when the plants are come up, they fhould be tranf-
planted into pots filled with rich light earth, and
placed into pans of water, which fhould be plunged in-
to a hot-bed •, and as the water waftes, fo it muft, from
time to time, be renewed again, ftill preferving the
water in the pans, otherwife they will not thrive, and
keeping them in aftove all the fummer ; and toward
the latter end of Auguft, they will produce their
grain, which wifi ripen tolerably well, provided the
autumn proves favourable.
OSIER. See Salix.
OSMUND A, the Ofmund Royal, or flowering Fern.
This is one of the kinds of Fern which is diftin-
guifhed from the other forts, by its producing flow-
ers on the top of the leaves whereas the others, for the
moft part, produce them on the back of their leaves.
There is but one kind of this plant, which grows wild
in England, but there are feveral forts of them which
grow in America ; but as they are feldom kept in
gardens, I fhall not enumerate their fpecies.
The common fort grows on bogs in feveral parts of
England, therefore whoever hath an inclination to
tranfplant it into gardens, fhould place it in a moift
fhady fltuation, otherwife it will not thrive.
OSTEOSPERMUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 887.
Monilifera. Vaill. Aft. Par. 1720. Chryfanthemoi-
des. Tourn. Aft. Par. 1705. Hard-feeded Chryfan-
themum.
The Characters are.
The flower hath an hemifpherical empalement , which is
Jingle , and cut into many fegments. The flower is com-
posed of feveral hermaphrodite florets in the dijk , which are
tubulous , and cut at the brim into five parts. Thefe are
furrounded by feveral female florets , which are radiated ,
each having a long narrow tongue , which is cut into three
parts at the top. The hermaphrodite florets have each five
fender jhort ftamina , terminated by cylindrical fummits ,
with a fmall germen fupporting a fender ftyle , crowned by
an obfolete ftigma *, thefe are barren. The female florets
have each a globular germen fupporting a fender ftyle ,
crowned by an indented ftigma ; the germen afterward be-
comes one fingle hard feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth feftion
of Linnaeus’s nineteenth clafs, intitled Syngenefia
Polygamia Necefifaria, the flowers being compofed
of hermaphrodite florets in the difk, which are bar-
ren, and female florets which are fruitful.
The Species are,
Osteospermum ( Moniliferum ) foliis ovalibus ferra-
tis petiolatis fubdecurrentibus. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 424.
Hard-feeded Chryfanthemum , with oval fawed leaves on
running foot-ftalks. Chryfanthemoides Afrum populi
albse foliis. Hort. Ekh. 80. tab. 68. Hard-feeded Afri-
can Chryfanthemum , with leaves like thofe of the white
Poplar,
2. Osteospermum ( Piflferum ) foliis lanceolatis acute
dentatis, caule fruticofo. Tab. 194. fig. 1. Hard-
feeded Chryfanthemum , with fpcar-fhaped leaves which
are acutely indented , and a Jhrubby ftalk.
GST
3. Osteospermum ( Spinoftm ) fpinis ramofiri Lin. Hort
Cliff. 424. Hard-feeded Chryfanthemum , with branching
fpines. Chryfanthemoides Ofteofpermum Africanum
odoratum, fpinofum & vifeofum. Hort. Amft. 2. p,
8 5. Hard-feeded Chryfanthemum of Africa , which is
prickly , vifeous , andfweet.
4. Osteospermum ( Polygaloides ) foliis lanceolatis im-
bricatis fefiilibus. Flor. Leyd. Prod* 179. Hard-feed -
ed Chryfanthemum , with fpear-Jhaped leaves fitting clofe
to the ftalks , and lying over each other like the f coles of a
fife. Monilifera poligoni foliis. Vaill. Aft. Par. 1720,
Monilifera with Knot Grafs leaves.
The firft fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, but has been feveral years an inhabitant in the
Englifh gardens. This rifes with a fhrubby ftalk fe-
ven or eight feet high, covered with a frnooth gray
bark, and divides into feveral branches* garriifhed
with oval leaves, which are unequally indented on
their edges ; they are placed alternately, and are of a
thick confidence, covered with a hoary down, which
goes off from the older leaves. The flowers are pro-
duced in clufters at the end of the branches, fix or
eight coming out together, upon foot-ftalks an inch
and a half long * thefe are yellow, and fhaped like
thofe of Ragwort. The border or rays are com-
pofed of about ten half florets., which fpread open ;
the difk or middle is compofed of tubulous florets,
which are cut into five parts at the brim ; thefe are
barren, but the half florets round the border, have
one hard feed fucceeding each of them. This plant
flowers but feldom here •, the time of its flowering is!
in July or Auguft.
The fecond fort grows like the firft, but the leaves
are more pointed, of a green colour, and acutely
fawed on the edges •, the foot-ftalks of the leaves are
bordered, and the leaves are deeply veined. This
produces tufts of yellow flowers at the extremity of
the {hoots from fpring to autumn, and frequently ri-
pens feeds.
The third fort is a low fhrubby plant, which feldom
rifes above three feet high, and divides into many
branches ; the ends of the (hoots are befet with green
branching fpines j. the leaves are very clammy, efpe-
cially in warm weather ; thefe are long and narrow,
and let on without any order. The flowers are pro-
duced fingly at the ends of the (hoots, which are
yellow, and appear in July and Auguft.
Thefe three forts are too tender to live in the open
air in England, fo are placed in the green-houfe in
Obtober, and may be treated in the fame manner as
Myrtles, and other hardy green-houfe plants, which
require a large (hare of air in mild weather ; and in
the beginning of May the plants may be removed into
the open air, and placed in a fheltered fltuation dur-
ing the fummer feafon. The fecond and third forts
muft have plenty of water, being very thirfty plan ts.
Thefe plants are propagated by cuttings, which may
be planted in any of the fummer months, upon a bed-
of light earth, and fhould be watered and (haded un-
til they have taken root, which they will be in five or
fix weeks, when they muft be taken up and planted
in pots ; for if they are fuffered to (land long, they
will make ftrong vigorous (boots, and will be difficult
to tranfplant afterward, efpecially the firft and fecond
forts •, but there is not fo much danger of the third,
which is not fo vigorous, nor (b eafy in taking root
as the other. During the fummer feafon the pots
flmild be frequently removed, to prevent the plants
from rooting through the holes in the bottom of the
pots into the ground, which they are very apt to do
when they continue long undifturbed, and then they
(boot very luxuriantly * and, on their being removed,
thefe (hoots, and fometimes the whole plants, will
decay.
The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope ; this hath a fhrubby ftalk about four feet high,
which divides into many fmall branches, garnifned
with fmall oblong leaves which fit clofe to them, and
in fome of the upper branches they lie over each.
Qther like the feales of fifh. The flowers come put
9 R at
44T
' O T H
kt the end of the branches, ftanding fingly upon foot-
ftalks, which are about an inch long •, the half florets
which compofe the border or rays, are acute-pointed
and ipread open •, the clifk is compofed of florets
which are barren. This fort is propagated by cut-
tings, in the fame manner as the other forts, and
tnuft be treated in the fame way.
OSYR IS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 978. Cafia. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 664. tab. 488. Poets Cafia.
The Characters are,
It is male and female in different plants ; the empalement
of the flower is of one leaf which is divided into three
acute fegments. The flower hath no petals , hut thofe on
the male plants have three Jhort flamina ■, the female have
a germen , which afterward changes to a globular berry ,
having a Jingle feed.
We know but one Species of this plant, viz.
Osyris {Alba) frutefeens baccifera. C. B. P. Shrubby
berry-bearing Poets Cafla ■, and by fame , red-berried
Jhrubby Cafia.
This is a very low fhrub, feldom rifing above two
feet high, having ligneous branches, which are gar-
niffied with long narrow leaves, of a bright colour.
The flowers appear in June, which are of a yellowiffi
colour, and are fucceeded by berries, which at firft
are green, and afterward turn to a bright red colour,
fomewhat like thofe of Afparagus.
This plant grows wild in the fouth of France, in
Spain, and lome parts of Italy, by the fide of roads,
as alfo between the rocks, but is with great difficulty
tranfplanted into gardens ; nor does it thrive after
being removed, ft that the only method to obtain
this plant is, to fow the berries where they are to re-
main. Thefe berries commonly remain a year in the
ground before the plants appear, and fometimes they
will lie two or three years, fo that the ground ffiould
not be difturbed under three years, if the plants do
not come up fooner. Thefe feeds mull be procured
from the places where the plants naturally grow, for
thofe which have been brought into gardens never
produce any, and it is with great difficulty they are
preferved alive.
OTHONNA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 888. Doria. Raii
Meth Plant. 33. Jacobsa. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 485.
tab. 2 76. Ragwort.
The Characters are.
It hath a radiated flower , compofed of hermaphrodite flo-
rets which form the dijk , and female half florets which
form the rays or border ; thefe are included in one com-
mon Jingle empalement of one leaf cut into eight or ten
fegments. The hermaphrodite flowers are tubulous , in-
dented at the top in Jive parts \ the female half florets are
fir etched out like a tongue , and the point has three in-
dentures which are reflexed. The hermaphrodite florets
have Jhort hairy flamina , terminated by cylindrical fum-
mits , and an oblong germen fupporting a flender Jlyle ,
crowned by a Jingle ftigma. The female half florets have
oblong germen with a flender Jlyle , crowned by a large bi-
fid reflexed fligma. The hermaphrodite florets are feldom
fruitful , but the female half florets have an oblong feed ,
which is fometimes naked , and at others crowned with
down ; thefe fit in the permanent empalement .
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth feftion
of Linnteus’s nineteenth clafs, which includes the
plants with compound flowers, whole female flowers
are fruitful and the hermaphrodite barren.
The Species are,
1. Qthonna {Coronopifolia) foliis infimis lanceolatis in-
tegerrimis, fuperioribus finuato-dentatis. Hort. Cliff.
419. Othonna with fpear-Jhaped lower leaves which are
entire , and the upper ones indented in Jinufes. Jacobsea
Africana frutefeens coronopi folio. Hort. Amft. 2. p.
139. Shrubby African Ragwort , with a Hartjhorn leaf '
2. Othonna ( Calthoides ) foliis cuneiformibus integer-
rirriis feffilibus, caule fruticofo procumbente, pedun-
culis longiffimis. Othonna with entire wedge-Jhaped
leases fitting clofe , a Jhrubby trailing ftalk , and very long
foot ftalks to the flowers. Calthoides Africana, glafti
folio. Juff. African Baftard Marygold , with a Woad leaf.
3. Othonna ( Pedlinata ) foliis pinnatifidis, laciniis line-
O T H
aribus parallels. Hort. Cliff. 419. Othonna with wing-
pointed leaves, whofe fegments are narrow and parallel.
Jacobsea Africana frutefeens, foliis abfinthii umbelli-
feri incanis. Hort. Amft. 2. p. r 37. tab. 69. Shrubby
• African Ragwort , with hoary leaves like thofe of the
umbelliferous Wormwood.
4. Othonna ( Abrotanifolia ) foliis multifido-pinnatis li-
nearibus. Flor. Leyd. Prod. 380. Othonna with very
narrow leaves, ending in many winged points, jacobsea
Africana frutefeens, foliis abrotani, ft. crithmi major
& minor. Volk. Norim. 225. Shrubby African Rag-
wort , with a Southernwood or Samphire leaf.
5. Othonna {Bulbofa) foliis ovato-cuneiformibus den-
■ tatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 926. Othonna with oval , wedge-
Jhaped, indented leaves. Solidago foliis oblongis den-
tatis glabris, fioribus magnis umbellatis. Burm Afr.
164. tab. 59. Woundwort with oblong, indented , fmooth
leaves, and large flowers growing in umbels.
The firft fort grows naturally in ./Ethiopia. This
rifes with a fhrubby ftalk four or five feet high, di-
viding into feveral branches, garnifhed with grayiffi
leaves placed without order, thofe on their lower part
being narrow and entire, but the others are indented
on the edges after the manner of Hartfhorn. The
flowers are produced in loofe umbels at the end of
the branches •, they are yellow, and are fucceeded by
downy feeds.
The fecond fort was diftovered by the late Dr. Shaw,
growing naturally near Tunis in Africa, from whence
he brought the feeds. This fends out many ligne-
ous ftalks from the root, which fpreads out on every
fide, declining toward ^the ground, garnifhed with
grayiffi leaves, which are narrow at their bafe, en-
larging upward, and are broad at their points, where
they are rounded ; thefe fit clofe to the ftalks. The
flowers are produced upon long, thick, lucculentfoot-
ftalks at the end of the branches they are yellow ;
the rays are ffiarp-pointed, and not much longer than
the empalement ; the difk is large, and the florets are
as long as the empalement ; the feeds are crowned
with a long down.
The third fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence the feeds were brought to Hol-
land, and the plants were raifed in the Amfterdam
Garden in 1699. This rifts with a fhrubby ftalk
about the thicknefs of a man’s thumb, two or three
feet high, which divide into many branches, covered
with ahoary down, and garnifhed with hoary leaves about
three inches long and one broad, cut into many nar-
row fegments almoft to the midrib •, thefe fegments
are equal and parallel, and are indented at their ends
into two or three points. The flowers are produced
on long foot-ftalks which arife from the wings of
the ftalks •, toward the end of the branches they
have large yellow rays, or borders, with a difk of
florets, and are fucceeded by oblong purple feeds
crowned with down.
The fourth fort grows naturally on the hills near the
Cape of Good Hope, and was raifed from feed in the
Amfterdam Garden. This hath a low, fhrubby,
branching ftalk ; the leaves are thick like thofe of’
Samphire, and are cut into many narrow fegments.
The flowers are produced on ffiort foot-ftalks at the
end of the branches ; they are yellow, and ffiaped
like the other fpecies of this genus, and are fucceeded
by brown feeds crowned with foft down.
The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Plope. This hath a thick fhrubby ftalk, dividing into
feveral branches which rife five or fix feet high , the
leaves come out in clutters from one point, fpread on
every fide ; they are fmooth, narrow at their bafe, en-
larging gradually to their points, which are rounded ^
their edges are acutely indented like thofe of theHolly.
From the center of the leaves arife the foot-ftalks of
the flowers, which are five or fix inches long, branch-
ing out into feveral fmaller, each fullaining one yel-
low radiated flower, ffiaped like the former ; thefe
are fucceeded by flender feeds crowned with down.
The firft, fecond, third, fourth and fifth forts, are
preferved in green-houfes through the winter, but re-
quire
I
O X A
quire no artificial warmth ; if thefe are protected from
the froft it is fufficient, and in mild weather they muft
have a large fn are of free air. In the fummer they
muft be placed abroad in afheltered fituation, among
other hardy exotic plants, where they will add to the
variety, and flower great part of the feafon. Thefe
may be all propagated by cuttings during the fum-
mer months, which fhould be planted upon an old
hot-bed, and covered with glafles, lhading them from
the fun in the heat of the day. When thefe have
taken root, they fhould be planted each into a feparate
pot filled with loft loamy earth, placing them in the
ihade till they have taken new root ; then they may
be removed to a fhekered fituation, where they may
remain till autumn, treating them in the fame way as
the old plants.
The fecond fort will live in the open air if it is planted
in a warm fituation and a dry foil. Some of thefe
plants have endured the open air for more than
twenty years in the Chellea Garden, without protec-
tion. This is eafily propagated by cuttings, in the
fame way as the former.
OXALIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 515. Oxys. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 88. tab. 19. Wood-forrel.
The Characters are.
The empajement of the flower is floort , permanent , and
cut into five acute fegments. ’The flower is of one petal,
cut into five ohtufe indented fegments almoft to the bottom ;
it hath ten ere hi hairy ftamina , terminated by roundijh fur-
rowed fummits , and agermen with five angles, fupporting
five fiender ftyles, crowned by obtufe fiigmas. The germen
afterward becomes a five-cornered capfule with five cells,
which open longitudinally at the angles, containing roundijh
feeds, which are thrown out with an elafticity on the
touch when ripe.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth fecftion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have ten ftamina and five ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Oxalis ( Acetofella ) fcapo unifloro, foliis ternatis, ra-
dice fquamofo-articulata. Hort. Cliff. 175. Wood-for-
rel with one flower on a foot-ftalk, trifoliate leaves, and a
fcaly jointed root. Oxys fiore albo. Tourn. Inft. 88.
Wood-forrel with a white flower.
2. Oxalis ( Corniculata ) caule ramofo diffufo, pedun-
culis umbelliferis. Hort. Cliff. 175. Wood-forrel with
a branching diffufed ftalk, and umbellated foot-ftalks.
Oxys lutea. J. B. Tellow Wood-forrel.
3. Oxalis ( Strihia ) caule ramofo eretfto, pedunculis
umbelliferis. Flor. Virg. 161. Wood-forrel with a
branching upright ftalk, and umbellated foot-ftalks. Oxys
lutea, Americana, eredtior. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 88.
Upright, yellow, American Wood-forrel.
4. Oxaihs ( Incarnata ) caule fubramofo bulbifero, pe-
dunculis unifloris, foliis paflim verticillatis foliolis ob-
cordatis. Lin. Sp. 622. Wood-forrel with branching
ftalks bearing bulbs, the leaves generally in whorls, and
the fmall leaves heart-fhaped. Oxys bulbofa fEthiopiea
minor, folio cordato, flore ex albido purpuralcente.
Tourn. Inft. 89. Smaller bulbous Ethiopian Wood-forr el,
with a heart-ftoapedleaf, and apurplijh white flower.
5. Oxalis ( Purpurea ) fcapo unifloro, foliis ternatis, ra-
dice bulbosa. Hort. Cliff. 175. Wood-forrel with a
foot-ftalk fupporting one flower, trifoliate leaves, and a
bulbous root. Oxys bulbofa Africana, rotundifolia,
caulibus & fioribus purpureis amplis. Hort. Amft. 1.
p. 41. tab. 21. African bulbous Wood-forrel, having a
round leaf, and large purple ftalks and flowers.
6. Oxalis ( Pef-capra ?) fcapo umbellifero, foliis ternatis
bipartitis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 434. Wood-forrel with an
umbelliferous ftalk, and trifoliate leaves divided in two
parts. Oxalis bulbofa pentaphylla & hexaphylla, flo-
ribus magnis luteis & copiofls. Burm. Afr. 80. tab.
29. Bulbous Wood-forrel with five or fix leaves, and large
yellow flowers in abundance.
7. Oxalis ( Frutefcens ) caule eredto fruticofo, foliis ter-
natis, irnpari maximo. Wood-forrel with an upright
Jhrubby ftalk , and trifoliate leaves , the middle one being
very large. Oxys lutea frutefcens, trifolii bituminoii
facie. Plum. Cat. 2.' Tellow fhrubby Wopd-forrel , with
the appearance of bituminous Trefoil .
8. Oxalis (. Barreleri ) caule ramofo erefto, peduricuii
bifidis racemifefis. Lin. Sp. 624. Wood-forrel with dh
ere A branching ftalk , and branching bifid foot-ftalks. Tri-
folium acetofum Americanum, rubra flore. Barrel. Rar.
64. Three-leaved American Wood-forrel, with a red flower «
The firft fort grows naturally in moift fhady woods,
and clofe to hedges in moft parts of England, fo is
but feldom admitted into gardens j though whoever
is fond of acid herbs in fallads, can fcarce find a more
grateful add in any other plant. The roots of this
fort are compofed of many fcaly joints, which propa-
gate in great plenty. The leaves arife immediately
from the roots upon Angle long foot-ftalks, are com-
pofed of three heart-fhaped lobes, which meet in a
center, where they join the foot-ftalk 5 they afe of a pale
green and hairy •, between thefe come out the flowers
upon pretty long foot-ftalks, each fuftaining, one
large white flower of the open bell fhape. Thefe
appear in April and May, and are fucceeded by five*
cornered oblong feecl-veffels having five cells, in-
clofing fmall brownifh feeds ; when thefe are ripe, the
feed-veffels burft open at the leaft touch, and caft
out the feeds to a confiderable diftance. This is the
fort which is directed for medicinal ufe in the difpen-
faries ; but thofe people who liipply the market with
herbs, generally bring the third fort, which is now
become common in the gardens; but this hath very lit-
tle acid, fo is unfit for the purpofes of the other ; but as
it riles with an upright branching ftalk, fo it is foon
gathered and tied up in bunches; whereas the leaves of
the firft grow fingly from the root, and require more
time in gathering. There is a variety of the firft fort
with a purplifh flower, which grows naturally in the
North of England, but, as it does not differ from it
in any other refpeft, I have not enumerated it.
The fecond fort is an annual plant, which grows na-
turally in woods and fhady places in Italy and Sicily.
The root of this is long, fiender, and fibrous ; the
ftalks trail upon the ground, fpreading out eight or
nine inches wide on every fide, dividing into fmall
branches ; the leaves ftand upon pretty long foot-
ftalks, and are compofed of three heart-fhaped lobes,
which have deeper indentures at their points than
thofe of the firft fort. The flowers are yellow, grow-
ing in form of an umbel, upon pretty long fiender foot-
ftalks, arifing from the fide of the branches. Thefe
appear in June and July, and are fucceeded by feed-
veffels near an inch long, which open with an elafti-
city, and caft out the feeds.
The third fort grows naturally in Virginia and other
parts of North America, from whence the feeds were
formerly brought to Europe ; but wherever this plant
has been once introduced and buffered to ripen feeds,
it has become a common weed. This is an annual
plant, rifing with a branching herbaceous ftalk eight
or nine inches high ; the leaves ftand upon very lono-
foot-ftalks, and are fhaped like thofe of the fecond
fort. The flowers are yellow, Handing in a fort of
umbel, upon long, fiender, erefl foot-ftalks ; the feed-
veffels and feeds are like thofe of the fecond fort.
Thefe three forts require no particular culture ; if
the roots of the firft fort are taken up and tranfplanted
in a fhady moift border, they will thrive and multiply
exceedingly ; and if they are kept clean from weeds,
will require no other care. If the feeds of the other
two forts are fown in an open border, the plants will
rife freely, and require no care ; for if they are
permitted to fcatter their feeds, there will be a plenti-
ful fupply of the plants.
The fourth fort hath a roundifh bulbous root, from
which come out fiender ftalks about fix inches, hip-h,
which divide into branches by pairs, and from the'di-
vifions come out the foot-ftalks of the leaves; thefe
are long, flender, and fuftain a trifoliate leaf compofed
of three fmall, roundifh, heart-fhaped lobes. The foot-
ftalks of the flowers are long, fiender, and arife from
the divifion of the ftalks, each fuftaining one purplifh
flower about the fame fize and fhape as thofe of the
firft fort. This flowers in May, June, and July, an d
fometimes produces ripe feeds in England. It grows
naturally at the Cape of Good Hope, io is too tender’
to'
UZ •
/
O X M
to live through the winter in the open air in Eng-
land j but if it is fheltered from hard froft under a
common hot-bed frame in winter, it will require no
' other protection. It propagates in plenty by offsets
from the root, as alfo by bulbs, which come out from
t he fide of the italics.
The fifth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope in fuch plenty, that the earth which came from
thence, in which fome plants were brought to Eng-
land, was full of it. This hath a roundiih bulbous
foot, covered with a brown ikin, fending out ftrong
fibres which ftrike deep into the ground •, the leaves
are trifoliate, compofed of three roundiih, large, hairy
lobes, which are but little indented at the top ; thefe
(land upon long (lender foot-ftalks, which arife from
a thick ikort ftalk, which adheres to the root. The
foot-ftalks of the flowers arife between the leaves from
the ftalk, each fupporting one large purple flower ;
thefe appear in January and February, but are rarely
fucceeded by feeds here, but the roots put out offsets
in great plenty, whereby it is propagated. This fort
will not thrive in winter in the open air here, fo the
roots fhould be planted in pots, which may be fheltered
under a common frame in winter, where it may have
as much free air as poflible in mild weather, otherwife
the leaves will draw up weak ; for the leaves of this
plant come out in Oftober, and continue growing till
May, when they begin to wither and decay. The
roots may be tranfplanted any time after the leaves
decay, till they begin to pufh out again.
The fixth fort is a native of the fame country as the
fifth ; the roots of this are bulbous ; the leaves ftand
upon long (lender foot-ftalks, which arife from a (hort
ftalk or head *, they are compofed of three lobes,
which are for the moft part divided into two parts
- almoft to their bafe. The foot-ftalks of the flowers
are five or fix inches long, fuftaining feveral large
yellow flowers ranged in form of an umbel. Thefe
appear in March, and are fometimes fucceeded by
feeds here. This fort requires the fame treatment as
the fifth.
The feventh fort was difeovered by Plunder in fome
O X Y
of the French colonies in America, ana was fmee'
’ found growing plentifully at La Vera Cruz by the
late Dr. Houftoun, who fent it to England. This
riles with a fhrubby ftalk a foot and a half high, fend-,
ing out feveral (lender branches, which are garniihed
with trifoliate (mail leaves, compofed of three oval
lobes, the middle one being twice as large as the fide
ones. Thefe are placed by pairs oppoflte, and fome-
times by threes round the ftalk, (landing upon Ikort
foot-ftalks. The foot-ftalks of the flowers arife from
the wings of the ftalks, are near two inches long, each
fuftaining four or five yellow flowers, whofe petals
are not much longer than the empalement ; each of
thefe have a ftnaller foot- ftalk which is crooked, fo
that the flowers hang downward.
This fort is much tenderer than either of the former,
fo requires to be placed in a ftove kept to a moderate
degree of warmth in winter. It is propagated by
feeds, which muft be fown in pots, and plunged into
a moderate hot-bed •, and when the plants come up,
they (hould be each planted into a feparate pot filled
with light fandy earth, and plunged into a fre(h hot-
bed, (hading them from the fun till they have taken
new root ; after which they muft be treated in the
fame manner as other tender plants from the fame
country.
The eighth fort grows naturally in the Brazils*, for in
a tub of earth which came from thence, the plants
came up in plenty. This feldom riles more than
three or four inches high, having upright ftalks ; the
leaves arec ompofed of three pretty large hairy lobes,
(landing on long foot-ftalks. The' flowers rife imme-
diately from the root, having foot-ftalks the fame
length with thole of the leaves *, they are bifid, fup-
porting two pretty large red flowers, which are fuc-
ceeded by oblong capfules filled with brown feeds.
This fort may be propagated by offsets from the root,
or by feeds, and requires the fame protection as the
fixth fort.
O X-E Y E. See Buphthalmum.
OXYACANTHA. SccBerberis.
O X Y S. See Oxalis.
P.
PAD
P A DUS. Lin. Gen. Edit, prior. 476. Edit. 5.
Prunus. 546. Cerafus & Laurocerafus. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 625, 627. tab. 401, 403. The Bird-
cherry, or Cherry Laurel.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower is bell-fhaped , of one leaf \
indented in five parts at the brim , which jpread open. The
flower hath five large roundijh petals , which flpread open ,
and are infer ted in the empalement. It hath from twenty
to thirty awl-Jhaped ftamina , which are inferted in the
empalement , terminated by roundijh flummits , and a round-
ijh germen fupporting a fender flyle , crowned by an entire
obtufe fligma. The germen afterward becomes a roundijh
fruity inclofing an oval-pointed nut having rough furrows.
This genus of plants was by Dr. Linnaeus, in the
former editions of his Method, feparated from the
Cherries, to which they had been before joined, be-
caufe the furrows of the nuts in this genus were ob-
tufe, whereas thofe of the Cherries are acute ; but there
is a more obvious diftin&ion between them, which is,
the flowers of the Padus are ranged in a long bunch
(or racemus) and thofe of the Cherry have their foot-
ftalks ariling from one joint *, but in the laft edition of
his Method, he has joined this genus, the Cherry and
Apricot, to the Plumb, making them only fpecies of
PAD
the fame genus ; in which, I think, he has exceeded
the boundaries of nature ; for although the Padus and
Cerafus may with propriety be joined in the fame ge-
nus, yet thefe ought by no means to be joined to the
Prunus ; for it is well known, that the Cherry will
not grow by grafting or budding upon the Plumb
(lock, nor the Plumb upon Cherry (locks, though
there are no inftances of two trees of the fame genus,
which will not grow upon each other, however diffe-
rent their exterior appearance may be.
It is ranged in the firft fedlion of Linnasus’s twelfth
clafs, which includes thofe plants whofe flowers have
from twenty to thirty ftamina, which are either in-
ferted in the empalement or petals of the flower, and
but one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Padus {Avium) glandulis duobus, bafi foliorum
fubjedlis. Hort. Cliff. 185. Bird-cherry with two glands
at the bafe of the leaves. Cerafus racemofa, fylveftris,
fruftu non eduli. C. B. P. 451. Branching wild Cherry
with a fruit not eatabk.
2. Padus {Rubra) foliis lanceolato-ovatis deciduus, pe-
tiolis biglandulofls. tab. 196. fol. 2. Bird-cherry with
fpear-Jhaped , oval , deciduous leaves , whofe foot-ftalks have
two glands. Cerafus racemofa fylveftris, fruftu non
eduli
I
P A D
PAD
eduli rubro. H. R. Par. Branching wild Bird-cherry
with a red fruit , which is not eatable , and commonly called
by the gardeners , Cornijh Cherry -
3. Padus ( Virginiana ) foliis oblongo-ovatis ferratls acu-
minatis deciduis, bafi antice glandulofis. Bird-cherry
with oblong , oval$ J awed , acute-pointed, deciduous leaves , <3^
glands on the fore part of the foot-fialk. Cerafi fimilis
arbufcula Mariana, padi folio, fiore albo parvo race-
mofo. Pluk. Mant. 43. Catefb. Car. 1. p. 28. Ame-
rican Bird-cherry.
4. Padus {Laurocerafus) foliis fempervirenti bus lanceo-
lato-ovatis. Hort. Cliff. 42. Bird-cherry with evergreen ,
fpear-jhaped , oval leaves. Laurocerafus. Cluf. Hift.
1 . p. 4. Tbi? common Laurel.
5. Padus ( Lufitanica ) foliis oblongo-ovatis femperviren-
tibus eglandulofis. Bird-cherry with oblong , <nw/, ever-
green leaves , having glands. Laurocerafus Lufitanica
minor. Tourn. Inft. 628. Smaller Portugal Laurel, called
Afarero by the Portuguefe.
6 . Padus ( Caroliniana ) foliis lanceolatis acute denticu-
latis fempervirentibus. Evergreen Bird-cherry with
fpear-jhaped leaves , having fmall acute indentures , called
in America Baftard Mahogany .
The firft fort grows naturally in the hedges in York-
{hire, and many of the northern counties in England,
as alfo in fome few places near London, but it is pro-
pagated as a flowering-fhrub in the nurfery-gar-
dens for fale. This rifes with feveral woody ftalks
to the height of ten or twelve feet, which will grow
to have Items nine or ten inches diameter, if they are
permitted to Hand ; but as the fafhions of gardens have
been frequently altering for fifty or fixty years paft,
fo there are few places where any of the ornamental
flowering trees have been buffered to remain. The
branches of this tree grow wide and fcattering •, they
are covered with a purplifh bark, and garnilhed with
oval fpear-fhaped leaves placed alternate, which are
flightly fawed on their edges, and have two fmall pro-
tuberances or glands at their bafe. The flowers are
produced in long loofe bunches from the fide of the
branches ; they have five roundifh white petals, which
are much fmaller than thofe of the Cherry, and are in-
fer ted in the border of the empalement -, and within
thefe are a great number of ftamina, which alfo are
inferred in the empalement. The flowers (land each
upon a fhort foot-ftalk, and are ranged alternately
along the principal foot-ftalk ; they have a ftrong
feent, which is very difagreeable to moft perfons.
Thefe flowers appear in May, and are fucceeded by
fmall roundifh fruit, which are firft green, afterward
turn red, and when ripe, are black, inclofing a round-
ifh furrowed ftoneor nut, which ripens in Auguft.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Armenia, from
whence I have received the feeds; but it has been many
years ago propagated in the nurfery-gardens about
London, where it is generally called Cornifh-cherry.
This fort has been often confounded with the firft ;
many of the late writers in botany have fuppofed it
was the fame lpecies, but i have raifed both forts
from feeds, and have always found the young plants
to retain their difference. This riles with a ftrait up-
right item more than twenty feet high ; the branches
are iliorter, and grow clofer together than thofe of the
firft, fo naturally form regular heads ; the leaves of
this are (horter and broader than thofe of the other,
and are not lb rough •, the flowers grow in clofer
Ihqrter fpikes, which ftand more erebt ; the fruit is
larger, and red when ripe. This flowers a little af-
ter the firft fort. -
The third fort grows naturally in Virginia, and other
parts of North America. This rifes with a thick ftem
from ten to thirty feet high, dividing into many
branches, which have a dark purple bark, and are
garnilhed with oval leaves placed alternately on fhort
foot-ftalks ; they are cf a lucid green, and flightly
fawed on their edges, continuing in verdure as late
in the autumn as any of the deciduous trees. The
flowers come out in bunches like thofe of the fecond
fort, and are fucceeded by larger fruit, which is black
when ripe, and is foon devoured by the birds. The
wood of this tree is beautifully veined with black and
white, and will polifh very ftnooth, fo is frequently 1
tiled for cabinet work ; as is alfo the wood of the
firft fort, which is much ufed in France, where it is
called, Bois de Sainte-Lucie. • '
The fourth fort is the common Laurel, which is now
fo well known as to- need no defeription. This grows
naturally about Trebifond, near the Black Sea, and
was brought to Europe about the year 1576, but is
now become very common, efbeciallv in the warmer
parts of Europe.
The fifth fort was brought to England from Portugal,
but whether it is a native of that country, or was in-
troduced. there from fome other country, is hard to
determine. The Portugueze call it Aferaro, or Aze-
rero. This was fuppofed to have been but a low
evergreen fhrub, but by experience vve find, that
when it is in a proper foil, it will grow to a large
fize. There are at prelent fome of the trees whole
trunks are more than a foot diameter, and twelve or
flxteen feet high, which are not of many years Hand-
ing, and are well furnifned with branches, which when
young have a reddiih bark ; the leaves are fhorter
than thole of the common Laurel, approaching nearer
to an oval form ; they are of the fame conference,
and of a lucid green, which mixing with the red
branches, make a beautiful appearance. The flowers
are produced in long loofe fpikes from the fide of the
branches they are white, and ftiaped like thofe of
the common Laurel, appearing in June, and are
fucceeded by oval berries fmaller than thofe of the
common Laurel ; they are firft green, afterward red,
and when ripe are black, inclofing a Hone like the
Cherry.
The feeds of the fixth fort were fent from Carolina,
by the title of Baftard Mahogany, from the colour of
the wood, which is fomewhat like Mahogany. This
feems to be little more than aftirub, if we may judge
from its growth here; the ftalk does not rife more than
three feet high, but fends out lateral branches, which
fpreaon every fide, covered with a brown bark, and gar-
nilhed with fpear-lhaped leaves near two inches long,
and three quarters of an inch broad, with fmall acute in-
dentures on the edges; they ftand alternately upon very
fhort foot-ftalks, and are of a lucid green, continuing
their verdure all the year. This has not as yet flowered
in England, lo I can give no account of it ; but by the
feeds and defeription which I received of its flowers,
it belongs to this genus.
This plant will live in the open air here, if it is
planted in a warm fituation, and flickered in fevere
froft, to which, if they are expofed, often deftroys
them, efpecially while the plants are young ; but when
they have acquired ftrength, there is no doubt of their
thriving very well in the open ground in fheltered
fituations. It may be propagated in the fame man-
ner 'as the Portugal Laurel from the berries ; and if
the branches are laid down they will take root, but
the cuttings will not grow, fo far as I have experienced.
The three firft forts are eafily propagated, either by
the feeds or layers ; when they are propagated by the
feeds they fhould be fown in the autumn, for if they
are kept out eff the ground till fpring, they feldorrr
grow till the fecond year. Thefe may be fown upon
a bed or border of good ground, in the fame way
as the Cherry-ftones which are defigned for frocks ;
and the young plants may be treated in the fame
manner, planting them out in a nurfery, where they
may ftand two years to get ftrength, and then they
may be tranfplanted to the places where they are to
remain. They are ufually intermixed with other
flowering fhrubs, in wilderaefs work, where they add '
to the variety.
If they are propagated by layers, the young fhoots
fhould be laid down in the autumn, which wall have
good roots by that time twelvemonth, when the?
may be feparateb from the old plants, and tranfplanted
into a nurfery for a year or two to get ftrength, and
may then be removed to the places where they are to
grow.
9 S The
The third fort will grow to be a very large tree when
it is planted in a moift foil, but in dry ground it rarely
rifes to be more than twenty feet high. There have
been fome plants of late years railed from feeds which
came from Carolina, which have all the appearance
of the third fort, but are of much humbler growth ;
whether this may proceed from their being brought
from a warmer climate, fo do not agree with the cold
of our winters fo well as that, or whether they are a
different fpecies from that, I cannot yet determine,
as they have not produced fruit here.
The Laurel may be eafily propagated by planting of
the cuttings * the beft time for doing this is in Sep-
tember, as loon as the autumnal rains fall to moiften
the ground •, the cuttings mult be the fame year's
fhoots, and if they have a fmall part of the former
years wood to their bottom, they will more certainly
fucceed, and form better roots. Thefe fhould be
planted in a foft loamy foil about fix inches deep,
preffing the earth clofe to them. If thefe are proper-
ly planted, and the ground is good, there will few of
the cuttings fail ^ and if they are kept clean from
weeds the following fumrner, they will have made
good fhoots by the following autumn, when they may
be tranfplanted into a nurfery, where they may grow
two years to get ftrength, and then fhould be remov-
ed to the places where they are to remain. Thefe
plants were formerly kept in pots and tubs, and pre-
ferved in green- houfes in winter ; but afterward they
were planted againft warm walls, to preferve them,
being frequently injured by fevere froft. After this
the plants were trained into pyramids and globes, and
constantly kept fneered •, by which the broad leaves
were generally cut in the middle, which rendered the
plants very unfightly. Of late years they have been
more properly difpofed in gardens, by planting them
to border woods, and the Tides of wildernefs quarters ;
for which purpofe we have but few plants fo well
adapted, for it will grow under the drip of trees, in
fliade or fun ; and the branches will fpread to the
ground, fo as to form a thicket ; and the leaves be-
ing large, and having a fine gloffy green colour, they
fet off the woods and other plantations in winter, when
the other trees have caft their leaves ; and in fumrner
they make a good contraft with the green of the other
trees. Thefe trees are fometimes injured in very fe-
vere winters, efpecially where they ftand fingle and
are much expoied ; but where they grow in thickets,
and are fcreened by other trees, they are feldom much
hurt ; for in thofe places it is only the young tender
fhoots which are injured, and there will be new fhoots
produced immediately below thefe to fupply their
place, fo that in one year the damage will be re-
paired. But whenever fuch fevere winters happen,
thefe trees fhould not be cut or pruned till after the
following Midfummer •, by -which time it will appear
what branches are dead, which may then be cut away,
to the places where the new fhoots are produced for
by haftily cutting thefe trees in the fpring, the drying
winds have free ingrefs to the branches, whereby the
fhoots fuller as much, if not more, than they had done
by the froft.
Thefe trees are alfo very ornamental, when they are
mixed with other evergreen trees, in forming of
thickets, or to fhut out the appearance of diiagreeable
objects •, for the leaves being very large, make a very
good blind, and are equally ufeful for fereening from
winds ^ fo that when they are planted between flower-
ing- fhrubs, they may be trained fo as to fill up the
vacancies in the middle of fuch plantations ; and will
anfwer the purpofe of fereening in the winter, and
fhutting out the view through the fhrubs in all fea-
fons : there are alfo many other purpofes to which
this tree may be applied, fo as to render it very or-
namental.
In warmer countries this tree will grow to a large
fize, fo that in fome parts of Italy there are large
woods of them •, but we cannot hope to have them
grow to fo large Items in England ; for fhould thefe
trees be pruned up, in order to form them into ftems,
the froft would then become much more hurtful to
them than in the manner they ufually grow, with their
branches to the ground : however, if the trees are-
planted pretty clofe together in large thickets, and
permitted ^to grow rude, they will defend each other
from the froft, and they will grow to a confiderable
height : an inftance of which is now in that noble
plantation of evergreen trees, made by his Grace the
Duke of Bedford at Wooburn-abbey, where there
is a confiderable hill covered entirely with Laurels ;
and in the other parts of the fame plantation, there are
great numbers of thefe intermixed with the other ever-
green trees, where they are already grown to a con-
fiderable fize, and make a noble appearance.
There are fome perfons who propagate thefe trees
from their berries, which is certainly the beft way to
obtain good plants ; for thofe which come from feeds
have a difpofition to an upright growth, whereas al~
moft all thofe which are raifed from cuttings or layers,
incline more to an horizontal growth, and produce a
greater number of lateral branches. When any perfon
is defirous to propagate tins tree by feeds, the berries
muft be guarded from the birds, otherwife they will
devour them before they are perfectly ripe, which is
feldom earlier than the latter end of September, or the
beginning of O&ober, for they fhould hang until the
outer pulp is quite black. When thefe berries are
gathered, they fhould be fawn foon after ; for when
they are kept out of the ground till fpring, they fre-
quently mifearry ; and there will be no hazard in
lowing them in the autumn, provided they are put
in a dry foift and if the winter fhould prove fevere, the
bed in which they are Town fhould be covered with
rotten tan, ftraw, Peas-haulm, or any light covering
to prevent the froft from penetrating of the ground.
The beft way will be to fow the berries in roWs at
about fix inches diftance, and one inch afunder in the
rows ; if drills are made about three inches deep, and
the berries fcattered in them, and the earth drawn
over them, it will be a very good method. The fol-
lowing fpring the plants will appear, when they fiiould
be kept clean from weeds j and if the feafon fhould
prove dry, if they are duly watered, the plants will
make fo good progrefs as to be fit for tranfplanting
the following autumn, when they fhould be carefully
taken up, and planted in a nurfery, placing them in
rov/s at three feet afunder, and the plants one foot
diftance in the rows. In this nurfery they may re-
main two years, by which time they will be fit to
tranfplant where they are defigned to remain.
The beft feafon for tranfplanting thefe plants is in
the autumn, as foon as the rain has prepared the
ground for planting ; for although they often grow
when removed in the fpring, yet thofe do not take
fo well, nor make fo good progrefs as thofe which are
removed in the autumn, efpecially if the plants are
taken from a light foil, which generally falls away
from their roots ; but if they are taken up with balls
of earth to their roots, and removed but a fmaii
diftance, there will be no danger of tranfolantirm
them in the fpring, provided it is done before they
begin to fhoot ; for as the plants will (hoot very early
in the fpring, fo if they are removed after thay have
fhot, the fhoots will decay, and many times the plants
entirely fail.
There are fome perfons who, of late, have banifhed
thefe plants from their gardens, as ftippofing them
pofieffed of a poifonous quality, becaufe the diftilled
water has proved fo in many inftances ^ but however
the diftilled water may have been found deftructive to.
animals, yet from numberlefs experiments which
have been made both of the leaves and fruit, it hath
not appeared that there is the leaft hurtful quality in
either ; fo that the whole muft be owing to the oil,
which may be carried over in diftilktion.
The berries have been long ufed to put into brandy,
to make a fort of ratafia, and the leaves have alio
been put into cuftards, to give them an agreeable
flavour and although thefe have been for many years
much ufed, yet there hath been no one inftance of
their
PiEO
their having done the leaf: injury •, and as to the ber-
ries, I have known them eaten in great quantities
without prejudice.
There are fome perfons who have grafted the Laurel
upon Cherry hocks, with defign to enlarge the trees,
but although they will take very well upon each other,
yet they feldom make much progrefs when either the
Laurel is grafted on the Cherry, or the Cherry upon
the Laurel fo that it is only a thing of curiofity, at-
tended with no real ufe : and I would recommend to
perfons who have this curiofity, to graft the Laurel
upon the Cornifh Cherry, rather than any other fort
of flock, becaufe the graft will unite better with this 5
and as it is a regular tree and grows large, fo it will
better anfwer the purpofe of producing large trees.
The Portugal Laurel may be propagated in the fame
way as the common Laurel, either by cuttings, lay-
ers, or feeds. If the cuttings are planted at the fame
feafon, and in the fame way as hath been direfted for
the common Laurel, they will take root very freely ;
or if the young branches are laid in the autumn,
they will take root in one year, and may then be re-
moved into a nurfery, where they may grow a year
or two get ftrength, and then transplanted where they
are to remain.
But although both thefe methods are very expeditious
for the propagating thefe plants, yet I would recom-
mend the railing them from the berries, efpecially
where they are defigned for tall ftandards ; for the
plants which are propagated by cuttings and layers,
put out more lateral branches and become bufhy, but
are not fo well inclined to grow upright, as thofe
which come from feeds : and as there are now many
trees in the Englilh gardens which produce plenty of
berries every year, fo if they are guarded from birds
till they are ripe, there may be a fupply of them fuf-
ficient to raife plants enough without propagating
them any other way. Thefe berries mull be fown in
the autumn, and treated in the fame way as the com-
mon Laurel.
This tree delights in a gentle loamy foil, which is
rot too wet nor over dry, though it will grow upon
almoft any foil : but the plants do not make fo great
progrefs, nor appear fo beautiful, when planted in
a very dry foil, or in ground that is too wet. The
time of tranfplanting this, is the fame as for the com-
mon Laurel.
This tree is much hardier than the common Laurel,
for in the fevere froft of the year 1740, when great
numbers of Laurels were entirely killed, and moll of
them loll their verdure, this remained unhurt in per-
fect verdure, which renders it more valuable ; and as
by the appearance of fome trees now growing in the
gardens, they feem as if they will grow to a large
fize, fo it is likely to be one of the moft ornamental
evergreens we have.
PiEONIA. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 273. tab. 146. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 600. [fo called from Pseon the phyfician,
becaufe he is faid to have cured Pluto, when wounded
by Hercules, with this herb.] The Peony ; in French,
Pivoine.
The Characters are,
5 The flower has a permanent empalement , compofed of
five concave reflexed leaves , unequal in Jize and pojition.
"The flower hath five large , roundijh , concave petals which
fpread open , and a great number of fhort hairy ftarnina ,
terminated by large , oblongs four-cornered fummits , with
two , three, or four oval, ere fit, hairy germen in the cen-
ter, having no ftyles, but have oblong , comprejfed , obtufe,
coloured fligmas. 'The germen afterward become fo many
oval, oblong , reflexed, hairy cap files , having one cell,
open longitudinally , containing feveral oval, Jhining , co-
loured feeds, fixed to the furrow ,
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond feflion
of Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, which contains thofe
plants whole flowers have many llamina and two ger-
men or ftvles.
4
The Species are,
1. Paeonia ( Mafcula ) foliis lobatis ex ovato-lanceolatis.
Haller. Helv. 311. Peony with lobated leaves which are
oval and fpear-fhaped. Pseonia folio nigricante fpleri-
dido, quae mas. C, B. P- 323'. Peony with dark finning
leaves, otherwife male Peony ,
2. PiBotfiA (Fceminea) foliis difformiter lobatis. Haller.
Helvet. 311. Peony with difformed lobated leaves. Pse-
onia communis, vel foemina. G. B. P. 323. Common
or female Peony.
3. P^eqnta {Peregrina) foliis difformiter lobatis, lobis in-
cifis, petal's florum rotundioribus. Peony with dif-
formed lobated leaves which are cut, and rounder petals to
the flower. Paeonia peregrina, flore faturate rubente.
C. B. P. 324. Foreign Peony with a deep red flower.
4. P/eonia (. Hirfuta ) foliis lobatis, lobis lanceolatis in-,
tegerrimis. Peony with lobated leaves , whofe lobes are
fpear-fhaped and entire. Paeonia fcemina flore plena
rubra majore. C. B. P, 324. Female Peony with a lar-
ger double red flower,
5. P/eon i a fi ariarica) foliis difformiter lobatis pube-
fcentibus. Tab. 199. Peony with difformed lobated leaves *
which are downy.
6. Paeonia ( Lujitanica ) foliis lobatis, lobis ovatis in-
ferne incanis. Peony with lobated leaves, whofe lobes
are oval and hoary on their under fide. Paeonia Lufita-
nica, flore limplici odoro. Juff. Peony of Portugal with
a Jingle fweet flower.
The firft fort here enumerated, is the common maid
Peony, which grows naturally in the woods on the
Helvetian mountains. The root of this is compofed
of feveral oblong knobs, fhaped like the dugs of a
cow, which hang by firings, faftened to the main
head ; the ftalks rife about two feet and a half high,
which are garnifhed with leaves compofed of feveral
oval lobes, fome of which are cut into two or three
fegments • they are of a lucid green on their upper
fide, but are hoary on their under. The ftalks are
terminated by large Angle flowers, compofed of five
or fix large roundifh red petals, inclofing a great num-
ber of ftarnina, terminated by oblong yellow fum-
mits. In the center is fituated two, three, or forne-
times five germen, which join together at their bafe 5
they are covered with a wh-itifh hairy down •, thefe af-
terward fpread afunder, and open longitudinally, ex-
pofing the romidifti feeds, which are firft red, then
purple, and when perfectly ripe turn black. The
flowers appear in May, and the feeds ripen in the
autumn.
There is one variety of this with pale, and another
with white flowers, as alfo one whofe leaves have
larger lobes •, but as thefe are generally fuppofed to
be only feminal variations, fo I have not enumerated
them here.
The fecond fort is called the female Peony-, the roots
of this are compofed of feveral roundifh thick knobs
or tubers, which hang below each other, faftened
with firings ; the ftalks are green, and rife about;
the fame height as the former ; thefe are garnifhed with
leaves, compofed of Several unequal lobes, which
are varioufly cut into many fegments ; they are of a
paler green than thofe of the firft, and are hairy on
their under fide the flowers are final ler, and of a
deeper purple colour. It flowers at the fame time as
the firft.
There are feveral varieties of this fort with double
flowers, which are cultivated in the Englifh gardens j
thefe differ in the fize and colour of their flowers, but
are fuppofed to have been accidentally obtained from
feeds.
The third fort grows naturally in the Levant ; the
roots of this are compofed of roundifh knobs like
thofe of the fecond fort, as are alfo the leaves, but are : _
of a thicker fubftance the ftalks do not rife fo high,
and the flowers have a greater number of petals. This
flowers a little after the other. The large double pur-
ple Peony, I fufpedt is a variety of this fort.
The fourth fort hath roots like the fecond the ftalks
are taller, and of a purplifh colour j the leaves are
much longer, the lobes are fpear-fhaped and entire .>
the flowers are large, and of a deep red colour. This
flowers at the fame time as the two firft forts.
The
The feeds of the fifth fort were brought from the
Levant, and from them there were plants raifed, which
produced fingle, and others with double flowers, of
the fame fhape, fize, and colour. The roots of
thefe are compofed of oblong flefliy tubers or knobs *
they are of a pale colour, and hang by firings like the
other fpecies. The ftalks rife about two feet high,
which are of a pale green, and are garnifhed with
leaves compofed of feveral lobes, which are irregular
in fhape and fize, fame of them having but fix, and
others have eight or ten fpear-ihaped lobes •, thefe are
fame cut into two, fome three figments, and others
are entire ; they are of a pale green, and are downy
on their under fide. The ftalks are terminated by
one flower of a bright red colour, a little lefs than that
of the female Peony, and have fewer petals ; they
have a great number of ftamina, and fometimes two,
at others three germen, like thofe of the female Pe-
ony, but fliorter and whiter. This flowers a little
later than the common Peony.
The feeds of the fixth fort were fent to the Chelfea
Garden by Dr. de Juflieu, who brought them from
Portugal, where the plants grow naturally. The
root of this fort is not compofed of roundifh tubers
or knobs, but hath two or three long, taper, forked
fangs like fingers. The ftalk rifes little more than a
foot high, and is garnilhed with leaves compofed of
three or four oval lobes, of a pale colour on their up-
per fide, and hoary on their under ; the ftalk is ter-
minated by a fingle flower, which is of a bright red
colour, fmalier than either of the former, and an agree-
able fweet (cent. This flowers about the fame time
with the common fort.
The firft of thefe forts is chiefly propagated for the
roots, which are ufed in medicine •, for the flowers
being fingle, do not afford near fo much pieafure as
thofe with double flowers, nor will they abide near
fo long in beauty.
All the forts with double flowers are preferved in cu-
rious gardens for the beauty of their flowers, which,
when intermixed with other large growing plants in
the borders of large gardens, v/ill add to the variety ;
and the flowers are very ornamental in bafons or
flower-pots, when placed in rooms.
They are all extremely hardy, and v/ill grow in al-
moft any foil or fituation, which renders them more
valuable •, for they will thrive under the fnade of
trees, and in fuch places they will continue much
longer in beauty.
They are propagated by parting their roots, which
multiply very faft. The beft feafon for tranfplanting
them is toward the latter end of Auguft, or the begin-
ning of September •, for if they are removed after
their roots have (hot out new fibres, they feldom
flower ftrong the fucceeding fummer.
In parting thefe roots, you fliould always obferve to
preferve a bud upon the crown of each offset, other-
wife they will come to nothing; nor fliould you di-
vide the roots too fmall (efpecially if you have re-
gard to their blowing the following year) for when
their offsets are weak, they many times do not flower
the fucceeding fummer, or at leaft produce but one
flower upon' each root : but where you would multi-
ply them in quantities, you may divide them as fmall
as you pleafe, provided there be a bud to each offset ;
but then they fliould be planted in a nurfery-bed for
a feafon or two to get ftrength, before they are placed
in the flower-garden.
The fingle forts may be propagated from feeds (which
they generally produce in large quantities, where the
flowers are permitted to remain) which fliould be
fawn in the autumn foon after they are ripe, upon a
bed of light frelh earth, covering them over about
half an inch thick with the fame light earth. The
fpring following the plants will come up, when they
fhouidhe carefully cleared from weeds, and in very
dry weather refrefhed with water, which will greatly
forward their growth. In this bed they 'fliould re-
main two years before they are tranfplanted, obferving
In autumn, when the leaves are decayed, to Tpread
-T £ * JLa
fome frefti rich earth over the bids about an inch
thick, and conftantly to keep them clear from weeds.
When you transplant them, (which thould be done i.n
September) you mull prepare fome beds of frelh light
earth, which fliould be dug, and well cleaned from
the roots of all noxious weeds '; then plant the roots
therein fix inches afunder, and about three inches
deep. In thefe beds they may remain until they
flower, alter which they may be tranfplanted where
you defign they fliould grow. It is very probable
there may be fome varieties obtained from the feeds
of thefe plants, as is common in moft other flowers -
fo that thofe which produce beautiful flowers, may be
placed in the flower-garden, but fuch as continue
fingle or ill coloured, may be planted in beds to pro-
pagate for medicinal ufe.
The Portugal Peony may alfo be propagated either
by feeds, or parting the roots, in the fame manner
as the other forts, but fliould have a lighter foil and a
warmer fituation. The flowers of this kind are fingle^
but flneil very fweet, which renders it worthy of a
place in every good garden.
P A L I U R U S. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 6 1 6. tab. 3 S 7*
Rhamnus. Lin. Gen. Plant. 235. Chrift’s Thorn,
The Characters are,
The flower has no empalement. It hath five petals 'which
are ranged circularly , and end in acute points. It hath
five ftamina, which are infer ted in the ft ales under the
petals , terminated by fmall fummits , and a roundifh trifid
germen , fupporting three floort flyles, crowned by obtufe
ftigmas. The germen afterward 'becomes a buckkr-jbaped
nut divided into three cells , each containing one feed . ~
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnreus joined to
the Rhamnus, which is ranged in the firft fed ion
of his fifth clafs, in which are placed thofe plants
v/hofe flowers have five ftamina and one ltyle ; but
as the flowers of this have three flyles, fo it fliould
be ranged in his third lection.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
PaliurUs {Spina Chrifti.) Dod. Pemptt 84S. Chrijfs.
Thorn. Rhamnus aculeis geminatis, mferiore refiexo,
floribus trigynis. Hort. Cliff. 69. Prickly Buckthorn,
with double thorns , the under ones of which are re flexed,
and flowers containing three germina.
This plant grows naturally in the hedges in Palef-
tine ; it rifes with a pliant fhrubby ftalk to the height
of eight or ten feet, fending out many weak fiender
branches, garnifhed with oval leaves placed alternately.
Handing upon foot-ftalks near one inch long ; theie
have three longitudinal veins, and are of a pale green.
The flowers come out at the wings of the ftalk in
clufters, almoft the length of the young branches ;
. they are of a greenifh yellow colour, and appear in
June, and are iucceeded by broad, roundifh, buckler-
fhaped feed-veffels, which have borders like the brims
of a hat, the foot-ftalks being faftened to the middle ;
thefe have three cells, each containingone feed.
This is by many perfons fuppofed to be the plant,
from which the crown of thorns which was put upon
the head of our Saviour, was compofed ; the truth of
which is fupported by many travellers of credit, who
affirm that this is one of the moft common fhrubs in
the country of Judaea; and from the pliablenefs of
its branches, which may eafily be wrought into any
figure, it may afford a probability.
This fhrub grows wild in moft parts of the Levant,
as alfo in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the fouth of
France, efpecially near Montpelier, from whence
their feeds may be procured, for they do not ripen
in England. Thefe feeds fliould be fown as foon as
poflible after they arrive, on a bed of light earth,
and the plants will come up the following fpring- ;
but when the feeds are kept out of the ground till
fpring, they will not come up till the next years
and very often fail ; therefore it is much the ’ beft
way to flow them in the autumn. Thefe feeding plants
may be tranfplanted the following feafon into a nur-
fery to get ftrength, before they are planted out for
. good.
It
PAL
It may alfo be propagated by laying down its ten-
der branches in the fpring of the year, which if care-
fully fupplied with water in dry weather, will take
root in a year’s time, and may then be taken off
from the old plant, and transplanted where they are
to remain.
The bell time for tranfplanting this plant is in au-
tumn, foon after the leaves decay, or the beginning
of April, juft before it begins to fhoot, obferving to
lay fome mulch upon the ground about their roots to
prevent them from drying, as alfo to refrefh them
now and then with a little water until they have taken
frefh root, after which they will require but very little
care. They are very hardy, and will grow to be ten
or twelve feet high, if planted in a dry foil and a
warm fttuation. There is little beauty in this plant,
but it is kept in gardens as a curiofity.
PALMA. Plum. Gen. i. Raii Meth. Plant. 135.
The Palm-tree.
The Characters are,
It hath male and female flowers in fome flpecies on the
fame plant , and in others on different plants the empa-
lement of the male flowers are divided into three parts.
I he flowers of fome flpecies have three petals , and fix
fiamina terminated hy oblong fummits , with an obfolete
germen , fupporting three flhort jlyles , crowned by acute
Jligmas thefe are barren. I he female flowers have a
common Jheath , but no empalement -, they have fix fhort
petals , and an oval germen fitting upon an awl-Jhaped
jlyle , crowned by a trifid fiigma. I he germen afterward
becomes a fruit of various forms and fizes in different
fpecics.
Mr. Ray ranges this genus in the front of his trees
and ftirubs, which have male flowers at remote dif-
tances from the fruit, fometimes on the fame, and at
others on different trees. Dr. Linnaeus has feparated
the fpecies under the following genera, Chamaerops,
Borafliis, Corypha, Cocos, Phoenix, Areca, and
Elate, ranging them in his Appendix.
The Species are,
1. Palma {IQ ably lifa a) frondibus pinnatis, foliolis an-
guftioribus aculeis terminalibus. Palm-tree with wing-
ed leaves , whofe lobes are narrow , terminated by fpines.
Palma major. C. B. P. 506. The greater Palm or Date-
tree.
2. Palma {Cocos) frondibus pinnatis, foliolis replicatis,
fpadicibus alaribus, frudtu maximo angulofo. Palm-
tree with winged leaves , whofe lobes are folded back ,
foot-fialks proceeding from the fid.es of the branches , and a
large angular fruit. Palma Indica, coccifera, angu-
lofa. C. B. P. 502. Indian Palm-tree having an angular
fruit , commonly called Cocoa-nut.
3. Palma ( Spinofa ) frondibus pinnatis, ubique aculea-
tis, aculeis nigricantibus fru&u majore. Palm-tree
with winged leaves , which are every where armed with
black fpines , and bearing a larger fruit. Palma to-
ta fpinofa major, frudtu pruniformi. Sloan. Cat.
Jam. 177. Greater Palm-tree which is all over prickly,
and a Plum-fiaped fruit , commonly called great Ma-
caw-tree.
4. Palma {Altijfmd) frondibus pinnatis, caudice asqu'a-
li, frucTu minore. Palm-tree with winged leaves , an
equal trunk , and a fmailer fruit. Palma altiffima non
fpinofa, fructu pruniformi minore racemofo fparfo.
Sloan. Cat. Jam. 176. The tallefi Palm-tree having no
fpines , ancl a fmailer Plum-Jhaped fruit , growing in
long bunches flatteringly , commonly called the Cabbage-
tree.
5. Palma ( Gracili ) frondibus pinnatis, caudice tereti
aculeato, fru&u minore. Palm-tree with winged leaves,
a taper prickly flalk, and a fmailer fruit. Palma fpinofa
minor, caudice gracili, frudu pruniformi, minimo
rubro. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 178. Smaller prickly Palm-tree
with a fender flalk, and the leaf, red, Plum-Jhaped fruit ,
called Prickly Pole.
6 . PJlma ( Oleofa ) frondibus pinnatis, foliolis lineari-
bus planis, ftipitibus ip mo (ft. Palm-tree with winged
leaves, having narrow plain lobes, and prickly midribs.
Palma foliorum pediculis fpinofis, frudu pruniformi
luteo oleofo. Sloan. Cat. Jam. 175. Palm-tree with
P A L
prickly foot-fialks to the leaves , and a yellow , Plum-
Jhaped, oily fruit , commonly called oily Palm-tree.
7. Palma (fir unifier a) frondibus p i n nato-p a! m atis p!i~
catis, 'caudice fquamato. Palm-tree with hand-jhaped
winged leaves which are plaited , and a fcaly flalk. Pal-
ma Brafilienfis prunifera, folio plicatili feu flabel-
liformi,-. candid iquamato. Raii Hift. 1368. Plum-
bearing Palm-tree of the Prof Is, with a plaited or
fan-fhaped leaf , and a fcaly flalk, called Palmetto or
Thatch.
8. Palma ( Polypodifolia ) frondibus pinnatis, foliolis li-
neari-lanceolatis, petiolis fpinofis. Hort. Cliff. 482.
Palm-tree with winged leaves, whofe lobes are linearly
fpear-Jhaped , and prickly foot-fialks. Palma Japonica,
fpinofis pediculis, polypodii folio. Boerh. Ind, alt. 2,
170. Palm-tree of Japan with prickly foot-fialks , and a
Polypody leaf , or the Sago-tree.
9. Palma ( Pumila ) frudu clavato polypyreno. Trewv
Dec. tab. 26. PaM-tree with a chib-Jhaped fruit con-
taining many feeds. Palma Americana' folks' polygo-
nati brevioribus, lseviter ferratis, & nonnihil fpinofis,
trunco craffo. Pluk. Phyt. tab. 103. fig. 2. & tab.
309. fig. 5. American Palm-tree, with fhort er Solomon’s
Seal leaves which are lightly fawed and fomewhat
prickly, with a thick trunk.
10. Palma {Americana) frondibus pinnatis, foliolis Ian-
ceolatis plicatis geminatis (parks. Palm-tree with wing-
ed leaves, whofe lobes are fpear-foaped, plaited, and come
out by pairs from one point , fianding thinly along the mid-
rib. Palma altiffima, non fpinofa, frudu oblongo.
Houft. MSS. Tallefi Palm-tree having no prickles, and
bearing an oblong, fruit.
11. Palma {Draco) folks fimplicibus enfiformibus inte-
gerrimis flaccid is. Palm-tree with fingle , fword-flmped,
entire flaccid leaves. Palma prunifera foliis yuccas,
frudu in racemis congeftis cerafi formi, duro, cine-
reo, pifi magnitudine, cujus lacryma fanguis draco-
nis eft dida. Corn. Cat. Amft. Plum-bearing Palm-
tree , with leaves like thofe of the Tucca, and fruit ga-
thered in long bunches , which are Cherry-fhaped, Afh-
coloured , hard , and the fize of Peas, whofe tears are
called Dragons Blood, commonly called Dragon-tree.
The firft fort here mentioned, is the common Date-
tree, which grows plentifully in Africa, and fome of
the eaftern countries, from whence the fruit is brought
to England. This rifes to a great height in the warm,
countries ; the (talks are generally full of rugged
knots, which are the veftiges of the decayed leaves,
for the trunks of thefe trees are not folid like other-
trees, but the center is filled with pith, round which
is a tough bark full of ftrong fibres while young, but
as the trees grow old, fo this bark hardens and be-
comes ligneous ; to this bark the leaves are clofely
joined, which in the center rife ered, being clofely
folded or plaited together, but after they are advan-
ced above the vagina which furrounds them, they ex-
pand very wide on every fide the ftem, and, as the
older leaves decay, the (talk advances in height. The
leaves of thefe trees, when grown to a fize for bear-
ing fruit, are fix or eight feet long, and may be term-
ed branches , (for the trees have no other) thefe have
narrow long leaves (or pinnae) fet on alternately their
whole length. The fmall leaves or lobes are toward
the bafe three feet long, and little more than one
inch broad ; they are clofely folded together when
they firft appear, and are wrapped round by brown
fibres or threads, which fall off as the leaves advance,
making way for them to expand ; thefe never open
flat, but are hollow like the keel of a boat, with a
ffiarp ridge on their backfide ; they are very ftiff)
and, when young, of a bright green, ending with a
(harp black fpine. Thefe trees have male flowers
on different plants from thofe which produce the fruit,
and there is a neceffity for fome of the male trees to
grow near the female trees to render them fruitful ;
or, at leaft, to impregnate the ovary of the feed,
without which the Hones, which are taken out of the
fruit, will not grow. Moft of the old authors, who
have mentioned thefe trees, affirm, that unlefs the
female or fruit- bearing Palm-trees have the affiftance
9 T ■ of
PAL
of the male, they are barren ; therefore in fuch |
places where there are no male trees near the female,
the inhabitants cut off the bunches of male flowers
when they are juft opened, and carry them to the
female trees, placing them, on the branches near the
female flowers to impregnate them ; which, they all
agree, has the defired effe<ft, rendering the trees fruit-
ful, which would otherwife have been barren. Pere
Labat in his account of America, mentions a Angle
tree of this kind, growing near a convent in the ifland
of Martinico, which produced a great quantity of
fruit, which came to maturity enough for eating •,
but, as there was no other tree of this kind in the
ifland they were defirous to propagate it, and accord-
inly planted great numbers of the ftones for feveral
years, but not one of them grew ; therefore after
having made feveral trials without fuccefs, they were
obliged to fend to Africa, where thefe plants grew in
plenty, for feme of the fruit •, the ftones of which
they planted, and raifed many of the plants. He then
conjectures, that the Angle tree before-mentioned,
might be probably fo far impregnated by fome neigh-
bouring Palm-trees of other fpecies, as to render it ca-
pable of ripening the fruit, but not fuffleient to make
the feeds prolific, as is the cafe when animals of dif-
ferent kinds copulate.
The flowers of both fexes come out in very long
bunches from the trunk between the leaves, and are
covered with a fpatha, (or fheath) which opens and
withers •, thofe of the male have fix fhort ftamina, with
narrow four-cornered fummits filled with farina. The
female flowers have no ftamina, but have a roundifh
germen, which afterward becomes an oval berry,
with a thick pulp inclofing a hard oblong ftone, with
a deep furrow running longitudinally. The bunches
of fruit are fometimes very large.
This fpecies of Palm is by Dr. Linnaeus titled Phoe-
nix, which is the Greek name of it, and he makes it
a diftinft genus. There are fome varieties, if not
different fpecies of this tree, in the warm countries ;
but as we cannot expeft to fee the trees in perfection
in our country, it is not likely we ftiall come to any
certainty how they differ from each other.
Thefe plants may be eaflly produced from the feeds
taken out of the fruit, (provided they are frefh)
which ftiouid be fown in pots filled with light rich
earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tan-
ners bark, which fhould be kept in a moderate tem-
perature of heat, and the earth frequently refreflied
with water.
When the plants are come up, they fhould be each
planted into a feparate fmall pot filled with the fame
light rich earth, and plunged into a hot-bed again,
obferving to refrefh them with water, as alfo to let
them have air in proportion to the warmth of the
feafon, and the bed in which they are placed. Dur-
ino- the fummer time they fhould remain in the fame
hot-bed, but in the beginning of Auguft you fhould
let them have a great fhare of air to harden them
againft the approach of winter ; for if they are too
much forced, they will be fo tender as not to be pre-
ferved through the winter without much difficulty,
efpecially if you have not the conveniency of a bark-
ftove to keep them in.
The beginning of October you mult remove the plants
into the ftove, placing them where they may have a
moderate fhare of heat (thefe being fomewhat ten-
derer, while young, than after they have acquired
fome ftrength •,) though indeed they may be fome-
times preferved alive in a cooler fituation, yet their
progrefs would be fo much retarded, as not to reco-
ver their vigour the fucceeding fummer. Nor is it
worth the trouble of raffing thefe plants from feeds,
where a perfon has not the conveniency of a ftove to
forward their growth ; for where this is wanting, they
will not grow to any tolerable faze in twenty years.
Whenever thefe plants are removed, (which fhould
be done once a year) you rnuft be very careful not to
cut or injure their large roots, which is very hurtful
to them ; but you fhould clear off all the fmall fibres
PAL
which are inclinable to mouldinefs, for if theft are
left on, they will in time decay, and hinder the frefh'
fibres from coming out, which will greatly retard the
growth of the plants.
The foil in which thefe plants fhould be placed,
muft be compofed in the following manner, viz. half
of light frefh earth taken from a pafture ground, the
other half fea-fand, and rotten dung or tanners bark*
in equal proportion ; thefe fhould be carefully mixed,
and laid in a heap three or four months at leaft before
it is ufed, but fhould be often turned over to prevent
the growth of v/eeds and to. fweeten the earth.
You fhould alfo obferve to allow them pots proporti-
onable to the fizes of the plants ; but you muft never
let them be too large, which is of worfe confeqaence
than if they are too fmall. During the fummer fea-
fon they ftiouid be frequently refreflied with water,
but you muft be careful not to give it in too great
quantities; and in winter they muft be now and then
refreflied, efpecially if they are placed in a warm
ftove, otherwife they will require very little water ac
that feafon.
Thefe plants are very flow growers, even in their na-
tive countries, notwithftanding they arrive to a great
magnitude ; for it has been often obferved by feveral
of the old inhabitants of thole countries, that the
plants of fome of thefe kinds have not advanced two
feet in height in ten years ; fo that when they are
brought into thefe countries, it cannot be expeded
they fhould advance very faft, efpecially where there
is not due care taken to preferve them warm in win-
ter. But however flow of growth thefe plants are in
their native countries, yet they may be with us greatly
forwarded, by placing the pots into a hot-bed of tan-
ners bark, which fhould be renewed as often as is ne-
ceffary, and the plants always preferved therein both
winter and fummer, obferving to fhift them into
larger pots as they advance in growth, as alfo to {‘ap-
ply them with water properly, with which manage-
ment I have had feveral of them come on very faft ;
for I obferve the roots of thefe plants are very apt to
root into the bark, if their pots remain a confi-
derable time without fliifting, where they meet with
a gentle warmth, and the moifture arifing from the
fermentation of the bark doth preferve their fibres
plump and vigorous ; but although the leaves grow
tall in a few years with this management, yet it is
long before the plants come to have tiny Items. There
are plants now in the Chelfea Garden, v/hofe leaves are
feven feet long, which were raffed from feeds more
than twenty years ago, and their items are not two
feet high, fome of which have produced fmall bunches
of male flowers.
The fecond fort here mentioned, is the Cocoa-nut,
whofe fruit are frequently brought to England, fome
of which are of a large fize. The branches of this
tree are winged like thofe of the former, but the
fmall leaves or lobes are three times as broad ; they
open flat, their borders fold backward, and are of a
lighter green than thofe of the firft fort. The whole
leaf (or branch) is often twelve or fourteen feet long ;
the male flowers grow in different parts of the fame
tree with the fruit, proceeding from the trunk between
the leaves ; they are difpofed in long bunches, as are
alfo the female, the nuts growing in very large duffers,
which are covered with a thick fibrous coat adhering
clofely to them. The nuts are large, oval, and have
three holes in the fiiell at the top the kernel is firm,
white within, and the fhell contains a quantity of pale
juice, which is called the milk.
The Cocoa-nut is cultivated in moft of the inhabited
parts of theEaft and Weft-Indies, but is fuppofcd a
native of the Maldives, and the defert iflands of the
Eaft-Indies, from whence it is fuppofed it hath been
tranfported to all the warm parts of America ; for it
is not found in any of the inland parts, nor any where
far diftant from fettlements. It is one of the moft
ufeful trees to the inhabitants of America, who have
many of the common neceffaries of life from ir. The
bark of the tree is made into cordage, the fiiell of the
4 GUC
PAL
nut into drinking bowls, the kernel of the nut affords
them a wholfome food, and the milk contained in the
(hell a cooling liquor. The leaves of the trees are
ufed for thatching their houfes, and are alfo wrought
into baikets, and moil other things which are made of
Oilers in Europe.
This tree is propagated by planting of the nuts, which
in lx weeks or two months after planting will come
up, provided they are frefii and thoroughly ripe,
which is what few of them are which are brought to
England ; for they ahvavs gather them before they
are ripe, that they may keep during their paffage ; fo
that the beft way to bring nuts into England for
planting, would be to take fuch of them as are fully
ripe, and put them in dry fand in a tub, where the
vermin may not come to them ; and thefe will often
fprout in their paffage, which will be an advantage,
becaufe then they may be immediately planted into
pots of earth, and plunged into the bark-bed.
Thefe plants, in the hot i lands of America, make
conlderable progrefs in their growth, in which places
there are fome trees of very great magnitude *, but in
Europe it is of much flower growth, being many years
before it advances to any confiderable height ; but as
the young leaves of this plant are pretty large, they
make a good appearance amongft other tender exotic
plants in two or three years time. This plant is pre-
ferved in fome curious gardens in England for variety,
where it muft be placed in the bark-ftove, and ma-
naged as hath been diredted for the other kind of
Palm •, obferving, as often as they are tranfplanted,
not to cut their flrong roots, which is generally death
to moil of the Palm kind. Thefe plants muft not be
too much confined in their roots, for if they are, they
will make but little progrefs ; therefore, when the
young plants have filled the pots with their roots,
they (hould be Ihifted into tubs of a moderate fize,
that their roots may have room to extend ; but thefe
tubs muft be kept conftantly plunged into the bark-
bed, otherwife the plants will not thrive. The me-
thod of raifing thefe plants from the nuts, when they
are planted before they have fprouted, is fully de-
fcribed under the article of raifing exotic feeds ; to
which the reader is defired to turn, to avoid repetition.
The third fort is commonly called Macaw-tree by the
inhabitants of the Britifh Iflands in America ^ this
rifes to the height of thirty or forty feet. The item
is generally larger toward the top than at bottom •,
the branches (or rather the leaves) are winged ; the
fmall leaves or lobes are long and very broad •, the
ftalk and leaves are ftrongly armed with black fpines
of various iizes in every part v the male and female
flowers are on the fame tree, coming out in the fame
manner as the Cocoa-nut. The fruit is about the
fize of a middling Apple, and is inclofed in a very
hard fhell.
The Macaw-tree is very common in the Caribbee
Iflands, where the negroes pierce the tender fruit,
from whence flows out a pleafant liquor, of which
they are very fond *, and the body of the tree affords a
folid timber, with which they make javelins, arrows,
&c. and is by fome fuppofed to be a fort of Ebony.
This tree grows very flow, and requires to be kept
warm in winter.
The fourth fort is commonly called Cabbage-tree in
the Weft-Indies ; this rifes to a very great height in
the countries where it grows naturally. Ligon in his
Hiftory of Barbadoes fays, there were then fome of
thefe growing there, which were more than two hun-
dred feet high, and that he -was informed they were
a hundred years growing to maturity, fo as to pro-
duce feeds. The ftalks of thefe trees are feldom
larger than a man’s thigh ; they are fmoother than
thofeof moft other forts, for the leaves naturally fall
off entire from them, and only leave the veftigia or
marks where they have grown. Thefe leaves (or
branches) are twelve or fourteen feet long ; the fmall
leaves or lobes are about a foot long, and half an inch
broad, with feverai longitudinal plaits or furrows end-
ing in fort acute points ; thefe are not fo ftiff as thofe
P A L
of the firft fort, and are placed alternately. The
flowers come out in long loofe bunches below the
leaves ; thefe branch out into many loofe firings, and
are near four feet long, upon which the flowers are
thinly placed. The female flowers are fucceeded by
fruit about the fize of a Hazel nut, having a yeliow-
ifh (kin, fitting clofe to the firings of the principal
foot-ftalk.
As the inner leaves of this encompafs the future buds
more remarkably than moft of the other ipecies, fo it '
is diftinguiflhed by this appellation of Cabbage-tree j
for the center fhoots, before they are expofed to toe
air, are white and very tender, like moft other plants
which are blanched and this is the part which is cut
out and .eaten by the inhabitants, and is frequently
pickled and lent to England by the title of Cabbage
but whenever thefe fhoots are cut out, the plants de-
cay, and never after thrive j fo that it deftroys the
plants, which is the reafon that few of the trees are
now to be found in any of the iflands near fettlemencs,
and thofe are left for ornament.
The fifth fort is commonly called Prickly Pole in
Jamaica, where it naturally grows. Thefe trees are
commonly found in thickets, where a great number
of them are clofe together. Their ftalks are (lender,
feldom more than five or fix inches diameter, but rife
to the height of forty feet, and are clofely armed with
long thorns. The leaves are placed circularly on the
top, (as in moft of thefpecies.) Thefe are winged,,
but the lobes are (barter and greener than thofe of
the other forts, and are clolely armed with thorns.
The flowers come out in the fame manner as thofe of
the Cocoa-nut, upon long branching foot-ftalks ;
they are larger than the largeft gray Peas, flatted at
the top, and are covered with a red (kin. The inha-
bitants of Jamaica make rammers and rods for fcower-
ing of guns, of the ftems of thefe trees, which are
very tough and pliable ^ but there is no ufe made of
any other part, fo far as I can learn.
The fixth lbrt is called in the Weft-Indies the Oily
Palm, and by fome Negroes Oil, for the fruit of this
tree was firft carried from Africa to America by the
negroes. It grows in great plenty on the coaft of
Guinea, and alfo in the Cape de Verd Iflands, but
was not in any of our American colonies till it was
carried there ; but now the trees are in plenty in moft
of the iflands, where the negroes are careful to propa-
gate them.
The branches, (or rather the leaves) of this tree, are
winged ; the fmall leaves or lobes, are long, narrow,
and not fo ftiff as moft of the other forts ; the foot-
ftalks of the leaves are broad at their bafe, where they
embrace the ftem, dirnimfhing gradually upward, and
are armed with ftrong, blunt, yellowilh thorns, which
are largeft at their bate. The flowers come out at the
top of the ftem between the leaves ; fome bunches
have only male flowers, others have female ; the lat-
ter are fucceeded by oval berries, bigger than thofe
of the largeft Spanifh Olives, but of the fame fliape ;
thefe grow in very large bunches, and when ripe are
of a yellowifh colour.
From the fruit the inhabitants draw aq oil, in the fame
way as the oil is drawn from Olives •, from the body
of the tree they extract a liquor, which, when ferment-
ed, has a vinous quality, and will inebriate. The leaves
of the tree are wrought into mats by the negroes, on
which they lie.
The feventh fort is called Palmetto-tree, or Thatch,
by the inhabitants of Jamaica, where this tree grows
upon all the honey-comb rocks in great plenty.
It riles with a (lender ftalk ten or twelve feet high,
which is naked and fmooth, and at the top garnifh-
ed with many fan-fhaped leaves placed circularly ;
thefe have foot-ftalks two or three feet long, which
are armed with a few ftrong, green, crooked fpines ;
the pinnae, or lobes, do all meet in one center, where
they join the foot-ftalk, and are joined together a
third part of their length from their bate ^ they are at
firft clofely folded into plaits, but afterward fpread
out like a fan ; their ends being pliant: often hang
downwards
P A L
downward, and between thefe pinnae hang down long
threads. The flowers and fruit come out from be-
tween the leaves ; the fruit is of the fhape and fize of
thefmall Lucca Olives. The leaves of this tree are
ufed for thatch all over the Weft-Indies.
The eighth fort grows naturally in Japan, and alfo
upon rocky dry mountains at Malabar. This in
time rifes with a ftrait trunk about forty feet high,
which has many circles round it the whole length,
which are occasioned by the veftigia of the leaves,
which are placed circularly round the Item ; fo as
thefe feparate entirely and fall off, the circles remain
where their bafe embraced the ftalk. The ftalks are
terminated by an obtufe cone, juft below which the
leaves are placed ■, thefe on the large trees are eight
or nine feet long, but thofe of the fmall plants are
much lefs the largeft I have feen were not more than
two feet long. The bafe of the foot-ftalk, which
partly embraces the trunk, is broad and three-corner-
ed, and is armed on each fide with fliort fpines to the
place where the lobes, or fmall leaves, begin. Thefe
pinnte or lobes, are long, narrow, and entire, of a
lucid green on their upper fide, Handing by pairs op-
pofite along the midrib, very clofe together. The
flowers and fruit are produced in large bunches at the
foot-ftalks of the leaves ; the fruit is oval, about the
fize of a large Plum, and nearly of the fame fhape ■,
the fkin, or covering, changes firft yellow, and af-
terward red when ripe, of a fweet tafte, under which
is a hard brown fhell, inclofing a white nut, which is
in tafte like the Cheftnut.
From the pith of the trunk of this tree is made the
fago •, this is firft pulverized, then it is made into a
pafte, and afterward granulated.
The ninth fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun, growing naturally in the fands near Old Vera
Cruz in America. This hath a thick ftem, which >
feldom rifes more than two feet high. The leaves
come out round the upper part of the ftem, Handing
upon foot-ftalks which are a foot and a half long ;
they are winged ; the lobes or fmall leaves are about
five inches long, and one and a half broad in the mid-
dle, drawing to a point at both ends ; they are ftiff,
fmooth, and entire, having a few fmall indentures at
their points, and are placed alternate, of a pale green
colour ; there are fourteen or fifteen of thefe lobes
ranged along the midrib, or ftalk. The fruit rifes
up from the fide of the ftem, upon a fhort thick foot-
ftalk, Handing upright, and fhaped like a club, hav-
ing many red feeds about the fize of large Peas, Hand-
ing in feparate cells round the central foot-ftalk, to
which they adhere. Thefe plants have their male
flowers on feparate plants from the fruit, for all thofe
plants which have flowered in England are of the male
kind. Thefe plants lofe their leaves before the fruit
is ripe annually. The firft time when Dr. Houftoun
faw thefe plants growing at La Vera Cruz, they were
in full leaf, but on his return to the fame place three
months after, the fruit was then ripe, and all the
leaves were fallen off; and this he afterwards obferved
the following feafon.
The tenth fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun in the Spanifh Weft-Indies. This rifes with a
very tall naked trunk, garnifhed at the top with long
winged' branches or leaves, whofe lobes are fpear-
fhaped and plaited ; they are of a fofter texture than
any, of the other forts, and for the mo ft part come
out two from the fame point, fo ftand by pairs on the
fame fide of the midrib •, they have two lobes on a
fide a little above each other, but there is a great
fpace between every four lobes. The flowers come
out in long bunches from between the leaves, the
male flowers hanging on long tender firings-, but the
fruit, which is about the fize of a middling Plum, is
colle&ed into large bunches.
The eleventh fort grows naturally in the Cape Verd
Iflands, from whence I had one of the plants brought
me, as alfo in the Madeira, from whence I have re-
ceived the feeds. This is called Dragon-tree, be-
caufe the infpiffated juice of the plants becomes a
PAL
red powder,, very like the eaftern Dragons Blood, and
is frequently uied in Head of it in the fhops ; but the
tree, from whence the true Dragons Blood is taken,
is of a very different genus from this. Dr. Van
Royen ,in Hie Prodromes of the Leyden Garden, has
ranged this among the Yuccas, I fuppofe, from the
fimilitude of the plant to thoie of that genus ; for,
as the fruit of this is a berry not unlike thofe of the
Bay-tree, and the feeds of the Yucca grow in cap-
iules with three cells, they cannot he of the fame ge-
nus ; nor have we any good account of the real cha-
rafters of this plant, lo as abfolutely to determine
the genus. Dr. Linnasus has, upon the information
of his pupil Loefling, ranged it in his genus of Af-
paragus, to \yhich it feems to have little affinity j
therefore, as it has by feverai modem authors been
ranged under this title, I have continued it there.
This rifes with a thick trunk nearly equal in fize the
whole length, the inner part of which is pithy ; next
to this is a circle of ftrong fibres, and the out fide is
foft. The ftalk or trunk rifes twelve or fourteen feet
high, and is nearly of the fame diameter the whole
length, which is rarely more than eight or ten inches %
there are the circular marks or rings left the whole
length, where the leaves are fallen off; for as thefe
half embrace the ftalk with their bafe, fo when they
fall away, the veftigia where they grew remain. The
top of the ftalk fuftains a large head of leaves, which
come out fingly all round it 5 they are fhaped like
thole of the common Iris, but are much longer, be-
ing often four or five feet long, and an inch and a
half broad at their bafe, where they embrace the ftalk,
and leffen gradually to the end, where they terminate
in a point. Thefe leaves- are pliable, and hang do wn
all round the ftem they are entire, and of a deep
green, fmooth on both furfaces, and greatly referable
thole of the common yellow Iris. As this plant has
not flowered in England, I can give no account of its
flowers but fo far as I can judge from the berries
which I have received, it may properly enough be
ranged in this genus.
All thefe forts of Palms are propagated by feeds,
which lhould be Town in the lame way as hath been
direfted for the firft fort, and the plants lhould af-
terward be treated in the fame manner; with this dif-
ference, that fuch of them as are natives of very warm
countries, will require to be kept in a wanner air.
The fecond, third, fourth, fifth, fixth, feventh,
eighth, and ninth forts lhould be conftantly kept in
the bark-bed in the Hove, otherwife they will not
make great progrefs in England ; and when they do
thrive, they grow in about twenty years too tall for
moll of the ftoves which are at prefent built here, nor
can we hope to fee many of them produce their fruit
in England ; fo the plants are preserved by the curi-
ous for their foliage, which being fo lingular and dif-
ferent from that of the European trees, renders them
worthy of care.
The other forts may be kept in a dry ftove in winter
in a moderate temperature of air, and in the heat of
fummer they may be expofed to the open air in a warm
Iheltered fituation for about three months, but they
fhould be removed into the ftove before the morning
frofts come on in the autumn. When thefe plants are
kept in a moderate degree of warmth, they lhould
have but little water during the winter feafon and in
the fummer, when they are expofed in the open air,
they mull not be often watered, unlefs the feafon is re-
markably dry and warm, for too much moifture will
foon deftroy them. The other management of them
is nearly the fame as for the Date Palms, which is not
to cut their principal roots when they are fluffed from
one pot to another, nor to confine their roots too much 5
but as the plants grow in fize, they fhould annually
be removed into pots a fize larger than thofe they were
in the former year. The earth in which they are
planted, fhould be light, fo as to let the moifture
eafily pals off 5 for if it is ftrong, and detains- the
moifture, the tender fibres of the roots will rot.
\ 1
PAN AX.
PAN
PAN AX. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1031. Panacea. Mitch.
Gen. 26. Araliaftrum. Vaill. 6. Ginleng or Ninleng.
The Characters are*
It hath male and hermaphrodite flowers on diftinbl plants ;
the male have fimple globular umbels, compofed of feveral
coloured rays which are equal ‘the involucrum on the
cutfide , covflfts of the fame number of fmall fpear-Jhaped
leaves. The flower has five narrow , oblong , blunt pe-
tals, which are reflexed , fitting on the empalement, and
five oblong flender Jlamina inferted in the empalement, ter-
minated % flngle fummits. The hermaphrodite umbels
are fimple, equal , and cluftered ; the involucrum is fmall,
permanent , and compofed of feveral awl-Jhaped leaves ;
the empalement is fmall and permanent. The flowers have
five oblong equal petals , which are recurved , and five
jhort Jlamina terminated by flngle fummits which fall off,
with a roundijh germen under the empalement , fupporting
two fmall eredt ftyles, crowned by Jingle ftigmas. The
germen afterward becomes an umbillicated berry with
two cells, each containing a Jingle , heart Jfsaped, convex,
plain feed \ _ .
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fection
of Linnaeus’s twenty-third clafs, which includes the
plants whofe male flowers are upon diftind plants
from the female or hermaphrodite flowers.
The Species are,
1. Pan ax (Quinquefoliuni) foliis ternis quinatis. Flor.
Virg. 147. Panax with trifoliate Cinquefoil leaves. Ara-
liaftrum quinquefolii folio, majus, Ninzin vocatum.
D. Sarrafin. Vaill. Gen. 43. Greater five-leaved Bafiard
Aralia, called Ninzin.
2. Panax ( Trifolium ) foliis ternis ternatis. Flor. Virg.
35. Panax with three trifoliate leaves. Araliaftrum
fragarise folio minus. Vaill. Gen. 43. Smaller Bafiard
Aralia with a Strawberry leaf ’.
Both thefe plants grow naturally in North America ;
the firft is generally believed to be the fame as the
Tartarian Ginfeng, the figures and defcriptions of that
plant, which have been feat to Europe by the miffio-
naries, agreeing perfedly with the American plant.
This hath a flelhy taper root as large as a man’s fin-
ger, which is jointed, and frequently divided into two
imaller fibres downward. The ftalk rifes near a foot
and a half high, naked at the top, where it generally
divides into three fmaller foot-ftalks, each fuftaining
a leaf compofed of five fpear-lhaped lobes, which are
fawed on their edges •, they are of a pale green, and a
little hairy. The flowers grow on a flender foot-ftalk,
juft at the divifion of the foot-ftalks, which fuftain the
leaves, and are formed into a fmall umbel at the
top *, they are of an herbaceous yellow colour, com-
pofed of five fmall petals which are recurved. Thefe
appear the beginning of June, and are fucceeded by
compreffed heart-lhaped berries, which are firft green,
but afterward turn red, inclofing two hard, com-
preffed, heart-lhaped feeds, which ripen the begin-
ning of Auguft.
The Chinefe hold this plant in great efteem, accord-
ing to the accounts which have been tranfmitted to
Europe by the miflionaries. Father Jartoux in his
Letters fays, that the moft eminent phyficians in Chi-
na have written whole volumes upon the virtues of
this plant, and make it an ingredient in almoft all
remedies which they give to their nobility, for it is
of too high price for the common people. They af-
firm, that it is a fovereign remedy for all weaknefs oc-
cafioned by exceflive fatigues either of body or mind;
that it cures weaknefs of the lungs, and the pleurify ;
that it flops vomitings ; that it {Lengthens the fto-
mach, and helps the appetite; that it {Lengthens
the vital fpirits, and increafes lymph in the blood ;
in Ihort, that it is good againft dizzinefs of the
head and dimnefs of fight, and that it prolongs life in
old age.
This father all'o fays, he has made trials of the root
of this plant himfelf, and has, in an hour after tak-
ing half one of the roots, found himfelf greatly reco-
vered from wearinefs and fatigue, and much more
vigorous, and could bear labour with greater cafe
than before.
PAN
He iikewife mentions the emperor’s having employed
ten thoufand Tartars in the year 1709, to gather this
plant in the defarts, where it naturally grows ; thefd
were attended by a guard of mandarines, who encamp
with their tents in fuch places as are proper for the
fubfiftence of their horfes, and from time to time fend
their orders to the relpedive troops under their Care ;
and when they have completed their eolledion of
roots, they return with their cargo to the city. The
roots of this plant which have been gathered in Ame-
rica and brought to England, have been fent to Chi-
na, where, at the beginning, there was a good mar-
ket for them ; but the quantities which were after-
ward fent, did not anfwer fo well, the market being
overftocked with that commodity.
This plant has been introduced to the Englifh gar-
dens from America, and where it has been planted in
a fhady fituation and a light foil, the plants have
thriven and produced flowers, and ripened their feeds
annually, but not one of thefe feeds have grown ; for
I have feveral years fown them foon after they were
ripe, without any fuccefs ; I have alfo fown of the
feeds which were fent me from America feveral times
in various fituations, and have not raifed a Angle plant
from either ; and by the accounts which the miftiona-
ries have fent from China, it appears, they have had
no better fuccefs with the feeds of this plant, which
they fay they have frequently fown in the gardens in
China, but could not raife one plant ; fo that I believe
there is a neceflity for the hermaphrodite plants to
have fome male plants ftand near them, to render the
feeds prolific ; for all thofe plants which I have feen,
or faved the feeds from, were fuch as had hermaphro-
dite flowers ; and though the feeds feemed to ripen
perfe&ly, yet their not growing, though I have wait-
ed three years without difturbing of the ground, con-
firms me in this opinion.
The fecond fort grows naturally in the fame coun-
tries, but whether it is poffeffed of the fame qualities
as the firft I cannot fay ; I have feen but one plant of
this fort in England, which was fent me a few years
ago from Maryland, and did not live over the firft
fummer, which was remarkably dry, and being plant-
ed in a dry foil, was the occafion of its death ; thd
ftalk of this was Angle, and did not rife more than
five inches high, dividing into three foot-ftalks, each
fuftaining a trifoliate leaf, whofe lobes were longer,
narrower, and deeper indented on their edges, than
thofe of the former. The flower-ftalk rofe from the
divifions 'of the foot-ftalk of the leaves, but before
the flowers opened, the plant decayed, fo I can give
no farther account of it.
PANCRATIUM. Dill. Hort. Elth. 221. fol. 289.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 365. Narciffus. Tourn. Inft. R. H.
353. tab. 185. Sea Daffodil.
The Characters are.
The flowers are inclofed in an oblong flpatha or flheath,
which tears open on the fide and withers. The flowers
have a funnel-Jhaped cylindrical nediarium of one leaf,
fpreading open at the top, and fix fpear-fhaped petals ,
which are inferted on the outfide of the nediarium above
its bafe, with fix long Jlamina inferted in the brim of the
ne Star ium, terminated by oblong proftrate fummits. They
have a three-cornered obtufe germen Jituated under the
flower , fupporting a long flender ftyle , crowned by an ob-
tufe ftigma. The germen afterward becomes a roundijh
three-cornered capfule with three cells, filled with globu-
lar feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have fix ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Pancratium (Maritinmm) fpatha multiflora, petalis
planis, foliis lingulatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 291. Pan-
cratium with a Jheath containing many flowers, having
plain petals, and tongue-flhaped leaves. Narciffus mari-
timus. C. B. P. 540. The Sea Daffodil.
2. Pancratium ( Illyricum ) fpatha multiflora, foliis en--
fiformibus, ftaminibus nedario longioribus. Flor.
Leyd. Prod. 34. Pancratium with many flowers in a
9 U (heathy
45-0
PAN
fheath, fword-fhaped leaves , and ftamina longer than the 1
ne&arium, Narcifilis Ulyricus liliaceus. C. B. P. 55.
Lily Daffodil of Sclavonic’.
3. Pancratium ( Zeylankum ) fpatha uniflbfa, petalls
reflexis. -Flor. Zeyl. "126. Pancratium with one flower
in a fheath , whofe petals are reflexed. Narciffus Zey-
ianicus, flore aibo hexagon o odorato. H. L. 691.
Daffodil of, Ceylon i with a white hexagonal fweet flower.
4. Pancratium ( Carribceum) fpatha biflora. Hort. Cliff.
133. Pancratium with two flowers in a floe ath. Pan-
■ cratium Mexicanum, flore gemelio candiclo. Hort.
Pith. 299. tab. 222. Mexican Pancratium , with two
■ white flowers.
5. Pancratium ( Arnboinenfle ) fpatha multiflora, foliis
Gratis nefvofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 29 1. Pancratium with
many flowers in a fheath, and oval veined leaves. Nar-
ciffus Amboinenfls, folio latiffimo fubrotundo. Hort.
Amft. i.p. 77. tab. 39. Narciffus ofl Amboyna , with
the'broadeft roundifh leaf.
6. Pancratium ( Carolinianum ) fpatha multiflora, foliis
linearibus, ftaminibus nedarii longitudine. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 291. Pancratium with many flowers in a fheath,
narrow leaves , and ftamina the length ofl the netharium.
Lilio-Narciffus polyanthos, flore albo. Catefb. Car.
3. p. 5. The Lily Narciffus bearing many white flowers.
7. Pancratium (. Amerkanum ) fpatha multiflora, foliis
carinatis anguftioribus. Pancratium with many flowers
in a J heath , and narrow kcel-floaped leaves. Narciffus
Americanos, flore multiplici, albo, odore balfami
Peruvianh Tourn. Inft. R. PL 358 . American. Nar-
ciffus with many white flowers , fmelling like Balfam of
■ Peru.
8. Pancratium ( Latifolium ) fpatha multiflora, foliis
carinatis latioribus. Pancratium with many flowers in a
J, heath , and broader keel-fhaped leaves. Narciffus totus
albus, latifolius, polianthos, major odoratus, ftami-
nibus fex e tubi ampli margine extantibus. Sloan. Cat.
Jam. 1 15. Bread-leaved Daffodil , with many larger
fweet flowers which are very white , and a large tube , out
of whofe border proceed fix ftamina.
The firft fort grows naturally on the fea-coaft in
Spain, and the fouth of France. This hath a large,
coated, bulbous root, of an oblong form, covered
with a dark (kin •, the leaves are jfhaped like a tongue;
they are more than a foot long, and one inch broad,
of a deep green, fix or feven of them riling together
from the fame root, encompaffed at bottom with a
vagina or fheath ; between thefe arife the (talk, which
is a foot and a half long, naked, fuftaining at the top
fix or eight white flowers, inclofed in a fheath, which
withers and opens on the fide, to make way for the
flowers to corne out. The germen are fltuated clofe
to the top of the ftaik, from thefe arife the tube of
the flowers, which are three inches long ; they are
very narrow, (welling at the top, where the' cup or
nedarium is fltuated, on the outftdeof which is fatt-
ened the fix fegments or petals of the flower ; thefe
are narrow, and extend a great length beyond the
nedarium ; from the border of the nedarium arife
fix long (lender flaming, terminated by oblong fum-
mits which are proftrate, and in the center arifes a
n ftyle the length of the ftamina, terminated by an ob-
tufe ftigma. The flowers of this fort do not appear
in England till the latter end of Aug up, fo are not
fucceeded by feeds here. The leaves of this fort are
green all the winter, and decay in the fpring, fo the
roots fhould be tranfplanted in June, after the leaves
are decayed. This muft be planted in a very warm
border, and fereened from fevere froft, otherwife it
will not live through the winter in England.
The f icon A fort grows naturally in Sclavonia, and
alio in Sicily ; this hath a large, coated, bulbous
root, covered- with a dark fld.n, fending out many
thick ftrong fibres, which ftrike deep in the ground ;
the leaves are fword-fhaped, a foot and a half long
and two inches broad, of a grayiftt colour. The
ftalks are thick, fucculent, and rife near two feet
high, fuftaining at the top fix or feven white flowers
i!t aped like thofe of the firft fort, but the tube is
Shorter and the ftamina are much longer. This
P A N
flowers in June, .and frequently produces feeds which,
ripen in September.
This fort is’ hardy, and will live through the winter in
the full ground, being never injured but in very fevere
winters ; and if, in inch feafons, the furface of the
ground is covered with tanners bark, fea-coal allies,
feraw, or Peas-haulm, to keep out the froft, there
will be no danger of the roots (offering, it is propa-
gated either by offsets from the roots, or from feeds ;
the former is the more expeditious method, for the
onsets will flower very ftrong the fecond year ; where-
as thofe which are raffed from feeds, feldom flower in
lefs than five years.
The roots of this plant Should not be removed oftener
than every third year, if they are expe&ed to flower
ftrong ; the belt time to tranfpant them is in the be-
ginning of G&ober, foon after their leaves decay :
they fhould not be kept long out of the ground, for
as they do not lofe their fibres every year, fo if thefe
are dried by long keeping out of the ground, it great-
ly weakens the roots. It loves a light fandy foil, and
a flickered fituation ; the roots fhould be planted nine
inches or a foot afunder every way, and five inches
deep in the ground.
If the plants are propagated by feeds, they fhould be
fown in pots filled with light earth foon after they are
ripe; thefe pots fhould be placed under a hot-bed
frame in winter to fereen them from froft, but the
glaffes muft be taken off every day in mild weather.
The other management being the fame as for the
Narciffus, I need not repeat it here ; fo mall only
mention, that the young roots will require a little
protection in winter, till they have obtained ftrength.
The third fort grows naturally at Ceylon ; this hath
a pretty large bulbous root, the leaves are long and
narrow, of a grayifh colour, and pretty thick, (land-
ing upright ; the llalk rifes between them a foot and
a half high, naked, fuftaining one flower at the top,
whofe petals are reflexed backward ; the nedtarium
is large, and cut at the brim into many acute feg-
ments ; the ftamina are long, and turn toward each
other at their points, in which it differs from the
other fpecies. The flower has a very agreeable feent,
but is of fnort duration ; this is very rare in the gar-
dens at prefent.
•The fourth fort grows naturally at La VeraCruz,
from whence the late Dr. Houftoun brought fome of
the roots. The leaves of this fort are about a foot
long and two inches broad, having three longitudinal
furrows. The ftaik rifes about a foot high, then di-
vides like a fork into two fmall foot-ftalks, or rather
tubes, which are narrow, green, and at firft are en-
compaffed by a thin fpatha (or fheath) which withers,
and opens to give way to the flowers, which are white,
and fliaped like thole of the other fpecies, . but have
no feent.
The fifth fort grows naturally at Amboyna, and alfo
in the American iflands. The root of this fort is ob-
long, white, and fends out leveral thick flefhy fibres,
which ftrike downward ; the leaves Hand upon very-
long foot-ftalks, fome of them are oval, and others
heart-fhaped, about feven inches long, and five
broad, ending in points, having many deep longitu-
dinal furrows ; they are of a light green, and their
borders turn inward. The ftaik is thick, round, and
fucculent, riftng near two feet high, fuftaining at the
top feveral white flowers, fliaped like the other fpe-
cies, but the petals are broader, the tube is fhorter,
and the ftamina are not fo long as the petals. Thefe
flowers have a thin fheath or covering, which fplits
open longitudinally, to make way for the flowers.
The fixth fort grows naturally in moift boggy foils in
Georgia, where Mr. Catefby bifeovered it. This hath
a roundifh bulbous root, covered with a light brown
fkin, from which arife feveral narrow dark green
leaves, about a foot long ; between thefe come out a
thick ftaik about nine inches high, fuftaining fix or
feven white flowers, with very narrow petals, having
large bell-fhaped ne&ariums or cups, which are deeply
indented on their brims ; the ftamina do not rife far
above
PAN
above the nedarium, and are terminated by yellow
fummits.
The feventh fort grows naturally in the i (lands of the
Weft-Incjies, where it is called white Lily. This hath
a pretty large bulbous root, a little flatted at the top,
covered with a brown fkin ^ the leaves are near afoot
and a half long, and little more than one inch broad,
of a dark green, and -hollowed in the middle like the
keel of a boat. The ftaiks rife near two feet high,
which are thick, fucculent, and naked, fuftaining at
the top eight or tea white flowers, fbaped like thofe
of the firft fort, but are of a purer white, and have a
ftrong fweet odour, like that of Balfarn of Peru. The
flamina of this are very long, fpreading out wide each
way ; the pointal is of the fame length, funding in
the middle of the nedarium. Thefe flowers are of
Ihort duration, feldom continuing longer in beauty
than three or four days, and in very hot weather not
fo long ; when thefe fade, the germen, which are fi-
tuated at the bottom of the tubes, turn to fo many
oblong bulbs, which are irregular in form, and when
ripe, drop off in the ground, where they put out fi-
bres and become plants.
Thefe foreign fpecies are moil, if not all of them, of
this kind, bearing bulbs ; whereas the two firft have
feed-veffels with three cells, inclofing many roundilh
black feeds', fo that though they agree in the charac-
ters of their flowers, yet in this particular they differ
greatly.
The eighth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
where it is not diftinguifhed from the former ; but as
I have frequently propagated both by their bulbs which
fucceed the flowers, and have always found the plants
fo raifed continue their difference, I make no doubt of
their being diftind fpecies. This differs from the
former, in the leaves being much longer and broader
than that ; for thefe are near two feet long, and more
than three inches broad, and are hollowed like the keel
of a boat. The flowers are larger, the petals longer,
and the fcent is not fo ftrong as that of the former,
and the roots flower in every feafon of the year. This
feems to be the fort figured by Dr. Trew, in the
twenty-feventh table of his Decades of Rare Plants,
but if it is, the leaves in his figure are too flat.
Thefe fix forts laft mentioned are tender, fo will not
thrive in England, unlefs they are placed in a warm
ftove. The beft way to have thefe plants in perfec-
tion, is to plunge the pots into the bark-bed in the
ftove, where they will thrive and flower exceeding
well ; for though they may be preferved in a dry
ftove, yet thofe will not thrive fo well, nor will their
flowers be fo ftrong, as when they are plunged in the
tan-bed, nor will they flower oftener than once a
year •, whereas when they are in the tan-bed, the fame
roots will often flower two or three times in a year. I
have had feveral of the fpecies in flower at all feafons
of the year, fo there has not been a month when fome
of them were not in flower.
They are propagated by offsets from the roots, as alfo
by the bulbs which fucceed the flowers ; if the latter
are planted in fmall pots filled with light earth from a
kitchen-garden, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed,
they will foon put out roots and leaves, and with pro-
per management, will become blowing roots in one
year, fo that they may be eafily propagated ; and if
they are conftantly kept in the tan-bed in the ftove,
they will put out offsets from their roots, and thrive
as well as in their native countries.
PANICLE. A Panicle is a ftalk diffufed into feve-
ral pedicles or foot-llalks, fuftaining the flowers or
fruits, as in Oats, &c.
PANICUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 515. tab. 298.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 70. Panic •, in French, Pants.
The Characters are,
There is pne fiower in each chaff j the chaff opens with
three valves which are oval, ending in acute points. The
petals open with two oval acute-pointed valves. The
fiower s have three Jhort hair-like jtamina , terminated by
. oblong fummits, and a roundijh germen fupporting two
hair-like ftyles , crowned by feathered ftigmas. The ger-
P A N
men afterward becomes a roundijh feed » faftened to the
withered petals.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnaeus’s third clafs, which includes the plants
whole flowers have three ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Panicum ( Germanicurn ) fpica fimplid cernua, fetis
brevioribus pedunculo hirfuto. Panic with a fingle nod-
ding fpike , port awns , and a hairy f 00 t-ftalk. Panicum
Germanicurn, five panicula minore. C. B. P. 27.
German Panic with a [matter panicle.
2. Panicum (Ilalicum) fpica compofita, fpiculis glome-
ratis.5 fetis immixtis, pedunculo hirfuto. Lin. Sp,
Plant. 56. Panic with a compounded fpike , whofe fmall-.
, er [pikes grow in clufters intermixed with awns , and
a hairy foot-ftalk. Panicum Italictim five panicula
majore. C. B. P. 27. Italian Panic with a larger fpike.
3. Panicum (Indie urn) fpica fimplici Ion gift! m a, fetis
hifpidis, pedunculo hirfuto. Panic with the longejl fin-
gle fpike , prickly awns, and a hairy foot-ftalk. Panicum
Indicum, fpica longifllma. C. B. P. 27. Indian Panic
with the longeft fpike .
4. Panicum ( Alopecurodem ) fpica tereti, involucellis fai-
fioris fafciculato-pilofis. Flor. Zeyl. 44. Panic with a
taper fpike having two flowers in each cover , and hairs
growing in clufters. Panicum Indicum althTimum,
fpica fimplicibus mollibus, in foliorum alls longiffi-
mis pediculis infidentibus. Tourn. Inft. 515. Talleft
Indian Panic, with the j oft fingle [pikes proceeding from
the wings of the leaves , and fitting upon very long foot -
ftaiks.
5. Panicum ( Caruleum ) fpica fimplici sequali, pedun-
culis biftoris. Prod. Leyd. 54. Panic with an equal jin-
gle fpike , and two flowers gro wing on each foot ftalk.
Panicum Indicum, fpica obtufa caerulel C. B. P. 7.
Indian Panic , with an obtufte blue fpike.
There are feveral other fpecies of this genus than
are here enumerated, fome of which grow naturally
in England ; but as they are not cultivated, fo it
would be fwelnng this work too much if they were
inferted here. ' •
The firft fort grows naturally in Germany and Hun-
gary ■, of this there are three varieties, one with yellow
gr'ain, another with white, and the third has purple
grains. This hath been formerly cultivated for bread,
in fome of the northern countries. It rifes with a
jointed Reed-like ftalk about three feet high, and
about the fize of the common Reed, garniflied°at each
joint with one Grafs-like leaf a foot and a half long,
and about an inch broad at the bafe where broadd?,
ending in acute points ; they are rough to the touch,
embiacing the ftalk at their bafe, and turn downward
about half their length. The ftaiks are terminated by
compact fpikes, which are about the thicknefs of a
man s finger at their bafe, growing taper toward their
points, and are eight or nine inches long, clolely fee
with fmall roundifti grain like that of Millet. This
is an annual plant, which perifhes foon after the feeds
are ripe.
The fecond fort is frequently cultivated in Italy, and
other warm countries. This rifes with a Reed-like
ftalk near four feet high, which is much thicker than
that of. the former ; the leaves are alfo broader, but
of the fame fliape. The fpikes are a foot long, and
twice the thicknefs of thofe of the former, but “not fo
compad, being compofed of feveral roundifti cluttered
fpikes ; the grain is alfo larger, but of the fame form.
There are two or three varieties of this, which differ
only in the colour of their grain ; this is alfo annual.
The third fort grows naturally in both Indies ; this
hath a Reed-like ftalk as large as a man’s thumb,
fifing upward of five feet high ; the leaves are two
inches broad, and more than two feet long, of the
fame form with thofe of the former fort ; the fpikes
at the top are a foot and a half long, very compad,
and thicker than a man s thumb at the bafe, growing
taper toward the top. The feeds are much larger
than_ thofe of the other forts, and are in fome white
and in others yellow.
The
PAP
The fourth fort grows naturally in both Indies ; this
hath a ftrong Reed-like ftalk, which rifeS fix or feven
feet high, garni died with leaves more than three feet
long •, they are near three inches broad at their bafe,
leffening to a point at the end, having a fmooth fur-
face ; the fpikes arife at the wings of the ftalk •, they
are fmgle, but not fo compact as thofe of the for-
mer, having foft awns or beards ; they are about fix
inches long, and hand upon very long foot-ftalks ;
the grain of this is pretty large.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Peru ; this rifes with
a Reed-like ftalk fix feet high, which fends out two
or three branches from the fides, and is garniftied
with long leaves two inches broad at their bafe ; the
(talks are of a purple colour, the leaves are alfo
inclining to the fame. The fpikes come out from the
wings of the (talks, and at the end of the branches ;
they are about four or five inches long, thicker than
a man’s thumb, and almoft equal at the point with
the bafe. They are of a pale blue colour, having
pretty long awns or beards of the fame colour, as are
alfo the feeds, which are larger and rounder than thofe
of the other forts.
The two firft forts are fown in feveral parts of Eu-
rope in the fields, as Corp, for the fuftenance of the
inhabitants, but it is reckoned not to afford fo good
nourifhment as Millet-, however, it is frequently ufed
in fome parts of Germany and Italy, to make cakes
and bread, but the German is not fo much efteemed
as the Italian fort ; but as it will ripen better in cold
countries than that, it is generally cultivated where
a better fort of grain will not fucceed.
The feeds of this fort may be fown in the fpring,
at the fame time as Barley is fown, and may be ma-
naged exadly in the fame way ; but this (hould not
be fown too thick, for thefe feeds are very fmall, and
the plants grow ftronger, therefore require more room.
The German fort doth not grow above three feet high,
unlefs it is fown on very rich land, in which cafe it
will rife to be four feet high; but the leaves and items
of this Corn are very large, fo require to ftand four
or five inches apart, otherwife they will grow up weak
and come to little. Thefe large growing Corns fhould
be fown in drills at about eighteen inches apart, fo
that the ground may be hoed between the rows of
Corn, to keep them clear from weeds, and the ftir-
ring of the ground will greatly improve the Corn. In
Auguft the Corn will ripen, when it may be cut down
and dried, and then (hould be honied.
The Italian Panic grows much larger than the Ger-
man, and produces much larger fpikes ; fo this fhould
be allowed more room to grow, otherwife it will come
to little. This is alfo later before it ripens, fo it is
not very proper for cold countries.
The other forts are natives of very warm countries,
where they are ufed by the inhabitants to make bread.
Thefe grow very large, and require a good fummer,
otherwife they will not ripen in this country. The
feeds of this kind fhould be fown the latter end of
March or the beginning of April, on a moderate hot-
bed, and the plants fhould be planted out when
grown to a proper fize, upon a bed of light rich earth,
in a warm (filiation. They fhould be planted in rows
about three feet afunder, and the plants muft be kept
clear from weeds. When the plants are grown pretty
tall, they fhould be fupported by (takes, otherwife
the winds will break them down and when the Corn
begins to ripen, the birds muft be kept from it,
otherwife they will loon deftroy it. Thefe forts are
preferved in fome curious gardens for the fake of va-
riety, but they are not worth cultivating for ufc in
England. The two laft forts feldom ripen here.
P A IN S I E'S. See Viola Tricolor.
PAP AVER. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 2. tab. 119. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 573. Poppy-, in French, Pavot.
The Characters are.
The etnpalement of the flower is aval , indented , and com-
pofed o f two almoft oval , concave , ohtufe leaves , which
fall off . The flower has four large roundijh petals which
fpread open, with a great number of hair-like famines ,
PAP
terminated hy oblong, comprejfed , erect fummits. In the
center is placed a large roundijh germen having no ftyle ,
but is crowned by a plain , radiated , target-flsaped ftigma.
The germen afterward becomes a large capfule , crozvned
by the plain ftigma , having one cell , opening in many
places at the top under the crown , and is filled with fmall
feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion
of Linnaeus’s thirteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have many ftamina and one
germen.
The Species are,
1. Papaver ( Rbceas ) capfulis glabris globofis, caule
pilofo multifloro, foliis pinnatifidis incifis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 507. Poppy with fmooth globular heads , a hairy
ftalk with many flowers, and wing-pointed cut leaves.
Papaver erraticum, rubrum, campeftre. J. B. 3. 395.
Common red field Poppy.
2. Papaver (Hybridum) capfulis fubglobofis torofis hif-
pidis, caule foliofo multifloro. Lin. Sp. Plant. 50 6.
Poppy with globular capfules which are furrowed and
prickly , and a leafy Jlalk bearing many flowers. Arge-
mone capitulo breviore hifpido. J. B. 3. 396. Arge-
mone with a fhorter prickly head.
3. Papaver ( Argemone ) capfulis clavatis hifpidis, caule
foliofo multifloro. Lin. Sp. Plant. 506. Poppy with
nail-Jhaped prickly heads , and a leafy jlalk bearing many
flowers. Papaver erraticum, capite longiore hifpido.
Tourn. Inft. 238. Field Poppy with a longer prickly head.
4. Papaver ( Alpinum ) capfula hifpida, fcapo unifloro
nudo hifpido, foliis bipinnatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 507.
Poppy with prickly heads , and a naked prickly Jlalk bear-
ing one flower , and double winged leaves. Argemone
Alpina coriandri folio. C. B. P. 172. Alpine Argemone
with a Coriander leaf '.
5. Papaver ( Cambricum ) capfulis glabris oblongis, caule
multifloro lmvi, foliis pinnatis incifis. Lin. Sp. Plant.
508. Poppy with oblong fmooth heads , a fmooth Jlalk
bearing many flowers , and cut winged leaves. Papaver
luteum perenne, laciniato folio, Cambrobritannicum.
Raii Syn. Ed. 3. p. 309. Yellow, Welch, perennial
Poppy, with a cut leaf.
6 . Papaver ( Nudicaule ) capfulis hifpidis, fcapo uni-
floro nudo hifpido, foliis fimplicibus pinnato-finua-
tis. Hort. Upfal. 136. Poppy with prickly heads, a na-
ked rough Jlalk having one flower, and fingle leaves which
are wingedly finuated. Papaver erraticum, luteo flore,
capite oblongo hifpido. Amman. Ruth. 61. Field
Poppy with a yellow flower, and an oblong prickly head.
7. Papaver ( Orientale ) capfulis glabris, caulibus uni-
floris, fcabris, foliis pinnatis ferratis. Hort. Upfal.
136. Poppy with fmooth heads , rough leafy ft alks having
one flower, and flawed winged leaves. Papaver Orien-
tale hirfutiffimum flore magno. Tourn. Cor. 17. Moft
hairy eaftern Poppy with a large flower.
8. Papaver. {Somniferum) calycibusVapfulifque glabris,
foliis amplexicaulibus incifis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 508.
Poppy with fmooth capfules and empalements , and cut leaves
embracing the Jtalks. Papaver hortenfe nigro femine,
fylveftre Diofcoridis, nigrum Plinii. C. B. P. 170.
Garden Poppy with black feeds.
9. Papaver {Album) capfulis ovatis glabris, foliis lati-
oribus amplexicaulibus marginibus incifo-ferratis.
Poppy with oval fmooth heads, and broader leaves em-
bracing the Jlalks , which are cut on their edges like the
teeth of a flaw. Papaver hortenfe, femine albo, fati-
vum Diofcoridis, album Plinii. C. B. P. 170. Garden
Poppy with white feeds, commonly called white Poppy.
The firft fort is the common red Poppy, which
grows naturally on arable land in moft parts of Eng-
land ; from the flowers of this fort is drawn a Ample
water, a tindure, a fyrup and conferve for medicinal
ufe. It is an annual plant; from the roots rife feve-
ral rough branching (talks a foot and a half high,
garnifhed with hairy leaves five or fix inches long,
deeply jagged almoft to the midrib, thofe on the
lower part of the leaves being the deepeft ; thefe jags
are oppofite and regular, like thofe of the winged
leaves. At the top of each ftalk ftand the flowers,
which have oval hairy empalements, opening with
two
PAP
two valves, and foon fall away. The flowers are
compofed of four large roundifh petals, which are
narrow at their bafe, but fpread out into a circular or-
der ; they are of a beautiful lcarlet colour, and foon
fall off. Thefe appear in June, and are fucceeded by
oblong fmooth heads, crowned by the flat target-
fhaped ftigma, and perforated in feveral places at the
top, filled with fmall purplifli-coloured feeds. There
are feveral varieties of this with double flowers, culti-
tivated in gardens ; fome of them have white flowers,
others have red flowers bordered with white, and
fome have variegated flowers * but as thefe varieties
have been produced by culture from the feeds of the
common fort, they (hould be included in that fpecies.
The fecond fort grows naturally among the Corn in
many parts of England ■, the leaves of this fort are
much fmaller than thofe of the firft, and are cut into
much finer fegments ; the (talks are (lender, a little
more than a foot high, not l'o branching as the for-
mer. The flowers are not fo large, and of a deep
purple colour, very foon falling away* feldom lading
more than a whole day ; thefe are fucceeded by ob-
long prickly heads, filled with fmall black feeds. It
flowers in June.
The third fort grows naturally among Corn in fome
parts of England, but not in fo great plenty as either
of the former. The leaves of this are finer cut and
fmaller than thofe of the firft fort, but are not fo fine
as thofe of the fecond * the (talks do not rife fo high as
either of the former, and feldom have many branches.
The flowers are not half fo large as either of the for-
mer, and are of a copper colour, falling away in a
few hours. Thefe appear in May, and are fucceeded
by long, (lender, prickly heads, which are channelled*
filled with fmall, black, (hrivelled feeds.
The fourth fort grows naturally on the Alps, among
the rocks. The leaves of this are fmooth and doubly
winged, the fegments are finely cut ; the (talks rife
about a foot high, fuftaining one fmall yellow, or cop-
per-coloured flower, which is fucceeded by roundiih
prickly heads, filled with fmall feeds. This flowers
abour the fame time as the former fort.
The fifth fort has a perennial root; it grows na-
turally in Wales, and alfo in fome of the northern
counties in England. I found it growing plentifully
near Kirby-Lonfdale in Weftmoreland. Tournefort
alfo found this plant upon the Pyrenean mountains^
The leaves of this fort are winged ; the lobes are
deeply cut on their edges. The (talks rife a foot
high ; they are fmooth, and are garnifhed with a few
fmall leaves of the fame (hape as the lower. The up-
per part of the (talk is naked, fuftaining one large yel-
low flower. Thefe appear in June, and are fucceeded
by oblong fmooth capfules, filled with fmall purplifh
feeds.
The fixth fort grows naturally on the confines of Ruf-
fia, near Tartary. The leaves of this fort are Angle,
and finuated almoft to the midrib in form of a winged
leaf ; they are rough and hairy. The (talk rifes near
two feet high ; it is (lender, naked, fuftaining one
flower at the top, which is compofed of four roundifli
petals of a pale yellow colour, each having a dark
bottom or tail. The flowers have an agreeable fcent,
but are of (hort duration. They come out in June,
and are fucceeded by long rough capfules, filled with
fmall feeds.
The feventh fort grows naturally in Armenia, from
whence Dr. Tournefort fent the feeds to the royal
gardens at Paris, where they fucceeded, and were af-
terward communicated to the curious gardens in Eng-
land and Holland. The root of this plant is com-
pofed of two or three ftrong fibres as thick as a man’s
little finger, which are a foot and a half long, of a
dark brown on their outfide, and full of a milky juice,
which is very bitter and acrid. The leaves are
winged, and fawed on their edges ; they are a foot
long, clofely covered with briftly white hairs. The
ilalks rife two feet and a half high; they are
very rough and hairy, garnifhed below with leaves
like thofe at bottom, but fmaller ; the upper part is 1
P A P
naked, fuftaining at the top one very large flower, of
the fame colour with the common red Poppy. Thefe
appear in May, and are fucceeded by oval fmooth
capfules, filled with purplifh feeds.
There are two or three varieties of this which differ
only in the colour of their flowers ; and I have been
informed, there is a double flower of this kind, but
I have not feen it. Tournefort fays, the Turks eat the
green heads of this Poppy, although they are very bit-
ter and acrid.
The eighth fort is the common black Poppy, the
feeds of which are fold in the (hops by the title of
Maw-feed. The fort with Angle flowers grows in the
warm parts of Europe naturally ; this is annual ; the
(talks rife three feet high ; they are fmooth, and divide
into feveral branches, and are garnifhed with large
leaves* which are fmooth, and deeply cut or jagged
on their edges, embracing the (talks with their bafe.
The flowers grow on the top of the (talks ; they are
compofed of four large roundifh petals of a purplifh
colour, with dark bottoms, and are fucceeded by oval
fmooth capfules filled with black feeds. It flowers in
June, and the feeds ripen the latter end of AugufL
There are great varieties in the flowers of this fort,
fome having very large double flowers, which are va-
riegated of feveral colours ; fome are red and white,
others purple and white, and fome are finely (potted
like Carnations ; fo that during their fhort continu-
ance in flower* there are few plants whofe flowers ap-
pear fo beautiful ; but having an offenfive feent, and
being of fhort duration* they are not much regarded.
The leaves .of this fort are ufed as an ingredient in
cooling ointments ; and the heads of this were an in-
gredient in the fyrupus e Melonio, but in the late
Difpenfaries they have been left out.
The ninth fort is the common white Poppy ; this is
cultivated in gardens for the heads, which are ufed in
medicine. The (talks of this are large, fmooth, and
rife to the height of five or fix feet ; they branch out
into feveral fmaller, garnifhed with large grayiih leaves,
whofe bafe embraces the (talks ; they are jagged ir-
regularly on their (ides. The flowers terminate the
(talks ; thefe* when inclofed in the empalement, nod
downward, but before the flowers open they are
ere£t. The empalement of the flower is compofed
of two large oval leaves, of the fame grayifh colour
as the other ; thele feparate and foon drop off. The
flower is cpmpofed of four large, roundifh, white pe-
tals, which are of fhort duration, and are fucceeded
by large roundifh heads as big as Oranges, flatted at
both ends, having indented crowns, and are filled
with fmall white feeds. This flowers in June, and
the feeds ripen in Auguft.
There are feveral varieties of this fort, which differ
in the colour of their flowers and multiplicity of pe-
tals ; thofe with beautiful flowers are preferved in
gardens for ornament, but that with the Angle flowers
only is cultivated for ufe. The feeds of this fort are
ufed in emulfions, being cooling, and good in fevers
and inflammatory diftempers, as alfo for the ftran-
gury and heat of the urine. Of the dry heads in-
fufed and boiled in water, is made the diacodium cf
the (hops.
It has been generally fuppofed, that from the heads
of this fort of Poppy the opium is extracted ; but one
of the heads which I have by me, from which opium
had been extra&ed in T urkey, is of a different (hape
from thofe of this fort.
All the forts of Poppy are propagated by feeds, but
the fifth and feventh forts, which have perennial roots,
may be alfo propagated by offsets. The belt time for
fowing the feeds is in September, when they will
more certainly grow than thofe which are fown in the
fpring ; and thofe forts which are annual will make
larger plants, and flower better than when they are
fown in the fpring. The belt way is to fow the feeds
of the annual kinds in the places where they are to re-
main, and to thin the plants where they aretoociofe;
thofe of the large kinds fhould not be left nearer to
each other than a foot and a half* and the fmaller
9 X , forts
I
PAP
forts may be allowed about half that fpace. The
culture they will require after this, is only to keep
them clean from weeds.
Thdfe who are’ curious to have fine Poppies in their
gardens, care fully look over their plants when they,
begin to flower,- and cut up all thofe plants whofe
flowers are not very double and well marked, before
they open their flowers, to prevent their farina mixing
with their finer flowers, which would degenerate
them ; and it is the not being careful of this, that
caufes the flowers to degenerate fo frequently in ma-
ny places, which is often fuppofed to be occafioned
by the ground.
The yellow Wel'fh Poppy requires a cool fhady fitu-
ation, where the plants will thrive, and produce plenty
of feeds annually. If thefe feeds are permitted to fcat-
ter, the plants will come up better than when fown
by hand ; but if they are fown, it fhould be always in
the autumn ; for the feeds of this, which are fown in
the fpring, rarely fucceed.
The belt time to traiiiplant and part the roots of
this fort is in the autumn, that the plants may be well
eftablifhed in their new quarters, before the dry wea-
ther comes on in the fpring.
Theeaftern Poppy will thrive either in fun or fhade,
for I have feveral of thefe plants growing under trees,
where they have thriven many years, and flower full
its well as thofe in an open fituation, but came later in
the feafon. This will propagate very fall by its
roots, fo there is no neceffity for fowing the feeds,
unlefs to procure new varieties. This fort fhould be
transplanted at the fame feafon as the former ; and if
the feeds are fown, it fhould be at the fame time, for
the reafons before given.
PAP AVER CORNI CU LATUM. See Glau-
CIUM.
PAPAVER SPINOSUM. See Agremone.
PAPAYA. SeeCARiCA.
PAPILIONACEOUS. A papilionaceous (or
Pea-bloom) flower is fo called, becaufe in fome mea-
fure it refembles a butterfly with its wings expanded.
It always confifts of thefe parts ; the vexillum or
ftandard, which is a Lrge ered fegment or petal ; the
ate, or two wings, whi'ch compofe tile Tides, and the
carina, or keel, which is a concave petal or fegment,
refembling the lower part of a boat: this keel is
fometimes entire, and fometimes it confifts of two pe-
tals or fegments adhering pretty clofe together. Of
this tribe are Peas, Beans, Kidriey-beans, Vetches,
and other leguminous plants.
PAPPOSE PLANTS are fuch as have their feeds
covered with a down, which adheres to the upper
part of the feed, and are of ufe to fpread them when
ripe, by fuftaining them in the air, fo that they may
be conveyed to a great diftance. Of this kind are the
Sow-thiftles, Hawkweeds, Dandelion, Starworts, &c.
PARASITICAL PLANTS arefuchas are produced
out of the trunk or branches of other plants, from
whence they receive their nourifhment, and will not
grow upon the ground, as the Mifleto, &c.
PARIETARIA. Tourn. Inft. R. LL 509. tab. -
289. Lin. Gen. Plant. 1020. fo called from Paries,
Lat. a wall, becaufe it grows on old walls.] Pellito-
ry ; in French, Parietaire.
The Characters are.
It hath hermaphrodite and female flowers upon the fame
plant* There are two hermaphrodite flowers contained in
a fix-leaved involucrum •, thefe have a quadrifid plain
emp alenient of one leaf , , half the fvze of the involucrum.
They have no petals , hut four permanent awl-Jhaped
fiamina longer than the emp dement , terminated hy twin
fummits , with an oval germen fupporting a fender co-
loured flyle, crowned by a pencil-fkaped fligma. The ger-
rden afterward turns to an oval feed wrapped up in the .
empalement. The female flowers have no fiamina , but in
other refpeffis are the fame as the hermaphrodite.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft fedion of
Linnaeus's twenty-third clals, which contains thofe
plants which have hermaphrodite and female flowers
on the fame plant.
P A R
The Species are,
P a r 1 e t aria ( Officinalis) foliis knceolato-ovatis ah-
ternis. Hort. Upial. 38. Pettit ory with oval fpedr-Jhaped
leaves, placed alternately. Parietaria officinarum &
Diofcoridis. C. B. P. 121. The officinal Petti tiry of
Diofcorides. ' T J
2. Parietaria (ffudiaca) foliis ovatis caulihus eredi-
ufculis, calycibus trifloris, corollis her in ap h rod i t i s ,
defloratis elongato-cylindricis. Lin. Sp. 1492. Petti-
tory with oval leaves , an eYett fialk , and three flowers in
each cup , which are hermaphrodite. Parietaria minor
Ocimi folio. C. B. P. 121. Smaller Pellitory with a
Bafil leaf.
The firft fort grows naturally in Germany and Hol-
land, but was not in England till the year 1727, when
I brought it here. This is fuppofed to be the true
fort which is recommended by the ancients to be ufed
in medicine j it hath a thick perennial root, cotnpofed
of flefhy reddifh fibres, from which arife many Italics
a foot and a half .high, garnifhed with hairy, oval,
fpear-fhaped leaves, about two inches long, and one
broad in the middle, having feveral veins. The
flowers come out in fmall clufters on the fide of the
ftalks ; they are fmall, of an herbaceous colour, fo
make no figure. Thefe appear in Tucceffion all the
fummer months, and the feeds ripen accordingly,
which are caft out to 3 diftance with an elafticity
when ripe.
The fecond fort grows plentifully on old walls, and
the fides of dry banks in moft parts of England ; this
differs from the former in having fhorter ftalks, and
fmaller oval leaves. The flowers are alfo lefs, and
are in fmaller clufters ; in other refceds they are the
fame.
They may be propagated in plenty from a Angle
plant, which, if permitted to lcat ter its feeds, will
fill the ground about it with young plants, for the
feeds are very difficult to colled, as they are thrown
out of their covers as foon as they are ripe.
There are three or four other fpecies of this genus,
but as they have little beauty and are of no ufe, fo
are not cultivated in gardens-
PARIS. Lin. Gen. Plant. 449. Herba Paris. Tourn.
Inft. R.H. 233. tab. 117. True-love, or One-berry.
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower is permanent , and compofled
of four leaves , which expand in form of a crofs. The
flower alfo hath four leaves , which fpread open in the
fame manner , and are permanent. In the center of the
flower is ftnated a roundifo four-cornered germen , fup-
porting four fpreading flylcs , crowned by fingle fummits.
This is attended by eight fiamina, each having an oblong
fuinmit , faflened by threads on each fide to the fiamina.
The germen afterward changes to a roundifh berry , having
four cells which are filled with feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fedion
of Linnaeus’s eighth clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have eight ftamina and four ftyles.
We know -but one Species of this genus, viz.
Paris {Qua dr if olio) foliis quaternis. Flor. Lapp. 155.
Herb Paris , True-love , or One-berry.
This plant grows wild in moift fhady woods in di-
vers parts of England, but efpecially in the northern
counties, and it is with great difficulty prderved in
gardens. The only method to procure it, is to take
up the plants from the places where they grow wild,
preferving good balls of earth to their roots, and
plant them in a fhady moift border, where they may
remain undifturbed, in which fituation they will live
fome years ; but as it is a plant of little beauty, it is
rarely preferved in gardens.
PARKINSONIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 25. tab. 3.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 460.
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower fpreads open \ it is of one
leaf indented in five parts at the top. The fewer has
five almofi equal petals placed circularly \ the four upper
are oval , the under is kidney -f japed. It has ten declining
fiamina terminated by oblong fummits , and a long taper
germen with fcarce airy flyle , crowned by an obtufe fligma.
The
The germen afterward becomes a long taper pod with
fuelling joints, in each of which is lodged one oblong feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feCtion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have ten ftamina and one ftyle.
We know but one Species of this genus, viz.
Parkinsonia ( Aculeata .) Parkinfonia. Hoft. Cliff. 57.
Parkinfonia aculeata, foliis minutis, uni cofte adnexis.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 25, Prickly Parkinfonia with very
fnall leaves , which are f opened to one middle rib.
This plant was difcovered by Father Plunder in Ame-
rica, who gave it this name in honour of Mr. John
Parkinfon, who publifhed an Univerfal Hiftory of
Plants in Englifh, in the year 1640.
It is very common in the Spanifh Weft-Indies, but of
late years it has been introduced into the Englifh fet-
tlements in America, for the beauty and fweetnefs of
its . flowers. This, in the countries where it grows na-
turally, rifes to be a tree of twenty feet high or more, j
and bears long {lender bunches of yellow flowers,
which hang down after the fame manner as the La-
burnum. Thefe flowers have a moll: agreeable fweet
fcent, fo as to perfume the air to a conflderable dif-
tance round about the trees ; for which reafon, the
inhabitants of the Weft-Indies plant them near their
habitations. And though this plant has not been in-
troduced many years into the Englifh fettlements, yet
it is now become fo common in all the iftands, that
but few houfes are without home of the trees near it ;
for it produces flowers and feeds in plenty in about
two years from feed, fo that it may foon be made
common in all hot countries ; but in Europe it re-
quires a ftove, otherwife it will not live through the
winter-.
This plant is propagated by feeds, which fhould be
fownih fmall pots filled with light frefh. earth early in
the fpring, and the pots muft be plunged into a hot-
bed of tanners bark, where, in about three weeks or
a month’s time, the plants will come up, when they
fhould be kept clear from weeds, and frequently re-
frefhed with a little water. In a little time thefe
plants will be fit to tranfplant, which fhould be done
very carefully, fo as not to injure their roots. They
muft be each planted into a feparate halfpenny pot
filled with light frefh earth, and then plunged into
the hot-bed again, obferving to ftir up the tan ; and
if it hath loft its heat, there fhould be fome frefh tan
added to renew it again. Then fhade the plants
fiom the heat of the fun, until they have taken new
root ; after which time they fhould have frefh air ad-
mitted to them every day, in proportion to the warmth
of the feafon. With this management the plants will
grow fo faft, as to fill the pots with their roots by the
beginning of July, at which time they fhould be
fhifted into pots a little larger than the former,
and plunged again into the "bark-bed to forward
their taking new root; after which it will be the belt
Way to inure the plants by degrees to bear the open
air, that they may be hardened before winter ; for
if they are kept too warm in winter, the plants will
decay before the next fpring. The only method by
which I have fucceeded in keeping this plant through i
the winter, was by hardening them in July and Au- I
guft to bear the open air ; and in September I placed
them on Shelves in the dry ftove, at the greateft dis-
tance from the fire, fo that they were in a very tem-
perate warmth ; and there they retained their leaves
all the winter, and continued in health, when thofe
which were placed in a warmer Situation, as alfo thofe
in the green-houfe, were entirely deftroyed, but thefe
Seldom Survived the Second winter.
PARNASSIA. Tourn.Inft. R. H. 246. tab. 127.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 345. Grafs of Parnaffus.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent fpreading empalement , cut into
five parts. The flower has five roundifh , concave, fpreading
petals, which have five heart-Jhaped concave Mblariums,
and five ftamina terminated by depreffed fummits, with a
large oval germen having no ftyle, but four obtufe perma- I
nent fiigmas in their place. The germen afterward turns !
to an ov at four-cornered cap fule with one cell, -containing
fever al oblong feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth Section
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have five ftamina and four Styles.
The Species are, A
1 . Parnassia [Paluftris . J Parnaffus Grafs. Parnaffia pa-
luftris & vulgaris. Inft. R. H. Common Marjh Grafs of
Parnaffus.
2. Parnassia (Pleno flore ) vulgaris flore pleno. Com-
mon Grafs of Parnaffus, with a double flower.
The former of thefe forts grows wild in moift mea-
dows in Several parts of England, but particularly in’
the north ; but it doth not grow in the neighbour-
hood of London, any nearer than on the othe? fide of
Watford, in the low meadows by Caffioberry, where
it is in pretty great plenty.
The other fort is an accidental variety of the former,
which has been difcovered wild, and transplanted into
gardens. This is but rarely to be found, being in
very few gardens at prefent.
Thefe plants may be taken up from the natural places
of their growth, with balls of earth to their roots,
and planted into pots filled with pretty ftrong, frefh,
undunged earth, and placed in a jfhady fituation’
where, if they are eonftantly watered in dry weather,
they will thrive very well, and flower every Summer ;
but if the plants are planted in the full ground, it
fhould be in a very moift fhady border, otherwife
they will not live ; and thefe fhould be as duly wa-
tered as thofe in the pots in dry weather, to make
them produce ftrong flowers.
They may be propagated by parting their roots,
which fhould be done in March, before they put out
new leaves ; but the roots fhould not be divided too
fmall, for that will prevent their flowering the follow-
ing Summer. Thefe roots fhould always be planted in
pretty ftrong frefh earth, for they will not thrive in a
light rich foil. In the fpring they muft be eonftantly
watered, if the feafon fhould prove dry, otherwife
they will not flower ; nor fhould they be parted of-
tener than every third year, to have them ftrong.
Thefe plants flower in July, and their feeds are ripe
the latter end of Auguft.
It is called Parnaffus, from Mount Parnaffus, on
which it was fuppofed to grow ; and from the cattle
feeding on it, it was called a Grafs, though the plant
has no refemblance to any of the Grafs kind, but is
more like the Ranunculus in flower, and the leaves
are pretty broad, oblong, and Smooth.
PARONYCHIA. See Illecebrum.
PARSLEY; See Apium.
PARSNEP. See Pastinaca.
PARTERRE is a level divifion of ground, which,
for the moft part, faces the South and beft front of
a houfe, and is generally furnifhed with greens
flowers, &c. 6
There are Several forts of Parterres, as plain Grafs
with borders, and Parterres of embroidery, &c.
Plain Parterres are more beautiful in England than in
any other countries, by reafon of the excellency of
out turf, and that decency and unaffected fimplicity
f that it affords to the eye of the Spectator.
Others are cut into fhell and fcroll-work, with fand-
alleys between them, which are the fineft Parterre
works efteemed in France.
As to the general proportion of Parterres, an oblong
or long Square is accounted the moft proper figure
foi a Parterre ; becaufe by the rules of perfpeCtive,
01 the natural declenfion of the vifual rays in optics,
a long Square finks almoft to a Square, and an exaCt
Square appears much lefs than it really is, therefore
a Parterre fhould hot be lefs than twice as long as ir
is oroad ; twice and a half is accounted a very good
proportion, and it is very rare that three times is ex-
ceeded.
As to the breadth of a Parterre, it is to take its di-
mensions from the breadth of the front of the houfe.
If the front of the houfe is one hundred feet long, the
breadth of the Parterre fhould be one hundred and
fifty
\ d
fifty feet; and if the front of the houfe be two hun-
dred feet, the Parterre fhould be fifty feet broader ;
but where the front of the houfe exceeds the breadth
of the Parterre, it will be a good proportion to make
the Parterre of the fame dimenfions with the front.
Some do not approve of making Parterres very broad,
becaufe it makes them appear too ihort •, when no-
thing is more pleafing to the eye, than a contracted
regular conduft and view, as foon as the perfon goes
out of a houfe or building ; and a forward dire'ft
view is the belt, whether it be either Parterre or lawn,
or any other open fpace,. either two, three, or four-
fold in the width •, and for that reafon, thofe defigns
may juftly be difapproved, by which the noblenefs
of the view is marred at the immediate entrance into
the garden, the angle of light being broken and
confufed.
The making of Parterres too large caufes a great ex-
pence, and at the fame time occafions a diminution
of wood, which is the moll valuable part of a garden.
As to the adorning and furnilhing thefe Parterres,
whether it be plain or with embroidery, that depends
much upon the form of them, and therefore mull be
left to the judgment and fancy of the defigner.
PARTHENIUM. Lin. Gen. Plant. 939. Parthe-
niaftrum. Niffol. Aft. Par. 17 11. Dill. Gen. 13. Baf-
tard Feverfew.
The Characters are,
It hath a flower compofed of hermaphrodite florets and fe-
male half florets, which are inclofed in a common five-
leaved fpreading empalement. I he hermaphrodite flowers
which form the dijk , have one tubulous petal cut into five
parts at the brim they have five hair-like ftamina the
length of the tube , terminated by thick fummits. I he
germen is fituated below the floret , and is fcarce vifible ,
fupporting a fender ftyle having no fligma ; thefe florets
are barren . The female florets which compofe the rays
or border , are firetched out on one fide like a tongue ;
thefe have a large . , heart-ftjaped , comprefled germen , with
a fender ftyle crowned by two long fpreading ftigmas.
Thefe are fucceeded by one heart-fhaped comprejfed feed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fifth feftion of
Linnaeus’s twenty-firft clafs, which includes thofe
plants which have male and female, or hermaphro-
dite flowers in the fame plants, whofe male or herma-
phrodite flowers have five ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Parthenium ( Hyfterophorus ) foliis compofito-multi-
fidis. Lin. Hort. Cliff. 442. Parthenium with many-
pointed compound leaves. Partheniaftrum artemifia? fo-
lio, flore albo. Hort. Chelf. 152. Baftard Feverfew ,
with a Mugwort leaf.
2. Parthenium {Integrifolium) foliis ovatis crenatis. Lin.
Hort. Cliff. 442. Parthenium .with oval crenated leaves.
Partheniaftrum helenii folio. Hort. Elth. 302. tab.
225. Baftard Feverfew with an Elecampane leaf.
The firft fort grows wild in great plenty in the ifland
of Jamaica, and in fome other of the Englilh fet-
tlements in the Weft-Indies, where it is called wild
Wormwood, and is ufed by the inhabitants as a vul-
nerary herb.
The fecond fort grows plentifully in feveral parts of
the Spanifh Weft-Indies, from whence the feeds have
been brought to Europe.
The firft is an annual plant, which may be propa-
pagated by fowing the feeds on a hot-bed early in the
fpring *, and when the plants come up, they fhuuld
be tranfplanted on another hot-bed, at about five or
fix inches diftance, obferving to water and flbade them
until they have taken new root-, after which time
they mu ft have a pretty large fiiare of frefh air in
warm weather, by raifing the glaffes of the hot-bed
every day, and they muft be duly watered every
other day at leaft. When the plants have grown fo
as to meet each other, they ftiould be carefully taken
up, p refer v in g a ball of earth to their roots, and
each planted into a feparate pot filled with light rich
earth -, and if they are plunged into a moderate hot-
bed, it will greatly facilitate their taking freih root ;
but where this conveniency is wanting, the plants
PAS
ftiould be removed to a warm flickered fituation,
where they muft be fhaded from the fun until they
have taken new root after which time they may . be
expofed, with other hardy annual plants in a warm
fituation, where they will flower in July, and their
feeds will ripen in September. But if the feafon
ftiould prove cold and wet, it will be proper to have
a plant or two in {belter, either in the ftove, or un-
der tall frames, in order to have good feeds, if thofe
plants which are expofed ftiould fail, whereby the
fpecies may be preferved.
The fecond fort is a perennial plant, which dies to
the ground every autumn, and {hoots up again the
following fpring. The feeds of this fort were fent me
by my good friend Dr. Thomas Dale, from South
Carolina, where the plants grow wild. This may
be propagated by parting the roots in autumn, and
may be planted in the full ground, where it will abide
the cold of our ordinary winters very well. This fort
flowers in July, but feldom produces good feeds in
England.
Thefe plants make no great appearance, fo are feldom
cultivated but for the fake of variety.
P A S QJJ E-F LO W E R. See Pulsatilla.
PASSERINA, Lin. Gen. Plant. 440. Th ymekea.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 594. Pluk. Sanamunda. Cluf.
Sparrow-wort.
The Characters are.
The flower has no empalement ; it has one withered petal ,
having a fender cylindrical tube fwetting below the mid-
dle , and divided into four parts at the top , which fpread
open. It hath eight briftly ftamina fitting on the top
of the tube , terminated by ere ff fummits almofl oval. It
has an oval germen under the tube , having a fender ftyle
rifling on one fide of the top of the germen , crowned by a
headed fligma , fet with prickly hairs on every fide. The
germen afterward turns to an oval feed pointed at both
ends , inclofed in a thick oval capfule of one cell.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s eighth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have eight ftamina and one ftyle.
The Species are,
1. Passernia ( Filiformis ) foliis linearibus convexis
quadrifariam imbricatis, ramis tomentofis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 559. Sparrow-wort with linear convex leaves im-
bricated four ways , and downy branches. Thymekea
Ethiopica, pafferinte foliis. Breyn. Cent. 10. fig. 6 .
Ethiopian Spurge Laurel , with Sparrow-wort leaves.
2. Passerina ( Hirfuta ) foliis carnofis extus glabris,
caulibus tomentofis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 559. Sparrow-
wort with flefhy leaves , which are fmooth on their outfide ,
and downy ftalks. Sanamunda 3. Cluf. Hift. 1. p. 89.
The third, Sanamunda of Clufus.
3. Passernia ( Ciliata ) foliis lanceolatis fubciliatis erec-
tis, ramis nudis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 559. Sparrow-wort
with fpear-fhaped ere Si leaves having fmall hairs and
naked branches. Sanamunda 1. Cluf. Hift. 88. The,
firft Sanamunda of Clufus.
4. Passernia ( Uniflora ) foliis linearibus oppofitis, fio-
ribus terminalibus folitariis, ramis glabris. Lin. Sp,
Plant. 560. Sparrow-wort with linear leaves placed cp-
pofite , Jingle flowers terminating the branches , and fmooth
ftalks. Thymekea ramofa, linearibus foliis anguftis,
flore folitario. Burm. Afr. 1 3 1. tab. 48. fig. 1. Branch-
ing Spurge Laurel , with narrow linear leaves and a flngle
flower.
The firft fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope, from whence it was firft brought to the gar-
dens in Holland. This rifes with a ftirubby ftalk five
or fix feet high, fending out branches the whole
length, which, when young, grow ereft, but as they
advance in length, they incline toward an horizontal
pofition but more fo, when the fmall fhoots to -
ward the end are full of flowers and feed-veffels,
which weigh down the weak branches from their up-
right pofition. The branches are covered with a white
down like meal, and are clofely garnifhed with very
narrow leaves which are convex, and lie over each
other in four rows like the fcales of fiih, fo as that the
young branches feem as if they were £bur~cornered'.
The
*
PAS
PAS
. The flowers come out at the extremity of the young
branches, from between the leaves on every fide ;
they are fmall and white, fo make but little appear-
ance, and are fucceeded by fmall feed-veffeis, which
feem withered and dry. . The flowers come out in
June and July, and the feeds ripen in the autumn.
This plant may be propagated by cuttings during the
fummer months, which fhould bo planted in a bed of
loamy earth, and clofely covered with a bell or hand-
glafs to exclude the air, (hading them every day from
the fun, and refrefhing them now and then with wa-
ter. With this treatment the cuttings will have taken
root in about two months, when they may be taken
up, and each planted in a fmall pot filled with foft
loamy earth, placing them in the lhade till they have
taken new root •, then they may be removed into a
fheltered fituation, where they may remain till Q&o-
ber, when they mull: be placed in the green-houfe, for
they will not live in the open air through the winter in
England ; but they require no other treatment, than
Myrtles and other hardy green-houfe plants, which
is to fcreen them from froft. As this plant retains
its verdure all the year, fo it makes a pretty variety
in the green-houfe in winter.
It may alfo be propagated by feeds, which if fown in
the autumn foon after they are ripe, will more" cer-
tainly fucceed, than at any other feafon of the year.
The feeds fhould be fown in fmall pots filled with
light earth, and if they are plunged into an old bed
of tanners bark, under a common frame in winter;
the plants will come up in the fpring, and fhould then
be treated in the fame manner as thofe raifed from
cuttings ; but the feedling plants will grow more
eredt, and appear handfomer than thofe propagated
by cuttings.
- The fecond fort grows naturally in Spain and Portu-
gal ; this hath fhrubby (talks, which rife to a greater
height than the former •, the branches grow more dif-
fufed, and are covered with a meally down, garnifh-
ed with fhort, thick, fucculent leaves, lying over
each other like the fcales of filh ; they are fmooth and
green on their outfide, but downy on their inner.
The flowers are fmall and white, like thofe of the
former, and appear about the fame time. This plant
will live abroad in ordinary winters, if it is planted in
'a dry foil and a warm fituation •, but in hard frofts
the plants are frequently deftroyed, therefore one or
two plants fhould be kept in pots, and fheltered in
winter to preferve the fpecies. This may be propa-
gated by cuttings, in the fame way as the former fort.
The third fort grows naturally in Spain and Portugal,
as alfo at the Cape of Good Hope. This hath a
fhrubby ftalk rifing five or fix feet high, fending out
many branches which are naked to their ends, where
they are garnifhed with oblong leaves Handing eredt,
which have hairy points. The flowers are fmall, white,
and come out between the leaves at the end of the
branches •, they appear in June, but are not fucceed-
ed by feeds in England. This may be propagated by
cuttings as the two former, and requires the fame
treatment.
The fourth fort grows naturally at the Cape of Good
Hope ; it hath a low fhrubby ftalk, which feldom
rifes more than a foot high, dividing into many (len-
der branches, which are fmooth, and fpread out on
every fide, garnifhed with very narrow leaves placed
oppofite ; they are of a dark green, and have the ap-
pearance of thofe of the Fir-tree, but are narrower.
The flowers come out fingly at the end of the branches,
which are larger than thofe of the former, and the
upper part of the petals is fpread open almoft flat ;
they are of a purple colour, and appear about the
fame time as the former. This may be propagated by
cuttings as the other forts, and the plants mjLift be
treated as the firft fort.
PASSIFLORA. Lin. Gen. Plant. 9 r o. Granadilla.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 240. tab. 124. Paffion- flower ; in
French, Fleur de la Paffion.
The Characters are.
The flower has a j plain coloured empalement of five leaves ,
mid five half fpear-fbaped petals, which are large, plain
and obtufc. The ne Barium hath a triple crown ; the
outer , which is longer , is fafiened to the infide of the pe -
tal, but is larger and compreffed above. It has five aw l-
fhaped fiamina , fafiened at their bale to the column of the
fiyle annexed to the germen, fpreadtng out horizontally, and
terminated by oblong , obtufe , incumbent fummits . The fiyle
is an erect cylindrical column, upon whofe top fits an oval
germen, with three fmalkrfiyles which fpread out, crown-
ed by headed ftigmas. The germen afterward' becomes an
oval flefioy fruit with one cell, fitting at the end of the
fiyle , filled with oval feeds , fafiened longitudinally to the
jkin or f bell.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth fection
of Linnmus’s twentieth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe male and female parts are joined toge-
ther, and their flowers have five ftamina.
The Species are,
1. Passiflora flncarnata) foliis trilobis ferratis. Amcen.
Acad. vol. i. p. 230. P aflion- flower with leaves having
three J 'awed lobes. Granadilla Hifpanis, flqs paffionis
Italis. Hern. Mex. 888. The Granadilla of the Spani-
ards, and the Faff on- flower of the Italians , commonly
called three-leaved P aflion flower .
2. Passiflora ( Carulea ) foliis palmatis integerrimis.
Amoen. Acad. vol. i. p. 231. Paflion-flovoerwith hynd-
'fhaped entire leaves. Granadilla pentaphyllos, (lore
cseruleo magno. Boerh. Ind. hit. 2. p. 81. Five-leaved
P aflion flower, with a large blue flower, or the mo ft com-
mon Paflionflower.
3. Passiflora ( Lutea ) foliis trilobis cordatis sequalibus
obtufis glabris integerrimis. Amoen. Acad. vol. i. p,
224. Paflionflower with heart floaped leaves having three
equal lobes, which are fmooth, obtufe , and entire. Gra-
nadilla folio tricufpidi, fiore parvo flavefcente. Tourn.
Inft. R. H. 240. Paflionflower with a three-pointed leaf ,
and a fmall yellowifh flower.
4. Passiflora ( Glabra ) foliis trilobis integerrimis, lobis
fublanceolatis, intermedio produftiore. Amoen, Acad,
vol. i. p. 229. P aflion-flower with leaves having three
entire lobes, which are fomewhat fpear-Jhaped , and have
the middle one longer thdfii the others. Flos pafllonjs
minor, folio in tres ladfnias non ferratis profundius
divifo, fiore luteo. Sloan. Cat. jam. 104. Smaller
Paflionflower, with' a leaf deeply divided into three feg -
■ ments which are not fawed, and a yellow flower.
5. Passiflora ( Suberofa ) foliis trilobis integerrimis gla-
bris, cortice fuberofo. Amcen. Acad. 1. 226. Paflion-
flower with leaves having three entire fmooth lobes , and a
Cork-like bark. Flos paffionis Curaftavicus, folio gla-
bro, trilobato, & angufto, (lore flavefcente omnium
minimo. Par. Bat. Pluk. Aim. 282. Paflionflower of
Curajfao, with a fmooth leaf having three lobes, and > the
leaft yellow flower.
6 . Passiflora ( Olivaforma ) foliis haftatis ^glabris, pe-
talis florum anguftioribus. Paflionflower with halbert-
pointed fmooth leaves, and narrow petals to the flowers.
Granadilla folio amplo tricufpidi, frudtu olivaforma.
Tourn. Inft. R. H. 240. Paflionflower with a large
three-pointed leaf , and an Olive-fhaped fruit.
7. Passiflora ( Fcetida ) foliis trilobis cordatis pilofis,
involucris multifido-capillaribus. Amcen. Acad. 1. p.
228. Paflionflower with leaves having three hairy lobes,
and the involucrum of the flower compofed of many pointed
hairs. Granadilla fcetida, folio tricufpidi villofo, (lo-
re albo. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 240. Stinking Paflion-
flower with a hairy three-pointed leaf, and a white flower .
8. Passiflora ( Variegata ) foliis haftatis pilofis ampliori-
bus, involucris multifido capillaribus. Paflionflower
with the largefi halbert -pointed hairy leaves , and empale-
ments compofed of many-pointed hairs. Granadilla fce-
tida, folio tricufpidi villofo, fiore purpureo variega-
to. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 241. Stinking P aflion flower
with a hairy three-pointed leaf, and a flower variegated
with purple.
9. Passiflora ( Holofencea ) foliis trilobis, bafi utrinque
denticulo reflexo. Amoen. Acad. 1. p. 229. Paflion-
flower with leaves having three lobes, a little indented on
each fide the bafie, which is reflexed. Granadilla folio
haftato holoferico, petalis candicantibus, fimbriis eXT
purpureo & luteo variis. Martyn. Dec. 51. Paflion-
flower with a filky halbert-pointed leaf, and flowers having
9 Y white
454
)
FAS
white petals , which are variegated with a purple and
yellow colour.
10. Passiflora ( Capfularis ) foliis bilobis cordatis ob-
longis petiolatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 9 57. Pajfion-flower
with oblong heart-jhaped leaves , having two lobes jland-
ing upon foot-ftalks. Granadilla flore fuaverubente fo-
lio bicorni. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 241. Paflion-flower
with a foft red flower, and a leaf ending with two horns.
11. Passiflora ( Vefpertiliio ) foliis bilobis, baft rotun-
datis biglandulofis, lobis acutis divaricatis, fub-
tus pundlatis. Amcen. Acad. 1. 223. Pajflon-flower
having two lobes , and two glands at the bafe of their
leaves , whofe lobes are acute , fpr sad from each ether , and
fpotted on their under fide. Granadiila bicornis, flo-
re candibo, filamentis intortis. Hort. Elth. 164.
tab. 137. Paffion-flower with a two-horned leaf a white
flower , and intorted filaments.
1 2. Passiflora (Normalia) foliis bilobis, bafi emargi-
natis, lobis linearibus obtufis divaricatis, intermedio
obfoleto muc’Oiato. Amain. Acad. 5. 248. Paflion-
jlower with leaves having two linear obtufe lobes , which
are indented at the bafe , and have foot-Jlalks. Grana-
dilla qu$ Coanenepilli feu Contrayerya. Hernand.
Paflion-flower , called Coanenepilli or Contrayerva , by Her-
nandes.
13. Passiflora ( Bicorna ) foliis bilobis glabris rigidis,
bafi indivifis. Paflion-flower with ftiff fmooth leaveshav-
ing two lobes , which are undivided at their bafe. Grana-
dilla folio bicorni, glabro rigido, flore albo. Houft.
MSS. Paflion-flower with a fmooth two-horned leaf \ and
a white flower.
14. Passiflora ( Murucuia ) foliis bilobis tranfverfis am-
plexicaulibus. Amoen. Acad. 1. p.222. Paflion-flower
with tranfverfe leaves , having two lobes embracing the
ftalk. Murucuia folio lunato. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 251.
Murucuia with a moon-Jhaped leaf.
35. Passiflora ( Maliformis ) foliis indivifis cordato-ob-
longis integerrimis, petiolis biglandulofis involucris
integerrimis. Amoen. Acad. 1. p. 220. Paflion-flower
with undivided , heart-jhaped , oblong , entire leaves , foot-
Jlalks with two glands , and entire covers to the flowers.
Granadilla latifolia, frudtu maliformi. Tourn. Inft.
R. H. 241. Broad-leaved P ajfion-flower with an Ap-
ple- [hoped fruit, commonly called Granadilla in the JVefl-
Indies.
1 6 . Passiflora {Laurifolia ) foliis indivifis ovatis, in-
tegerrimis, petiolis biglandulofis involucris dentatis.
Amcen. Acad. i.p. 220. Paflion-flower with oval en-
tire leaves , foot-Jlalks with two glands , and the covers
of the flowers indented. Granadilla frubtu citriformi,
foliis oblongis. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 241. Paflion-flower
with a Citron-floaped fruit, and oblong leaves, commonly
called Water Lemon in the Wefl-Indies.
17. Passiflora ( Cupr<ea ) foliis indivifis ovatis integer-
rimis, petiolis tequalibus. Amcen. Acad. vol. i. p.
219. Paflion-flower with undivided, oval , entire leaves,
and equal foot-Jlalks. Granadilla Americana, frudtu
fubrotundo, corolla fioris erehta, petalis amoene ful-
vis, foliis integris. Martyn. Cent. i. 37. American
Paflion-flower with a roundijb fruit, an erect corolla to the
flower, the petals of a fine copper colour, and entire' Jeaves.
18. Passiflora ( Serratifolia ) foliis indivifis ferratis.
Amcen. 5 Acad. up. 217. Pajfion-flower with undivided
Jawed leaves. Granadilla Americana, folio oblongo
teviter ferrato, petalis ex viridi rubelcentibus. Mart.
Cent. 1. p. 36- American Paflion-flower, with oblong
leaves which are flightly flawed, and petals to the flower
of a greenijh red colour.
19. Passiflora {Multiflora) foliis indivifis oblongis in-
tegerrimis, floribus confertis. Amoen. Acad. 1. p. 22 r.
P aflion-flower with undivided, oblong , entire leaves, and
flowers growing in cluflers. Clematis Indica, polyan-
thos odoratiifima. Plum. PI. Amer. 75. tab. 90. In-
dian Climber having many fweet' flowers.
20. Passiflora (^uadrangularis) foliis indivifis fubcor-
datis integerrimis, petiolis fexglandulofis, caule mem-
branaceo tetragono. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1356. Paflion-flower
with hear t-flo aped entire leaves , whofe foot-Jlalks have fix
glands, and a four-cornered membranaceous Jlalk. Pafli-
flora foliis amplioribus cordatis, petiolis glandufis fex,
caule quadrangulo alato. Brown. Jam. 327. PaJJion-
PAS
flower with ample heari-jkaped leaves , whofe foot-Jlalks
have fix glands , and a fquare winged ftalk.
The firft lort grows naturally in Virginia and other
parts of North America ; this was the firft known in
Europe of all the fpecies, but was not very common
in the Englifh gardens till of late years. The root of
this plant is perennial, but the ftalk is annual in
North America, dying to the ground every winter, as
it alfo does in England, unlefs it is placed in a ftove.
The ftalks of this are (lender, rifing about four or
five feet . high, having tendrils or clafpers at each
joint, which fatten themfelves about whatever plant
ftand near them, whereby the ftalk is fupported. At
each joint comes out one leaf upon a ftiort foot-ftalk
thefe have for the moft part three oblong lobes, which
join at their bafe, but the two fide lobes are fome-
times divided part of their length into two narrow
fegments, fo as to refemble a five-lobed leaf; they
are thin, of a light green, and flightly fawed on their
edges. The flowers are produced from the joints of
the ftalk at the foot-ftalks of the leaves ; thefe have
long (lender foot-ftalks fucceeding each other, as the
ftalks ad vance in height, during the Cummer months.
The involucrum of the flower is compofed of five
oblong blunt-pointed leaves, of a pale green ; thefe
open and difclofe five more leaves or petals, which are
white, having a fringe or circle of rays of a double
order round the ftyle, of a purple colour, the lower
row being the longeft. In the center of this arifes
the pillar-like ftyle, with the roundilh germen at the
top, furrounded at the bottom, where it adheres to
the ftyle, with five flattifh (lamina which fpread out
every way, and fuftain each of them an oblong fum-
mit which hang downward, and on their under fide
are covered with a yellow farina. The flowers have
an agreeable feent, but are of (hort duration, open-
ing in the morning, and fade away in the evening,
never opening again, but are fucceeded by frelh flow-
ers, which come out at the joints of the ftalk above
them. When the flowers fade, the roundilh germen
fwells to a fruit as large as a middling Applet which
changes to a pale Orange colour when ripe, inclofing
many oblong rough feeds inclofed in a fweetifh pulp.
This fort is ufually propagated by feeds which are
brought from America, for the feeds do not often
ripen in England ; though I have fometimes had fe-
veral fruit perfectly ripe on plants, which were plung-
ed in a tan-bed under a deep frame ; but thole plants
which are expofed to the open air, do not produce
fruit here. The feeds fhould be fown upon a mode-
rate hot-bed, which will bring up the plants much
fooner than when they are fown in the open air, fo
they will have more time to get ftrength before winter.
When the plants are come up two or three inches
high, they fhould be carefully taken up, and each
planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with good kitch-
en-garden earth, and plunged into a moderate hot-
bed to forward their taking new root ; after which
they fhould be gradually inured to bear the open air,
to which they fhould be expofed in fummer, but in
the autumn they mull be placed under a garden-frame
to fereen them from the froft ; but they fhould have
the free air at all times in mild weather. The fpring
following fome of thefe plants may be turned out of
the pots, and planted in a warm border, where, if
they are covered with tanners bark every winter to
keep out the froft, they will live feveral years, their
ftalks decaying in the autumn, and new ones arife in
the fpring, which in warm feafons will flower very
well. If thofe plants which are continued in pots, are
plunged into a tan-bed, fome of them may produce
fruit ; and, if the ftalks of thefe are laid down in
the beginning of June, into pots of earth plunged
near them, they will take root by the end of Auguft,
fo that the plants may be eafily propagated this way.
The fecond fort has not been many years in England,
but is now the moft common. This grows naturally
in the Brafils, yet is hardy enough to thrive in the
open air here, and is feldom injured except in very
fevere winters, which commonly kills the branches to
the ground, and fotnetirnes deftroys the roots ; this
PAS
rifes in a few years to a great height, if they have
proper fupport. I have feen fome of thefe plants,
whofe branches were trained up more than forty feet
high. The ftalks will grow almod as large as a
man’s arm, and are covered with apurplifh bark, but
do not become very woody. The fhoots from thefe
ftalks are often twelve or fifteen feet long in one dim-
mer •, they are very (lender, fo mull be fupported,
otherwife they will hang to the ground, intermix with
each other, and appear very unfigntly. Thefe are
garnifhed at each joint with one hand-fhaped leaf,
compofed of five fmooth entire lobes, the middle one,
which is the longed, being al mod four inches long,
and one broad in the middle, the other are gradually
Ifiorter, and the two outer lobes are frequently divid-
ed on their outer fide into two fmaller lobes or feg-
ments. Their foot-dalks are near two inches long,
and have two fmall leaves or ears embracing the dalks
at their bale, and from the fame point comes out a
long clafper, which twifts round the neighbouring
plants, whereby the dalks are fupported. The flow-
ers come out at the fame joint as the leaves * thefe
have foot-dalks almod three inches long. The
flowers have an outer cover, compofed of three con-
cave oval leaves, of a paler green than the leaves of
the plant, which are little more than half the length
of the empalement, which is compofed of five oblong
blunt leaves, of a very pale green * within thefe are
five petals, nearly of the fame lhape and fize with the
empalement, danding alternately between them. In
the center of the flower arifes a thick club-like co-
lumn about an inch long, on the top of which fits an
oval germen, from whole bafe fpreads out five awl-
fhaped horizontal flamina, which are terminated by
oblong broad fummits fadened in the middle of the
ftamina, hanging downward * thefe may be moved
round without leparating from the damina, and their
under furface is charged with yellow farina * on the
fide of the germen arife three (lender purplilh dyles
near an inch long, fpreading from each other, termi-
nated by obtufe digmas. Round the bottom of the
column are two orders of rays * the inner, which is
the (horted, inclines toward the column the outer,
which is near half the length of the petals, fpread
open flat upon them * thefe rays are compofed of a
great number of thread-like filaments, of a purple co-
lour at bottom, but are blue on the outfide. The
flowers have a faint fcent, and continue but one day •,
after they fade, the germen on the top of the co-
lumn fwelis to a large oval fruit about the -fize and
lhape of the Mogul Plum, and when ripe is of the
fame pale yellow colour, inclofing a fweetifh difagree-
able pulp, in which are lodged oblong feeds. This
plant begins to flower early in July, and there is a
iucceffion of flowers daily, till the frod in autumn puts
a dop to them.
It may be propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown
in the fame manner as thofe of the firil fort, and the
plants treated in the fame way till the following fpring,
when they fhould be turned out of the pots, and
planted againd a good afpecded wall, where they may
have height for their (hoots to extend, otherwife they
will hang about and entangle with each other, fo
make but an indifferent appearance * but where build-
ings are to be covered, this plant is very proper for
the. purpofe. After they have taken good root in
their new quarters, the only care they will require, is
to train their (hoots up againd the wall, as they ex-
tend in length, to prevent their hanging about, and
if the winter proves fevere, the furface of the ground
about their roots (hould be covered with mulch to
keep the frod from penetrating of the ground •, and if
the (talks and branches are covered with mats, Peas-
hauitn, draw, or any fuch light covering, it will
protect them in winter againd fevere frods * but this
covering mud be taken oft in mild weather, otherwife
it will caufe the branches to grow mouldy, which will
be more injurious to them than the cold. In the
fpring the plants (hould be trimmed, when all the
fmall weak fhoots (hould be entirely cut off, and the
ftrong ones (hortened to about four or five feet long.
PAS. -
which will caufe them to put out ftrong (hoots for
flowering the following year.
This plant is alfo propagated by laying down the
branches, which in one year will be well rooted, fo
may be taken off from the old plants, and tranlplant-
ed, where they are defigned to remain. The cut-
tings of this will alfo take root, if they are planted
in a loamy foil not too ftiff, in the fpring, before they
begin to (hoot. If thefe are covered with bell or
hand-glaffes to exclude the air, they will fucceed much
better than when they are otherwife treated * but when,
the cuttings put out fhoots, the air (hould be admit-
ted to them, otherwife they will draw up weak and
fpoil, and they mud be afterwards treated as the layers.
Thofe plants which are propagated by layers or cut-
tings, do not produce fruit fo plentifully as the feed-
ling plants * and I have found the plants which have
been propagated two or three times, either by layers
or cuttings, feldom produce fruit, which is common
to many other plantsq
If in very fevere winters the dalks of thefe plants are
killed to the ground, the roots often put out new
ftalks the following dimmer, therefore they fhould not
be didurbed * and where there is mulch laid on the
ground about their roots* there will be little danger
of their being killed, although all the dalks (hould be
dedroyed.
There is a variety of this * the lobes of the leaves are
much narrower, and are divided almod to the bottom.
The flowers come later in the dimmer ; the petals of
the flowers are narrower, and of a purer white, but I
believe it is' only a ieminal variation of the other, fo
not worthy of being enumerated.
The third fort grows naturally in Virginia, and alfo
in Jamaica* this hath a perennial creeping root,
fending up many weak dalks about three or four feet
high, which are garnifhed with leaves (haped very
like thofe of Ivy, and are almod as large, but of a
pale green and very thin confidence. The flowers
come out from the wings of the ftalk upon (lender
foot-dalks an inch and a half long, and at their bafe
arife very (lender tendrils, which clafp round any
neighbouring fupport. The flowers are of a dirty
yellow colour, and not larger than a fix-pence when
expanded, fo make no great appearance* This may
be propagated by its creeping roots, which may be
parted in April, and planted where they are to remain.
This fort will live in a warm border, if treated in the
fame way as is di redded for the firft fort. Some of thefe
plants lived many years in the Chelfea Garden in a
border to a fouth-weft afpect, but in the year 1740
they were killed by the frod.
The fourth fort grows naturally in Jamaica * this hath
a perennial root, from which arife feveral (lender
ftalks four or five feet high, which have joints four
or five inches afunder * at each of thefe come out one
leaf, a tendril, and a flower. The leaves have three
lobes ; the middle one is three inches long, and almod
an inch broad in the middle •, the two fide lobes are
about two inches long, and three quarters of an inch
broad, of a light green colour, and thin. The flowers
are fmaller than thofe of the lad mentioned, and are
of a greenifh colour* thefe are fucceeded by oval
fruit, about the fize of fmall Olives, which turn pur-
ple when they are ripe.
The fifth fort grows naturally in mod of the Wed-
India iflands * this rifes with a weak ftalk to the height
of twenty feet. As the ftalks grow old, they have
a thick fungous bark like that of the Cork-tree,
which cracks and fplits. The fmaller branches are
covered with a fmooth bark, and garnilhed with
fmooth leaves at each joint, fitting upon very fhort
foot-dalks * thefe have three lobes, the middle one
being much longer than thofe on the (ides, fo that
the whole leaf has the form of the point of thofe hal-
berts ufed by the yeomen of the guards. The flow-
ers are fmall, of a greenifti yellow colour, and are
fucceeded by fmall oval fruit of a dark purple co-
lour when ripe.
The fixth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies *
this hath a perennial root, from which arife feveral
(lender
4 ^
PAS
tender talks, which rife eight or ten feet higlA, gar-
nifhed with frnooth green leaves {landing upon tender
foot-talks. Thefe are but tightly indented into three
-.lobes, which end in acute points, and are fhaped like
the points of halberts, the middle one Handing ob-
liquely to the foot-ftalk. The flowers come out from
the wings of the leaves on very fhort foot-ftalks ; they
are of a pale yellow. The petals of the flowers are
very narrow, and longer than thofe of the two former
forts ; the fruit is fmalkr and of an oval form, chang-
ing to a dark purple when ripe.
The fetfenth fort grows naturally in mofc of the iflands
in the Weft-Indies, where the inhabitants of the Bri-
tifli iflands call it Love in a Mift. The root of this
is annual ; the ftalks rife five or fix feet high when
they are fupported ; they are channelled and hairy.
The leaves are heart-fhaped, divided into three lobes,
the middle lobe being three inches long, and one and
a half broad ; the two fide lobes are fhort but broad ;
they are covered with fhort brown hairs. The tendrils
come out at the fame place as the leaves, as do alfo
the flowers, whofe foot-ftalks are two inches long,
hairy, and pretty ftrong. The empalement of the
flower is compofed of (lender hairy filaments, which
are wrought like a net ; thefe are longer than the pe-
tals of the flower, and turn up round them, fo that
the flowers are not very confpicuous at a diftance.
Thefe are white, and of fliort duration •, their flruc-
ture is the fame with the other forts, and they are
fucceeded by roundifh oval fruit about the fize of an
ordinary Golden Pippin, of a yellowifli green colour,
inclofed with a netted empalement. This plant is
propagated by feeds, which fhould be Town upon a
hot-bed early in the fpring, and when the plants are
fit to remove, they fhould be each tranfplanted into
a fmall pot filled with light kitchen-garden earth, and
plunged again into a hot-bed, obferving to (hade
them from the fun till they have taken new root ;
after which time they muft be treated in the fame way
as other plants from the fame country, fhifting them
into larger pots as their roots increafe ; and when
the plants are too tall to remain under the glaffes of
the hot-bed, they fhould be removed into an airy
glafs-cafe, where they fhould have the free air admit-
ted to them in warm weather, but fcreened from the
cold. In this fituation the plants will flower in July,
and their feeds will ripen in the autumn. The whole
plant has a difagreeable fcent when touched.
There is a variety of this, if it is not a diftind fpecies,
with hairy leaves not fo broad as thofe of the former.
The whole leaf is fhaped more like the point of a hal-
bert, and thofe leaves which grow toward the upper
part of the ftalks, have very fmall indentures, fo ap-
proach near to fimple leaves without lobes. The
flowers are alfo fmaller, but of the fame form, and
the roots are of a fhorter duration, fo that I am inclined
to believe it is a diftind fpecies.
The eighth fort has fome appearance of the feventh,
fo that many perfons have iuppofed it was only an ac-
cidental variety of it, but there can be no doubt of
its being a different fpecies. The ftalks of this rife
upward of twenty feet high, and will continue two
or three years 5 the leaves are larger, but of the fame
fhape, and hairy ; the tendrils of this fort are very
long, as are alfo the foot-ftalks of the flowers, which
are fmooth, not hairy as the former •, the empalement
of the flowers is netted, but not fo long as in the
former fort •, the flowers are larger, and the rays are of
a light blue colour ; the fruit is much lefs and round-
er than thofe of the other, and when ripe changes to
a deep yellow colour.
The ninth fort was difeovered by the lateDr.Houftoun
growing naturally at La VeraCruz ; this a perennial
plant. The ftalks rife twenty feet high, dividing into
many (lender branches, which are covered with a foft
hairy down. The leaves are fhaped like the point of
a halbert ; they are three inches long, and one inch
and a half at their bafe, of a light green, foft and
filky to the touch, (landing obliquely to the foot-ftalks.
The flowers come out at the wings of the leaves like
the Other fpecies ; thefe are not half fo large, as thofe
PAS
of the fecond fort, but are of the fame form. The
petals are white, and the rays or filaments are purple
with a mixture of yellow. The fruit of this is fmall’
roundifh, and yellow when ripe.
The tenth fort grows naturally in Jamaica, from
whence the late Dr. Houftoun fent the feeds to Eng-
land ; this is a peiennial plant. 1 he ftalks are flcn-
der, and rife to twenty feet high when they are fup-
ported, and divide into many weak branches ; the
leaves, flowers, and tendrils come out at each joint.
The leaves are four inches long, and three broad,
rounded at their bafe in form of a heart, but end at
tneir points with two horns, which in foine leaves are
more acute than in others, feveral of them appearing
as if they were cut a little hollow at the top, like the
leaves of the Tulip-tree. They have three loncntu-
dmal veins, which join at the bafe of the leaf to the
foot-ftalk, but the two outer diverge toward the bor-
ders of the leaf in the middle, drawing inward again
at the top. The leaves are of a deep green on their
upper fide, but are pale on their under, and Hand
upon fhort foot-ftalks ; the foot-ftalks of the flowers
are very flender, of a purplifh colour, about an inch
and a half long. The flowers are fhaped like thofe
of the other fpecies, but when expanded are not more
than an inch and a half diameter, of a foft red colour,
and htde fcent. I he fruit is fmall, oval, and when
ripe, changes to a purple colour.
The eleventh fort was difeovered by the late Mr.
Robert Millar, growing naturally near Carthagena in
New Spain. This hath flender ftriated ftalks of 3
brownifh red colour, dividing into many flender
branches, which are garnifhed with leaves ihaped like
the wings of a bat when extended ; they are about
feven inches in length, meafuring from the two ex-
tended points, which may rather be termed the breadth,
for from the bafe to the top they are not more than
two inches and a half. The foot-ftalk is fet half an
inch from the bale of the leaf, from which come out
three ribs or veins ; two of them extend each way to
the two narrow points of the leaf, the other rifes up-
right to the top, where is the greateft length of the
leaf, if it may be fo termed. The figure of this leaf
is the moft Angular of any I have yet feen. The
flowers come out at the joints of the ftalk like the
others, upon fhort flender foot-ftalks ; they are about
three inches diameter when expanded. The petals
and rays are white ; the rays are twilled and flender,
extending beyond the petals. The fruit of this I have
not feen entire.
The twelfth fort was difeovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun, growing naturally at La Vera Cruz in New
Spain. This hath flender angular ftalks which rife
twenty feet high, fending out many branches, which
are garnifhed with moon-fhaped leaves, and have two
blunt lobes, fpreading afunder each way, fo as to have
the appearance of a half moon. The flowers and ten-
drils come out from the fame joints of the ftalks.
The flowers are of a pale colour and fmall, but fhaped
like thofe of the other forts ; thefe are fucceeded by
oval fruit of a purple colour, about the fize of
fmall oval Grapes.
The thirteenth fort has fome refemblance of the
twelfth, but the ftalks are rounder and become lig-
neous. The leaves are almoft as fliff as thofe of the
Bay-tree, and are not fo deeply divided as thofe of the
former. The flowers Hand upon long foot-ftalks,
which are horizontal; they are fmall, white, and
fhaped like thofe of the -other fort. The fruit is oval,
fmall, and of a purple colour, fitting clofe to the pe-
tals of the flowers, which are permanent. This was
difeovered by the lateDr.Houftoun growing naturally
at Carthagena in New Spain.
The fourteenth fort grows naturally in moft of the
iflands in the Weft-Indies ; this is by Tournefort fe-
parated from this genus, and titled by him Murucuia,
which is the Brafilian name for this, and fome of the
other fpecies. This hath flender climbing ftalks,
which are channelled, putting out tendrils at the
joints, which fallen themielves about the neighbour-
ing plants for fupport, and climb to the height of ten
« ©r
or twelve feet ; they are garnifhed with leaves which
are cut into two lobes at their bafe, but at the top
are only a little hollowed at a diftance from each
point, rifing again in the middle oppoiite the foot-
ftalk. The bafe of the two lobes fpread and meet,
fo that they appear as if they embraced the ftalk ;
but when they are viewed near, they* are found di-
vided to the fhort crooked foot-ftalk, which does
fcarcely appear. There are two purpliih veins arifing
from the foot-ftalk, which extend each way to the
points of the lobes. The leaves are of a lucid
green on their upper furface, but pale on their un-
der ; the tendrils, which come out with the leaves,
are very long, tough, and of a purple colour. The
flowers are produced toward the end of the branches,
coming out by pairs on each fide the branches ; thefe
have purple foot-ftalks an inch and a half long, fuf-
taining one flower at the top, whofe empalement is
compofed of five purple leaves, which form a kind of
tube, and within are five very narrow purple petals.
The column in the center of the flower is of the fame
length as the petals, but the ftamina are extended an
inch above. When the flowers fade, the germen fwells
to an oval purple fruit, the fize of the ftnall red
Goofeberry, inclofing a foft pulp, in which are
lodged the feeds.
The fifteenth fort grows naturally in the Weft-Indies,
where the inhabitants call itGranadilla; the fruit of this
fort is commonly eaten there, being ferved up to their
table in deferts. This hath a thick, climbing, her-
baceous, triangular ftalk, fending out (lender tendrils
at each joint, which fatten to the bufhes and hedges
for fupport, rifing to the height of fifteen or twenty
feet, garnifhed at each joint with one large, oval,
heart-fliaped leaf, fix inches long, and four broad in
the middle, indented at the bafe, where the fhort
foot-ftalk is fattened to the branches, round at the
top, having an acute point. There are two large fti-
pulse or ears joined to the {talks, which encompafs the
foot-ftalks of the flowers and leaves, as alfo the bafe
of the tendril. The leaves are of a lively green and
thin texture, having one ftrong nerve or midrib run-
ning longitudinally, from which arife feveral ftnall
veins, which diverge to the fides, and incurve again
toward the top. The flowers ftand upon pretty long
foot-ftalks, which have two finall glandules in the
middle •, the cover of the flower is compofed of three
foft velvety leaves, of a pale red, with fome ftripes of
a lively red colour ; the petals of the flower are
white, and the rays are blue. Thefe flowers are
large, fo make a fine appearance during their conti-
nuance ; but they are like the other fpecies, of fhort
duration, but there is a fucceflion of flowers for fome
time on the fame plants. After the flowers are paft,
the germenfwells to a roundifh fruit, the fize of a'large
Apple, of a yellow colour when ripe, having a thicker
rind than any of the other forts, inclofing a fweetifh
pulp, in which are lodged many oblong flat feeds, of
a brownifh colour, a little rough to the touch.
The flxteenth fort grows naturally in the iflands of the
Weft-Indfts ; this hath climbing rough ftalks, which
put out clafpers at every joint like the others, which
fallen to the neighbouring trees and hedges for fup-
port, and rife upward of twenty feet high, fending
out many fide branches. The leaves are four or five
inches long, and two broad, of a pretty thick confif-
tence, and of a bright green on their upper fide, but
pale on their under. The flowers come out at the
joints of the ftalks, upon foot-ftalks an inch and a
half long ; the buds of the flowers are as large as pi-
geons eggs before they begin to expand. The cover
of the flower is compofed of three large, oval, green
leaves, which are indented on their edges, and hol-
lowed like a fpoon : within thefe is the empalement
of the flower, which is compofed of five oblong leaves,
of a pale green on their outiide, but whitifh within
thefe are about an inch and a half long, and half an
inch broad. The petals of the flower are white, and
ftand alternately with thofe of the empalement, but
are not more than half their breadth, and are marked
with feveral finall, brownifh, red fpots. The rays
of the flower are of a Violet colour the column in
the center is yellowlfh, as is alfo the round germen
at the top, but the three ftyles are of a purple co-
lour. Thefe flowers have an agreeable odour, and
when they fade, the germen fwells to the fize of a
pullet’s egg, and nearly of the fame fhape, which
turns yellow when ripe. The rind is foft and thick ;
the pulp has an agreeable acid flavour, which quenches
thirft, abates the heat of the ftomach, gives an ap-
petite, and recruits the fpirits, fo is commonly given
in fevers. The feeds are heart-fhaped and brownifn.
The feventeenth fort grows naturally in the Bahama
Iflands, from whence the late Mr. Catefby fent the
feeds to England ; this hath (lender, climbing, three-
cornered ftalks, which fend out tendrils at each
joint, fattening themfelves to any neighbouring fup-
port. The ftalks climb to the height of twelve or
fourteen feet, and are garnifhed with oblong oval
leaves about two inches long, and one broad, of a
light green, and entire. Their foot-ftalks are Gender,
and an inch long, from which arife three longitudinal
veins, one running through the middle of the leaf,
the other two diverge to the fides, drawing toward
each other again at the point. The flowers come out
from the wings of the ftalk, upon (lender foot-ftalks
an inch long ; the empalement of the flower is com-
pofed of five oblong, narrow, purpliih leaves, and
within are five narrower petals of the fame colour*
which turn backward after they have been fome time
expanded. The column in the middle of the flower
is very long and (lender, fupporting a rbund germen,
from whofe bafe fpread out five (lender ftamina, ter-
minated by oblong hanging fummits, and from the
top of the germen arife three (lender ftyles, which
fpread afunder, and are crowned by r-oundifh fummits.
When the flowers fade, the germen fwells to an oval
fruit about the fize of fparrow’s egg, which changes
to a purple colour when ripe, filled with oblong feeds
inclofed in a foft pulp.
The nineteenth fort was difeovered by the late Dr.
ITouftoun at La Vera Cruz in New Spain, where it
grows naturally, from whence he fent the feeds in
1731 to England, which fucceeded in feveral gar-
dens. This hath (lender climbing ftalks, fending out
many ftnall branches, which climb to the height of
twenty-five or thirty feet, when they meet with
neighbouring fupport, to which they fatten themfelves
by tendrils. The ftalks by age become ligneous to-
ward the bottom ; their joints are not far afunder.
The leaves ftand upon fhort (lender foot-ftalks ; they
are three inches and a half long, and two broad in the
middle, rounded at their bale, but terminate in a
point at the top •, they are ftnooth, entire, and of a
lively green colour. The flowers come out from the
wings of the leaves, (landing upon long foot-ftalks ;
the empalement of the flower is compofed of five ob-
long leaves, green on their outfide, but whitifh within.
The flower has five oblong white petals, fituated
alternately to the leaves of the empalement, which
fpread open •, the rays are of a bluifli purple colour,
inclining at bottom to red ; the column in the
center is fhort and thick •, the germen on the top is
oval, and, after the flowers fade, fwells to the fize
of a pullet’s egg, and changes to a pale yellow when
ripe, having many oblong feeds inclofed in a foft
pulp. The flowers of this kind have an agreeable
odour, but are of (hort duration, feldom continuing
twenty hours open; but there is a fucceflion of*
flowers on the plants from June to September, and
fometimes the fruit will ripen here.
The twentieth fort has much the appearance of the
fifteenth, both in ftalk and leaves ; but the ftalks of
this have four angles, whereas thofe of the fifteenth
have but three : the leaves alfo of that are not hollow-
ed at their bafe, but thofe of twentieth fort are almoft
heart-fhaped ; the flower of it is much larger, though
very like it in colour, and the fruit is near twice as
large, and of a very agreeable flavour,
9 Z This
jfhis requires the fame culture as the fifteenth,
With which it will produce flowers, and often will
ripen its fruit in England. By fome pejfons this is
confounded with the fifteenth fort, and palfes for the
Granadilla.
All thefe perennial forts which are natives of the hot
parts of America, require a ftove to preferve them
here, without which they will not thrive ; for although
fame of the forts will live in the open air during the
Warm months in fummer, yet they make but little pro-
grefs ; nor will the plants produce many flowers, un-
kfs the pots in which they are planted are plunged
into the tan-bed of the ftove, and their branches are
trained agamft an efpalier. The beft way to have them
in perfedion, is to make a border of earth on the back
fide of the tan-bed, which may be feparated by planks
to prevent the earth from mixing with the tan ; and
when the plants are ftrong enough, they .fhould be
turned out of the pots, and planted in this border ;
adjoining to which, fhould be a trelliage erededto the
top of the ftove ; againft this the ftalks of the plants
mult be trained, and as they advance they will form a
hedge to hide the wall of the ftove, and their leaves
continuing green all the year, together with their
flowers, which will be plentifully intermixed in fum-
mer, will have a very agreeable effect.
As there will be only a plank partition between the
earth and the tan, fo the earth will be kept warm by
the tan-bed, which will be of great fervice to the roots
of the plants. This border fhould not be lefs than
two feet broad and three deep, which is the ufual
depth of the pit for tan •, fo that where thefe borders
are intended, the pits fhould not be lefts than eight
feet and a half, or nine feet and a half broad, that, the
bark-bed, exclufive of the border, may be fix and a half
or feven feet wide. If the border is fenced off with
ftrong (hip planks, they will laft fome years, efpecially
if they are well painted over with a compofition of
melted pitch, brick-duft and oil, which will preferve
them found a long time; and the earth fhould be taken
cut carefully from between the roots of the plants,
at leaft once a year, putting in frefh : with this ma-
nagement, I have feen thefe plants in great perfec-
tion. But where there has not been this conveniency, I
have turned the plants out of the pots, and planted
them into the tan-bed when it was half rotten, into
which they have rooted exceedingly, and have thriven
for two or three years as well as could be defired ; but
when their roots extended to ar great diftance in the
tan-bed, they have been injured by renewing of the
bark ; and when it has fermented pretty violently,
the roots have been fealded, and the plants have been
.killed, fo that the other method is more eligible.
Thefe plants are propagated by feeds, which fhould
be Town upon a good hot-bed in the fpring, and when
the plants are fit to remove, they fhould be each
planted in a fmall pot filled with good kitchen-garden
earth, and plunged into a bed of tanners bark, ob-
ferving to fhade them from the fun till they have
taken new root; then they rnuft be treated like other
tender plants from the fame countries. When they
are too high to remain under the glaffes of the hot-
bed, they fhould be turned out of the pots and planted
in the ftove, in the manner before mentioned.
As thefe forts do not often perfect their feeds here,
fo they may be propagated by laying down their
branches, which, if done in April, they will put out
roots by the, middle of Auguft, when they may be fe-
parated from the old plants, and either planted in pots
to get ftrength, or into the border of the ftove, where
they are to remain.
Some of thefe forts may alfo be propagated by cut-
tings ; thefe fhould be planted into pots about the
middle or latter end of March, and plunged into a
moderate hot-bed, obferving to fereen them from the
fun, and ref re fir them with water gently, as often as
the earth may require it ; and in about two months or
ten weeks, they will put out roots, and may then be
treated as the feedling plants.
-3? AS SI 0 N-F LO W E R. See Passiflora.
PAS
P A ST IN AC A. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 319. tab. 170. 1
Lin. Gen. Plant. 324. [of Paftus, Lat. fed; becaufe
it it a plant whole root is edible.] Parfnep ; in French,
Panais.
The Characters are.
It hath an umbellated flower ; the principal umbel is com-
pofled of many fmatter , a?td thefe are likewife compofed of
Jeveral rays. They have no involucrum , and the empale-
ment is fcarce vifible ; the umbel is uniform. The flowers
have five fpear-Jhaped incurved petals , and five hair-like
ftamina , terminated by roundijh fummits. The germen is
fituated under the flower , fupporting two reflexed ftyles ,
. crowned by obtufe ftigmas. The germen afterward becomes
an elliptical , plain, compreffed fruit , dividing into two
parts , having two bordered elliptical feeds .
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedion
of Linnteus’s fifth clafs, which contains thofe plants
whofe flowers have five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Pastinaca ( Sylveftris ) foliis fimpliciter pinnatis hir-
futis. Parfnep with Jingle , winged , hairy leaves. Paf-
tinaca fylveftris latifolia. C. B. P. 155. Broad-leaved
Wild Parfnep.
2. Pastinaca ( Sativa j foliis fimpliciter pinnatis gla-
bris. Parfnep with flngle winged fmooth leaves. Pafti-
naca fativa, latifolia. C. B. P. 155. Broad-leaved Gar-
den Parfnep.
3. Pastinaca ( Opopanax ) foliis decompofitis pinnatis.
Hort. Cliff. 105. Parfnep with decompounded winged
leaves. Paftinaca fylveftris akiffima. Tourn. Inft. 319.
Talleft wild Parfnep , by Cafpar Bauhin titled , Panax
Coftinum. Pin. 156.
The firft fort grows jiaturally on the fide of banks,
and on dry land, in many parts of England. This is a
biennial plant, the firft year {hooting out leaves which
fpread on the furface of the ground ; thefe are fingly
winged, and the lobes are irregularly cut ; the leaves
are hairy. The following year the ftalks rife four
or five feet high, which are channelled, hairy, and
garnifhed with winged leaves like thofe'at the bottom,
but fmaller ; the ftalk branches out toward the top,
each branch being terminated by a large umbel of
yellow flowers ; thefe are fucceeded by comprefled
fruit, having two flat bordered feeds. The plant
flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in Auguft.
The root and feed of this fort is fometimes ufed in
medicine, but it is feldom cultivated in gardens, the
markets being fupplied from the fields ; yet the drug-
gifts commonly fell the feeds of the garden kind for
it, which they may purahafe at an eafy price when it
is too old to grow, but then the feeds can have no
virtue left.
The fecond fort hath fmooth leaves, of a light or
yellowifh green colour, in which this differs from the
former; the ftalks alfo rife higher, and are deeper
channelled; the foot-ftalks of the umbels are .much
longer, and the flowers are of a deeper yellow colour.
Thefe two forts have been thought only varieties, the
Garden Parfnep they have fuppofed to differ from the
wild only by culture ; but I have cultivated both ma-
ny years, and have never found that either of the
forts have varied ; the feeds of each having conftantly
produced the lame fort as they were taken from, fo
that I am certain they are diftind fpecies.
This fort is cultivated in kitchen-gardens, the roots
of which are large, fweet, and accounted very no u-
rifhing. They are propagated by feeds, which fhould
be fown in February or March, in a rich mellow foil,
which muft be well dug, that their roots may run
downward, the greateft excellency being the length
and bignefs of the roots. Thefe may be fown alone,
or with Carrots, as is pradifed by the kitchen-garden-
ers near London ; fome of whom alfo mix Leeks,
Onions, and Lettuce, with their Parfneps ; but this \
think very wrong, for it is not poffible, that fo many-
different forts can thrive well together, except they
are allowed a confiderable diftance -, and if fo, it will
be equally the fame to fow the different forts feparate.
However, Carrots and Parfneps may be fown together
very well, efpecially where the Carrots are defigned
to
J
PAS
to be drawn off very young ; becaufe the Parfneps ge- j
nerally fpread moft towards the latter end of the fum-
mer, which is after the Carrots are gone, fo that there
may be a double crop upon the fame ground.
When the plants are come up, you fnould hoe them
out, leaving them about ten inches or a foot afunder ;
obferving at the fame time to cut up all the weeds,
which, if permitted to grow, would foon overbear the
plants and choke them. This muff be repeated three
or four times in the fpring, according as you find the
weeds grow ; but in the latter part of fummer, when
the plants are fo ftrong as to cover the ground, they
will prevent the growth of weeds, fo that after that
feafon they will require no farther care.
When the leaves begin to decay, the roots may be
dug up for ufe, before which time they are feldom
well tailed , nor are they good for much in the
fpring, after they are fhot out again ; fo that thofe
who would preferve thefe roots for fpring ufe, fhould
dig them up in the beginning of February, and bury
them in land, in a dry place, where they will remain
good until the middle of April, or later.
If you intend to lave the feeds of this plant, you
fhould make choice of fome of the longeft, ftraiteft,
and largeft roots, which fhould be planted about two
feet afunder, in fome place where they may be de-
fended from the ftrong fouth and weft winds j for the
Hems of thefe plants commonly grow to a great height,
and are very fubjedt to be broken by ftrong winds, if ,
expofed thereto ; they fhould be conftantly kept clear
from weeds, and if the feafon fhould prove very dry,
if you give them fome water twice a week, it will
caul’e them to produce a greater quantity of feeds,
which will be much ftronger than if they were wholly
neglected. Toward the latter end of Auguft or the
beginning of September, the feeds will be ripe ; at
which time you fhould carefully cut off the umbels,
and fpread them upon a coarfe cloth for two or three
days to dry •, after which, the feeds fhould be beaten
off, and put up for ufe ; but you muft never truft to
thefe feeds after they are a year old, for they will fel-
dom grow beyond that age.
The leaves of the Garden Parfnep are dangerous to
handle, efpecially in a morning, while the dew re-
mains upon them •, at which time, if they are handled
by perfons who have a loft fldn, it will raife it in blif-
ters. I have known fome gardeners, when they have
been drawing up Carrots from among Parfneps in a
morning, when their leaves were wet with dew, they
have drawn the fleeves of their Ihirts up to their fhoul-
ders, to prevent their being wet ; by doing of which
they have had their arms, fo far as they were bare, co-
vered over with large blifters ^ and thefe were full of
a fcalding liquor, which has proved very troublefome
for feveral days.
The third fort rifes with a green rough {talk feven or
eight feet high, garnifhed with large, decompounded,
winged leaves, which are very rough to the touch,
and of a dark green colour •, the juice is very yellow,
which hows out where either the leaf or ftalk is bro-
ken ; the ftalks are divided upward into many hori-
zontal branches, each being terminated by a larse um-
bel of yellow flowers. Thefe appear in July, and are
fucceeded by plain feeds which are bordered, and a
little convex in the middle, which ripen in the au-
tumn. The Opapanax of the fhops is thought to be
the concrete juice of this plant.
PASTURE.
Failure ground is of two forts : the one is low mea-
dow land, which is often overflowed, and the other
is upland, which lies high and dry. The firft of
thefe will produce a much greater quantity of hay than
the latter, and will not require manuring or dreffing
fo often ■, but then tire hay produced on the upland is
much preferable to the other, as is alfo the meat
which is fed in the upland more valued than that
which is fatted in rich meadows ^ though the latter
will make the fatter and larger cattle, as is feen by thofe
which are brought from the low rich lands in Lincoln-
flure. But where people are nice in their meat, they
PAS
Will give a much larger price for fuch as hath been
fed on the downs, or in fhort upland Failure, than
for the other, which is much larger. Befides this, dry
Failures have an advantage over the meadows, that
they may be fed all the winter, and are not fo fubjedt
to poach in wet weather ; nor will there be fo many
bad weeds produced, which are great advantages,
and do, in a great meafure, recompenfe for the fmall-
nefs of the crop.
I have already mentioned the advantages of meadow
land, or fuch as is capable of being overflowed with
water, and given diredlions for draining and improv-
ing low Failure land, under the article of Land j there-
fore fhall not repeat what is there laid, but I fhall
juft mention fome method for improving of upland
Failure.
The firft improvement of Upland Failure is, by
fencing it, and dividing it into fmall fields of four,
five, fix, eight, or ten acres each, planting timber
trees in the hedge rows, which will fcreen the Grafs
from the drying pinching winds of March, which pre-
vents the Grafs from growing in large open lands ; fb
that if April proves a cold dry month, the land pro-
duces very little hay j whereas in the Iheltered fields
the Grafs will begin to grow early in March, and will
foon after cover the ground, and prevent the fun from
parching the roots of the Grafs, whereby it will keep
growing, fo as to afford a tolerable crop, if the fpring
fhould prove dry. But in fencing of land, it muft be
obferved (as was before directed) not to make the in-
clofures too fmall, efpecially where the hedge rows
are planted with trees ; becaufe when the trees are ad-
vanced to a confiderabie height, they will fpread over
the land ; and, where they are dole, will render the
Grafs lour ; fo that inftead of being an advantage, it
will greatly injure the Failure.
The next improvement of upland Failures is, to>
make the turf good, where, either from the badnefs
of the foil, or want of proper care, the Grafs hath,
been deftroyed by Rulhes, bullies, or mole-hills.
Where the furface of the land is clayey and cold, it
may be improved by paring it off, and burning it in
the manner before direded under the article of Land j
but if it is a hot fandy land, then chalk, lime, marie,
or clay, are very proper manures to lay upon it ; but
this Ihould be laid in pretty good quantities, other-
wife it will be of little l'ervice to the land.
If the ground is over-run with bullies or Rulhes, it
will be of great advantage to the land, to grub them
up toward the latter part of the fummer, and after
they are dried to burn them, and fpread the allies over
the ground juft before the autumnal rains ; at which
time the furface of the land Ihould be levelled, and
fown with Grafs-feed, which, if done early in the au-
tumn, will come up in a lliort time, and make good
Grafs the following fpring. So alfo, where the land
is full of mole-hills, thefe Ihould be pared off, and
either burnt for the allies, or fpread immediately on
the ground, when they are pared off, obferving to
low the bare patches with Grafs-feed, juft as the au-
tumnal rains begin.
There are fome Failure lands which are full of ant-
hills, which are not only difagreeable to the fight, but
where they are in any quantity, the Grafs cannot be
mowed ; therefore the turf which grows over them
Ihould be divided with an inllrument into three parts,
and pared off each way ; then the middle or core of the
hills fhould be dug out and fpread over the ground,
leaving the holes open all the winter to deftroy the
ants, and in the fpring the turf may be laid down
again, and after the roots of the Grafs are fettled again
in the ground, it Ihould be rolled to fettle the fur-
face, and make it even. If this is properly managed,,
it will be a great improvement to fuch land.
Where the land has been thus managed, it will be
of great fervice to roll the turf in the months of Fe-
bruary and March, with a heavy wood roller, always,
obferving to do it in moill weather, that the roll may
make an impreffion : this will render the furface le-
vel, and make it much eafier to mow the Grafs, than
when
I
PAS
when the ground lies in hills ^ and will alfo caufe the
turf to thicken, fo as to have what the people ufually
term a good bottom. The Grafs likewife will be the
fweeter for this hufbandry, and it will be a great help
to deftroy bad weeds.
Another improvement of upland Failures is the feed-
ing them every other year ; for where this is not prac-
tiled, the land mull be manured at leaft every third
year •, and where a farmer hath much arable land in
his pofteffion, he will not care to part with his ma-
nure to the Failure, Therefore every farmer fhould
endeavour to proportion his Failure to his arable land,
efpecially where manure is fcarce, otherways he will
foon find his error ; for the Failure is the foundation
of all the profit, which may arife from the arable land.
Whenever the upland Pailures are mended by ma-
nure, there fhould be a regard had to the nature of
the foil, and a proper fort of manure applied : as for
inilance, ail hot fandy lands fhould have a cool ma-
nure ; neats dung and fwines dung are very proper
for fuch lands, as alfo marie and clay but for cold
lands, horfe dung, allies, or land, and other warm
manures, are proper. And when thefe are applied,
it fhould be done in autumn, before the rains have
foaked the ground, and rendered it too i’oft to cart
on y and it fhould be carefully fpread, breaking all
the clods as fmall as poffible, and early in the fpring
harrowed with bullies, to let it down to the roots of
the Grafs. When the manure is laid on at this fea-
fon, the rains in winter will wafh down the falts, fo
that the following fpring the Grafs will receive the
advantage of it.
There fhould alfo be great care had to the dellroying
of weeds in the Failure, every fpring and autumn ;
for where this is not praftifed, the weeds will ripen
their feeds, which will fpread over the ground, and
thereby fill it with fuch a crop of weeds as will foon
over-bear the Grafs, and render it very weak, if not
deftroy it ; and it will be very difficult to root them
out, after they have gotten fuch pofleffion ; efpeci
ally Ragwort, Hawkweed, Dandelion, and fuch other
weeds as have down adhering to their feeds.
Thefe upland Pailures feldom degenerate the Grafs
which is fown on them, if the land is tolerably good ^
whereas the low meadows, which are overflowed in
winter, in a few years turn to a harfh ruffiy Grafs,
but the upland will continue a fine ftveet Grafs for
many years without renewing.
There is no part of hufbandry, of which the farmers
are in general more ignorant, than that of the Pas-
ture •, moll of them fuppofe, that when the old Pas-
ture is ploughed up, it can never be brought to have
a good fward again ; fo their common method of ma-
naging their land after ploughing, and getting two
or three crops of Corn is, to fow with their crop of
Barley, fome Grafs-feeds, as they call them •, that is,
cither the red Clover, which they intend to (land two
years after the Com is taken off the ground, or Rye-
grafs mixed with Trefoil •, but as all thefe are at moll
but biennial plants, whofe roots decay foon after their
feeds are perfected, fo the ground having no crop up-
on it, is again ploughed for Corn j and this is the
ccnftant round which the lands are employed in, by
the better fort of farmers •, for I never have met with
one of -them* who had the leaft notion of laying down
their land to Grafs for any longer continuance ; there-
fore the feeds which they ufually fow, are the beft
adapted for this purpofe.
But whatever may have been the pra&ice of thefe
people, I hope to prove, that it is poffible to lay
down land, which has been in tillage, with Grafs, in
fuch manner as that the fward fhall be as good, if not
better, than any natural Grafs, and of as long dura-
tion. But this is never to be expefted, in the common
method of lowing a crop of Corn with the Grafs-
feeds •, for wherever this hath been praftifed, if the
Corn has fucceeded well, the Grafs has been very
poor and weak ; fo that if the land has not been very
pfQod, the Grafs has fcarcely been worth Handing-, for
the following year it has produced but little hay, and
PAS
the year after the crop is worth little, either to mow
or feed. Nor can it be expefled it fhould be other-
wife, for the ground cannot nourifh two crops ; and
if there were no deficiency in the., land, yet the Corn
being the firft, and moft vigorous of growth, will keep
''the Grafs from making any confiderable progrefs ; fo
that the plants will be extremely weak and but very
thin, many of them which came up in the fprinp- be-
ing deftroyed by the Corn for wherever there are
roots of Corn, it cannot be expected there fhould be
any Grafs. Therefore the Grafs muft be thin, and,
if the land is not in good heart to fupply the Grafs
with nouriftiment, that the roots may branch out af-
ter the Corn is gone, there cannot be any confiderable
crop of Clover ; and as thefe roots are biennial, many
of the ftrongeft plants will perifh foon after they are
cut ; and the weak plants, which had made but little
progrefs before, will be the principal part of the crop
for the fucceeding year, which is many times not
worth Handing.
Therefore, when ground is laid down for Grafs, there
Ihould be no crop of any kind fown with the feeds j
and the land ffiould be well ploughed, and cleaned
from weeds ; otherwife the v/eeds will come up the
firft, and grow fo ftrong, as to overbear the Grafs,
and if they are not pulled up, will entirely fpoil it. The
beft feafon to fow the Grafs feeds upon dry land is
about the middle of Auguft, if there is an appearance
of rain for the ground being then warm, if there hap-
pen fome good ihowers of rain after the feed is fown,
the Grafs will foon make its appearance, and„get fuf-
ficient rooting in the ground before winter, fo will not
be in danger of having the roots turned out of the
ground by the froft, efpecially if the ground is well
rolled before the froft comes on, which will prefs it
down, and fix the earth clofe to the roots. Where
this hath not been praftifed, the froft has often loof-
ened the ground fo much, as to let in the air to the
roots of the Grafs, and done it great damage j and
this has been brought as an objection to'the autumnal
fowing of Grafs ; but it will be found to have no
weight, if the above dire&ion is pradlifed nor is
there any hazard in fowing the Grafs at this feafon,
but that of dry weather after the feeds are fown for
if the Grafs comes up well, and the ground is welt
rolled in the middle or end of Odlober, and repeated
the beginning of March, the fward will be clofely
joined at bottom, and a good crop of hay may be ex-
pended the fame fummer. In very open, expofed,
cold lands, it is proper to fow the feeds earlier than
is here mentioned, that the Grafs may have time to
get good rooting, before the cold feafon comes on
to flop its growth ; for in fuch fit nations, vegetation
is over early in the autumn, fo the Grafs being weak,
may be deftroyed by froft : but if the feeds are fown
in the beginning of Auguft, and a few Ihowers fol-
low foon after to bring up the Grafs, it will fucceed
much better than any which is fown in the fpring, as
I have feveral years experienced, on fome places as
much expofed as moft in England. But where the
ground cannot be prepared for fowing at that feafon,
it may be performed the middle or latter end of
March, according to the feafon’s being early or late ;
for in backward fprings and in cold land, I have often
fowed the Grafs in the middle of April with fuceefs i
but there is danger in fowing late of dry weather,
and efpecially if the land is light and dry ; for I have
feen many times the whole furface of the ground re-
moved by ftrong winds at that feafon, fo that the feeds
have been driven in heaps to one fide of the field.
Therefore whenever the feeds are fown late in the
fpring, it’ will be proper to roll the ground well foon
after the feeds are fown, to fettle the furface, and pre-
vent its being removed.
The forts of feeds which are the beft for this pur-
pole, are the beft fort of upland hay-feeds, taken
from the cleaned Paftures, where there are no bad
weeds if this feed is lifted to clean it from rubbifh,
three, or at moft four bufhels, will be fufficient to
fow an acre of land. The other fort is the Trifolium
pratenfe
PAS
pratenfe album, which is commonly known by the
names of White Dutch Clover, or White Honey-
fuckle Grafs. Eight pounds cf this feed will be
enough for one acre of land. The Grafs-feed fhould
be fown fir ft, and then the Dutch Clover-feed may-
be afterward fown ; but they fhould not be mixed
together, becaufe the Clover-leeds being the heavieft,
will fall to the bottom, and confequently the ground
will be unequally fown with them.
After the feeds are fown, the ground fhould be
lightly harrowed to bury the feeds ; but this fhould be
performed with a fhort-toothed harrow, otherwife the
feeds will be buried too deep. Two or three days af-
ter fowing, if the furface of the ground is dry, it
fhould be rolled with a Barley roller to break the clods
and fmooth the ground, which will fettle it, and pre-
vent the feeds from being removed by the wind.
When the feeds are come up, if the land fhould pro-
duce many weeds, thefe fhould be drawn out before
they grow fo tall as to overbear the Grafs ; for where
this has been neglecfted, the weeds have taken fuch
poffeflion of the ground, as to keep down the Grafs
and ftarve it ; and when thefe weeds have been fuf-
fered to remain until they have fhed their feeds, the
land has been fo plentifully flocked with them, as
entirely to deftroy the Grafs •, therefore it is one. of
the principal parts of hufbandry, never to fuffer weeds
to grow on the land.
If the ground is rolled two or three times at proper
diftances after the Grafs is up, it will prefs down the
Grafs, and caufe it to make a thicker bottom ; for as
the Dutch Clover will put out roots from every joint
of the branches which are near the ground, fo by
prefllng down the ftalks, the roots will mat fo clofely
together, as to form a fward fo thick as to cover the
whole furface of the ground, and form a green car-
pet, which will better refift the drought. For if we
do but examine the common Paftures in fummer (in
mod of which there are patches of this White Lloney-
fuckle Grafs growing naturally) we fhall find thefe
patches to be the only verdure remaining in the fields.
And this the farmers in general acknowledge, is the
fweeteft feed for all forts of cattle, yet never had any
notion of propagating it by feeds till of late years.
Nor has this been long pradtifed in England ; for till
within a few years, that fome curious perlons imported
the feed from Brabant, where it had been long culti-
vated, there was not any of the feeds laved in Eng-
land though now there are feveral perfons who fave
the feeds here, which fucceed full as well as any of
the foreign feeds which are imported.
As this White Clover is an abiding plant, fo it is cer-
tainly the very bell fort to fow where Paftures are laid
down to remain •, for as the hay-feeds which are taken
from the beft Paftures, will be compofed of various
forts of Grafs, lome of which may be but annual and
others biennial, fo when thofe go off, there will be
many and large patches of ground left bare and naked,
if there is not a fufficient quantity of the White Clover
to lpread over and cover the land. Therefore a good
fward can never be expedled where this is not fown ;
for in molt of the natural Paftures, we find this plant
makes no fmall fhare of the fward •, and it is equally
good for wet and dry land, growing naturally upon
gravel and clay in mo ft parts of England ; which is a
plain indication how eafily this plant may be cultivated
to great advantage, in molt forts of land throughout
this kingdom.
Therefore the true caufe why the land which is in til-
lage is not brought to a good turf again, in the ufual
method of hulbandry is, from the farmers not diftin-
guilhing which Graffes are annual, from thofe which
are perennial ; for if annual or biennial Graffes are
fown, thefe will of courfe foon decay •, fo that unlefs
where fome of their feeds may have ripened and fallen,
nothing can be expedled on the land but what will
naturally come up. Therefore this, together with the
covetous method of laying down the ground with a
crop of Corn, has occafioned the general failure of
increafing the Failure in many parts of England,
P A V
where it is now much more valuable than any arable
land.
After the ground has been fown in the manner before
diredted, and brought to a good fward, the way to
preferve it good is, by conftantly rolling the ground
with a heavy roller, every fpring and autumn, as hath
been before di reeled. This piece of hufbandry is
rarely pradtifed by farmers, but thofe who do, find
their account in it, for it is of great benefit to the
Grafs. Another thing fhould alfo be carefully per-
formed, which is, to cut up Docks, Dandelion, Knap-
weed, and all fuch bad v/eeds, by their roots, every
fpring and autumn ; this will increafe the quantity of
good Grafs, and preferve the Paftures in beauty*
Drefiing of thefe Paftures every third year, is alfo a
good piece of hufbandry, for otherwife it cannot be
expedted the ground fhould continue to produce good
crops. Befides this, it will be necefiary to change
the feafons of mowing, and not to mow the fame
ground every year, but to mow one feafon, and feed
the next ; for where the ground is every year mown,
it muff be conftantly drefted, as mofc of the Grafs
grounds near London, otherwife the ground will be
foon exhaufted.
Of late years there has been an emulation, efpecially
among gentlemen, to improve their Paftures, by fow-
ing feveral forts of Grafs-feeds * and there have been
fome perfons of little fkill in thefe matters, who have
impofed on many ignorant people, by felling them
feeds of lome foreign Grafs, recommending them for
fome particular quality, but when tried have proved
of little worth, whereby they have loft a feafon or
two, and have had their work to begin again. There-
fore I would ad vile every perfon, not to truil too
much upon the faith of fuch practitioners, who, upon,
flight experiments, have ventured to recommend
without judgment ; for of all the forts of Grafs-feeds
which have been brought from America (of which I
have, at various times, fown more than a hundred
different fpecies) I have found none equal to the com-
mon Poa Grafs, which grows naturally in England,
either for duration or verdure j therefore that, and
about fix or feven other forts, are the beft worth cul-
tivating but the trouble of collecting thefe in quan-
tity is lb great, as to deter molt people from attempt-
ing it •, and in the purchafing of hay-feeds, there is
generally more feeds of weeds than Grafs, which will
fill the ground ; therefore for fome years paft, I have
recommended and fown only the White Dutch Clo-
ver-feeds, and have waited for the natural Grafs com-
ing up amongft it, and have generally fucceeded better
this way than by fowing hay-feed with it •, for if the
Pafture is duly weeded, rolled, and dreffed, all bad
weeds may be deftroyed, and a fine durable turf ob-
tained : whereas the Burnet, and many other plants,
which have been extolled as a good winter pabulum,
are of fhort duration, fo very improper for improving
land ; nor are there two better plants yet known for
the purpoie of fodder, than the Lucern and Saint-
foin j for where thefe are properly fown upon rierht
foils and duly cultivated, they will produce a much
greater quantity of food, than can be procured from
the fame quantity of land, fown with any other abid-
ing plant : therefore I wifti. thofe who are curious to
have much fodder for their cattle, to apply themfelves
to the culture of thefe, and not engage in uncertain
experiments.
PAVIA. Boerh. Ind. alt. 2. p. 260. Efculus. Lin.
Gen. Plant. 420. The Tcarlet, flowering, Horfe
Cheftnut.
The Characters are.
The flower has a fl mall bellied empalenient of one leaf. \ in-
dented in five parts at the top. The flower has five
roundifh petals, waved and plaited on their borders , and
narrow at their bafie , where they are inferted in the eni-
palement. It hath eight fit antina which are declined , and
as long as the petals , terminated by rifling fummits ; and
a roundifh germen fitting upon an awl-flhaped fiyle, crowned
by an acuminated fiigma. The germen af terward becomes
an ovafl Peaf-fleaped, leathery capfuls with three cells ,
10 A in
In 'which is fometmes one , and at others two, almoft glo-
bular feeds.
This genus of plants ihould be ranged in the firft
iecdonof Linnaisu’s eighth cMs, which includes thole
plants whofe. flowers have eight ftamina and one
ilyle j but he has joined this to the Horfe Cheftnut,
under the title Efculus, and places it in his feventh
dais; but as the flowers of this have eight ftamina,
and thofe of the Horfe Cheftnut but feven ; arid the
capfule of this is fmoOth, and that of the Horfe Cheft-
nut prickly,, lb they may be very well feparated.
There is but one Species of this genus, viz.
IdwTA ( Otlandria .') Boerh. Tnd. alt. 2; p. 260. the fear-
let Horfe Cheftnut. Dr. Linnteus titles it, Efculus flo-
ribus octandris. Sp. Plant. 344. Efculus with flowers
having eight ftamina.
This plant grows naturally in Carolina and the Bra-
zils ; from the firft the feeds were brought to Eng-
land, where the plants have been of late years much
cultivated in the gardens. In Carolina it is but of
humble growth, feldom. riling more than eight or ten
feet high the ft-alk is pretty thick and woody, fend-
ing out feveral branches, which fpread out on every
fide, which are gamilhed with hand-lhaped leaves,
Com poled of five or fix fpear-fhaped lobes, which unite
at their bafe where they join the foot-ftalk ; they are
of a light green, having a rough furfale, and are faw-
ed on their edges ; thefe have long foot-ftalks, and
i-tand oppofite on the branches. The flowers are
produced in loofe fpikes at the end of the branches,
ftandiffg upon long naked foot-ftalks, which fuftain
fiver or fix tubulous flowers fpread open at the top,
where the petals are irregular in fize and length, hav-
ing an appearance of a lip flower ; they are of a
bright red colour, and have eight ftamina the length
of the petals. When the flowers fade, the germen
[wells to a'Pear-fhaped fruit, with a thick ruflet co-
ver having three cells, one of which, and fometimes
two, are pregnant with globular feeds. It flowers in
July, and the feeds fometimes ripen herb in autumn,
it may be propagated by fowing the feeds in the
fpring, upon a moderate hot-bed covered with light
landy earth ; and when the plants come up, they
fhould be- carefully; cleared from weeds, but they muft
not be tranfplanted until the year following. But as
thefe feediing plants are tender while they are young,
fo they fhould be covered with mats the following
winter ; and this fhould be carefully performed in
autumn, when the early frofts begin ; for as the tops
of thefe young plants are very tender, fo a fmall froft
will pinch them ; and when the tops are killed, they
generally decay to the ground ; and when this hap-
pens, they feldom make good, plants after. There-
fore this fhould be conftantly obferved for two 6r three
years at leaft, by which time the plants will have got-
ten ftrength enough to refill the froft, when they
fhould be removed juft before they begin to fhoot, and
placed either in a nurfery to be trained tip, or other-
wile where they are to remain ; oblerving, if the feafon
proves dry, to water them until they have taken root,
as alfo to lay fome mulch upon the furface of the
ground, to prevent the fun and wind from drying it
too fall; and as the plants advance, the lateral
branches fhould be pruned off, in order to reduce
them to regular ftems.
You muft alfo oblerve to dig the ground about their
roots every fpring, that it may be loofe, to admit the
fibres of the roots, which, while young, are too ten-
der to penetrate the ground if it be very hard.
With this management the plants will greatly ad-
vance, and in four or five years will produce flowers
and often fruits, which in warm feafons ripen
•enough to grow, fo that the plants may be multiplied
therefrom very.; fail.
This tree may;’ alfo be propagated By budding or
grafting it upon the common Horfe Cheftnut, which
is the common method praftifed by the nurferymen;
but the trees thus raifed, ; Teldom make a good ap-
pearance long, for the common Horfe Cheftnut will
tfe more than twice the fize of thq other, and fre-
quently put out [hoots below the graft, and fometsmel-
the grafts are blown out of the flocks, after ten years
growth ; but thefe flocks render the trees hardy' and
of a larger growth.
P AULLI N I A. Lin. Gen. Plant. 446. Serjana.
Plum. Nov. Gen. 34. tab. 35. Cururu. plum. Nov.
Gen. 34. tab. 35.
The Characters are,
the flower has a Jpr ending permanent empalement , com-
pofed of four fmall oval leaves. It hath four oblong oval
petals twice the fixe of the empalement , and eight floor t
ftamina , terminated by fmall fummits , with a turbinated
germen , having three obtufe corners , fupporting three
floort finder ftyles, crowned by ftpreading fligmas. the
germen afterward turns to a large three-cornered capfule
with three cells , each containing one almoft oval feed, ‘the
capfule of PlumiePs Serjana has the feeds faftened to the
bafe , and that of Cururu has the feeds growing to the top..
This genus of plants is ranged in the third flection of
Linnaeus’s eighth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have eight ftamina and three ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Pauslinia ( Serjana ) foliis terriatis, petiolis teretiuf-
culis, foliolis ovato-oblongis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 365.
three-leaved Paullinia with taper foot-ftalks, and oblong
oval lobes to the leaves. Serjana icandens, triphyiia
& racemofa. Plum. Nov. Gen. 34. Climbing branching
Serjana with three leaves.
2. Paullinia ( Mexicana ) foliis biternatis, petiolis mar-
ginatis, foliis ovatis integris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 366.
Paullinia with nirie lobes in each leaf. \ bordered foot-ftalks ,
having oval entire lobes. Serjana icandens enneaphylla
& racemofa. Plum. Nov. Gen. 34. Climbing branching
Serjana with nine leaves.
3. Paullinia ( Cururu ) foliis ternatis, foliolis cuneifor-
mibus, obtufis fubdencatis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 365. three-,
leaved Paullinia with trifoliate leaves having wedge-fhaped
lobes , which are obtufe and fomewhat indented. Cururu
fcandens triphylla. Plum. Nov.. Gen. 34. Climbing
\ three-leaved Cururu.
4. Paullinia ( Cnraffavica ) foliis biternatis, foliolis ova-
tis. Lin. Sp. Plant. 366. Paullina with double trifoliate
leaves , having oval finuated lobes. Cururu fcandens
enneaphylla, fruflu racemofo rubro. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 34. Climbing nine-leaved Cururu, with a. re d branch-
ing fruit.
5. Paullinia ( Pinnated) foliis pinnatis, foliolis ineifxs,
petiolis marginatis. Hort. Cliff. 52. Paullinia with
winged leaves zvbofe lobes are cut, and bordered foot-
ftalks. Cururu fcandens pentaphylla. Plum, Nov.
Gen. 37. Climbing five-leaved Cururu.
6 . Paullinia [t omentofa ) foliis pinnatistomentofis, fo-
liolis ovatis incifis, petiolis marginatis ..-.Paullinia with
winged woolly leaves whofe lobes are oval, cut on their
edges , and bordered foot-ftalks. Cururu fcandens, pen-
taphylla & villofa, fructu racemofo -rubro. Houft..
MSS'. Climbing Cururu with five-leaves which are hairy ,
and a: red fruit growing in long bunches.
Thefe plants all grow naturally in the Weft-Indies,
where- there are feveral other fpecies which are not
here enumerated. They have climbing ftalks with
tendrils at each joint, by which they fallen themfelves
to the- neighbouring trees, and rife to the height of
thirty or forty feet, garnifhed at each joint with one
leaf, which in fome fpecies is compofed of three lobes
like Trefoil, in others of five lobes ; fome have nine,
and oihers have many lobes. Thefe are in fome fpecies
entire,, in others they are indented at the point, and
fome are cut on their edges ; in fome fpecies their
furface is fmooth, in 1 others they are woolly. The
flowers come out in long bunches like thofe of Cur-
rants ; they are fmall and white, fo make no figure ;
thefe are lucceeded by three-cornered capfules having
three cells, which in the Cururu of Plumier, contain
roundifh feeds ; but thofe of the Serjana have winged
feeds like thofe of the Maple reverfed, being faftened
at the extremity of the wing to the capfule, the feed
hangino; downward.
As thefe plants are lo tender as not -to live through the
winter in England,’ uniefs they are placed in a warm
2 ftoye.
B E G\ .
(love, and: requiring a large 4 Mre oft room, they are
feldom propagated in Europe, unlefs in botanic gar-
dens for the fake of variety, for their flowers have
very little beauty to recommend them.
They are propagated by feeds, which mult be ob-
tained from the countries where they naturally grow,
for they do not produce feeds in England. Thefe
fhould be fown in fmall pots, filled' with light earth,
as foon as they arrive, and the pots fhould be plunged
into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark. If thefe
feeds arrive in the aqtumn, the pots fhould be plunged
into the bark-bed in the ftove, and then there will be
a probability of the plants coming up the following
ib ring ; but thofe feeds which do not arrive here till
fpring, will not come up the fame year, fo the pots
in which they are fown, fhould be plunged into a
moderate hot- bed under a frame, where they may be
continued all the fummer, but in the autumn they
fhould be removed into the ftove, where the^ fhould
remain during the winter, and as the earth in the
pots will be dry, fo they fhould be now and then wa-
tered, but it fhould be given fparingly. The follow-
ing fpring the pots fhould be removed out of the ftove
and plunged into anew hot-bed under a frame, which
will bring up the plants in about fix weeks if the feeds
are good. When the plants are fit to remove, they
fhould be each planted in a finall pot filled with light
earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanhers bark,
obferving to fhade them every day from the fun till
they have taken new root, after which they fhould
have free air admitted to them daily, in proportion to
the warmth of the feafon. In the autumn they muft
be removed into the bark-ftove, where they fhould
conftantly remain, and muft be treated in the fame way
as other tender plants.
TEACH'. See Persica,
PEAR. See Pyrus.
PEAS. See Pisum.
PEAS EVERLASTING!,. See Lathyrus.
PEDICLE is that part of a ftalk which immediately
fuftains the leaf, a flower, or a fruit, and is com-
monly called a foot-ftalk.
PEDiCUL ARIS, Rattle, Cocks-eomb, orLoufe-
wort.
There are four different kinds of this plant, which
grow wild in paftures in leveral parts of England,
and in fome low meadows are very troublefome to
the paftures, efpecially one fort with yellow flowers,
which rifes to be a foot high, or more, and is often
in fuch plenty, as to be the moft predominant plant •,
but this is very bad food for cattle, and when it is
mowed with the Grafs for hay, renders it of little
value. The feeds of this plant are generally ripe by
the time the Grafs is mowed, fo that whenever per-
fons take Grafs-feed for fowing, they fhould be very
careful that none of this feed is mixed with it. As
thefe plants are never cultivated, I fhall not trouble
the reader with their feveral varieties.
P E G A N U M. Lin. Gen. Plant. 530. Harmfta.
Tourn. Inft. R. H.257. tab. 133. WildAffyrian Rue.
The Characters are,
'T'hc flower has a permanent empalement , compofed of five
■narrow erebi leaves the length of the petal. It has five
oblong oval petals which fipread open , and fifteen awl-
Jhaped ftamina about half the length of the petals , whofe
bafies fipread into a nebiarium under the germen , and are
terminated by ere hi oblong fiummits. It has a three-cor-
nered roundijh germen , elevated at the bafie of the flower ,
with a three-cornered fender flyle the length of the fum-
mits , and three fligmas which are longer than the flyle.
’The germen afterward becomes a roundijh three-cornered
capfiule , having three cells , filled with oval acutje-pointed
fieeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the firft feftion of
Linnaeus’s eleventh clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have from eleven to nineteen ftamina,
and one ftyle.
We have but one Species in the Englifh gardens
atprefent, viz.
Peganum (Harmala ). foliis multifidis. Hort. Upfal. 144.
B, E N
Peganum with many -pointed leaves. Harmala. Dock
Pempt. 12 1. Ruta fylveftris, fiore magno a-lbo. C.B.P;
3 36. Wild Rue with a large white flower.
This plant grows naturally in Spain and Syria ; it has
a root as large as a man’s little finger, which by age
becomes ’woody. The.. italics decay every autumn,
-and. new ones arife in the fpring; thefe grow about a
foot long, and divide into feveral fmall branches,
which are garnifhed with oblong thick leaves cut into
feveral narrow fegments ; they are of a dark green,
and of a gummy bitterifh tafte. The flowers are
produced at the end of the branches, fitting clofe be-
tween the leaves ; they are compofed of five roundifh
white petals, which open like a Rofe, having fifteen-
awl- fhaped ftamina, terminated by oblong, yellow* eredfc
funimits. In the center is fi mated a roundifh three-
cornered germen, having a three-cornered ftyle the
length of the ftamina, with three ftigmas which are
longer than the ftyle. The germen afterward becomes
a roundifh three-cornered capfifte, having three cells,
which contain feveral oval acute-pointed feeds. It
flowers in July, and in warm iummefs, -the. ‘feeds will
ripen here in the autumn.
Ibis propagated by feeds, which fhould, be fown thinly
on -a bed of light earth the beginning of April, and
when the plants come up, they muft be conftantly
kept clean from weeds, which is all the culture they
will require till the end of Oftober, or the begin-
ning of November, when their ftalks decay. At which
time, if the bed is covered with tanners bark, afhes,
faw-duft, or fuch like covering to keep out the froft,
it will be a fecure way to preferve the roots, which
when young are fomewhat tender. . The following
March the roots may be taken up,, and tranfplanted
into a warm fituation and a dry foil, where they will
continue feveral years. This is fometinres ufed in
medicine.
PELECINUS. See Biserrula.
PELLITORY OF SPAIN. See Anthemis.
PELLITORY OF THE WALL. See Pa-
rietaria. T •
PELTARIA. Jacq. Vind. 260. Lin. Gen. Plant.
So 6. Mountain Treacle Muftard,
The Characters are,
The empalement of the flower .is compofed of four fmall,
concave , coloured leaves which fall of ; the flower has four
petals placed inform of a clofis , whofe necks are jhorter
than the empalement , and fix awl-Jhaped ftamina , two of
which are jhorter than the empalement , terminated by
fingle fummits , with a roundifo germen fupporting a floor t
ftyle , crowned by an obtufe ftigma. The germen afterward
becomes a roundijh xomprefed pod with one cell , containing
one roundifo feed.
- This genus of plants is ranged in the firft, fe&ion of
Linnaeus’s fifteenth clafs, intitled Tetradynamia Sili-
ciilofa, the flower having four long and two fhort fta-
mina, and the feeds being included in fhort pods.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Pel taria {Alliacea.) Jacq. Vind. 260. Lin. Sp. Plant.
910. Peltaria or Thacle Muftard. Thlafpi montanum,-
glafti folio majus, C.B.P. 106. Mountain Treacle
Muftard with a Wbad leaf..
This plant grows naturally upon the mountains in
Auftria and Iftria ; it is a biennial, fo generally dies
foon after the feeds are perfected. It rifes with an
upright branching ftalk about a foot high, garnifhed
with heart-fhaped fmooth leaves, which embrace the
ftalks with their bafe ; the ftalks are terminated by
clu fters of white flowers growing in form of umbels,
each flower having four petals placed in form of a
crofs ; thefe are fucceeded by roundifh comprefted
pods, each containing one feed of the lame form.
The. plant flowers in May, and the feeds ripen m July.
This is eafily propagated by feeds, which may be
fown in fmall patches in the borders of the flower-
garden the beginning of April, and when the plants
are up, there fhould be four or five left in each patch ;
the others fhould be pulled out, to give thefe room to
grow ; after this, they will require no other culture
but to. keep theni glean from weedy.
PEND U-
PAN
PENDULOUS HEADS OF FLOWERS
are fuch as hang downward.
P E N N AT ED. A pennated leaf (called in Laftn
Folium Pmnatum ) is a compound leaf, divided into
feveral parts (each of which is called a lobe,) placed
along the middle rib, either alternately, or by pairs.
When the middle rib is terminated by an odd lobe,
it is laid to be unequally pennated, and equally pen-
nated, when it is not terminated by an odd lobe.
When the lobes are all nearly of the lame form and
bignefs, it is called an uniform pennated leaf when
they are not fo, it is faid to be difform. Examples
of pennated leaves are the Afli, 'Walnut, &c.
P E IN N Y-R O Y A L. See Pulegium.
PENTAPETALOUS FLOWERS are fuch
as have five leaves.
PENTAP E T E S. Lin. Gen. Plant 757. Aleea.
Rail Supp. 523.
The Characters are,
The flower has for the moft part a double empalement , the
outer being fmall and compojed op three leaves , the inner
is cut into five parts which are reflexed. It has five ob-
long petals which fpread open , and fifteen narrow fiamina
joined in a tube at their bafe y with five long coloured fum-
mits, which are eredt and barren \ between each of thefe
are three fiamina , terminated by oblong ere P fummits. It
has a roundifh germen, with a cylindrical fiyle the length
of the fiamina, crowned by a thick fiigma. The germen
afterward becomes an oval capfule with five cells , filled
with oblong feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the third feftion of
Linnaeus’s fixteenth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have many ftamina which are connect-
ed with the ftyle, forming together a column.
We have but one Species of this genus at prefent
in the Engliffi gardens, viz.
Pentapetes ( Phoenicia ) foliis haftato-lanceolatis ferratis.
Lin. Sp. Plant. 698. Pentapetes with halbert-pointed ,
fpear-Jhaped , faived leaves. Alcea Indica lucido hafta-
to folio, flore blattarie Phoenicio. Raii Supp. 523.
Indian Vervain Mallow with a lucid fpear-Jhaped leaf
and a fcarlet flower like Moth Mullein.
Thisplantgrowsnaturallyinlndia, fromwhence I have
feveral times received the feeds ; it is an annual plant
which dies in the autumn, foon after it has ripened
the feeds. It hath an upright ftalk from two to near
three feet high, fending out fide branches the whole
length ; thole from the lower part of the ftalks are the
longeft, the others gradually diminifh, fo as to form
a fort of pyramid. Thefe are garnilhed with leaves
of different forms •, the lower leaves, which are larg-
eft, are cut on their fides towards the bafe into two
fide lobes which are fhort, and the middle is extend-
ed two or three inches farther in length, fo that the
leaves greatly refemble the points of halberts in their
fhape *, they are flightly fawed on their edges, and
are of a lucid green on their upper fide, but are paler
on their under. Handing upon pretty long foot-ftalks.
The leaves which are on the upper part of the
branches are much narrower, and fome of them have
very fmall indentures on their fides thefe fit clofer
to the ftalks, and are placed alternately. From the
wings of the ftalks the flowers come out ; they are
for the moft part fingle, but fometimes there are two
arifmg at the fame place from the fides of the foot-
ftalk of the leaves. The foot-ftalk of the flower is
fhdrt and fiender. The exterior empalement of the
flower is compofed of three fhort leaves, which fall
off' foon •, the interior is of one leaf, cut at the top
into five acute fegments, which fpread open, and are
almoft as long as the petal. The flower is of one pe-
tal, cut into five obtufe fegments almoft to the bottom,
but as they are joined and fall off in one piece, fo the
flower is monopetalous, according to Mr. Ray and
Tournefort. In the center of the flower arifes a fhort
thick column, to which adhere fifteen fhort ftamina,
terminated by oblong ereft fummits, and between
every third ftamina is fituated a larger ftamina, with
an oblong erect fummit of a deep red colour 1 thefe
PER
uve laige lummits are barren, having no farina fcs-
cundens upon them. Between the ftamina is fituated
a roundifh germen, fupporting a ftyk the length of
the ftamina, which is crowned by a thick ftigma.
T hefe being all joined at their bafe into a fort of co-
lumn, _ diftinguifti the tribe to which it belongs,
which is the malvaceous fo that though the flower at
firft appearance greatly refembles the flowers of Moth
Mullein, yet upon examination of its effential cha-
rafters, it will be found to belong to the clafs here
mentioned. The flowers are of a fine fcarlet colour,
appearing in July, and are fucceeded by roundifti
capfules with five cells, which are a little woody,
each cell inclofing three or four oblong feeds, which
ripen In the autumn.
The feeds of this plant muft be fown upon a good
hot-bed early in March, and when the plants are fit
to tranfplant, there ihould be a new .hot- bed prepared
to receive them, into which fhould be plunged home
fmall pots filled with good kitchen-garden earth ■, in
each of theie fhould be one plant put, giving them a
little water to fettle the earth to their roots ; they mult
alio be (haded from the fun till they have taken new
root, then they fhould be treated in the fame way as
other tender exotic plants, admitting the free air to
them every day in proportion to the warmth of the
feafon, and covering the glailes with mats every even-
ing to keep them warm. When the plants are ad-
vanced in their growth fo as to fill the pots with their
roots, they fhould be fhifted into larger pots, filled
with the fame fort of earth as before, and plunged
into another hot-bed, where they may remain as long
as they can ftand under the glaffes of the bed witlm
out being injured j and afterward they mull be re-
moved either into a ftove or a glafs-cafe, where they
may be fcreened from the cold, and in warm weather
have plenty of frelh air admitted to them. With
this management the plants will begin to flower early
in July, and there will be a fucceffion of flowers con-
tinued till the end of September, during which time
they will make a good appearance. The feeds ripen
gradually after each other in the fame fucceffion as
the flowers were produced, fo they fhould be gather-
ed as foon as their capfules begin to open at the top.
Thefe plants are fometimes turned out of the pots,
when they are ffrong and planted in warm borders,
where, if the feafons prove very warm, the plants
will flower pretty well ; but thele very rarely per-
fect their feeds, fo that in order to have them in per-
fection, they muft be treated in the manner before
directed.
PENTAPHYLLOIDES. See Potentilla.
PENTHORUM. Gronov. Virg. 51. Lin. Gen,
Plant. 580.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a permanent empalement of one leaf cut
into five equal fegments the flower has fometimes five
fmall narrow petals fituated between the fegments of the
empalement , and ten equal briftly fiamina twice the length
of the empalement , which are permanent , terminated by
roundifh deciduous fummits. It hath a coloured germen
with five ftyles the length of the fiamina , crowned by ob-
tufe fiigmas •, and a fingle five-cornered conical capfule ha-
ving five cells , filled with fmall compreffed feeds.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth feftion of
Linnaeus’s tenth clafs, intitled Decandria Pentagynia,
which contains thofe plants whofe flowers have ten
ftamina and five ftyles.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Penthorum ( Sedoides .) Gron. Virg. 51. Lin. Sp. 620.
Penthorum like Houfleek.
This is a biennial plant, which grows naturally in
Virginia. The ftalks rife about a foot high, garnifh-
ed with oblong leaves placed alternately, and are ter-
minated by clufters of greenifti yellow flowers, which
make little appearance ^ thefe are fucceeded by five-
cornered conical capfules, filled with fmall compreffed
feeds. The flowers appear the latter end of July, and
the feeds ripen in the autumn.
As
/
P E R
As this plant makes but a mean appearance, fo it is
rarely cultivated, except in botanic gardens for the
fake of variety ; but fuch as are defirous to have it,
Ihould fow the feeds on a moidlhady fpot of ground,
and when the plants come up, if they are thinned
and kept clean from weeds, they will require no
other culture.
PEONY. See P^oni a.
PEPO. See Cucurbita.
PERENNIAL PLANTS are fuch whofe roots
will abide many years, whether they retain their leaves
in winter or not thofe which retain their leaves are
called Evergreens, but fuch as call their leaves are
called Deciduous or Perdifols. Some of thefe have
annual (talks, which die to the root every autumn,
and (hoot up again in the fpring to which Jungius
gives the title of Radix redibilis.
PERESKIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 37. tab. 26. Cadus.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 539. Goofeberry, vulgo.
The Characters are.
It hath a Rofi-fhaped flower conflfting of feveral leaves ,
which are placed orbicularly, whofe cup afterward becomes
a foft, fiefhy , globular fruit befet with leaves . In the
middle of the fruit are many flat roundijh feeds included in
a mucilage.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Pereskia ( Aculeata ) aculeata, fiore albo, fru£tu fiavaf-
cente. Plum. Nov. Gen. 37. Prickly Pcrejkia with a
white flower , and a yelloaoijh fruit. Cadus caule tereti
arboreo fpinofo, foliis lanceolato-ovatis. Lin. Hort.
Upfal. 122. Callus with a taper, tree-like , prickly ft alk,
and fpear-fljaped oval leaves.
This plant grows in fome parts of the Spanifh Weft-
Indies, from whence it was brought to the Englifh
fettlements in America, where it is called a Goofe-
berry, and by the Dutch it is called Blad Apple. It
hath many (lender branches which will not fupport
themfelves, fo mu(t be fupported by (takes, otherwile
they will trail on whatever plants grow near them.
Thefe branches, as alfo the (tern of the plant, are be-
fet with long whitilh fpines, which are produced in
tufts. The leaves are roundifh, very thick, and fuc-
culent, and the fruit is about the fize of a Walnut,
having tufts of fmall leaves on it, and hath a whitifh
mucilaginous pulp.
It may be propagated by planting of the cuttings
during any of the dimmer months : thefe cuttings
fhould be planted in pots filled with frefh light earth,
and plunged into a moderate hot-bed of tanners bark,
obferving to (liade them from the fun in the heat of
the day, as alfo to refrefti them every third or fourth
day with water. In about two months the cuttings
will have made good roots, when they may be care-
fully taken out of the pots, and each planted into a
feparate pot filled with frefh earth, and then plunged
into the hot-bed again, where they may remain dur-
ing the dimmer feafon ; but at Michaelmas, when
the nights begin to be cold, they (hould be removed
into the (love, and plunged into the bark-bed. Dur-
ing the winter feafon the plants mud be kept warm,
and Ihould be watered twice a week ; but in cold
weather it (hould not be given in large quantities.
In dimmer they muft have a large (hare of air, and
mud be more plentifully watered, but they (hould
condantly remain in the dove; for though they will
bear the open air in dimmer in a warm fituation, yet
they will make no progrefs if they are placed abroad j
nor do they thrive near fo well in the dry dove, as
when they are plunged in the tan ; fo that the bed
way is to fet them next a trellis, at the back of the
tan-bed, to which their branches may be fadened, to
prevent their trailing on other plants. This plant has
not as yet produced either dowers or fruit in England,
but as there are feveral plants pretty well grown in the
gardens of the curious, we may exped fome of them
will flower in a (hort time.
PERICLYMENUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 608.
tab. 578. Caprifolium. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 608. tab.
379 Lonicera. Lin. Gen. Plant. 210. Honeyfuckle 5
m French, Chevre -feuille.
PER
...... v
The Characters are.
The empalement of the flower Is Jmall, and cut into five
parts fitting upon the germen. lie flower is of one petal ,
having an oblong tube , which is cut at the top into five
figments which turn backward . It has five awl-floaped
fiamina almofi the length of the petal, terminated by oblong
fummits, and a roundijh germen fituated below the flower,
fupported by a fender fly le, crowned by an obtufiefigma .
The germen afterward becomes an umbilicated berry with
two cells , each containing one roundijh feed.
This genus of plants is by Dr. Linnaeus placed in the
firft fedion of his fifth ciafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have five fiamina and one dyle*
and joins it to the Lonicera of Plunder, and the Cha-
in secerafus of Tournefort j but as the flowers of this
genus differ greatly in their form from either of
thofe genera, fo I have taken the liberty of fepararing
it from them. ' ~ °
The Species are,
1. Periclymenum (Semper virens) floribus capitatis ter-
• minalibus omnibus connatis fempervirentibus. Honey -
Juckle with flowers growing in heads at the end of the
branches, and evergreen leaves joined round the fialk,
Periclymenum perfoliatum Virginianum fempervirens
& florens. H. L. Perfoliate , evergreen , Virginia Ho L
ney Juckle which always flowers , commonly called Trumpet
Honeyfuckle.
2. Periclymenum ( Racemofum ) racemis lateralibus op-
pofitis, floribus pendulis, foliis lanceolatis integerri-
mis. Honeyfuckle with flowers in long bunches growing
oppofite, hanging down, and entire fpear-Jhaped leaves.
Periclymenum racemofum (lore fiavafcente, frudu
niveo. Hort. Elth. 306. tab. 228. Honeyfuckle with
yellowifh flowers growing in bunches , and a flnowy fruit.
3. Periclymenum (V erticillatum ) corymbis terminal!-
bus, foliis ovatis ve.rticillatis petiolatis. Honeyfuckle
with round bunches of flowers at the end of the branches ,
and oval leaves growing in whorls, having foot ftalks .
Periclymenum aliud arborefcens ramufis inflexis,
(lore corallino. Plum. Cat. 17. Another tree-like Ho-
ney -Juckle with inflexed branches , and a coral-coloured
flower.
4. Periclymenum ( Germanicum ) capitulis ovatis imbri-
catis terminalibus, foliis omnibus difiindis. Honey-
fuckle with oval imbricated heads terminating the ftalks ,
and the leaves diflinbl. Caprifolium Germanicum. Dod.
p. 41 1. The German Honeyfuckle.
5. Periclymenum ( I tali cum ) floribus verticillatis ter-
minalibus felfilibus, foliis fumrnis connato-perfoliatis.
Hort. El iff. 45. Honeyfuckle with whorls of flowers fit-
ting clofe at the ends of the branches , and the upper leaves
j ur rounding the ft alk. Caprifolium Italicum. Dod. p.
411. Italian Honeyfuckle.
6 . Periclymenum ( Vulgar e ) floribus corymbofis ter-
minalibus, foliis hirfutis didindis, yiminibus tenui-
oribus. Honeyfuckle with a corymbus of flowers termi-
nating the Jialks, hairy leaves growing diflinbl , and very
Jlender branches, commonly called Englijh Honeyfuckle , or
W oodbine.
7. Periclymenum ( Americanum ) floribus verticillatis
terminalibus feffilibus, foliis connato-perfoliatis fem-
pervirentibus glabris. Honeyfuckle with whorled flowers
fitting clofe , terminating the ftalks, and flmooth ever-
green leaves furrounding the ftalks. Caprifolium per-
foliatum fempervirens, floribus fpeciofis. Hort. Chelf.
The evergreen Honeyfuckle, having beautiful flowers.
The fird fort grows naturally in Virginia, and many
other parts of North America, but has been long
cultivated in the English gardens by the title of Vir-
ginia Trumpet Honeyfuckle. Of thefe there are two
varieties, if not didind fpecies, one being much
hardier _ than the other. The old fort, which came
from Virginia, has (Longer (hoots ; the leaves are of
a brighter green ; the bunches of flowers ate larger,
and deeper coloured than the other which came from
Carolina. Thefe plants have the appearance of the
common Honeyfuckle, but the (hoots are weaker
than any of thofe, except the wild fort called Wood-
bine; they are of a purplilh red colour, and fmooth.
The leaves are of an oblong oval ihape inverted, an c |
*o B deftly
PER
clofeiy furround the ftalk j of a lucid green on their
upper fide, but pale on their under. The flowers
are produced in bunches at the end of the branches ;
thefe have long (lender tubes, which are enlarged at
the top, where they are cut into five almoft equal
fegments. The outfide of the flower is of a bright
fcarlet, and the infide yellow •, they have great ap-
pearance of the Honeyfuckle, but are not io deeply
divided, nor are the fegments reflexed. They have
no odour, but for the beauty of their flowers, and
their long continuance, together with their leaves be-
ing evergreen, they are preferv'ed in moil curious
gardens.
Thefe plants fhould be planted againft walls or pales,
to which their branches fhould be trained for fup-
port, otherwife they will fall to the ground •, for they
cannot be reduced to heads like many of the Honey-
fuckles, becaufe their branches are too weak and
rambling, and are liable to be killed in fevere win-
ters ; therefore they fhould be planted to a warm af
pe£t, where they will begin to flower the latter end
of June, and there will be a fucceflion of flowers till
the autumn. Thefe are propagated by laying down
their young branches, which will eafily take root, and
may be afterward treated like the Honeyfuckle.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Jamaica ; this
hath many (lender branches which cannot fupport
themfelves, but trail upon any neighbouring bullies.
They grow eight or ten feet long, are covered with a
brown bark, and garnifhed with fpear-(haped leaves
about two inches and a half long, and one broad in
the middle ; of a lucid green on their upper fide, but
pale on their under, (landing by pairs oppofite. The
flowers come out from the fide of the branches at
each joint ; they are ranged on each fide the foot-
ftalk in long bunches like Currants. The bunches
come out oppofite •, they are three or four inches
long. The flowers are fmall, of a yellowifh green,
and are fucceeded by fmall berries of a fnow white
colour, from whence the plant is called Snowberry-
bufh in America.
The third fort grows naturally in fome of the iflands
in the Weft-Indies ; this rifes with a fhrubby ftalk
ten or twelve feet high, fending out many (lender
branches, covered with a light brown bark, garnifh-
ed with oval leaves near two inches long, and an inch
and a quarter broad, four of them coming out at each
joint in whorls round the ftalk ; they (land upon fhort
foot-ftalks, and have one ftrong midrib, with feveral
veins running from the midrib to the fides. The
flowers come out in round bunches at the end of the
branches ; they are of a deep coral colour on their
outfide, but of a pale red within. This was found
growing in Jamaica by the late Dr. Houftoun, who
v brought it to England.
Thefe two forts are too tender to thrive in this coun-
try without artificial heat •, they are propagated by
feeds, which muft be procured from the countries
where they naturally grow, for they do not ripen feeds
here, Thefe fhould be fown in pots, and plunged
into a moderate hot-bed, where they may remain till
the autumn, for the plants rarely come up the firft
year •, fo the pots fhould be removed into the ftove
for the winter feafon, and the following fpring placed
on a frefh hot-bed, which will bring up the plants ;
and when they are fit to remove, they fhould be each
planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with light earth,
and plunged into a frefh hot-bed, (hading them from
the fun till they have taken new root, after which
they muft be treated in the manner as other tender
plants from thofe countries. As the plants obtain
ftrength, they fhould be more hardily treated, by
placing them abroad in a fheltered flotation for two
months or ten weeks, in the warmeft part of the fum-
mer, and in the winter they may be placed in a dry
ftove, kept to a moderate temperature of warmth,
where they will thrive, and produce their flowers in
the autumn.
The fourth fort is the common Dutch or German
Honeyfuckle, which has been generally fuppofed the
PER
fame with the Engltfti wild fort called Woodbine, but
is undoubtedly a very different fpecies, for the (boots
of this are much ftronger. The plants may be train-
ed with #Sms, and formed into heads, which the wild
fori cannot, their branches being too weak and trail-
ing toi this purpofe. X ne branches of this are fmooth,
of a purplifti colour, garnifhed with oblong oval
Eaves truce inches long, and an inch and three quar-
ters broad, of a lucid green on their upper fide," but
pale on their under, , having very (hort foot-ftalks ;
they are placed by pairs, but are not joined at their
bafe. The flowers are produced in bunches at the end
of the branches, each flower arifing out of a fcalv
cover, which cover, after the flowers fade, forms an
oval head, whole fcales lie over each other like thofe.
outfide, and yellowifh within, of a very agreeable
of fi(h. The flowers are of a reddilh colour on their
odour. This fort flowers in June, July, and Au-
guft. There are two other varieties of this fpecies,
one is called the long blowing, and the other the late
red Honeyfuckle.
The fifth fort is commonly called the Italian Honey-
suckle . of this there are two or three varieties, the
early white Honeyfuckle is one ; this is the firft which
flowers, always appearing in May. The branches of
this are (lender, covered with a light green bark, and
garnifhed with oval leaves of a thin texture, placed
by pairs, fitting clofe to the branches, but thofe which
are fkuated toward the end of the branches, join ac
their bafe, fo that the ftalk feems as if it came through
the leaves. The flowers are produced in whorled
bunches at tne end of the blanches , they are white,
and have a very fragrant odour, but are of (hort du-
ration, fo that in about a fortnight they are entirely
over ; and foon after the leaves appear as if blighted
and fickly, making an indifferent appearance the whole
fummer, which has rendered them lefs valued than
the others. The other variety is the yellow Italian
Honeyfuckle, which is the next in fucceffion to the
white. The (hoots of this are much like thofe of the
former, but have a darker bark ; the leaves are alfo
of a deeper green ; the flowers are of a yellowifh red,
and appear foon after the white ; they are not of much
longer duration, and are fucceeded by red berries,
containing one hard feed inclofed in a (oft pulp, which
ripens in the autumn.
The fixth fort is the common wild Englifh Honey-
fuckle or Woodbine ; this grows naturally in the
hedges in many parts of England. The branches are
very (lender and hairy, trailing over the neighbour-
ing bullies, and twining round the boughs of trees ;
the leaves are oblong, hairy, and diftind, not join-
ed at their bafe ; they are placed oppofite ; the flow-
ers are produced in long bunches at the end of the
branches. There are two varieties, one with white,
and the other yellowifh red flowers. Thefe appear
in July, and there is a fucceflion of flowers till 1 the
autumn.
There is alfo a variety of this with variegated leaves,
and one with cut leaves fome what like the leaves of
Oak, and one of thefe with variegated leaves ; but,
as thefe are accidental varieties, I have not enumerat-
ed them.
The feventh fort is fuppofed to grow naturally in
North America ; this hath ftrong branches, covered
with a purple bark, which are garnifhed with lucid
green leaves embracing the (talks, which continue
their verdure all the year. The flowers are produced
in whorled bunches at the end of the branches ; there
are frequently two and fometimesthree of thefe bunches
rifing one out of another ; they are of a bright red
on their outfide, and yellow within, of a ftrong aro-
matic flavour. This fort begins to flower in June,
and there is a fucceflion of flowers till the froft puts a
flop to them, fo that it is the rndft valuable of all
the forts.
All the forts of Honeyfuckles are propagated either
by layers or cuttings : when they are propagated by
layers, the young (hoots only fhould be chofen for
that purpofe ; they fhould be layed in the autumn,
4 and
and by the following autumn they will have taken
root, when they fhould be cut off from the plants,
and either planted where they are to remain, or into
a nurfery to be trained up, either for frandards, which
muft be done by fixing down (takes to the ftem of
each plant, to which their principal (talk fhould be
fattened, and all the other muft be cut off-, the prin-
cipal ftalk muft be trained to the intended height of
the ftem, then it fhould be fhortened to force out
lateral branches, and thefe fhould be again flopped to
prevent their growing too long j by the conftant re-
peating this as the fhoots are produced, they may be
formed into a fort of ftandard •, but if any regard is
had to their flowering, they cannot be formed into
regular heads, for by conftantiy fhortening their
branches, the flower-buds will be cut off, fo that few
flowers can be expedited ; and as it is an unnatural
form for thefe trees, fo there fhould be but few of
them reduced to it, for when they are planted near
other bufhes, in whofe branches the fhoots of the
Honey fuckles may run and mix, they will flower
much better, and have a finer appearance than
when they are more regularly trained •, therefore,
when the plants are in the nurfery, if two or three
of the principal fhoots are trained up to the flakes,
and the others are entirely cut off, they will be fit to
tranfplant the following autumn, to the places where
they are to remain ; for though the roots may be
tranfplanted of a greater age, yet they do not thrive fo
well as when they are removed while they are young.
When thefe plants are propagated by cuttings, they
fhould be planted in September, as foon as the ground
ismoiftened bv rain. The cuttings fhould have four
joints, three of which fhould be buried in the ground,
and the fourth above the furface, from which the
fhoots fhould be produced. Thefe may be planted
in rows, at about a foot diftance row from row, and
four inches afunder in the rows, treading the earth
clofe to them ; and as the evergreen and late red Ho-
neyfuckles, are a little more tender than the other forts,
fo if the ground between the rows where thefe are
planted, is covered with tanners bark or other mulch
to keep out the froft in winter, and the drying winds
of the fpring, it will be of great advantage to the
cuttings ; and if the cuttings of thefe forts have a fmall
piece of the two years wood at their bottom, there
will be no hazard of their taking root. The plants
which are railed from cuttings, are preferable to thofe
which are propagated by layers, as they have general-
ly better roots.
Thefe plants will grow in almoft: any foil or fituation
(except the lafl mentioned, which will not thrive
where they are too much expofed to the cold in win-
ter) they thrive bell in a loft fandy loam, and will re-
tain their leaves in greater verdure in fuch ground than
if planted in a dry gravelly foil, where in warm dry
feafons their leaves often fhrink, and hang in a very
difagreeable manner ; nor will thofe forts which natu-
rally flower late in the autumn, continue fo long in
beauty on a dry ground, unlefs the feafon fhould prove
moift and cold, as thofe in a gentle loam, not too
ftiff or wet.
There are few forts of flirubs which deferve cultiva-
tion better than molt of thefe, for their flowers are
very beautiful, and perfume the air to a great diftance
with their odour, efpecially in the mornings and even-
ings, and in cloudy weather, when the fun does not
exhale their odour, and raife it too high to be percep-
tible ; fo that in all retired walks, there cannot be
too many of thefe intermixed with the other flirubs.
I havefeen thefe plants intermixed in hedges planted
either with Alder or Laurel, where the branches have
been artfully trained between thofe of the hedge ;
from which the flowers have appeared difperfed from
the bottom of the hedge to the top, and being inter-
mixed with the ftrong green leaves of the plants which
principally compofe the hedge, they have made a fine
appearance ; but the beft forts for this purpofe, are
the evergreen and long-blowing -Honeyfuckles, be-
caufe their flowers continue in fuccefiion much longer
O '
than the other forts.
Thefe plants may be propagated by feeds, but unlefs,
they are fown in the autumn foon after they are ripe,
the plants will not come up the flrft year.
PERIPLOCA. Tourn. Inft. R. XT, 93. tab. 22.
Lin, Gen. Plant. 267. (aTTejhttAojcji, of wcp), about, and
•etAojcji, a knitting or plaiting, becaufe this plant en-
tangles itfelf with itfelf, or any ocher neighbouring
plants.] Virginian Silk.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a fmall permanent empalement , cut into
five points . The flower has one plain petals cut into five
narrow fegments, which are indented at their point s, with
a fmall netlarium going round the center of the pet al, and
the five incurved filaments which are not fo long as the pe-
tal, and five fhort ftamina terminated by erect fummits
which join in a head. It has a fmall bifid germen with
fcarce any ftyle, crowned by two Jimple fiigmas. The ger-
men afterward becomes two oblong bellied cap files with one
cell , filled with feeds crowned with down , lying over each
other like the fcales of fijh.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fe&ion
ot Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have five ftamina and two flyles.
The Species are,
1. Periploca {Gr<eca) floribus interne hirfutis. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 2 1 1. Virginia Silk , with flowers hairy on their in~
fide. Periploca foliis oblongis. Tourn. .Inft. R. H.
93. Virginia Silk with oblong leaves.
2. Periploca (Africana) caule hirfuto. Lin. Sp. Plant.
2 1 1 . Virginia Silk with a hairy fialk. Apocynum fcan-
dens, Africanum, vincag- pervincse folio fubincanum.
Com. Plant. Rar. 18. Climbing African Dogfbane , with
a hoary Periwinkle leaf.
3. Periploca ( Fruticofa ) foliis oblongo-cordatis pubef-
centibus, floribus alaribus, caule fruticofo fcandente.
Virginia Silk , with oblong heart-fhaped leaves which are
covered with foft hairs , and flowers proceeding from the
fides of the fialks , which are fiorubby. Periploca foliis
cordatis holofericeis, floribus parvis, albis, campani-
formibus. Houft. MSS. Periploca with heart-Jhoped
filky leaves , and fmall , white , b ell fh aped flowers .
The firft fort grows naturally in Syria, but is hardy
enough to thrive in the open air in England. It hath
twining fhrubby ftalks, covered with a dark bark,
which twift round any neighbouring fupport, and will
rife more than forty feet high, fending out {lender
branches from the fide, which twine round each other,
and are garniftied with oval fpear-fhaped leaves near
four inches long, and two broad in the middle, of a
lucid green on their upper fide, but pale on their un-
der, (landing by pairs, upon fhort foot-ftalks. The
flowers come out toward the end of the fmall branches
in bunches •, they are of a purple colour, and hairy
on their infide, compofed of one petal, cut into five
fegments almoft to the bottom, which fpread open
in form of a (tar, and within is fituated a neftarium,
which goes round the five fhort ftamina and germen,
and is hairy. The germen afterward turns to a dou-
ble long taper pod or capfule, filled with comprefied
feeds, lying over each other like the fcales of fifh,
having a foft down fixed to their top. This plant
flowers in July and Auguft, but rarely ripens its feeds
in England.
It is eafily propagated by laying down of the branches,
which will put out roots in one year, and may then
be cut from the old plant, and planted where they are
to remain. Thefe may be tranfplanted either in au-
tumn, when the leaves begin to fall, or in the fpring
before they begin to (hoot, and muft be planted where
they may have fupport, otherwife they will trail on
the ground, and fallen themfelves about whatever
plants are near them.
The fecond fort grows naturally in Africa ; this hath
many (lender ftalks, which twine about each other,
or any neighbouring fupport, arid will rife near three
feet high, putting out feveral fmall fide branches ■
thefe are hairy, as are alfo the leaves, which are oval,
about
PER
about three quarters of an inch long, and half an inch
broad, handing by pairs upon very fhort foot-ftalks.
The flowers come out in frnail bunches from the fide
of the ftaiks they are fmall, and of a worn-out pur-
plifhfc colour, and a fweet fcent, being cut into five
narrow fegments almoft to the bottom.. It flowers in
the fummer months, but does not produce feeds here.
There is a variety of this with fmooth leaves and
ftaiks, from the fame country.
The third fort was difcovered by the late Dr. Houf-
toun, growing naturally at La Vera Cruz in America.
This riles with a ftrong woody ftalk to the height of
five or fix feet, covered with a gray bark, putting out
many weak branches, which twill themfelves about
any neighbouring fupport, and rife to the height of
twenty feet •, they are garniflied with heart-ihaped
leaves three inches long, and two broad near their
bale ; they are of a yellowifti green, covered with
filky hairs, which are foft to the touch ; they (land
oppofite upon pretty long foot- ftaiks. The flow-
ers come out in fmall bunches from the wings of
the leaves;, they are fmall, white, and of the open bell
fhape; thefe are fucceeded by fwelling taper pods,
Filled with feeds crowned with long feathery down.
The fecond fort is hardy enough to thrive in this
country, with a little protection from the froft in win-
ter. If the plants are flickered under a common
frame or placed in a green-houfe during the winter
feafon, and placed abroad with other hardy exotic
plants in fummer, they will thrive and flower very
well ; but as all the plants of this genus have a milky
juice, fo they feould not have much wet, efpecially
in cold weather, left it rot them. They are eafily
propagated by laying down of their branches, which
in one year will have roots enough to tranfplant •, thefe
fhould be planted in a light fandy loam not rich, and
the pots muff not be too large, for when they are over
potted they will not thrive.
The third fort is tender, fo will not thrive in England,
unlefs the plants are placed in a warm ftove. They
may be propagated by laying down of their branches
in the fame manner as the former ; or from feeds,
when they can be procured from the places where
they naturally grow. Thefe fhould be fown upon a
good hot-bed, and when the plants come up, they
mull be treated in the fame manner as other tender
exotic plants.
If thefe plants are conftantly kept plunged in the tan-
bed of the ftove, they will thrive and flower much
better than in any other fttuation, but the ftove fhould
not be kept too warm in winter ; and in the fummer
the plants fnould have a large (hare of free air admit-
ted to them •, for when they are kept too clofe, their
leaves will be covered with infefts, and the plants
will become fickly in a fhort time.
All the fpecies of this genus are luppofed to be hurt-
ful to animals, as the Dogfoanes in general are, and
thefe are very near a-kin to them, both in their cha-
racters and qualities.
PERI W I N'C L E. See Vinca.
PERSE A. Plum. Nov. Gen. 44. tab. 20. Laurus.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 452. The Avocado, or Avogato
Pear.
The Characters are,
T'he flower hath no empalement , but is compofed of fix
petals ending in acute points , which fpread open. It hath
fix fiamina which are about half the length of the pe-
tals^ terminated by roundijh fummits , and a jhort fiyle ,
crowned by a pyramidal germen, which afterward becomes
a large fiejhy pyramidal fruity inclofmg an oval feed hav-
ing two lobes.
This genus of plants Dr. Linnasus has joined to his
of Laurus, which he places in the firft feCtion
of his ninth clafs, which includes thofe plants whofe
flowers have nine fiamina and one ilyle.
We have but one Species of this plant, viz.
Persea {Americana.) Cluf. Hilt. The Avocado, or Avo-
crato Pear .
This tree grows in great plenty in- the Spanifh Weft-
PER
Indies, as alfo in the iftand of Jamaica, and hath been
tranfplanted into molt of the Engiifh fettlements in
the Weft-Indies on account of its fruit ; which is
not only efteemed by the inhabitants as a fruit to be
eaten by way of defert, but is very neceftary for the
fupport of life. The fruit of itfelf is very infipid,
for 'which reafon they generally eat it with the juice
of Lemons and fugar, to give it a piquancy. It is
very nourifhing, and is reckoned a great incentive to
venery. Some people eat this fruit with vinegar and
Pepper. ■ &
In the warm countries where this is planted, it grows
to the height of thirty feet or more, and has a trunk
as large as our common Apple-trees ; the bark is
fmooth, and of an Alh colour ; the brances are befet
with pretty large, oblong, fmooth leaves, like thofe
of Laurel, which are of a deep green colour, and con-
tinue on the tree throughout the year. The flowers
and fruit are, for the moil part , produced toward the
extremity of the branches. The fruit is as large as
one of the jargeft Pears, inclofing a large feed with
two lobes, included in a thin fliell.
In Europe this plant is preferved as a curiofity, by
thofe perfons who delight in colle&ing exotic plants 4
and though there is little hope of its producing fruit,
yet for the beauty of its fhining green leaves, which
continue through the winter, it deferves a place in
every curious colledion of plants.
It is propagated by feeds, which Ihould be obtained
as frefh as poflible from the countries of its growth ;
and if they are brought over in land, will be more
likely to grow, than fuch as are brought over dry.
Thefe nuts or feeds fhould be planted in pots, filled
with light rich earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of
tanners bark, which fhould be kept pretty warm.
The pots fhould be alio frequently watered when the
earth appears dry, which will greatly facilitate the
vegetation of the feed, provided the water is not giv-
en in large quantities, which would rot them. In
about five or fix weeks the plants will come up, when
they muft be treated very tenderly, for the bed muft
be kept in a due temperature for heat ; and when the
weather proves warm, the frefh air fhould be admit-
ted to the plants, by raifing the glaffes a little. When
they have grown about four inches high, they fhould
be carefully tranfplanted ; and where there are feve-
ral plants in one pot, they muft be parted, being
careful to preferve a ball of earth to the root of each,
and planted into feparate fmall pots filled with light
rich earth, and then plunged into a hot-bed of tanners
bark, obferving to fhade them until they have taken
new root •, after which time they fhould have frefh
air admitted to them, in proportion to the warmth of
the feafon. Towards Michaelmas the plants muft be
removed into the ftove, and plunged into the bark-
bed, where, during the winter feafon, they fhould
be kept in a moderate warmth, and muft be gently
watered twice a week. In the fpring the plants fhould
be fhifred into pots a fize larger than the former, and
the bark-bed fhould be then renewed with frefh tan,
which will fet the plants in a growing ftate early,
whereby they will make a fine progrefs the following
fummer. Thefe plants muft be conftantly kept in
the ftove, for they are too tender to bear the open
air in this country at any feafon, but in warm weather
fhould have a large fhare of air admitted to them.
PERSIC A. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 624. tab. 402. [fo
called or Perfia in Afia, from whence this kind of plant
was brought into our climate.] The Peach-tree.
' Amygjalus. Lin. Gen. 619.
The Characters are,
The flower has a tubulous empalement of one leaf cut
into five obtufe fegments which fpread open. It hath
five oblong , oval, obtufe petals , which are inferted in
the empalement , and about thirty ere hi fender fiamina
which are Jhorter than the petals , terminated by fingle
fummits ; thefe are alfo inferted in the empalement. It
hath a roundijh hairy germen , fupporting a fiyle the length
of the fiamina , crowned by a headed ftigma. The germen
afterward
PER
afterward becomes a romdijh , woolly , ejculent fruit,
with a longitudinal furrow , inclofing an oval nut with a
netted Jhell , , having many ■punctures.
This genus of planes is ranged in the firft fection of
Linnaeus’s twelfth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have from twenty to thirty ftamina,
which are inferred in the empalement of the flower,
and one ftyle.
There is a great variety of thefe trees, which are cul-
tivated in the gardens of thofe who are curious in col-
lecting the feveral forts of fruit- from the different
parts of Europe : I (hall therefore firft beg leave to
mention two or three forts, which are cultivated for
the beauty of their flowers ; after which I fhall enu-
merate the feveral varieties of good fruit which have
come to my knowledge.
The Species are,
1. Persic a ( Vulgaris ) vulgaris, flore pleno. Tourn.
In A:. R. H. 6 25. Common Peach-tree with double flowers.
2. Persica (Nana) Africana nana, flore incaroato
fimplici. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 625. Dwarf Almond with
Jingle flowers , vulgo.
3. Persica (Amygdalus) Africana nana flore incarnato
pleno. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 925. Double flowering
Dwarf Almond, vulgo.
The firft of thefe trees is a very great orhament in a
garden early in the fpring, the flowers being very
large, double, and of a beautiful red or purple co-
lour. This may be planted in ftandards, and if in-
termixed with other flowering trees of the fame
growth, makes a very agreeable variety ; or it may be
planted againft the walls of the pleafure-garden, where
the beautiful appearance of its flowers early in the'
fpring, will be more acceptable in filch places than the
choiceft fruits, which mull be expofed to iervants,
and others, fo that they feldom can be preferved in
large families until they are ripe. This tree may be
propagated by budding it on the Almond or Plum
ftocks, in the lame manner as the other fort of Peaches,
and fhould be planted in a good frefh foil that is not
over moift.
The other two forts are of humbler growth, feldom
rifing above three or four feet high •, thefe may be
budded upon Almond ftocks, or propagated by lay-
ers ; they will alio take upon Plum ftocks, but they
are very apt to canker, after they have flood four or
rr/e years upon thofe ftocks, eipecially that with dou-
ble flowers, which is tenderer than the other, which
fends out fuckers from the root, whereby it may be
propagated in great plenty.
Thefe fh rubs make a very agreeable variety amongft
low flowering trees, in fmall wildernefs quarters. The
Angle fort flowers in the beginning of April, and the
double is commonly three weeks later.
I fhall now proceed to mention the forts of good
Peaches which have come to my knowledge ; and
though perhaps a greater number of forts may be
found in fome catalogues of fruits, yet I doubt whe-
ther many of them are not the fame kinds called by
different names ; for, in order to determine the vari-
ous kinds, it is necefiary to oblerve the lhape and fize
of the flowers, as well as the different parts of the
fruit ; for this does fometimes determine the kind,
when the fruit alone is not fufficient ; befides, there
is a vaft difference in the fize and flavour of the fame
Peach, when planted on different foils and afpeds j fa
that it is almoft impoffible for a perfon who is very
converfant with thefe fruits to diftinguilh them, when
brought from various gardens.
The prefent confufion of the names of fruits, hath
been many times owing to the bringing over trees
from France •, for the perfons who are generally em-
ployed to bring over thofe trees for fale, are entirely
ignorant of their various forts, and do themfelves take
them upon truft, from the perfons who make it their
bufinefs to_ propagate great quantities, to fupply the
markets of France, whither they are brought in wag-
gons, and fold out in parcels to thofe perfons who
bring them into England. It alfo happens many
times, if they are received by right names, that thefe *
PER
in length of time are loft, or the trees come into the
pofleffion of other perfons, who not knowing the true
name of the fruit, do often give them new names,
wdiereby there is fuch a confufion in the names of
fruit, as is impoffible to redify , and hence fome
perfons have fuppofed a much greater variety of
Peaches than there is in reality, though as the greateft
part of thefe have been obtained from feeds, fo their
varieties may be multiplied annually, until there be
no end of the forts. However, I fhall content myfelf
with enumerating the principal forts now known in
England, which are fufficient for any gentleman to
make a colledion to continue through the whole flea-
fon of fruit.
1. The white Nutmeg (called by the French, L 5 A-
vant Peche Blanche :) this tree has fawed leaves, but
generally fhoots very weak, unlefs it is budded upon
an Apricot flock ; the flowers are large and open, the
fruit is fmall and white, as is alfo the pulp at the
ftone, from which it feparates •, it is a little muiky
and lugary, but is only efteemed for its being the firft
fort ripe. It is in eating pretty early in July, and foon
becomes meally.
2. The red Nutmeg (called by the French, L’Avant
Peche de Troyes:) this tree has flawed leaves, the
flowers are large and open j the fruit is larger and
rounder than the white Nutmeg, and is of a bright
vermilion colour •, the flefti is white, and very red at
the ftone ; it has a rich mufky flavour, and parts from
the ftone. This Peach is well efteemed, it ripens to-
ward the end of July.
3. The early or fmall Mignon (called by the French,
La Double de Troyes, or Mignonette :) this tree has
fmall contracted flowers, the fruit is of a middling
fize, and round ; it is very red on the fide next the
fun j the flefti is white, and feparates from the ftone,
where it is red ; the juice is vinous and rich. It is
ripe the end of July, or beginning of Auguft.
4. The yellow Alberge : this tree has fmooth leaves ;
the flowers are fmall and contracted ; the fruit is of a
middling fize, fomewhat long ; the flefti is yellow and
dry ; it is feldom well flavoured, but Ihould be per-
fectly ripe before it is gathered, otherwife it is good
for little. It is ripe early in Auguft.
5. The white Magdalen : this tree has fawed leaves 5
the flowers are large and open ; the wood is generally
black at the pith •, the fruit is round, of a middling
fize ; the fie ffi is white to the ftone, from which it
feparates j the juice is feldom high flavoured ; the
ftone is very fmall. This ripens early in Auguft.
6. The early purple (called by the French, La Pour-
pree hative :) this tree has fmooth leaves ; the flowers
are large and open j the fruit is large, round, and of
a fine red colour ^ the flefti is white, but very red at
the ftone j is very full of juice, which has a rich vi-
nous flavour, and is by aft good judges efteemed an
excellent Peach. This is ripe before the middle of
Auguft.
7. The large or French Mignon : the leaves of this
tree are fmooth ; the flowers are large and open ^ the
fruit is a little oblong, and generally fwelling on one
fide ; it is of a fine colour ; the juice is very fugary,
and of a high flavour j the flefh is white, but^very
red at the ftone, which is fmall. This is ripe in the
middle of Auguft, and is juftly efteemed one of the
beft Peaches ; this feparates from the ftone. This
fort of Peach is tender, and will not thrive on a com-
mon flock, fo is generally budded upon fome vigorous
lhooting Peach, or an Apricot, by the nurferymen,
which enhances the price of the trees. But the bell
method is to bud this Peach into fome old healthy
Apricot, which is planted to a fouth or fouth-eaft af-
pe<ft, and to cut away the Apricot when the buds have
taken, and made fhoots : upon fome trees which I
have feen thus managed, there has been a much great-
er quantity of fairer, and better flavoured fruit than
I have ever obferved elfe where, and the trees have
been much more healthy.
8. The Chevreufe, or Belle Chevreufe : this tree has
fmooth leaves ; the flowers are fmall and contracted ;
10 C the
the fruit is of a middling fize, a little oblong, of a
fine red colour ; the fleih is white, but very red at
the Hone, from which it feparates ; it is very full of
a rich fugary juice, and ripens toward the end of Au-
guft. This is a very good bearer, and may be ranged
with the good Peaches.
9. The red Magdalen (called by the French about
Paris, Madeleine deCourfon :) the leaves of this tree
are deeply fawed ; the flowers are large and open * the
fruit is large and round, of a fine red colour •, the
fiefh is white, but very red at the ftone, from which
it feparates ; the juice is very fugary, and of an ex-
quiflte flavour. The fruit is ripe the end of Auguft ;
it is one of the belt fort of Peaches.
10. The early Newington (or Smith’s Newington :)
this is very like, if not the fame, with what the French
call Le Pavie blanc. This tree has fawed leaves ; the
flowers are large and open ; the fruit is of a middling
fize, is of a fine red on the fide next the fun ; the
ftelh is firm and white, but very red at the ftone, to
which itclofely adheres. It hatha fugary juice, and
is ripe the end of Auguft.
1 1 . The Montauban : this tree has fawed leaves •,
the flowers are large and open ; the fruit is of a mid-
1 dling fize, of a deep red, inclining to purple next
the lun, but of a pale colour toward the wall ; the
fiefh is melting and white to the ftone, from which
it feparates •, the juice is rich, and the tree is a good
bearer. It ripens the middle of Auguft, and is well
efteemed.
12. The Malta (which is very like, if not the fame,
with the Italian Peach :) this tree has fawed leaves ;
the flowers are large and open ; the fruit is of a mid-
dling fize, of a fine red next the fun : the fiefh is
white and melting, but red at the ftone, from which
it feparates ; the ftone is fiat and pointed ; the tree is
a good bearer. This ripens the end of Auguft.
13. The Nobleft: this tree has fawed leaves; the
flowers are large and open ; the fruit is large, of a
bright red next the fun ; the fiefh is white and melt-
ing, and feparates from the ftone, where it is of a
faint red colour ; the juice is very rich in a good
feafon. It ripens the end of Auguft.
14. The Chancellor: the leaves of this tree are
fmooth ; the flowers are fmall and contradled ; the
fruit is fh aped fo me 1 what like the Belle Chevreufe, but
is rounder ; the fiefh is white and melting, and fepa-
rates from the ftone, where it is of a fine red colour ;
the fkin is very thin, and the juice is very rich. It
ripens about the end of Auguft, and is efteemed one
of the heft fort of Peaches. This tree is very tender,
and will not fucceed on common ftocks, fo is budded
twice as the Mignon ; and if budded on Apricots, as
was diredted for that fort, will thrive much better than
in any other method.
15. The Bellegarde (or as the French call it, the
Gallande :) this tree has fmooth leaves ; the flowers
are fmall and contradled ; the fruit is very large and
round, of a deep purple colour on the fide to the
fun ; the fleih. is white, melting, and feparates from
the ftone, where it is of a deep red colour ; the juice
is very rich. This ripens the beginning of Septem-
ber, and is an excellent Peach, but at prefent not
common.
16. The Lifle (or as the French call it, La petite
Violette hafve :) this tree has fmooth leaves ; the
flowers are fmall and contradled ; the fruit is of a
middling fize, of a fine Violet colour toward the fun ;
the 'fleih is of a pale yellow and melting, but adheres
to the ftone, where it is very red ; the juice is very
vinous. This ripens the beginning of September.
17. TheBourdine: this tree has fmooth leaves ; the
flowers are fmall and contradled ; the fruit is large,
round, and of a line red colour next the fun ; the
fleih is white, melting, and feparates from the ftone,
where it is of a line red colour; the juice is vinous
and rich ; this ripens the beginning of September,
and is greatly efteemed by the curious. The tree
bears plentifully, and will produce fruit in ftandards
very well.
18. 1 lie RqiTanna : this tree has fmooth leaves ; ’the
flowers, are fmall and contradled ; the.frviit is laro-e, a
little longer tiian the Alberge ; the .fleih is yellow
and feparates from the ftone, where it is red ; the >
juice is nen and vinous. This ripens the be°'innin°"
of September, and is efteemed a good Peach. 0 This
is the lame with what feme call the purple, and others
the red Alberge, it being of a line purple colour on
the lide next the fun.
19. The Admirable: this tree hath fmooth leaves;
the flowers are fmall and contradled; the fruit is laro-e,
round, and red on the lide next the fun ; the fleftfis
white, melting, and feparates from the ftone, where
it is of a deep red colour ; thejuice is fugary and rich.
1 his ripens the beginning of September. This is by
fome called the early Admirable, but is certainly what
the French call L’ Admirable, and they have no other
of this name which ripens later.
20. The old Newington : this tree has fawed leaves ;
the flowers are large and open ; the fruit is fair and
large, of a beautiful red colour next the fun ; the
fleih is white, melting, and clofely adheres to the ftone,
where it is of a deep red colour ; the juice is very rich
and vinous. This is eftemed one of the belt forts of
Pavies. It ripens about the middle of September.
21. The Rambouiilet (commonly called Rumbul-
lion :) this tree has imooth leaves; the flowers are
large and open ; the fruit is of a middling fize, ra-
ther round than long, deeply divided by a fulcus or
furrow in the middle ; it is of a fine red colour next
the fun, but of a light yellow next the wall ; the fleih
is melting, ol a bright yellow colour, and feparates
from the ftone, where it is of a deep red colour; the
juice is rich, and of a vinous flavour. This ripens
the middle of September, and is a good bearer.
22. ft lie Beilis (which I believe to be what the French
call La Belle de Vitry :) the leaves of this tree are
fawed ; the flowers are fmall and contradled ; the fruit
is of a middle fize, round, and of a pale red next the
fun ; the fleih is white and adheres to the ftone, where
it is red ; the juice is vinous and rich. This ripens
the middle of September.
23. The Portugal : this tree has fmooth leaves ; the
flowers are large and open ; the fruit is large, and
of a beautiful red colour towards the fun, the fkin
generally fpotted ; the fiefh is firm, white, and clofe-
ly adheres to the ftone, where it is of a faint red co-
lour ; the ftone is fmall, but full of deep fur rows ;
the juice is rich and vinous. This ripens the middle
of September.
24. La Teton de V enus (or Venus’s breaft,) fo called
from its having a riling like a dug, or bubby : this
tree has fmooth leaves ; the flowers are fmall and con-
trafted ; the fruit is of a middling fize refembling the
Admirable, of a pale red colour next the fun ; the
fleih is melting, white, and feparates from the ftone,
where it is red ; the juice is lugary and rich. This
ripens late in September.
25. La Pourpree (or as the French call it Pourpree
tardive, i. e. the late purple :) this tree has very large
leaves which are fawed ; the fhoots are very ftrong ;
the flowers are fmall and contracted ; the fruit is large,
round, and of a fine purple colour ; the fleih is white,
melting, and feparates from the ftone, where it is
red ; the juice is fugary and rich. This ripens late in
September.
26. The Nivette : this tree has fawed leaves; the
flowers are fmall and contradled ; the fruit is large,
iomewhat longer than round, of a bright red colour
next the fun, and of a pale yellow on their other fide ;
the fleih is melting, and full of rich juice, and is very
red at the ftone, from which it feparates. This is
efteemed one of the beft Peaches ; it ripens in the mid-
dle of September.
27. The Royal (La Royale:) this tree has fmooth
leaves ; the flowers are fmall and contradled ; the
fruit is large, round, and of a deep red on the fide
next the fun, and of a paler colour on the other fide ;
the fleih is white, melting, and full of a rich juice ;
it parts from the ftone, where it is of a deep red co-
lour.
PER
lour. This ripens the middle of September, and,
when the autumn is good, is an excellent Peach.
28. The Perfique : this tree has fawed leaves ; the
flowers are l'mall and contracted ; the fruit is large,
oblong, and of a fine red colour next the fun ; the
fiefh is melting, and full of a rich juice ; it feparates
from the Hone, where it is of a deep red colour, i he
ftalk has a fmall knot upon it ; this makes a fine tree,
and is a good bearer ; it ripens the end of September.
Many gardeners call this the Nivette.
29. The monftrous Pavy of Pomponne (called by
the French, La Pavie rouge de Pomponne:) the
leaves of this tree are fmooth ; the flowers are large
and open ; the fruit is very large and round, many
times fourteen inches in circumference ; the fiefh is
white, melting, and clofely adheres to the ftone,
where it is of a deep red colour ; the outfide is a
beautiful red next the fun, and of a paleflefli colour
on the other fide. This ripens the end of Q&ober,
and when the autumn is warm, is an excellent Peach.
30. The Catharine : this tree hath fmooth leaves ; the
flowers are fmall and contracted ; the fruit is large,
round, and of a dark red colour next the fun ; the
flefh is white, melting, and full of a rich juice. It
clofely adheres to the ftone, where it is of a deep red
colour ; it ripens the beginning of October, and in
very good feafons is an excellent Peach, but being fo
very late ripe, there are not many fltuations where it
ripens well.
31. The- Bloody Peach (called by the French, La
Sanguinolle :) this Peach is of a middling fize, of a
deep red next the fun ; the fiefh is of a deep red quite
to the ftone, and from thence is by fome gardeners
called the Mulberry Peach. This fruit rarely ripens
in England, fo is not often planted, but it bakes
and preferves excellently * for which, as alfo the
curiofity, one or two trees may be planted, where
there is extent of walling.
There are fome other forts of Peaches which are kept
in fome of the nurferies, but thofe which are here enu-
merated, are the forts moft worth planting, and in the
lift, the choiceft only fhould be planted ; but I fhall
juft mention the names of thofe forts omitted, for the
fatisfa&ion of the curious.
The Sion ; the Bourdeaux ; the Swalch or Dutch;
the Carlifie ; the Eaton ; the Peche de Pau •, yellow
Admirable •, the double Flower. This laft fort is ge-
nerally planted more for the beauty of the flowers,
than for' the goodnefs of the fruit, of which fome
years the ftandard trees produce great plenty-, but they
are late ripe, and have a cold, watery, infipid juice.
The Dwarf Peach is alfo preferved in fome places as
a curiofity. This is a very tender tree, making very
weak (hoots, which are very full of flower-buds. The
fruit is not fo large as a Nutmeg, and not good, nor
will the tree laft any time, fo it is not worth culti-
vating.
And indeed, from thefe thirty-one above-named,
there are not above ten of them which I would advife
to be planted ; becaufe, when a perfon can be furnifh-
ed with thofe which are good, or has the belt of the
feafon, it is not worth while to plant any which are
middling or indifferent, for the fake of variety; there-
fore the forts which I fhould prefer, are thefe after-
mentioned.
The early purple ; the Groffe Mignon ; Belle Chev-
reufe ; red Magdalen ; Chancellor ; Bellegarde ;
Bourdine ; Roffanna ; Rambouillet, and Nivette.
Thefe are the forts beft worth planting ; and as they
fucceed each other, they will furnifh the table thro’
the feafon of Peaches ; and, where there is room, and
the fituation very warm, one or two trees of the Ca-
tharine Peach fhould have place, for in very warm
feafons it is an excellent fruit.
As thefe eleven forts do follow each other in their time
of ripening, fo unlefs there is extent of good afpe&ed
walls, thefe will be fufficient to furnifh any family
during the feafon of this fruit : but as in fome feafons
there will be fome forts of Peaches very good, which
in other feafons often prove but indifferent ; there-
PER
fore when there is a Efficient extent of good walls, I
would recommend the planting three or four other
forts, which feme years are excellent, though in ge-
neral are not fo good as thofe before-mentioned.
Thefe are the Montauban, the Line, the old New-
ington, La Teton de Venus, the Catharine, and the
Perfique.
The French diftinguifh thofe we call Peaches into two
forts, viz. Pavies and Peaches; thofe are called Peaches
which quit the ftone, and thofe, whole fiefh clofely
adheres to the ftone, are called Pavies. Thefe are
much more efteemed in France than the Peaches,
though in England the latter are preferred to the
former by many per fens.
The French alfo diftinguifh them into male and fe-
male ; the Pavies they- make to be the male, and the
Peaches the female ; but this divffion is without foun-
dation, fince the kernels of both forts will produce
trees equally ; for the flowers of Peach-trees are ge-
nerally hermaphrodite, and have all the parts of ge-
neration in them, fo that there is no heceflity for fup-
poflng any of them to be entirely male or female : but
it is likely, that this diftinftion is of long ftanding,
before perfons had a perfedb notion of male and fe-
male in plants, or at lead they did not know how to
diftinguifh them afunder.
The Nectarines (as I have in another place faid) are
by the French called Brugnons, which differ from the
other two forts, in having a firm hard fiefh, and the
fkin quite fmooth, without any down upon them.
The forts of thefe I have already mentioned under the
article Nectarines, to which the reader may readily
turn, therefore I fhall not repeat them in this place.
I fhall now fet down the good qualities of Peaches,
by which any perfon may judge of their worth.
A good Peach ought to have a firm fiefh ; the ikin
fhould be thin, of a deep or bright red colour next
the fun, and of a yellowifh caft next the wall. The
flefh fhould be of a yellowifh colour, full of juice,
which fhould be high-flavoured, the ftone fmall,
and the pulp or flefh very thick. When a Peach
hath all thefe qualities, it may be efteemed a valua-
ble fruit.
All the different forts of Peaches have been originally
obtained from the (tones, which, being planted pro-
duce new varieties, as do the feeds of all other fruits ;
fo that where perfons have garden enough to allow
room for propagating thefe fruits from feeds, there
is no doubt but many good forts may be obtained,
which will be better adapted to our climate, than fuch
as are brought from warmer countries ; though it is
true, that there will be many of them good for no-
thing, as is the cafe of moft fruits and flowers which
are produced from feeds, amongft which there may
be fome valuable kinds, fuperior to thofe from
whence the feeds were taken, yet there is always a
great number which are little worth ; but if we can
obtain only two or three valuable forts, it is fufficient
to make amends for the trouble of raffing them ; but
where perfons are fo curious as to plant the (tones of
thefe fruits, great regard fhould be had to the forts ;
and if the fruits were permitted to remain upon the
trees until they dropped off, the kernels would be fit-
ter for planting, and more likely to grow. The beft
forts for fowing are thofe whofe flefh is firm, and
cleayes to the ftone ; and from amongft thefe you
fhould chufe fuch as ripen pretty early, and have a rich
vinous juice, from which forts fome good fruit may
be expe&ed.
Thefe ftones fhould be planted in autumn, on a bed
of light dry earth, about three inches deep, and four
inches afunder ; and in the winter the beds fhould be
covered to proted: them from the froft, which, if
permitted to enter deep into the ground, will deftroy
them. In the fpring, when the plants come up, they
fhould be carefully cleared from the weeds, which
fhould alfo be obferved throughout the fummer ; and
if the fpring fhould prove very dry, if you refrefh
them now and then with a little water, it will greatly
promote their growth. In this bed they fhould re-
main
m
ttiain until the following fpring, when they fhould
be carefully taken up, la as not to break their ten-
der roots, and tranfplanted into a nurfery in rows
three feet afunder, and one foot diltant plant from
plant in the rows, obferving to lay a little mulch up-
on the furface of the ground about their roots, to pre-
vent its drying too faft •, and if the fpring fhould
prove very dry, you ’fhould give them a little water
once a week, until they have taken root •, after which
they fhould be conftantly kept clear from weeds, and
the ground between the rows carefully dug every
fpring to loofen it, fo as that the tender fibres may
ftrike out on every fide.
In this nurfery they may continue one or two years,
according to the progrefs they make after which
they fhould be tranfplanted where they are to remain,
to produce fruit.
In removing thefe trees, you fhould obferve to prune
their downright roots, if they have any, pretty fhorr,
and to cut off all bruifed parts of the roots, as alfo
all the finall fibres, which generally dry, and when
left upon the roots after planting again, grow mouldy
and decay, fo that they are injurious to the new
fibres which are fhot out from the roots, and very
often prevent the growth of the trees ; but you
fhould by no means prune their heads, for the plants
which are produced from flones, are generally of a
more fpongy texture, and fo more liable to decay when
cut, than thofe which are budded upon other flocks.
Befides, as thefe trees are defigned for ftandards (for
it is not proper to plant them againll walls, until
you fee the produce of the fruit, to fhew which of
them deferves to be cultivated,) they will never re-
quire any other pruning, but only to cut out decayed
branches, or fuch as lhoot out very irregular from
the fides, for more than this is generally very injuri-
ous to them.
In planting thefe trees, it will be the better way to
difpofe them fingly in .the quarters of the kitchen-
garden, where they will thrive, and produce fruit
much better than if they are planted near each other
in rows ; and, as they are thus fingly difpofed, they
will not do much injury to the crops which grow
under them.
When they have produced fruit, you will foon be a
judge of their goodnefs, therefore fuch of them as
you diflike may be deftroyed ; but thofe which are
good, may be propagated by inoculating them upon
other flocks, which is the common method now
pra&ifed to propagate thefe fruits, therefore I fhall
now proceed to treat of that more particularly •, in
the doing- of which, I fhall let down the method now
commonly pradliled by the nurfery-gardeners, and
then propofe fome few things of my own as an im-
provement thereon, for fuch perfons who are very
curious to have good fruit. But firfl,
You fhould be provided with flocks of the Mufcle
and white Pear Plums, which are generally efteemed
the two belt forts of Plums for flocks to inoculate
Peaches and Nedarines upon •, as alfo fome Almond
and Apricot flocks, for fome tender forts of Peaches
which will not grow upon Plum flocks. Thefe
fhould be all produced from the flone (as hath been
already directed in the article Nursery,) and not
from fuckers, for the reafons there laid down. Thefe
flocks fhould be tranfplanted, when they have had
one year’s growth in the feed-bed, for the younger
they are tranfplanted, the better they will iucceed,
and hereby they will be prevented from fending tap-
roots deep in the ground ^ for by 'fhortening thofe
roots which feem fo difpofed, it will caufe them to
put out horizontal roots. Thefe flocks fhould be
planted at the diftance above-mentioned, viz. the
rows three feet afunder, and one foot apart in the
rows. This is wider than raoft nurferymen plant them,
but I fhall give my reafons hereafter for this.
When thefe flocks have grown in the nurfery two
years, they will be ftrong enough to bud •, the feafon
for which is commonly about Midfummer, or any
time in July, when the rind will eafily feparate from
the wood, when you fhould make choice of fome
good cuttings of the forts of fruit you intend to pro-
pagate, always obferving, to take them from healthy
trees, and fuch as generally produce a good quantity
of well-tailed fruit •, for it is very certain, that any
fort of fruit may be fo far degenerated where this
care is wanting, as not to be like the fame kind. Be-
fides, whenever a tree is unhealthy, the buds taken
from that tree will always retain the diftemper, in a
greater or lefs degree, according as it hath imbibed a
greater or lefs quantity of the diflempered juice.
Thus, for inflance, where a Peach or Nedarine-tree
hath been greatly blighted, fo as that the fhoots have
grown bulled, and the leaves curled up to a great
degree, that diftemper is feldom recovered again by
the greateft art, or at leaft not under feveral years
management •, for let the feafons prove ever fo favour-
able, yet thefe trees will continually fhew the fame
diftemper, which many perfons are fo weak as to fup-
pofe a frefh blight, whereas in reality it is no other
but the remains of the former ficknefs, which are
fpread and intermixed with all the juices of the tree 5
fo that whatever buds are taken from fuch trees, will
always retain a part of the diftemper.
Upon the care which is taken in the choice of the
buds, the whole fuccefs depends •, therefore a perfon
who is curious to have good fruit, cannot be too care-
ful in this particular j for in general no more is re-
garded by thofe nurferymen who are the moft careful
in propagating the feveral forts of fruit-trees, than
the taking their buds or grafts from the true kinds
of fruit-trees ; but there is ftill more care required
to have found healthy trees, efpecially in this of
Peaches and Nedtarines ; for if the buds are taken from
young plants in the nurfery which have not pro-
duced fruit, the fhoots of which are generally very
ftrong and vigorous, thefe buds will have fo vicious
a habit, as rarely to be corrected and brought into
good order •, for they will lhoot more like the Willow
than the Peach, the joints being extended to a great
diftance from each other, the lhoots very grofs, and
the wood pithy therefore where the pra&ice of tak-
ing the buds from nurfery-trees is long continued,
there can be little hopes of the trees fo raffed. I
would therefore recommend it to every curious per-
fon, to procure their buds from fuch trees as have
been long growing, whofc fruit are well flavoured,
and the trees perfe&ly found •, as alfo never to make
choice of the flrongeft or moft luxuriant fhoots of
thefe trees, but fuch fhoots as are well conditioned,
and whofe buds grow pretty clofe together. And
although thefe do not make fo ftrong fhoots the fol-
lowing years, as thofe which are taken from luxuri-
ant branches, yet they will be better difpofed to bear
fruit, and will make much better trees.
The cuttings with which you are thus to be provided,
fhould always be taken from the trees either in a
morning or evening, or elfe in a cloudy day ; for if
they are cut off when the fun is very hot, the flioots
will perfpire fo freely, as to leave the buds deftitute of
moillure, which is often the caufe of their mifearry-
ing and the fooner they are put into the flocks when
cut from the trees, the better they will take. The
manner of this operation being fully explained under
the article of Inoculation, I fhall not repeat it in
this place. The management of thefe trees, during
their remaining time in the nurfery, is likewife fully
fet down under that article. I fhall therefore pro-
ceed to give fome directions for the choice of thefe
trees, when they are to be procured from a nurfery.
The firft care fhould be to find out a perfon of cha-
racter to deal with, on whole integrity you may de-
pend, not only for having the trees of thofe kinds
which you propofe, but alfo for their buds being
taken from bearing trees ; and either fee them taken
up, or let fome perfon you can confide in do it for
you ; becaufe, as moft of the nurferymen have deal-
ings with each other, if the perfon applied to has not
the fort of fruit defired in his own nurfery, he pro-
cures them from another j and if the gardener from
whom
whom he gets them, is not as honed and careful ds
himfelf, it is a great chance if the trees prove to be
of the right kinds.
The trees fhould alfo be chofen in the autumn, be-
fore others have drawn out the bed •, for thole who
go fil'd to the nurferies, if they have fkill, will always
draw the fined plants. In the choice of the trees,
you fhould obferve the docks upon which they have
been budded, that they are 'of the right fort, whether
Plum or Apricot ; that they are found and young,
not fuch as had been budded the preceding year and
failed, nor thofe which have been cut down. If the
fize of the dock is near that of a man’s finger, it will
be better than if they are larger •, thefe fhould be clear
of mofs or canker. The buds fhould be of one year’s
growth only, and not fuch as have been cut down in the
fpring, and made a fecond fhoot; nor fhould thofe
trees be chofen whofe fhoots are very drong and luxu-
riant, but fuch as have clean fhoots, of a moderate
fize, whofe joints are not too far afunder ; and thofe
trees which dand on the outfide rows, or near the
ends of the rows, where they have mod air, are
generally fuch ; for, where they dand clofe in the
nurfery, their fhoots are drawn up in length, their
joints are much farther afunder, and their buds or
eyes are flat ; for which reafon, I have before advifed
the planting of the docks at a greater didance than
the nurferymen generally allow them •, and, if a care-
ful difcreet nurferyman would be at the trouble and
expence in the rafting of his Peach-trees according
to this method, he would better deferve three fhillings
per tree, than one in the manner they are ufually
raifed •, for every perfon who is at the expence of
building walls for fruit, diould not think of laving a
few fhillings in the purchafe of their trees ; becaufe,
if they are bad, or not of the right kinds, there is a
great lofs of time and expence to no purpofe, and
the difappointment will be fo great, after waiting three
or four years, as to difcourage many from making
farther trials, thinking themfelves liable to the fame
ill fuccefs.
When the trees are chofen in the nurfery, the next
care mud be to have them carefully taken up out of
the ground, fo as not to break or tear their roots,
nor injure their bark •, for as thefe trees are very apt
to gum in thofe places where they are wounded, there
cannot be too much care taken of this. If the trees
are to be tranfported to a didant place, their roots
fhould be clofely wrapped either with haybands, draw,
or Peas-haulm, and mats fewed over thefe, to prevent
the air from drying their roots and branches. If
the leaves of the trees are not fallen when they are
taken up, they Ihouid be carefully dripped off, before
the trees are packed up ; for when there are many of
thefe left, they are very apt to heat, if they are long-
in their pafiage, and often occafion a mouldinefs very
hurtful to the branches.
We come next to the preparing of the ground to re-
ceive the trees. The bed earth for Peach-trees is
futh as is taken from a padure-ground, that is nei-
ther too diff and moid, nor over dry, but of a mid-
dling nature, fuch as is termed hazel loam. This
fhould be dug from the furface of the ground about
ten inches deep, taking the turf with it, and diould be
laid in heaps eight or ten months at lead ; but that
which is prepared one year or more is dill better be-
fore it be ufed, that it may have the winter’s frod, and
dimmer’s heat to mellow it; during which time it
fhould be often turned, to rot the turf and break the
clods, whereby it will be rendered very light and
eafy to work ; and about the beginning of September
you fhould carry it into the garden, and make the bor-
ders, which mud be raifed in height proportionable
to the moidure of the garden ; but if the ground be
very wet, it will be advifeable to lay fome rubbifh in
the bottom of the border to drain off the moidure,
alfo to prevent the roots of the trees from running
downward ; and in this cafe it will be proper to make
fome under-ground drains at the bottom of the border,
to convey off the fuperfluous moidure; which, if
detained about the roots of the trees, will greatly
prejudice them ; then raife a border of earth at lead
a foot, or in very wet land two feet above the level
of the ground, fo that the roots of the trees may al-
ways remain dry ; but if the ground be pretty dry, the
borders fhould not be raifed above fix or eight inches
higher than the furface, which will be fufficient to al-
low for their finking,
As to the breadth of thefe borders, that cannot be too
great ; but they fhould never be lefs than fix or eight
feet broad, where fruit-trees are planted, for when
the borders are made very narrow, the roots of the
trees will be fo confined in four or five years time, that
they will feldom thrive well after. The depth of thefe
borders fhould not be greater than two feet and a
half ; for when they are prepared to a great depth, it
only entices the roots of the trees downward, which
may be the caufe of their future barrennefs ; for their
roots being got down below the influences of the
fun and fhowers, imbibe a great quantity of crude
juices, which only add to the luxuriant growth of '
the trees, and deftroy their fruitfulnefs ; befides,
whatever fruit are produced from fuch trees, are not
near fo well rafted as thofe are which grow upon thofe
trees whofe roots lie near the furface, and enjoy the
kindly benefit of the fun’s heat, to correct and digeft
whatever crudities there qray be in the earth.
Where the natural foil of the garden is fhallow, and
either chalk, clay, or gravel lies near the furface,
thefe fhould not be dug out to make pits to receive
the earth for the border, as is by fome praduifed, for
this will be no better than planting the trees in tubs
or cafes, for their roots will be confined to thefe
pits ; fo that when they are extended to the fides, and
can get no farther; the trees will blight and decay ;
and if it is clay on the Tides, the wet will be detained
as in a bafon; and the earth of the border will be like
mud in very wet feafons, fo unfit for the roots of thefe
trees. Therefore, whenever it fo happens that the
ground is of either of the forts before-mentioned, it
will be the beft way to raife the borders of a proper
thicknefs of good earth over thefe, rather than to
fink down into them •, for when the roots of the trees
lie near the furface of the ground, they will extend to
a great diftance in Search of nourifliment ; but if they
get below the ftaple of the land, they can find no-
thing but four crude pafture very unfit for vegetation.
Your borders being thus prepared, fhould lie about
three weeks or a month to fettle, by which time the
feafon for planting will be come, which fhould be
performed as foon as the leaves begin to decay, that
the trees may put out new roots, before the froft
comes on to prevent them. Your ground being ready,
and the trees brought carefully to the place, the next
work is to prepare them for planting, which is to be
performed in the following manner : you mutt fhorten
all the roots, and cut off fmooth and broken or
bruited roots, as alfo all the final! fibres fhould be
taken off, for the reafons before given ; and where
any of the roots crofs each other, the worft of them
muft be cut out, that they may not inj are the other.
And having thus prepared your trees, you fhould mea-
fure out their diftance, which ought never to be lefs
than twelve feet ; but where the ground is very good,
they fhould be planted fourteen feet afunder. ^This
I dojibt not, will be thought too great a diftance by
many perfons, efpecially fince it is contrary to the
general practice at this time ; but I am fatisfied
whoever fhall try the experiment, will find it no more
than is iuffiaent for thefe trees where they are rightly
managed ; for if they take kindly to the foil, their
branches may be fo trained as to furnifh all the lower
part of the wall in a few years, which is what fhould
be principally regarded, and not, as is too often the
practice, run up the fhoots in height, and leave all the
lower part of the tree deftitute of bearing wood, fo
that in a few years there will not be any fruit but up-
on the upper part of the trees ; which alfo muft be the
cafe where they are planted too clofe, becaufe there
being no room to extend the branches on either fide.
(
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they arc obliged to lead them upright, which produces j
the before-mentioned ill effedl.
There may be alfo fome perfons, who may think this .
affiance too final! for thefe trees, becaufe Plums, -
Cherries, and .moft other forts of fruit-trees require
much more room ; but when it is comidered, that
Peach and Nedlarine-i trees produce their fruit only
upon the former year’s wood, and not upon fpurs,
as Cherries, Plums, and Pears do, fa that the (hoots
of thefe trees muft be annually ilaortened in every part
of them to obtain bearing wood , therefore the trees
may be kept in much Ids corn pais than thole of any
other fort of fruit, and thereby every part of the
wall may be conftantlyfuppHed with bearing branches-,
•for when the trees are planted at a great diftance, the
branches are often extended to fuch lengths as to leave
the middle of the trees naked, for there are never any
good (hoots produced from the old branches of thefe
trees.
And here 1 cannot help taking notice of another very
great error in planting of wall-fruit, which is the
placing ftandard or half ftandard trees between the
others, to cover the upper part of the wall, and to
produce fruit, until the trees underneath are grown
up fufficient to furniSli the walls, when the ftandards
are to be taken away. This is done, without confi-
dering that the greater number of trees which are
planted in a frnall compafs, the lefs nouriftiment they
can receive, and fo confequently muft be the weaker,
for the fame fpace of ground cannot nourifh twenty
trees equally as well as it could ten ; fo that whatever
ftrength the ftandard-trees may have, the dwarfs will
be proportionably weaker and it is a common obfer-
vation, that moft trees extend their roots as far under
ground, as their^ branches fpread above ground ; fo
that there (hould always be the fame allowance given
to the wall-trees, if we would have them ftrong and
vigorous ; therefore the building very high walls for
fruit, unlefs for Pears, is to no purpofe, for a ten or
twelve feet wall will be fufficient for moft forts of
fruit. I have feen gardens planted with fruit-trees
by perfons of great efteem for their (kill in this art,
where Peach and Neftarine -trees have been placed
ygainft walls expofed to the eaft and weft, but could
never fee any of the fruit on thofe trees come to per-
fection for which reafon I would caution ;e very p.er-
fon never to follow fuch examples, becaufe it is well
known, that the belt afpeded walls do barely ripen
many of the latter Peaches fome years •, therefore the
only afped to which thefe trees (hould be expofed, is
fouth, or with a point or two to the eaft, and fome
forts may do well if they are a point or two to the
weft.
In the difpofition of the trees, it will not be amifs
to plant thofe forts of Peaches near each other, which
ripen about the fame time •, for by fo doing, the fruit
may be the better guarded from men and infeds, and
this will five a great deal of trouble in gathering of
the fruit V for if a perfon is obliged to go from one
part of the garden to the other, or perhaps to look
over all the walls of the garden every time the fruit
is gathered, it is a great lofs of time, which may be
avoided by this hr ft care in planting the trees.
But to return to planting * after you have marked
out the places where each tree is to ftand, you muft
with your lpade make a hole wide enough to receive
the roots of the tree then you (hould place it down,
obferving to turn the bud outwards, that the wounded
part of the flock may be hid from fight ; and let the
Item of the tree be placed about four or five inches
from the wail, with its head inclining thereto 5 then
fill in the earth with your hands, obferving to break
the clods, that the earth may fall in between the
roots, fo as no void fpaces may be left about them.
You (hould alfo gently (hake the tree with your hands,
to fettle the earth down the better between the roots ;
then with your foot gently prefs down the earth about
the ftem, but do not tread it down too hard, which is
many times a very great fault for when the ground
is inclinable to bind, the treading it- clofe doth often
PER
render the ground' fo hard, as that the tender- fibres,
of the roots cannot ftrike into it, whereby the tree
remains at a ftand for iome time 5 and if the earth
be not loofened in time, it frequently dies ; io that
whenever you obferve tire earth of your borders to be
bound, either by great rains, or from any other
caufe, you, (hould dig or fork it, to loofen it again,
obferving always to do it in dry weather, if in winter
or fpring but in fummer it (hould be done in a modi
feafon.
Although I, have here given diredlions for the choice
of trees from the nurfery, after the ufual method of
planting thefe trees, which is that of taking fuch as
have made one year’s (hoot, yet I would prefer thofe
which were budded the preceding fummer, and have
made no (hoot; for if the bud is found and plump,
and the bark of the (lock well clofed where the bud^is
inferred, there will be no danger of its growing ; and
when the bud has made a (hoot the following fpring
the length of five or fix inches, if it is (topped by
pinching off the top, it will put out lateral branches,
which may be trained to the wall, and this will prevent
any cutting off the head, as muft be done to thofe
trees which have had one year’s growth in the nur-
fery for thefe trees do not care for thofe large ampu-
tations, efpecially fome of the more tender forts ; fo
by this method of planting thefe trees in bud, no time
will be loft, when it is confidered that the trees which
have (hot muft be cut down, and there is a hazard of
their (hooting again; therefore I arn convinced from
experience, that it is the bed method.
After you have thus planted your trees, which have
made their (hoots in the nurfery, you (hould fallen
their heads to the wall, to prevent their being (haken
by the wind, which would difturb their roots, and
break off the tender fibres foon after they were pro-
duced, to the no frnall prejudice of the trees; you
(hould alfo lay fome mulch upon the furface of the
ground about their roots, before the froft fets in, to
prevent it from penetrating the ground, which would
injure, if not deftroy, the frnall fibres ; but this mulch
fhould not be laid upon the ground too early, left
it prevent the autumnal rains from penetrating to the
roots.
Thefe things being duly obferved, they will, require
no farther care till the beginning or middle of March,
according as the feafon is earlier or later ; when you
muft cut off the heads of the new planted trees, leav-
ing only four or five eyes above the bud ; in doing of
which, you muft be very careful not to difturb their
roots ; to prevent which, you fhould place your foot
down clofe to the ftem of the tree, and take fall hold
of that part of the (lock below the bud with one
hand, to hold it fteady, while with the other hand
you gently (lope off the head of the tree with a (harp
knife at the intended place, which (hould always be
juft above a bud ; this (hould always be done in dry-
weather, for if there (hould be much rain foon after
it is done, there will be fome danger that the wet will
enter the wounded part, and damage the tree ; nor
(hould it be done in froily weather for the fame rea-
fon, for that would enter the wounded part and pre-
vent its healing over. Afteryou have headed the trees,
you (hould gently loofen the earth of the borders, to
admit the fibres of the roots ; but you muft be very
careful in doing of this, not to cut or bruife their new
roots, which would alfo damage them ; and if the
mulch which was laid about their roots in autumn be
rotten, you may dig it into the border at fome dif-
tance from the roots of the trees ; and when the dry
weather comes on, you (hould pare off fome turf from
a pafture ground, which (hould be laid upon the fur-
face of the border about the roots of the trees, turn-
ing the Grais downward, which will preferve a gentle
moifture in the earth, better than any other fort of
mulch ; and this will not harbour infedts, as moft
forts of dung and litter do, to the no frnall detriment
of the trees.
Thofe trees which are planted in bud, and have not
made any (hoots, (hould have their (locks cut down
at
PER
at this feafon juft above the bud, for the buds will
rarely (hoot unlefs this is performed ; and the nearer
they are cut to the bud, the fooner will the head of
the ftock be covered by the buds ; for although it
may be neceflary to leave a part of the ftock above
the bud, in thofe trees which are in the nuriery, to
which the (hoots made by the buds may be fattened,
to prevent their being broken by the wind j yet as
theie are placed againft the wall, to which the Ihoots
may be fattened, there will be no want of any part of
the ftock.
In watering thefe new planted trees, which fhould not
be done unlefs the fpring proves very dry, you (hould
obferve to do it with a noffel upon the watering-pot,
fo as to let it out in drops •, for when it is haftily
poured down, it caufes the ground to bind ; and if you
water over the head of the tree, it will be of great
fervice to it. Your waterings Ihpuid not be repeated
too often, nor Ihould they be given in great quantity,
both which are very injurious to new planted trees.
In the middle or latter end of May, when thefe trees
will have feveral Ihoots fix or eight inches in length,
you Ihould nail them to the wall, obferving to train
them horizontally, rubbing off all fore-right Ihoots,
of fuch as are weak, whereby thofe which are preferved
will be much ftronger •, but if there are not more than
two fhoots produced, and thofe veryftrong, you ihould
at the fame time nip off their tops, which will caufe
each of them to pulh out two or more (hoots, whereby
the wall will be better fupplied with branches ; you
mutt alfo continue to refrefh them with water in dry
weather, during the whole feafon, otherwife they will
be apt to fuffer-, for their roots having but little
hold of the ground the firft year after tranfplanting,
if the feafon Ihould prove very dry, it will greatly
retard their growth, if due care be not taken to water
them.
In the beginning of O&ober, when you obferve the
trees have done (hooting, you (hould prune them ; in
doing of which, you mutt Ihorten the branches in pro-
portion to the ftrength of the tree •, which, if ftrong,
may be left eight inches long, but if weak, (hould be
Ihortened to four or five * then you (hould train them
horizontally to the wall (as was before directed,) fo
that the middle of the trees may be void of branches,
for that part of the tree will be eafily furniftied with
wood afterwards ; whereas, if the fhoots are trained
perpendicularly to the wall, thofe which are the ftrong-
eft, will draw the greateft (hare of the fap from the
roots, and mount upwards ; fo that the fide branches
will be deprived of their nouriffiment and grow weak-
er, until they many times decay •, and this is the rea-
fon that we fee fo many Peach-trees with one or two
upright fhoots in the middle, and the two fides wholly
unfurnifned with branches, whereby the middle of each
tree cannot produce any fruit, that being filled with
large wood, which never produces any bearing (hoots.
Nor can the two fides of the trees be regularly filled
with fruitful branches, when this defedt happens to
them ; therefore this method (hould be carefully ob-
ferved in the training up young trees, for when they
are permitted to run into diforder at firft, it will be
impoffible to reduce them into a regular healthful
(late afterwards, the wood of thefe trees being too
foft and pithy to admit of being cut down (as may be i
praftifed on many other hardy fruit-trees, which will
(hoot out vigoroufly again •,) whereas thefe will gum
the places where they are wounded, and in a few
years entirely decay.
The fummer following, when the trees begin to (hoot,
you (hould carefully look over them, to rub off ail
fore-right buds, or fuch as are ill placed, and train
thofe which are defigned to remain horizontally to the
wall, in their due order as they are produced, for this
is the principal feafon when you can beft order the
trees as you would have them whereas, if they are
neglefted until Midfumrner, as is the common prac-
tice, a great part of the nouriffiment will be ex-
hau'fted by fare- right ihoots, and other ufelefs branches,
which rnuft afterwards be cut off; and hereby there- j
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maining (Loots will be rendered very weak, and per-
haps fame part of the wall be entirely l urnifhed with
branches - 5 which might have been eafily fupplied in
May, by (lopping feme of the ftronger ihoots in fuch
parts of the tree where there is a neceffity for more
branches, which would caufe each of them to (hoot
out two or more fide branches below the ends of the
(hoots, which may be guided into the vacant parts of
the tree as they are produced, fo as that every part may
be regularly furnilhed with proper wood, which is the
greateft beauty and excellency of wall-trees j but you
Ihould always forbear (topping the (hoots in fummer,
where there is not a neceffity for branches to fill the
wall ; for there cannot be a greater fault committed,
than that of multiplying the number of (hoots, fo as to
caufe a confufion, whereby the branches will be too
weak to produce good fruit •, befides, when they are
too clofe laid in againft the wall, the air is excluded
from the fhoots by the great number of leaves, fo that
they are never duly ripened ; and confequently, what
fruit is produced thereon, cannot be fo well tailed, as
thofe which are produced upon fuch trees where the
(hoots receive all the advantages of the fun and air to
bring them to maturity.
Thus having fet down the method of training up
young trees, I (hall now proceed to their pruning
and future management ; which, being the fame as
with full grown trees, will ferve for general directions
how to manage thefe forts of fruit.
In the pruning of Peach and Ne6larine-trees (which
require the fame management) the two following rules
(hould be ftribtly obierved, viz. Firft, That every
part of the tree be equally furnifhed wkh bearing
wood j and fecondly, That the branches are not laid
in too clofe to each other for the reafons before laid
down (with fome others which will be hereafter in-
ferted.) As to the firft, it muft be obferved, That
Peach and Ne&arine-trees produce their fruit upon
the young wood, either of the preceding year, or at
moil, the two years fhoots, after which age they do
not bear ^ therefore the branches (hould be (hortened,
fo as to caufe them to produce new fhoots annually in
every part of the tree j which cannot be done in the
ordinary method of pruning, where perfens neglect
their trees at the proper feafon when they are mod
capable of management, which is in April, May, and
June ; at which time the luxuriant growth of branches
may be checked by pinching, and new fhoots pro-
duced where they are wanting, by (lopping the neigh-
bouring branches •, which (hoots, being produced at
that fealon, will have time enough to ripen and gain
ftrength before the autumn comes on ; whereas all
thofe (hoots which are produced after the middle of
June, will be crude and pithy ; and though they may
fometimes produce a few bloffoms, yet thofe rarely
bring fruit •, nor are the future branches good which,
are produced from fuch wood, the veffels being too
large to ftrain the juices, fo that they eafily admit of
great quantities of crude nouriffiment to pafs through
them. Therefore thofe perfons who only regard their
wall-trees at two different feafons, viz. the winter and
Midfumrner pruning, cannot poffibly have them in
good order ; for when all the branches which were
produced in the fpring, are permitted to remain un-
til the middle or latter end of June (as is the common
practice) fome of the mod vigorous will draw the
greateft part of the nourifliment from the weaker
branches, which, when the ftrong ones are taken off,
will be too weak to produce fair fruit ; and hereby
the ftrength of the tree is exhaufted, to nourifh the
ufelefs branches which are annually cut off again j and
thus are too many trees managed, and at the lame time
complaints made of their luxuriancy j be caufe two or
three fhoots, by drawing away the greateft (hare of the
nouriffiment grow very ftrong and woody (-whereas,
if the nouriffiment had been equally diftri bated to a
regular quantity of branches, there would be no fign
of their too great ftrength) until by often cutting oft”
thefe vigorous branches, the trees are either entirely
deftroyed, or at lead rendered fo weak as not to be
able
P E R
\ * 1
able -to produce fruit-, for although by thus Weaken-
ing the branches, it is often the means to produce a
good number ofbloffoms ( as may many times be ob-
ierved alio upon autumnal (hoots ;) yet the utrnoft of
their ftrength is fpent in expanding the flowers,. fo that
they rarely produce fruit ; and very often the greateft
part of the branches die foon after, which is fuppofed
to be occasioned by a blight (as I have elfewhere faid)
wnen in reality it is nothing lefs than the fault of thofe
who have the management of the trees. It is there-
fore of the greateft confeq pence to wall-trees, efpeci-
ally of thefe forts, to go over them two or three
times in the months of April, May, and June, to
rub off all irregular fhoots, and to train in the branches
that are left in due order to the wall, that each fhoot
may have an equal advantage of fun and air, both
of which are abfolutely neceffary to ripen and pre-
pare the wood for the next year’s bearing •, therefore
the oftener the trees are looked over, to diveft them
of the ufelefs branches, from the time they firft be-
gin to fhoot in the fpring till the autumn, the bet-
ter will the wood be ripened for the fucceeding year.
And by duly obferving this in fummer, there will not
be occafion for fo much cutting as is often, praftifed
on Peach-trees, to their great injury ; for their wood
branches are generally foft, tender, and pithy, which
when greatly wounded, are not healed over again fo
foon as in many other forts of trees ; and the wet in-
finuating into the wounded parts, doth often caufe the
branches to canker and die ; which may be entirely
avoided by the gentle eafy method of pinching and
rubbing off the buds in the manner here directed,
which makes no wounds on the tree j and hereby a
vaft deal of labour is laved, for one perfon who is
ready r.t this bufinefs will go over a greater quantity
of walling in one day, than d ree or four can when
fuffered to grow rude y lo that if the trees are
permitted to grow rude all the fpring, they will re-
quire fix times the labour to reduce them into order.
Befides, it is a great difadvantage to the fruit, in
permitting the branches of the trees to extend from
the wall and fhade them , and when they have grown
under the flicker of thefe branches and leaves all the
fpring, until Midfummer, then by pruning of' and
fhortening moil of thefe fhoots, and nailing the
others clofe to the wall, the fruit are fuddeniy ex-
pofed to the fun and air, whereby „y receive a very
great chepk, and are not only retarded in their growth,
but often rendered ill-tafled, and have tough fkins.
The diftance which the branches of thefe trees fhould
be allowed againft the wall, muft be proportioned to
the fize of the fruit or the length of the leaves for
if we obferve how the branches of the trees are natu-
rally difpofed to grow, we fhall always find them
placed at a greater or lefs diftance, as their leaves are
larger or fmaller, as I have already obferved under
the article Leaves. And there is no furer guide to
a curious artift than nature, from whence a gardener
fhould always be directed in every part of his profef-
fion, fince his bufinefs is to aid and affift nature, where
fhe is not capable of bringing her produdlions to ma-
turity *, or where there is room, to make confider-
able improvements by art ; which cannot be any
oti.erwife effected, than by gently affifting her in her
own way.
But to return to pruning thefe trees : the branches be-
ing carefully trained in, as before directed, in the
fpring and fummer feafons, we come now to treat of
the winter pruning, which is commonly performed
in February or March. But the belt feafon for this
work is in Odo'oer, when their leaves begin to fall,
which will be early enough for their wounds to heal
before the froft cornes on, fo that there will be no
danger of their being hurt hereby and the branches
of the trees being proportioned to the ftrength of
the roots at that-' feafon, all the afeendingfap in the
fpring will be employed to nounlli only thofe ufeful
parts of the branches which are left ; whereas, if they
are left unpruned till February, the lap in the branches
being then in motion, as may be obferved by the
P E Pv
fwelling of the buds, the greateft part of It will be
drawn up to the extreme parts of the branches, to
nounfh ftich bloffoms as muft be afterwards cut off
and this may be eafily known byo'ofervingthe ftrongeft
fhoots at that feafon, when you will find the extreme
buds to iwell fafter than mold of the lower ones ; for
there being no leaves then upon the branches to’ de-
tain the fap to nourifh the lower buds, the upper
ones will always draw from thofe below.
But it is a conftant practice amongft gardeners, founded
upon long experience, to prune weak trees early in
the winter, and luxuriant trees late in the fpring, in
order to check then luxuriancy. blow it is evident,
that this check does not proceed from any confidera-
ble lofs of fap at the wounds of the pruned tree (ex-
cepting a few of the bleeding trees, when cut at that
feafon) but muft anfe from lome other caufe , for by
feveral experiments made by the Rev. Dr. Hales, in
fixing mercurial gages to the ftems of frefh cut trees,
he found thofe wounds were conftantly in an imbibing
ftate, except the Vine in the bleeding feafon.
1 herefore when a weak tree is pruned early in the be-
ginning of winter, the orifices "of the fap-veffels are
clofed up long before the fpring j and confequently,
when in the fpring and fummer, the warm weather
advancing, the attrading force of the perfpiring leaves
is not then weakened by many inlets from frefh
wounds, but is wholly exerted in drawing fap from
the root •, whereas, on the other hand, when a luxu-
riant tree is pruned late in the fpring, the force of
its leaves to attrad fap from the root, will be much
fpent and loft at the feveral frefli cut inlets.
Befides, if it were no advantage to the trees to prune
them at this feafon, (which I think no one will have
reafon to doubt after making the trial) but that it
only lucceeds as well as the fpring pruning ; yet there
is a great advantage in doing it at Michaelmas, for
that being 1 a much more leifure feafon with garden-
ers than the fpring, they will have more time to per-
form it carefully ; and then they will not have too
many things come together, which may require to be
immediately executed ; for the fpring being the prin-
cipal feafon for cropping their kitchen-gardens and at-
tending their hot-beds, if they are difengaged from
the bufinefs of pruning at that time, it will be of
great advantage, efpecially where there is a great
quantity of walling. And here is alio another bene-
fit in pruning at this feafon, which is, the having the
borders at liberty to dig and make clean before the
fpring, fo that the garden may not appear in a litter
at that feafon.
Having faid thus much concerning the time of prun-
ing, I Hi all now proceed to give ibme general direc-
tions how it is to be performed on Peach and Nefta-
rine-trees, which require a yery different management
from rrluft other forts of fruits.
In pruning thefe trees, you fhould always obferve
where branches are fhortened, to cut them behind
a wood-bud, which may be eafily diftinguiihed from
the bloffom-buds, which are fhorter, rounder, and
more turgid than the wood-buds ; for if the fhoot
have not a leading bud where it is cut, it is very apt
to die down to the next leading bud j fo that what
fruit may be produced above that, will come to no-
thing, there being always a neceffity of a leading bud
to attraft the nourifhment ; for it is not fufficient to
have a leaf-bud, as fome have imagined, fince that
wall attrafl but a finall quantity of nourifhment, the
great ufe of the leaves being to peripire away fuch
crude juices as are unfit to enter the fruit. The
length’ you fhould leave thefe branches, fhould be pro-
portioned to the ftrength of the tree, which, in a
healthy ftrong tree, may be left ten or Twelve inches,
or more ; but in a weak one, they fhould not be more
than fix inches •, however, in this you muft be guided
by the pofition of a leading bud *, for it is better to
leave a fnoot three or four inches longer, or to cut it
two or three inches fhorter than might be proper to
do, provided there be one of thefe buds, it being
abfolutely neceffary for the future welfare of the tree j
you
1
PER
you (hould alfo cut out entirely all weak (hoots, tho 5
they may have many bloffom-buds upon them ; for
thefe have not ftrength enough to nourifh the fruit,
but they will weaken the other parts of the tree.
In nailing the (hoots to the wall, you mull be careful
to place them at as equal diftances as poffible, that
their leaves, when come out, may have room to grow
without (hading the branches too much ; and you
(hould never nail them upright if it can be avoided •,
for when they are thus trained, they are very fubjedt
to (hoot from the uppermoft eyes, and the lower
part of the (hoots will thereby become naked.
Tnere is not any thing in the bufmefs of gardening,
which has more exerciied the thoughts of the curious,
than how to preferve their tender forts of fruit from
being blighted in the fpring of the year, and yet there
has been iittle written upon this fubjedt which is
worth notice : fome have propofed mattreffes of draw
or Reeds to be placed before the fruit-trees againft
walls, to prevent their being blafted ; others have di-
rected the fixing horizontal lhekers in their walls, to
prevent the perpendicular dew or rain from falling up-
on the bloffoms of the fruit-trees, which they fup-
pofed to be the chief caufe of their blighting ; but
both thefe contrivances have been far from anlwering
the expedlations of thofe per fops who have put them
in practice, as I have elfewhere (hewn ; therefore it
may not be improper to repeat fome things in this
place, which I have before mentioned in relation to
this matter. And
Firft, I have already faid, that the blights which are
fo often complained of, do not fo often proceed from
any external caufe, or inclemency in the feafon, as
from a diftemper or weaknefs in the trees ; for if we
obferve the trees at that feafon, where they are the
mod fubjedl to what is called a blight, we (hall find
the branches very fmall, weak, and not half ripened,
as alfo trained in very clofe to each other •, thefe
branches are, for the mod part, full of bloffom-buds
(which is chiefly occafioned by their want of drength.)
Thefe buds do indeed open, and 10 perfons not (killed
in fruit-trees, (hew a great profpedt of a plentiful
crop of fruit •, whereas the whole drength of the
branches is (pent in nourifhing the flowers, and be-
ing unable to do any more, the bloffoms fall off, and
the fmall efforts of the leaf-buds are checked, fo that
many times great part of the branches die away, and
this is called a great blight ; whereas, at the fame
time it may be often obferved, that fome trees of a
different fort, nay, even fome of the fame fort, were
dronger and in health, though placed in the fame foil,
expofed to the fame afped, and fubjed to the fame
inclemency of air, have efcaped very well, when the
weak trees have appeared to be almod dead •, which
is a plain indication, that it proceeds from fome caufe
within the tree, and not from any external blight. All
this will therefore be remedied, by obferving the fore-
going diredions in the pruning and management of
the trees, fo as never to over-burden them with
branches, nor to differ any particular part of the trees
to exhaud the whole nouriihment from the root,
which will caufe the other parts to be very weak;
but to didribute the nouriihment equally to every
(hoot, that there may be none too vigorous, at the
fame time that others are too weak ; and by continu-
ally rubbing off ufelefs or fore-right dioots as they are
produced, the drength of the trees will not be fpent,
to nourilh fuch branches as mud be afterwards cut
out, which is too often (een in the management of
thefe trees. And
Secondly, It (bmetimes happens, that the roots of
thefe trees are buried too deep in the ground, which,
in a cold or moift foil is one of the greated difadvan-
tages that can attend thefe tender fruits ; for the fap
which is contained in the branches, being by the
warmth of the fun, put drongly into motion early in
the fpring, is exhaufted in nourifliing the bloffoms ;
and a part of it is perfpired through the wood-branches,
fo that its drength is lod before the warmth can reach
to their roots, to put them into an equal motion in
feared of fre(h nouriihment, to fupply the expence of
the branches ; for want of which, the bloffoms fail off
and decay, and the (boots (eem to be at a (land, until
the farther advance of the warmth penetrates to the
roots, and lets them in motion : when Suddenly after,
the trees, which before looked weak and decaying;,
make prodigious progrefs in then (hoots ; and before
the dimmer is fpent, are furnilhed with much dronger
branches than thofe trees which have the full advan-
tage of fun and (bowers, and are more fruitful and
healthy ; which mud certainly be owing to the caufe
here mentioned, as alfo to their drawing in a great,
quantity of crude moifture, which, though produc-
tive of wood, is yet unkindly for fruit : if therefore
this be the cafe, there is no way of helping it, but by
raifing up the trees, if they are young ; or if they
are too old to remove, it is the better way to root
them out and make new borders of freih earth, and
plant down young trees *, for it is a great vexation to
be at the trouble and expence of pruning and ma-
naging thefe trees, without having the pleafure of
reaping any advantage from them, which will always
be the cafe where the trees are thus injudicipufly
planted. Or,
Thirdly, This may proceed from the trees wanting-'
nouriihment, which is many times the cafe, where
they are planted in a hard gravelly foil, in which it is
the common practice to dig borders three or four feet
wide, and three feet deep into the rock of gravel,
which is filled with good freih earth, into which the
trees are planted, where they will thrive pretty well
for two years, until their roots reach the gravel, where
they are confined as if planted in a pot ; and for want
of proper nouriihment, the branches continually decay
every year. This cannot be helped where the trees
have been growing fome years, without taking them
entirely up, or by digging away the gravel from their
roots, and adding a large quantity of frefti earth, that
may afford them a fupply of nouriihment a few years
longer ; but trees fo planted, cannot by any art be con-
tinued long in health.
But if the unfruitfulnefs of the trees does not proceed
from any of the before-mentioned caufes, and is the
effect of unkindly feafons, then the bed method yet
known is, in dry weather, when little dew falls, to
fprinkle the branches of the trees gently with water
loon alter the blofloming feafon, and while the yo.ung-
fet fruit is tender, which (hould always be done be-
fore noon, that the moifture may evaporate before
the night comes on ; and if in the night ^ou carefully
cover the trees with mats, canvas, or fome fuch light
covering, it will be of great fervice to them : howe-
ver, where the trees are ftrong and vigorous, they
are not fo liable to iulter by a fmall inclemency, as are
thofe which are weak, fo that there will be few feafons
in which there may not be hopes of a moderate quan-
tity of fruit from them, though there (hould be no
covering ufed •, for where thefe coverings are ufed, if
it is not performed with great care and diligence, it is
much better to have no covering, but to shift to the
clemency of the feafon ; for if the coverings are kept
too clofe, or continued too long, the trees will receive
more injury hereby, than from being conftantly ex-
poled ; or, if after having been covered for fome
time, and then incautioufly removed, fo as to.expofe
the trees too (uddenly to the open air, they will fuffer
more thereby than if they had not been covered. How-
ever, I rnuft repeat in this place what has been before
mentioned under another article, of a management
which has been generally attended with fuccefs, which
is, the putting up two feather-edge deal boards joined
together over the top of the trees, fo as to form a
pent-houfe to caft oft' perpendicular wet. Thefe (hould
be fixed up when the trees begin to bloffom, and
(hould remain till the fruit is well fee, when they
(hould be taken down to admit the dew and rain to
the leaves and branches of the trees, which muff not
be longer kept off; and where the wall is long, and
expofed to currents of wind, if at the diftance of forty
feet from each other, are fixed fome crofs Reed-
10 E Sedges
PER
hedges, to project about ten feet from the wall, thefe
will break the force of the wind, and prevent its de~
ilroying of the bloffoms ; and thefe may be removed
away as foon as the danger is over. Where thefe
things have been prabtifed, they were generally at-
tended with fuccefs ; and as there will be no trouble
of covering and uncovering in this method, after they
are fixed up, there can be no danger of neglebt, as
very often is the cafe, when the trouble is great, or
to be often repeated.
When your fruit is fet, and grown to the bignefs of
a fmall nut, you fhould look over the trees and thin
them, leaving them at leaft five or fix inches afunder ;
for when they are permitted to remain in bunches, as
they areoften produced, the nourifiiment which fhould
be employed wholly to the fruits defigned to ftand,
will be equally fpent amongft the whole number, a
great part of which muft be afterwards pulled off ; fo
that the fooner this is done, the better it will be for
the remaining fruit ; and if it fhould fometimes happen,
that a part of thofe left, by any accident, fhould be
deftroyed, yet the remaining ones will be much the
larger and better tailed for it, and the trees will gain
more flrength, for a moderate quantity of fruit is al-
ways preferable to a great crop ; the fruit when but
few, will be much larger, better tailed, and the trees
in a condition to bear well the fucceeding year •, where-
as when they are overcharged with fruit, it is always
fmall, ill tailed, and the trees are generally fo much
weakened thereby, as not to be in a condition for bear-
ing well for two or three years after ; fo that upon the
whole, it is much better to have a Idler number of
fruit than is commonly efleemed a crop, than to have
too many, fince the fruit and alfo the trees are bene-
fited thereby. The quantity of fruit to be left on
large full-grown trees fhould never be greater than five
dozen upon each ; but on middling trees, three or four
dozen will be enough.
If the feafon fhould prove hot and dry, it will be pro-
per to draw up the earth round the flem of each tree,
to form a hollow bafon of about fix feet diameter, and
cover the furface of the ground in this bafon with
mulch ; and once in a week or fortnight, according
to the heat and drought of the feafon, pour down
eight or ten gallons of water to the root of each tree ;
or where there is an engine which will difperfe the wa-
ter in gentle eafy drops like rain, if the fame, or a
larger quantity of water is fprinkled all over the
branches of the trees, and this, foaking down to the
roots, will keep the fruit conftantly growing, which
will prevent their falling off the trees, as they gene-
rally do where this method is not prabtifed ; and the
fruit being thus conftantly nourifhed, will be much
better tailed, and hereby the trees will be maintained
in vigour ; fo that it is what I can from long experi-
ence recommend, as one of the mod neceffary things
to be prabtifed by all lovers of good fruit. But this
Ihould not be continued longer than while the fruit are
growing, for afterward it will be hurtful to the trees
and fruit, for a dry autumn ripens both wood and
fruit better than a moift later feafon.
When the Peach-trees are carefully managed in the
fpring of the year, according to the rules before laid
down, all the nourilhment which the roots can fupply
will be ufefully employed in nourilhing fuch Ihoots
only as are to be continued, as alfo the quantity of
fruit which is proper for each tree, therefore both muft
of confequence be rendered better ; for where there
is not this care, the trees foon grow ragged, and are
not furnilhed properly with branches ; and thofe
fhoots which are produced, are fome of them very
weak, and others very luxuriant, whereby the trees
are rendered very unfightly, as alfo unhealthy, and
never continues many years fruitful ; and by thus
training the branches to the wall as they are pro-
duced, the fruit will be always expofed to the fun
and air ; which in the common method of managing
thefe trees, by letting their branches grow rude all
the fpring, they are deprived from, and confequently
do not receive the benefit from thefe equal to thofe
PER
which are properly managed and by the timely rub*
bing off ufelefs and luxuriant fhoots, it will fave much
trouble, and prevent the ufe of the knife in hammer,
which is very hurtful to thefe trees, for there will be
no need to fhorten any of the fhoots in hummer.
When thefe rules are duly executed, there will be no
occafion to pull off the leaves of the trees, to admit
the fun to the fruit, which is often prabtifed •, for if
we confider, that the leaves are abfoluteiy neceffary
to cherifh the bloffom-buds, which are always formed
at the foot-ftalks of the leaves, the pulling them
off before they have performed the office affigned
them by nature, is doing great injury to the trees,
therefore I caution every one againft that prabtice.
It is a common opinion which has for fome years pre-
vailed, even amongft perfons of good underftanding,
that Peach-trees are not long lived, therefore fhould
be renewed every twenty years •, but this is a great
miftake, for I have eaten fome of the fineft Peaches
of various kinds, which grew on trees which had
been planted above fifty years : and I am convinced
by experience, that when the trees are budded upon
proper flocks, and carefully planted and managed,
they may be continued fruitful and healthy fixty years
and upward * and the fruit produced on thefe old trees
will be much better flavoured, than any of thofe upon
young trees ; but I fuppofe the foundation of the above
opinion was taken from the French, who generally
bud their Peaches upon Almond flocks, which are of
fhort duration, thefe feldom lafting good more than
twenty years ; but this feldom being prabtifed
in England, the cafe is widely different ; nor in-
deed fhould we fetch our examples from that nation,
where the profeffors of the art of gardening are at leaft:
a century behind the Englifh ; and from their prefent
difpofition, feem unlikely to overtake them ; for they
depart from nature in almoft every part of gardening,
and are more pleafed with introducing their little in-
ventions of pruning and managing their fruit-trees,
according to their own fancy, than they are careful to
draw their inftrubtions from nature, from whence the
the true art is to be obtained ; fo that in very few in-
flances gardeners fhould deviate from nature, unlefs
it be in thofe particulars, where art may be prabtifed
to the greateft advantage, which is in the procuring
many forts of efculent plants and fruits earlier and
better flavoured than can be obtained without, in
which the French are extremely deficient ; and herein
they truft too much to nature, and ufe too little art.
In one of the moft celebrated of their authors, who
treats very particularly of fruit-trees, there are direc-
tions for planting of Peach-trees twelve feet afunder,
and at the fame time he advifes the planting of Pear-
trees but nine or ten feet diftance ; and yet he fays,
that aPear-tree in health will fhoot three feet on each
fide every year ; therefore he does not allow room for
thefe trees to grow more than two years, before they
meet. There is alfo another thing pofitively laid
down by the fame author, which is, never to lay any
dung upon the borders where fruit-trees are growing,
which, he fays, will render the fruit ill tailed ; and
this opinion has too generally prevailed in England ;
but this hath been exploded by one of his own coun-
trymen, who affirms, that from upward of twenty
years experience, thofe trees where the borders had
been conftantly dunged, always produced the moft
delicious fruit, and the trees were in the greateft vi-
gour ; and the fame gentleman mentions the'prablice
of the gardeners at Montreuil near Paris, who have
for fome generations been famous for the culture of
Peaches ; and are as careful to dung the bqrders where
their Peach-trees grow every other year, as the
kitchen-gardeners are for their legumes.
And from a long experience it is, that I can fubfcribe
to the truth of this ; for in fome particular gardens,
where the bell fruit grew that I have yet tailed, the
ground was conftantly dunged every other year; there-
fore it is what I muft recommend to the prabtice of
every curious perfon, with this caution, always to uie
fuch" dung for their borders as is well rotted, and to
5 * • \ *
dio- it into the borders in November, that the rain
may wafh down the falts before the fpring comes on ;
and where the ground is very loofe or Tandy, it will
be the belt way to make ufe of neats dung, which is
cooler than that of horfes, but for cold ftrong land the
latter is to be preferred.
If the ground is well trenched every year about the
roots, it will be of great fervice to them •, and where
the foil is fu 'eject to bind very clofe, if it is forked
two or three times in a year to loofen the furface, it
will greatly help the trees. The borders fhould not
be crouded with any large growing plants, which will
draw away the nourifhment from the trees 5 therefore
when any fort of kitchen herbs are planted on thefe
borders, they fhould be only fuch as are of fmall
growth, and which may be taken off early in the
fpring ; and if this is carefully obferved, the culti-
vating fmall things on thefe borders can do no harm,
becaufe the ground will be ftirred the pftener, on ac-
count of thefe fmall crops, than perhaps it would
have been, when no ufe was to be made of the bor-
ders. Thefe rules which are here laid down, if pro-
perly obferved, will direft any curious perfon how to
have plenty of good fruit, as alfo to preferve the trees
in vigour a great number of years.
PER VINCA. See Vinca.
PETALS are the fine coloured leaves which com-
pofe the moft confpicuous parts of a flower ; thefe
are called in Latin Petala, to diftinguifh them from
the leaves of plants, which are called Folia.
PETASITES. See Tussilago.
PETIVERIA. Plum. Nov. Gen. 50. tab. 39.
Lin. Gen. Plant. 417. Guinea Henweed.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a ■permanent empalement , compofed of five
■narrow obtufle leaves which are equal. It hath flour fmall
white petals , placed in form of a crofs , which floon fall
off) and fix awl- fhaped ereht flamina terminated by fingle
fummits. In the center is fituated an oblong compreffled
germen , with flour awl-floaped ftyles , crowned by obtufle
permanent fiigmas. The germen afterward becomes one
cblong feed , narrow at the bottom and taper, but broad
above , where it is comprejfed and indented at the top , re-
fembling an inverted Jhield armed with the acute jlyle ,
which is reflexed.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fourth feftion
of Linnaeus’s fixth clafs, which includes thofe plants
whofe flowers have fix flamina and four ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Petiveria {Alliacea) floribus hexandris. Hort. Cliff.
141. Petiveria with fix flamina in the flowers. Verbe-
na aut fcorodonke affinis anomala, flore albido calyce
afpero, alii odore. Sloan. Hift. 1. p. 17 1. commonly
called Guinea Henweed.
2. Petiveria ( OTandra ) floribus oflandris. Lin. Sp.
Plant. 486. Petiveria with eight flamina in the flowers.
Petiveria folani foliis, loculis fpinofls. Plum. Nov.
Gen. 50.
The title of this genus was given to it by Father
Plumier, who difcovered it in America, in honour of
Mr. James Petiver, an apothecary of London, who
was a curious botanift.
The firft is a very common plant in Jamaica, Barba-
does, and moft of the other iflands in the Weft-In-
dies, where it grows in fhady woods, and all the fa-
v^nnas, in fuch plenty, as to become a troublefome
weed ; and as this plant will endure a great deal of
drought, it remains green when other plants are
burned up, which occafions the cattle to browze on
it ; and having a moft unfavoury ftrong fcent, fome-
what like wild Garlick, it gives the cows milk the
fame flavour, and the cattle which are killed foon
after feeding on this plant, have a moft intolerable
fcent, and their flefh is good for little. The roots are
ftrong, and ftrike deep in the ground; the ftalks
rife from two to three feet high ; they are jointed and
become ligneous at bottom, and are garniflied with
oblong leaves three inches long, and an inch and a
half broad, of a deep green, and veined ; thefe are
placed alternately upon fhort foot-ftalks. The flow-
ers ate produced in {lender fpikes at the end of the
branches ; they are very fmall, fo make no figure.
They appear in June, and are fucceeded by fhort feed-
veffels fhaped like an inverted fhield, containing one
oblong feed which ripens in the autumn.
The fecond fort is very like the firft, from which it
differs in having a fliorter and narrower ftalk, and
the flowers having eight flamina ; but unlefs theft
marks are diftinguiflied by a nice obferver, they may
both pafs for one plant.
In Europe, thefe plants are preferved in the gardens
of thofe perfons who are curious in botany ; but they
have little beauty, and having fo ftrong rank fcent
upon being handled, renders them lefs valuable.
They are propagated by feeds, which muft be fowii
on a hot-bed early in the fpring, and when the plants
are come up, they fhould be each tranfplanted into a
feparate pot, and plunged into a moderate hot-bed to
bring them forward. When the plants have obtain*
ed a good fhare of ftrength, they fhould be inured
to bear the open air by degrees, into which they may
be removed toward the latter end of June, placing
them in a warm fituation, where they may remain
till autumn, when they fhould be removed into the
ftove, and in winter muft have a moderate degree of
warmth, otherwife they will not live in this country.
They will produce flowers and feeds every fiimmer,
and will continue feveral years, remaining conftantly
green throughout the year, and may be propagated
by flips or cuttings.
P E T R E A. Houft. Gen. Nov. Lin. Gen. Plant. 682.
The Characters are,
The flower hath a bcll-jhaped empalement of one leaf , cut
into five large obtufle flegments almofi to the bottom , which
are coloured , expanded and permanent. The flower hath
one petal , having a fhort tube , but is cut above into five
almofi equal flegments , which are expanded. It hath four
fhort flamina fituated in the tube , two of which are a lit-
tle longer than the other , terminated by fingle fummits , and
four germen fupporting a fender Jlyle , crowned by an obtufle
fiigma. The germen afterward become flour feeds wrapped
up in a fringed cover.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond fedtion of
Linnsus’s fourteenth clafs, which includes thofe
plants whofe flowers have two long and two fhorter
flamina, and the feeds are inclofed in a cover.
IT he title of this genus was given to this plant by
the late Dr. Houftoun, who difcovered it growing
naturally at La Vera Cruz in New Spain, in honour
of Lord Petre, who was a great encourager of bota-
ny, and was poftefied of a noble colledlion of exotic
plants.
We have but one Species of this genus, viz.
Petrea ( V olubilis ) frutefcens foliis lanceolatis rigidis,
flore racemofo pendulo. Shrubby Petrea with ftiff
flpear -fhaped leaves , and flowers growing in long hanging
bunches.
This plant was firft difcovered by the late Dr, Houf-
toun, growing naturally at La Vera Cruz in New-
Spain, in 1731 , fince which time it was fent me
from the ifland Berbuda, where it alfo grows natu-
rally. It rifes with a woody ftalk to the height of
fifteen or fixteen feet, which is covered with a light
gray bark,, fending out feveral long branches ; thefe
have a whiter bark than the flem, and are garnifhed
with leaves at each joint, which on the lower part of
the branches are placed by threes round them, but
higher up they Hand by pairs ; they are about five
inches long, and two inches and a half broad in the
middle, drawing to a point at each end ; they are
ftiff, and their furface rough, of a light green, hav-
ing a ftrong dark midrib, with feveral tranfverfe veins
running from the midrib to the borders, which are
entire. The flowers are produced at the end of the
branches growing in loofe bunches, which are nine or
ten inches long, each flower Handing upon a flendet
foot-ftalk about an inch long ; the empalement of the
flower is compofed of five narrow obtufe leaves about
an inch long, which are of a fine blue colour, fo are
much more confpicuous than the petals, which arc
white.
P E U ,
white, and not more than half the length of the em-
palement. After the flower is paft, the four germen
in the center become fo many oblong feeds wrapped
up in a fringed cover.
The Doctor found a variety of this with blue petals,
of the fame bright colour with the empalement, 'Which
made a fine appearance, every branch being termi-
nated by a long firing of thefe flowers, fothat he has
ranked this afnong the firft clafs of beautiful Ameri-
can trees.
So far as I have been able to difcover from the dried
famples which the Dodtor brought to England, it ap-
pears that there are male and female flowers either on
different parts of the fame tree, or upon different trees •,
for one fpike of flowers feetns to be entirely male, and
the other fpikes are female, but the Dotftor has not
noticed this in his manufcript.
This is propagated by feeds, which muft be obtained
from the places where the trees grow naturally, and
thefe are very few good ; for, from the feeds which
the Debtor fent to England, there were but two plants
railed, though the feeds were diftributed to feveral
perfons ; and this is a fort of confirmation of the
fpikes of flowers being of different fexes, and that
the feeds gathered by the Dobtor, were taken either
from trees at fcme diftance from the male, or fuch
parts of the fame tree which were remote from the
male flowers. The feeds muft be fown in a good
hot-bed, and when the plants come up, they fhould
* be each planted in a feparate fmall pot filled with
light loamy earth, and plunged into a hot-bed of tan-
ners bark, and afterwards placed in the bark-bed in the
flove, where they fhould conftantly remain, and be
treated like other plants of the fame country.
PETROSELINUM. See Apium.
PEUCED ANUM. Tourn. Inft. R. H. 318. tab.
169. Lin. Gen. Plant. 302. Hogs-fennel, or Sul-
phur-wort.
The Characters are,
It hath an umbelliferous flower. The principal umbel is
compofed of feveral long narrow umbels which fpread
open. ‘The cover of the large umbel is compofed of many
linear reflexed leaves. The empalement ofl the flower is
fmall and indented in five pc -ts. The petals ofi the great
uynbel are uniform. h wer is compofed ofi five ob-
long incurved petal:, wGcb are equal and entire ; they
have each five h . - , terminated by fingle funi-
mits , -with an yrmen fituated under the flower ,
fiupporting two j Jtyles y crowned by obtufie ftigmas.
The germen afterward in i ■ to an oval fruit channelled
on each fide , fplittingm awn pc. j, containing two feeds
convex on one fide , comprefied on the other , with three
rafied furrows , and a broad membra vzceous border indented
at the top.
This genus of plants is ranged in the fecond febtion
of Linnaeus’s fifth clafs, which includes the plants
whofe flowers have five ftamina and two ftyles.
The Species are,
1. Peucedanum ( Officinale ) foliis quinquies tripartitis
Hnearibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 3 58. Hogs-fennel with leaves
which are divided by fives , and thefe are again divided
into three linear fegments. Peucedanum Germanicum.
C. B. P. 149. German Hogs-fennel.
2. Peucedanum ( Italkum ) foliis tripartitis filiformibus
longiotibus, umbellis difformibus. Hogs-fennel with
leaves cut into - three parts , which are longer , fender , and
have irregular umbels. Peucedanum majus Italicum.
C. B. P. 149. Greater Italian Hogs-fennel.
3. Peucedanum (. Alpeftre ) foliolis linearibus ramofis.
Hart. Cliff 94. Hogs-fennel with leaves branchings
which are very fender. Ferula foliis libanotidis brevi-
oribus, alpeftris, umbellis ampliffimis. Boerh. Ind.
alt. r. p. 65.
4. Peucedanum {Minus) foliis pinnatis, foliolis pinnati-
fidis, laciniis linearibus oppofitis, caule ramofiffimo
patulo. Flor. Angl. 1 o 1 . Hogs-fennel with winged leaves
whofe cuts are linear and oppofite, with a fpr ending branch-
ing, folk.
5. Peucedanum ( Nodofum ) foliolis alternatim muJtifi-
dis. Hart. Cliff. 94. Hogs-fennel with many-pointed
P E U
leaves placed alternately, Silaum (quod hgufbcurn
Creticum, foliis fceniculi caule nodo’fo. Tourn. Cor.
2'30
i he firft fort is faid to grow naturally in England,
but i have riot, been lucky enough to find it, though
r have fearehed the places where it is mentioned, but
it grows in leveral parts of Germany in marfhy mea-
dows. This hath a perennial root, which divides in-
to many ftrong fibres running deep in the ground,
from which ante the foot-ftalks of the leaves whiff#
are channelled ^ thefe are naked at bottom, but about
four or five inches from the root branches into five
fmaller foot-ftalks, and thefe again divide into three,
and each of thefe divifions fuilain three narrow leaves,
which when bruifed emit a ftrong Lent like fulphur.
The ftalks rife near two feet high ; they are channel-
led, and divide into two or three branches, each being
terminated by a large regular umbel of yellow flowers^
compofed of feveral fmall umbels which are circular.
Thefe flowers appear in June, and are fucceeded by
comprefled feeds, which are deeply furrowed, and
ripen in the autumn.
The fecond fort grows naturally on the mountains,
and aifo in the low valleys by the Tides of rivers in
Italy. The root of this is perennial, ftriking deep
into the ground ■, the foot-ftalks of the leaves are
large and furrowed, dividing into three fmall branches,
which are again divided into three, and thefe end
with three long narrow lobes or fmall leaves, which
are much longer than thofe of the other fort. The
ftalks which fuftain the umbels rife near three feet
high, and divide toward the top into feveral fmall
branches, each fuftaining an umbel compofed of fe-
veral fmaller rays or umbels, which ftand upon very
long foot-ftalks, that fpread out irregularly. The
flowers of this are yellow, and fhaped like thofe of
the former, but are much larger, as are alio the feeds,
but have the fame form as the other. It flowers and
perfebh feeds about the fame time as the former.
The third fort grows naturally in the foreft of Fon-
tainbleau, and fome other parts of France ; it hath a
perennial root, from which come out leaves which
branch into feveral divifions, that divide again into
fmaller ; each of thefe fmaller divifions are garnifhed
with five fhort narrow leaves. The ftalks are round,
and not fo deeply channelled as either of the former,
luftaining a large umbel of yellow flowers fliaped like
thofe of the former forts ; the feeds are fliorter, but
of the fame fhape as thofe. It flowers in June, and
the feeds ripen the beginning of September.
The fourth fort grows naturally on St. Vincent’s rock
near Briftol ; this is a biennial plant, which perilhes
foon after it has perfected its feeds. The leaves of
this fort are fhort and very narrow, fpreading near the
furface of the ground ; the ftalks rife near a foot high,
but are branched almoft from the bottom thefe
branches are almoft horizontal, and are garnifhed with
a few narrow fhort leaves of a lucid green. Each,
jftalk is terminated by a fmall umbel of flowers, which
are of an herbaceous yellow colour and fmall. Thefe
are fucceeded by fmall channelled feeds.
The fifth fort grows naturally in Crete ; it is not a
plant of long duration in England, nor do the feeds
ripen well here. The ftalks rife a foot and a half
high, having pretty large knots at the joints, from
which arifes a leaf cut into many divifions ; the flowers
terminate the ftalks in umbels, and appear the begin-
ning of July, and in warm feafons the feeds will ri-
pen in the autumn.
The firft fort ftands in the lift of medicinal plants,
but is at prefent rarely ufed ; the roots are the only-
part preferibed. It is accounted good to clear the
lungs of tough vifeid phlegm, and thereby to help
old coughs and fhortnefs of breath ; it likewife opens
obftrudlions of the liver and fpleen, and helps the
, jaundice. .
The other forts are preferved in botanic gardens for
the fake of variety ^ they are all propagated by feeds,
which fhould be fown in the autumn foon after they
are ripe, for thofe which are fown in the fpring fel-
dom
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